张维友英语词汇学教程第四章
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un- same in meaning as for de- with verbs ; but meaning ‘depriving of, releasing fromerbs
3) Pejorative Prefixes
mal- meaning ‘badly, bad’ added to verbs, participles, adjectives, and abstract nouns
4.1 Affixation
• Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.
mis- meaning ‘wrongly, astray’, added to verbs, participles, and abstract nouns
pseudo- meaning ‘false, imitation’, a productive affix with nouns and adjectives
• Talking about word-forming patterns means dealing with rules. But a rule of word formation usually differs from a syntactic rule in that it is of limited productivity. That is , not all words which are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the words have gained an institutional currency in the language.
• 1. Prefixation Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning. 1) Negative Prefixes a- meaning ‘not, without, opposite to’ dis- meaning ‘not, the converse of’ in- (il-, ir-, im-) same in meaning as for disnon- meaning ‘not’, a productive affix expressing the idea that a person or thing does not have the qualities or characteristics referred to
4) Prefixes of Degree or Size arch- meaning ‘supreme, most’, with human nouns co- meaning ‘jointly, on equal footing’, productive with nouns and verbs extra- meaning ‘very’, productive with adjectives hyper- meaning ‘extreme’, productive with adjectives, sometimes pejorative macro- meaning ‘large’, forming technical terms micro- meaning ‘very small’, the opposite of macroforming mostly scientific or technical terms
2) Reversative or Privative Prefixes
de- meaning ‘reversing the action, depriving of’, a productive affix
dis- meaning ‘reversing the action’, with verbs ; also meaning ‘lacking’, with adjectives
• un- same in meaning as for dis-
Of this group, un- is by far the most productive and can usually replace in- or dis- with adjectives. The difference lies in the fact that words with un- are semantically more absolute and more literally related to the base than those with in-.
Chapter Four Word Formation
• The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.
3) Pejorative Prefixes
mal- meaning ‘badly, bad’ added to verbs, participles, adjectives, and abstract nouns
4.1 Affixation
• Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words are derived from old or base forms. The words created in this way are called derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation.
mis- meaning ‘wrongly, astray’, added to verbs, participles, and abstract nouns
pseudo- meaning ‘false, imitation’, a productive affix with nouns and adjectives
• Talking about word-forming patterns means dealing with rules. But a rule of word formation usually differs from a syntactic rule in that it is of limited productivity. That is , not all words which are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the words have gained an institutional currency in the language.
• 1. Prefixation Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning. 1) Negative Prefixes a- meaning ‘not, without, opposite to’ dis- meaning ‘not, the converse of’ in- (il-, ir-, im-) same in meaning as for disnon- meaning ‘not’, a productive affix expressing the idea that a person or thing does not have the qualities or characteristics referred to
4) Prefixes of Degree or Size arch- meaning ‘supreme, most’, with human nouns co- meaning ‘jointly, on equal footing’, productive with nouns and verbs extra- meaning ‘very’, productive with adjectives hyper- meaning ‘extreme’, productive with adjectives, sometimes pejorative macro- meaning ‘large’, forming technical terms micro- meaning ‘very small’, the opposite of macroforming mostly scientific or technical terms
2) Reversative or Privative Prefixes
de- meaning ‘reversing the action, depriving of’, a productive affix
dis- meaning ‘reversing the action’, with verbs ; also meaning ‘lacking’, with adjectives
• un- same in meaning as for dis-
Of this group, un- is by far the most productive and can usually replace in- or dis- with adjectives. The difference lies in the fact that words with un- are semantically more absolute and more literally related to the base than those with in-.
Chapter Four Word Formation
• The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.