国际贸易双语教案Chap024 (10)
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Chapter 9
Non-Tariff Barriers to Imports
Overview
This chapter has four major purposes:
1.Present analysis of an import quota and a voluntary export restraint (VER), for both a small
importing country and a large one.
2.Provide an overview of other nontariff barriers (NTBs) to imports.
3.Examine estimates of the costs of actual tariffs and nontariff barriers.
4.Continue the discussion of the World Trade Organization (WTO), including its role in
liberalizing NTBs and its role in the settlement of international trade disputes.
Governments use a variety of other barriers to imports in addition to tariffs. The chapter begins with examples of nontariff barriers to imports and several kinds of effects that they can have. NTBs lower imports by directly limiting the quantity of imports (e.g., import quota, VER, government procurement policies that prohibit or limit government purchasing of imports), increasing the costs of getting imports into the market (e.g., product standards and testing procedures), and creating uncertainty about whether imports will be permitted (e.g., arbitrary licensing procedures).
Early in the chapter the second in the new series of boxes on Global Governance examines the role of the WTO in limiting and reducing NTBs. Recent rounds of multilateral trade negotiations have included NTBs, but with less success in lowering them than the WTO has had with tariffs. The box also discusses how the WTO has extended into nontraditional areas. The Uruguay Round, completed in 1993, began the process of liberalizing trade in agricultural products, established rules about protecting patents, copyrights, and trademarks, and began the process of setting rules for trade in services. The box concludes by examining the goals of the current Doha Round and the problems that have thwarted completion of this round (as of 2008). (Later in the chapter, another new box looks at “China’s First Years in the WTO.”)
After describing the types of nontariff barriers to imports (and after the box on the WTO), the chapter then develops the analysis of an import quota. If both the domestic industry and the foreign export industry are perfectly competitive, then the effects of a quota are almost all the same as the effects of a tariff that permits the same quantity of imports. For a small importing country, the increase in domestic price, the increase in domestic production, the decrease in domestic consumption, the increase in domestic producer surplus, the decrease of domestic consumer surplus, and the net national loss are the same. The possible difference is what happens to the amount that would be government revenue with a tariff. With an import quota this is the amount that is the difference between the cost of imports purchased from foreign exporters at the world price and the value of these quota-limited imports when sold in the domestic market at the higher domestic price. (We presume that the holders of the import quota rights are domestic and can continue to buy at the world price. If any foreign exporter tried to charge more, the importers would turn to other export suppliers who would sell at the going world price.)
If the government gives away these quota rights to import with no application procedure (fixed favoritism), then the import price markup goes as extra profits to whoever is lucky enough to receive the rights. If the government auctions the quota rights (import-license auction), then the government gains the markup as auction revenues because bidders vie for these valuable import rights. If the government uses elaborate applications procedures (resource-using application procedures), then some of the markup amount is lost to resource usage in the application process, leading to a larger net national loss because of the extra resource costs of the quota process.
For the large-country case, again the effects of imposing a quota are nearly all the same as the equivalent tariff, except for what happens to what would be tariff revenue. Specifically, the importing country can benefit from imposing an import quota, if the rectangle of gain from the lower price paid to foreign exporters for the quota quantity imported is larger than the triangle of losses from distorting domestic production and consumption.
If the domestic industry is a monopoly, then the effects of imposing a quota are different from the effects of imposing a tariff. The box “Domestic Monopoly Prefers a Quota” explains that a quota cuts off foreign competition, so the quota permits the domestic firm to use its monopoly power. The quota leads to a higher domestic price and greater net national losses.
The VER is usually not voluntary, but it is an export restraint. Because the government of the exporting country must organize its exporters into a kind of cartel, they should realize that they should raise the export price. If the exporters do raise the export price, then the exporters get the amount that otherwise would be government revenue with a tariff, or the price markup with an import quota. The net national loss is larger for the importing country with a VER because of this additional rectangle loss. The box “VERs on Textiles and Clothing” discusses how export restrains spread in this sector, how they were slated for extinction as a result of the Uruguay Round agreements, and how the United State s and European Union reimposed limits on China’s exports of a range of clothing and textile products. The box “Auto VER: Protection with Integrity” provides estimates of the costs to the United States of this VER.
The chapter then examines three other NTBs based on product standards, domestic content requirements, and government procurement. Product standards can be worthy efforts to protect health, safety, and the environment. But they can also be written to limit imports and protect domestic producers. Domestic content requirements mandate that a minimum percentage of the value of a product produced or sold in a country be local value added (wages and domestically produced components and materials). They can limit imports that do not meet the requirements, and they can limit the import of components and materials used to produce the product. Government purchasing practices are often an NTB because they are often biased against buying imported products.
How large are the effects of actual tariffs, quotas, VERs, and other nontariff barriers to imports? The chapter begins the answer by showing that the net national loss is probably a small fraction of the value of domestic production (GDP), for a country like the United States that has moderate import barriers and is not highly dependent on imports, if the only national losses are the deadweight-loss triangles. The true cost is probably larger than this basic analysis indicates, because of foreign retaliation and losses in export industries, the resource costs of enforcing import barriers, the resource costs of rent-seeking activities like lobbying for import protection, the losses from such barriers as VERs when foreign exporters raise their prices, and the losses from reduced pressures to innovate.
Another way to look at the size of the effects of protection is per dollar of increase in domestic producer surplus. Figure 9.4 shows the results of a study of 21 U.S. industries that receive substantial import protection. Each dollar of increase in producer surplus causes a net loss to the U.S. economy of $0.66 (the rest of the U.S. economy loses $1.66). The net world efficiency loss is $0.27 per dollar of gain to U.S. producer surplus.
The final section of the chapter examines international trade disputes and how they can be resolved. The GATT had a dispute settlement procedure, but it was weak and became increasingly ineffective. The United States moved outside of the GATT by enacting Section 301 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974, which aims to lower foreign barriers to U.S. exports by threatening to raise U.S. barriers to the foreign country’s exports if the foreign country does not change its policies. Other countries have resented such a heavy-handed unilateral approach, and well-being for both countries would probably decline if the U.S. government carries out the threat. Fortunately, the United States has decreased its use of Section 301; the U.S. government is more likely to send its complaints about unfair foreign trade practices to the WTO for resolution.
A key advance of the WTO over the GATT is that the WTO has a stronger dispute settlement process. The WTO dispute settlement procedures generally have been successful, with most disputes resolved by negotiations or after a WTO ruling. As a last resort, member countries that are harmed by another member country’s policy that has been found to violate WTO rules are permitted to retaliate if the offending government does not bring its policy in line with the rules. Actual retaliation would lower world well-being, so it is fortunate that it happens infrequently.
Tips
Many of the tips for Chapter 8 also apply to this chapter. We strongly recommend showing the effects of quotas and VERs using both words and diagrams.
The material of Chapter 9 can be supplemented with outside readings on the WTO or news items on current trade policy issues. One area of interest is the current status of the negotiations in the Doha Round. Students appreciate seeing how the concepts and analyses connect to real issues, and governments are usually accommodating in serving up fresh examples.
Suggested answers to questions and problems
(in the textbook)
2. Voluntary export restraint (VER) agreements are nontariff barriers to imports. Despite
their name, the importing-country government coerces the exporting-country government into allocating a limited quota of exports among its exporting firms. Import-country
governments often force exporters into accepting VERs because the government wants to limit imports without explicit import barriers like tariffs or import quotas that would
violate international agreements. (The Uruguay Round agreements include a provision to eliminate the use of VERs, but it has not been fully effective.) In choosing VERs, the
importing-country government does not create a bigger national gain than with tariffs or import quotas. On the contrary, a VER allows foreign exporters to gain the price markup that the importing country would have kept for itself if it had used a tariff or quota.
(Gaining this price markup is a reason that the exporting country may agree to a VER,
rather than risking that the importing-country government will impose its own import
limits.)
4. a. Product standards are imposed to assure that products meet minimum requirements to
protect health, safety, or the environment. But they can be written to discriminate against imports, by setting unreasonable requirements that penalize imports. To the extent that
product standards enhance health, safety, and the environment, they can raise national
well-being. To the extent that they are used as nontariff barriers to imports, they bring the net national losses that usually accompany protection.
b. Domestic content requirements mandate that a minimum percentage of the value
of a product be domestic value added (wages of local workers and domestically produced materials and components). This can provide protection to domestic producers of the
product if imports of the product are impeded by the domestic content requirements. In
addition, this can provide protection for domestic producers of materials and components by forcing domestic producers of the product to limit their use of foreign materials and
components. For both of these reasons, domestic content requirements result in the net
national losses that usually accompany protection.
6. a. The U.S. government is deeply committed to assuring that food products are safe for
consumers to eat, and to protecting the health and safety of workers growing the food.
These are surely noble and correct goals for government regulations. We have established regulations for growing and harvesting apples that assure that they meet these objectives.
In particular, U.S. standards regulate the use of various pesticides and prohibit the use of unsafe pesticides, to protect worker health and to minimize or prevent ingestion by
consumers of trace amounts of pesticides. The U.S. government must insist that U.S.
production standards be followed in foreign countries for all apples exported to the
United States. Otherwise the U.S. government could not be certain to meet its objectives for imported apples.
b. The U.S. government has no business forcing us to adopt its production standards.
First, our own governments are the best judges of the standards to apply to worker safety within our own countries. Because work and environmental conditions vary from country to country, it is simply inappropriate to apply U.S. standards. Indeed, what is safe in the
United States could be unsafe in another country. Second, the U.S. government must
regulate product quality by specifically examining product quality as our apples arrive in the United States. The issue here is not the techniques of growing and harvesting, but
rather whether the product is safe for the consumer. The U.S. government should test for that directly. If they did this, they would find that our apples are perfectly safe, even
though we do not use the same production techniques used in the United States. The
emphasis of the U.S. government on production techniques is misplaced—it is an effort
to protect its domestic apple growers by raising our costs of production or forcing us to
cease exporting to the United States.
8. With a price elasticity of demand for imports of 1, the 50 percent tariff rate has resulted in
a 50 percent reduction in imports. The net national loss of the tariff as a percentage of the
country’s GDP equals (?)?0.50?0.50?0.20, or 2.5 percent. The increase in producer surplus in the protected sectors, as percentage of GDP, is approximately the 50 percent increase
in domestic price times the 15 percent share of these sectors in GDP, or 7.5 percent. Thus, the net national loss from the tariff is about 33 percent of the gain to protected producers.
For every dollar that domestic producers gain, the rest of the society loses $1.33.
10. Free trade will bring the largest well-being for the entire world. The United States already
has few barriers against imports, and we believe that open competition has made the U.S.
economy strong. But other countries often have protectionist policies. This hurts the U.S.
economy, because we lose export opportunities that would allow us to take maximum
benefits from our comparative advantages. Protectionist policies in foreign countries
usually also impose net national costs for those countries, and they certainly harm
consumers in those countries. The protectionist policies exist to benefit certain producer groups in those countries, at the expense of others in the countries.
Section 301 is a tool that the U.S. government can use to reduce foreign protectionism and reduce or eliminate unfair foreign trade practices. Yes, it does involve threats by the U.S. government to raise its own import barriers if the foreign government does not lower its barriers, but this is a useful risk to take. The United States is large enough to influence foreign countries’ governments, and the power here is being used for the good of the world. It has been successful much of the time. When it is successful, the world moves toward freer trade, bringing benefits to the United States, to the foreign countries through net gains from freer trade, and to the world as a whole.
国际经济与贸易(双语)-教学大纲
《国际经济与贸易》教学大纲 课程编号:112602B 课程类型:□通识教育必修课□通识教育选修课 □专业必修课√专业选修课 □学科基础课 总学时:32 讲课学时: 32 学分:2 适用对象:金融学(国际金融英文班) 先修课程:经济学、金融学 一、教学目标 本课程的主要目标:本门课程的教学,旨在使学生了解和掌握《国际经济学》中的主要理论和研究方法,并能灵活运用所学的理论和方法研究和分析国际经济领域的问题和现象,认识现象和问题的本质属性。 Through the teaching of this course, students should know and seize the major theories and inquisitive method of the international economics. Meanwhile, students should be able to research and analyze some problem and phenomena and understand the substantial properties in the field of international economy according to the theories and methods studied in this course. 二、教学内容及其与毕业要求的对应关系 要求学生掌握国际贸易基本理论、基本知识,了解当代国际贸易的热点问题及发展趋势,把握国际贸易理论研究前沿。学完本课程后,应达到以下基本要求:
1、了解国际贸易理论前沿和发展状况,能够理解和掌握国际贸易基本概念、历史、理论、政策、新趋势和新实践等基本知识,掌握国际贸易基本方法和基本知识; 2、了解国际贸易实践,通过案例教学把握国际贸易的实际情况,能够理论联系实际解决问题,具有分析和解决国际贸易实际问题的能力和研究、分析和编写报告的能力; 3、使学生能够运用所学知识,正确分析和解释国际贸易问题与现象。提高学生应用国际贸易的基本知识分析和处理国际贸易问题的能力。为学生进一步学好其他相关课程,以及毕业后能顺利从事国际金融等相关工作打下坚实的基础。 三、各教学环节学时分配(黑体,小四号字) 四、教学内容 Chapter 1Introduction
国际贸易实务名词中英文对译
合同的标的至货物的交付 商品的名称name of commodity 凭买方样品买卖sale by seller’s sample 凭买方样品买卖sale by buyer’s sample 代表性样品representative sample=原样original sample =标准样品type sample 复样duplicate sample=留样keep sample 对等样品counter sample=回样return sample 色彩样品color sample 花样款式样品pattern sample 参考样品reference sample 免费样品free sample 推销样品selling sample 装运样品shipping sample ,shipment sample 到货样品outturn sample 检验用样品sample for test
凭文字说明买卖sale by description 凭规格买卖sale by specification 凭等级买卖sale by grade 凭标准买卖sale by standard 良好平均品质Fair Average Quality 或F.A.Q 凭产地名称或凭地理标志买卖sale by name of origin , or sale by geographical indication 凭说明书和图样买卖sale by description and illustration Quality and technical data to be strictly in conformity with the description submitted by the seller 仅供参考For Reference Only 质量公差quality tolerance 毛重gross weight 以毛作净gross for net 净重net weight 按实际皮重real tare , or actual tare 按平均皮重average tare 按习惯皮重customary tare 按约定皮重computed tare 按公量计重conditioned weight 按理论重量计重theoretical weight 法定重量legal weight
国际贸易单证实务试题(卷)与标准答案解析
国际贸易单证实务试卷及答案 一、选择题(每题2分,共20分) 1、在信用证业务中,各有关方面当事人处理的是( )。 A.单据 B.货物 C.服务 D.其他行为 2、邀请发盘属于( )。 A.发盘 B.询盘 C.还盘 D.接受 3、根据我国保险条款的规定,不能单独投保的险别是( )。 A.F.P.A. B.W.P.A. C.ALL RISKS D.WAR RISK 4、远期票据的持有人将未到期的远期票据提早向银行兑现,银行扣除贴现息后,把票款净值付给持票人,这种业务叫( )。 A. 出口押汇 B. 贴现 C. 议付 D. 结汇 5、有一笔出口交易表明属于盈利的是( )。 A. 换汇成本高于银行外汇买入价 B. 换汇成本低于银行外汇买入价 C. 换汇成本高于银行外汇卖出价 D. 换汇成本低于银行外汇卖出价 6、某公司与日商签订出口饲料12000公吨的合同,来证规定7至10月分批平均装运,出口商7月装出3000公吨,8月因未备齐货物未予装运,则() A. 9月可装6000公吨 B. 8月未装部分可不补,9、10月按原规定装运 C. 从8月起该证失效,不得继续使用 D.8月未装运的货可推迟到11月装运 7、属于银行信用的国际贸易支付方式是()。 A.汇付 B.托收 C.信用证 D.票汇 8、如L/C上未明确付款人,则制作汇票时,受票人应为()。 A.开证申请人 B.开证行 C.议付行 D.通知行 9、在L/C、D/P和D/A三种支付方式下,就买方风险而言,按由大到小顺序排列,正确的是()。 A.L/C>D/A>D/P B.L/C>D/P>D/A C.D/A >D/P >L/C D.D/P>D/A>L/C 10、某合同价格条款规定为“USD100 PER M/T CIF LONDON”,这种价格是( )。 A.净价 B.含佣价 C.折扣价 D.离岸价 二、填空题(每空1分,共10分)
国际贸易双语教案问题答案Pugel_14_SG_AKEY (9)
CHAPTER 9 NONTARIFF BARRIERS TO IMPORTS Objectives of the Chapter This chapter notes the numerous other ways to restrict foreign trade without using a tariff. Nontariff barriers (NTBs) have gained importance since World War II as a result of continuous multilateral negotiations to cut tariffs. Many of these barriers reduce imports to a fixed amount by either setting an import quota or coercing the exporting country to limit its exported quantity. Other barriers restrict the quantity of imports through discrimination by quality or content. Import tariffs, import quotas, and voluntary export restraints (VERs) all have the same effects on the home country’s producers and consumers:the producers win and the consumers lose. The major difference in economic impact comes in who receives the profits from higher-priced imports. In the case of a tariff, the government collects the revenue in the form of the import tax. In the case of a quota, the government may auction rights to import the limited quota amount (in which case the quota looks just like a tariff), or the government may use some alternative form of license distribution such as favoritism (in which case the cronies who receive the licenses get the windfall). With a VER, the windfall goes to the agents in the exporting country who get the privilege of selling expensive imports to the country. After studying Chapter 9 you should know 1. the rationale behind imposing nontariff trade barriers. 2. the import quota and reasons for using it. 3. how a tariff and a quota can be equivalent. 4. the ways to allocate import licenses. 5. the comparisons between import quotas and VERs. 6. other costs that arise from erecting import barriers, such as foreign retaliation. Important Concepts Domestic content requirements: Directs that a product made or assembled in a country must have a certain amount of “domestic value,” in the form of local factors of production that are used in (or locally made components that are part of) the finished product. Fixed favoritism: A way of allocating import licenses in which the government simply assigns fixed shares to firms, often based on the shares of imports the firms had before the quota was imposed. Import license: A legal right to import goods subject to quotas or other nontariff barriers. Import licenses can be allocated by governments using competitive auction, fixed favoritism, or resource-using application procedures. Import quota: A limit on total quantity of imports allowed into a country each year. Import quotas are the most common nontariff trade barrier.
《国际贸易单证实务》期末考试模拟测试题库
《国际商务单证实务》期末考试模拟测试题 一、单项选择题 1.目前发达国家经济增长主要是靠()。 A.资本的增加 B.劳动力的增加C.技术进步D.土地的增加 2.进口竞争商品是指()。 A.进口的外国商品 B.与进口产品在国内进行竞争的本国产品 C.与本国出口商品在国际市场上进行竞争的其他国家商品 D.外国出口到其他国家的商品 3.本国货币对外贬值()。 A、有利于吸引外资 B、有利于本国产品出口 C、有利于进口外国商品 D、有利于全球稳定 4.专断的海关估价属于()。 A、关税壁垒 B、非关税壁垒 C、鼓励出口的措施 D、出口管制 5.以下不允许对商品进行加工的是()。 A、自由港 B、保税区 C、保税仓库 D、出口加工区 6.下面哪一项不是对进口商品征收财政关税时必须具备三个条件之一()。 A、征税的进口货物必须是国内不能生产或无代用品而必须从国外进口的商品 B、关税税率要非常高 C、征税的进口货物必须是在国内大量消费的 D、关税税率要适中或较低 7.我国目前的海关税则目录()。 A、是根据联合国国际贸易货物标准分类编制的 B、是根据《协调制度》制定的 C、完全独立制定的 D、以上都不对 8.下列背书,没有使票据债权发生转移()。 A、有条件背书 B、不得转让背书 C、委托收款背书 D、记名背书 9.一张经过承兑后,被背书转让的汇票,其主债务人是()。 A、出票人 B、承兑人 C、背书人 D、付款人 10.目前我国的人民币是:() A、不能兑换的货币 B、完全自由兑换的货币 C、资本项目下可自由兑换的货币 D、经常项目下可自由兑换的货币 11.可转让信用证的新证和原证的内容中,必须相同的是()。 A、受益人 B、商品数量 C、商品单价 D、装运日期 12.发票金额超过信用证金额时,下列情况一定会发生()。 A、汇票金额小于发票金额 B、开证行拒收超额发票 C、兑付行接受超额发票 D、兑付行拒收超额发票 13. 在国际结算中,由债务人承诺付款的一种证书,称为:( ) A 本票 B 汇票 C 支票 D 信用证 14.卖方信贷和买方信贷的授信人是() A 出口商 B 进口商 C 出口地银行 D 进口地银行
国际贸易双语教案Chap024 (7)
Chapter 6 Scale Economies, Imperfect Competition, and Trade Overview For the 14th edition, this chapter has a new name, and much of it has been rewritten to be clearer and more accessible to students. Standard trade theory presented in chapters 3-5 is based on perfect competition, with constant returns to scale at the level of the individual firm and constant or increasing cost of expanding production at the level of the industry. Comparative advantage predicts that countries will trade with other countries that are different (the source of the comparative cost differences) and that each country will export some products and import other, quite different products. While much international trade conforms to these patterns, a substantial amount does not. Most obviously, industrialized countries trade a lot with each other, and in much of their trade each is exporting and importing similar products. This chapter looks at three theories of trade based on market structures that differ from the standard theory. Each of these theories includes a role for scale economies, so that unit costs tend to decline as output increases. The first section of the chapter defines and examines scale economies, including a new Figure 6.1 that shows the average cost function with scale economies, as well as an explanation of the difference between scale economies that are internal to the individual firm, and scale economies that are external to the firm but apply to a cluster of firms in a geographic area. The next section of the chapter defines intraindustry trade (IIT), in which a country both exports and imports the same product or very similar product varieties. It explains how IIT is measured for an individual product, with examples shown in a new Figure 6.2. The importance of IIT in a country’s overall trade is the weighted average of the IIT shares for each of the individual products. The new Figure 6.3 provides original information on the overall importance of IIT.
最新《国际贸易实务》课程标准
《国际贸易实务》课程标准 适用专业:电子商务、商务管理、 会计、金融证券 编制人:方铮炀 编制单位:财经系 审核人: 系部主任:杨新颖 编制日期:2014 年12 月30 日 郑州信息工程职业学院教务处制
目录 一、课程基本情况 二、课程概述 (一)课程的性质与定位 (二)课程基本理念 (三)课程设计思路 三、课程目标 (一)知识目标 (二)能力目标 (三)素质目标 四、与前后课程的联系 五、课程内容标准 (一)课程总体设计 (二)项目(单元)设计 六、课程实施建议 (一)教学组织实施 (二)师资条件要求 (三)教学条件基本要求 七、教学资源基本要求 (一)教材的选用与编写 (二)网络资源建设 (三)信息化教学资源建设 (四)其它教学资源的开发与利用 八、考核方式与标准 九、其它 《国际贸易实务》课程标准一、课程基本情况
二、课程概述 (一)课程的性质与定位 《国际贸易实务》课程是国际商务、报关与国际货运、国际经济与贸易专业 学生必修的专业主干课,是专业英语、涉外会计等其他涉外经济类专业学生学习的专业必修课。本课程是一门主要研究国际商品交换的基本知识、基本规则和具体操作技术的学科,也是一门具有涉外经济活动特点的实践性很强的综合性、应用性科学。 (二)课程基本理念 《国际贸易实务》课程是物流专业及其相关专业课程体系中的一门专业基 础理论课程。本课程的目的是使学生懂得国际贸易发生的基本原因,熟悉基本的国际贸易政策和措施,具备一定的国际贸易政策环境分析能力,能够判断、解决现实中的国际贸易问题,为从事国际贸易以及相关专业的工作准备必要的理论基础。 本课程对学生从事国际贸易职业能力的培养和职业素养养成起着重要支撑 作用,任何具体的微观国际贸易业务,总是在一定的宏观政策环境中进行的,通过学习,学生具备了宏观的国际贸易理论政策知识,便于今后学习具体的国际贸易职业课程,也为学生职业生涯的可持续发展提供了思维能力的锻炼。 (三)课程设计思路 本课程总体设计思路是以外贸业务员的工作内容为教学内容,按进出口业务流程组织教学过程,将校内实训室和校外实习基地作为第二课堂,采用教、学、做三位一体的教学模式,突出对学生职业能力的培养。 (一)内容设计 按照对外经贸企业或岗位的业务工作内容和相关职业资格考试对从业人员基础知识、操作技能、职业素养等的要求,进行教学内容的选取和重、难点确定。在课程内容安排上,按照选用教材的章节顺序,以国际货物买卖合同的订立与履行为主线,将进出口业务各个环节串联起来,具体讲授国际货物买卖的基本知识与流程、进出口业务的主要操作技能与方法、国际贸易惯例的相关案例与规定。(二)教学设计 在教学过程设计上,既强调学生理解并掌握国际贸易操作的基础知识,又注重学生动手实践能力的培养,并将职业素养教育融入到教学活动中。采用讲授法、讨论法、分组教学法、案例分析教学法、任务式教学法、角色模拟教学法等形式多样的教学方法,综合运用多媒体、实训软件等教学手段,以期实现教学目标、达到预期的教学效果。大力开发课程资源,完善精品课程建设,将课堂讲授与网络教学相结合,促进学生自主学习。 三、课程目标 通过学习本课程,学生应具备从事国际贸易相关工作的职业能力,熟知 国际贸易惯例、熟悉国际贸易流程、具备独立开展进出口业务的技能,既能胜任外贸一线岗位,又具备可持续发展能力。 (一)知识目标 使学生熟知外贸业务的专业术语和专业知识,通晓外贸业务操作的程序步骤 和外贸合同的各项条件,理解国际法律法规及贸易惯例对外贸操作的主要规定。
国际贸易单证实务复习
国际贸易单证实务复习 英汉互译(8*2’) 1.光票托收clean collection 2.跟单托收documentary collection 3.托收委托书collection order 4.汇付remittance 5.托收行remitting bank 6.公证行notary public 7.保兑的不可撤销信用证confirmed irrevocable letter of credit 8.即期信用证sight letter of credit 9.远期信用证usance letter of credit 10.可转让信用证transferable credit 11.循环信用证revolving letter of credit 12.红条款信用证red clause letter of credit 13.书面担保letter of guarantee或written security 14.票汇demand draft 1.documents against payment at sight付款交单 2.documents against acceptance承兑交单 3.dishonour by non-payment拒绝付款 4.dishonour by non-acceptance拒绝承兑 5.remitting bank汇出行 6.protest拒付 7.beneficiary受益人 8.principal本金 9.transferor转让人 10.transferee受让人 11.issuing bank 开证行 12.drawee bank付款人 13.SWIFT(Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication)环球银行金融电讯 协会 14.Applicant开证申请人 15.Negotiating bank议付行 16.UCP(Uniform Customs & Practice)统一惯例 17.Drawer 出票人 18.Drawee受票人 https://www.360docs.net/doc/d510096393.html,ance draft远期汇票 20.Payee收款人 21.Bearer bill不记名汇票 22.Acceptance 承兑 23.Endorsement背书 https://www.360docs.net/doc/d510096393.html,mercial acceptance draft商业承兑汇票 25.Bill of exchange 汇票
国际贸易单证实务试题和答案解析
国际贸易单证实务试题 和答案解析 Document number:PBGCG-0857-BTDO-0089-PTT1998
国际贸易单证实务试卷及答案 一、选择题(每题2分,共20分) 1、在信用证业务中,各有关方面当事人处理的是( )。 A.单据 B.货物 C.服务 D.其他行为 2、邀请发盘属于( )。 A.发盘 B.询盘 C.还盘 D.接受 3、根据我国保险条款的规定,不能单独投保的险别是( )。 A...ALL RISKS D.WAR RISK 4、远期票据的持有人将未到期的远期票据提早向银行兑现,银行扣除贴现息后,把票款净值付给持票人,这种业务叫( )。 A. 出口押汇 B. 贴现 C. 议付 D. 结汇 5、有一笔出口交易表明属于盈利的是( )。 A. 换汇成本高于银行外汇买入价 B. 换汇成本低于银行外汇买入价 C. 换汇成本高于银行外汇卖出价 D. 换汇成本低于银行外汇卖出价 6、某公司与日商签订出口饲料12000公吨的合同,来证规定7至10月分批平均装运,出口商7月装出3000公吨,8月因未备齐货物未予装运,则()
A. 9月可装6000公吨 B. 8月未装部分可不补,9、10月按原规定装运 C. 从8月起该证失效,不得继续使用月未装运的货可推迟到11月装运 7、属于银行信用的国际贸易支付方式是()。 A.汇付 B.托收 C.信用证D.票汇 8、如L/C上未明确付款人,则制作汇票时,受票人应为()。 A.开证申请人 B.开证行 C.议付行D.通知行 9、在L/C、D/P和D/A三种支付方式下,就买方风险而言,按由大到小顺序排列,正确的是()。 A.L/C>D/A>D/P B.L/C>D/P>D/A C.D/A>D/P>L/C D.D/P>D/A>L/C 10、某合同价格条款规定为“USD100 PER M/T CIF LONDON”,这种价格是( )。 A.净价B.含佣价C.折扣价D.离岸价 二、填空题(每空1分,共10分) 1、在国际贸易实务中,国际贸易的最终完成往往以交
国际贸易双语教案Chap024 (9)
Chapter 8 Analysis of a Tariff Overview This chapter starts the analysis of government policies that limit imports, by examining the tariff—a government tax on imports. Early in the chapter, the first in a new series of boxes on Global Governance introduces the World Trade Organization (WTO), created in 1995, which subsumed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), formed in 1947. The major principles of the WTO include trade liberalization, nondiscrimination, and no unfair encouragement of exports. Eight completed rounds of multilateral trade negotiations have been successful in lowering tariffs imposed on most nonagricultural imports into industrialized countries. The box also notes the different path that developing countries have taken to their tariff reductions. In addition to beginning the examination of the role and activities of the WTO, the chapter has two major purposes. First, the analysis shows the effects of a tariff when the importing country is small, so that its import policies have no effect on world prices. Second, the analysis of a large importing country—one whose policies can affect world prices—shows that a large country can use a tariff to lower the price that it pays foreigners for its imports. We begin by examining the effects of a tariff imposed by a small country (contrasted with free trade), using supply and demand within the importing country. Since foreign exporters do not change the price that they charge for the product, the domestic price of the imported product rises by the amount of the tariff. Domestic producers competing with these imports can also raise their domestic prices as the domestic price of imports rises. Domestic producers gain when the government imposes a tariff on competing imports. They get a higher price for their products, they produce and sell a larger quantity (a movement along the domestic supply curve), and they receive more producer surplus. (The effects of the entire tariff system on domestic producers can be more complicated than this, because other tariffs can raise the costs of materials and components. The box on “The Effective Rate of Protection” discusses this more complete analysis, focusing on the effects of the tariff system on value added per unit of domestic production.) Domestic consumers of the product are also affected by the imposition of the tariff. They must pay a higher price (for both imported and domestically produced products), they reduce the quantity that they buy and consume (a movement along the domestic demand curve), and they suffer a loss of consumer surplus. The government also collects tariff revenue, equal to the tariff rate per unit imported times the quantity that is imported with the tariff in place (less than the free-trade import quantity).
《国际贸易实务》教学大纲.doc
《国际贸易实务》教学大纲 第一讲导论、国际贸易术语(1) 【教学目的和要求】 1、掌握国际贸易的特点 2、了解国际货物买卖使用的法律与惯例 3、了解本课程的研究的对象 4、了解国际货物买卖合同的主要条款 5、认真阅读本课程的学习方法 6、认真阅读贸易术语的产生与发展。 7、认真阅读并知晓有关贸易术语的国际贸易惯例。 8、掌握国际贸易惯例的性质与作用。 【课程知识点】 1、国际货物买卖适用的法律与惯例 2、国际货物买卖合同及其特点 3、国际贸易术语及其含义和作用 4、有关贸易术语的国际贸易惯例:《1932年华沙-牛津规则》、《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》、《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》 5、国际贸易惯例的性质与作用 【复习思考题】 1、在我国进出口贸易中为什么要遵循《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的有关规定? 2、根据我国合同法规定,合同应包括哪些主要内容? 3、进口贸易和出口贸易的一般业务程序各包括哪些环节和内容? 4、国际贸易惯例与法律有何联系与区别?如合同内容与惯例有冲突以什么为准? 5、当事人可否在合同中作出与惯例不符的规定? 6、有关贸易术语的国际惯例都有哪些?各有何不同? 7、学习和掌握国际贸易惯例的意义何在? 第二讲国际贸易术语(2) 【教学目的和要求】 1、了解E组贸易术语的主要特点 2、掌握F组贸易术语的特点 3、重点掌握FCA和FOB贸易术语的特点及其注意的问题。
4、重点掌握C组贸易术语中有关CIF贸易术语的特点及其注意的问题 5、重点掌握CIP贸易术语的有关特点 【课程知识点】 1、EXW贸易术语的特点 2、FAS贸易术语的特点 3、FOB、CFR和CIF贸易术语的买卖双方基本责任义务的划分、特点和使用的注意问题 4、FCA、CPT和CIP贸易术语的买卖双方基本责任义务的划分、特点和使用的注意问题 【复习思考题】 1、简述EXW术语的含义及卖方完成交货的条件。 2、《2000通则》对FCA条件下卖方交货的地点、风险划分的界限及买卖双方各自承担的责任和费用问题是如何规定的? 3、FAS术语与FCA术语有何共同点和区别? 4、如何理解按FOB术语成交时以船舷为界划分风险的问题? 5、CFR与FOB术语的异同点是什么? 6、请指出CPT、CIP和FCA三种术语之间的联系与区别。 第三讲国际贸易术语(3) 【教学目的和要求】 1、掌握D组贸易术语的特点 2、重点掌握DES贸易术语及其注意的问题。 3、重点掌握常用贸易术语的变形及其涵义 4、重点掌握贸易术语与合同的关系。 5、重点掌握选用贸易术语时应该注意的问题。 【课程知识点】 1、DAF贸易术语的含义及其使用中的注意问题 2、DES贸易术语的含义及其使用中的注意问题 3、DEQ贸易术语的含义及其使用中的注意问题 4、DDU贸易术语的含义及其使用中的注意问题 5、DDP贸易术语的含义及其使用中的注意问题 6、E、F、C、D三组不同的贸易术语的特点 7、FOB、CFR和CIF三种不同贸易术语的变形及其含义 8、贸易术语与合同的关系 9、风险转移问题 10、包装和检验问题 11、选用贸易术语应注意的问题 【复习思考题】 1、请比较DES与CIF术语的区别。 2、《2000通则》对DEQ术语作了什么新的规定?
国际贸易单证实务试题和答案解析
国际贸易单证实务试卷及答案 1在信用证业务中,各有关方面当事人处理的是 ( )。 A .单据 B .货物 C .服务 2、 邀请发盘属于( )。 A .发盘 B .询盘 C .还盘 3、 根据我国保险条款的规定,不能单独投保的险别是 ( )。 A . .. ALL RISKS D . WAR RISK 4、远期票据的持有人将未到期的远期票据提早向银行兑现,银行扣除贴现息后,把票款净 值付给持票人,这种业务叫( )。 A. 出口押汇 B.贴现 C.议付 D.结汇 5、有 ?笔出口交易表明属于盈利的是 ( )。 A. 换汇成本高于银行外汇买入价 B. 换汇成本低于银行外汇买入价 C. 换汇成本咼于银行外汇卖出价 D. 换汇成本低于银行外汇卖出价 6、 某公司与日商签订出口饲料 12000公吨的合同,来证规定7至10月分批平均装运,出 口商7月装出3000公吨,8月因未备齐货物未予装运,则() A. 9月可装6000公吨??? B. 8月未装部分可不补,9、10月按原规定装 运 C ?从8月起该证失效,不得继续使用 D.8月未装运的货可推迟到 11月装运 7、 属于银行信用的国际贸易支付方式是() 。 A .汇付 B .托收 C .信用证 D .票汇 8、 如L/C 上未明确付款人,则制作汇票时,受票人应为() 。 A .开证申请人 B .开证行 C .议付行 D .通知行 9、 在L/C 、D/P 和D/A 三种支付方式下,就买方风险而言,按由大到小顺序排列,正确 的是()。 A . L/C > D/A > D/P B . L/ C >D/P > D/A C . D/A > D/P >L/C D . D/P >D/A >L/C 10、 某合同价格条款规定为 “ USD100 PER M/T CIF LONDON ”,这种价格是( )。 、选择题(每题2分,共20分) D .其他行为 D ?接受
国际贸易双语教案问题答案Pugel_14_SG_AKEY (4)
CHAPTER 4 TRADE: FACTOR AVAILABILITY AND FACTOR PROPORTIONS ARE KEY Objectives of the Chapter The previous chapter laid the foundation for our basic model in which international trade is driven by price differentials resulting only from differences in (constant) costs of production. In the real world, however, production costs are rarely constant, and demand-side factors such as tastes may affect pre-trade price differentials. Chapter 4 extends our model of international trade to account for increasing costs and for heterogeneous tastes. Here, the production possibility curve may be non-linear, and the pre-trade prices of goods will be determined by a country’s pre-trade production point on that curve. Tastes, as represented by community indifference curves, help us understand how the pre-trade point is established. Because international taste differentials do not seem to be the major determinant of pre-trade prices, we focus our attention once again on supply-side differences in developing the Heckscher-Ohlin model of international trade. A simple H-O model posits a world with two factors of production and two goods. Countries can be characterized as relatively abundant in one factor or another; goods can be characterized as intensively using one factor or another in production. As with all trade, we assume that a country will export the good that it produces relatively cheaply compared to the rest of the world, and will import the good that it produces relatively expensively. Using H-O, we can conclude that a country will export the good that intensively uses its relatively abundant (i.e., cheap) factor of production and will import the good that intensively uses its relatively scarce (i.e., costly) factor of production. After studying Chapter 4, you should be able to 1. explain how increasing marginal costs affect the shape of the production possibility curves. 2. describe how tastes can be represented by community indifference curves. 3. show how the theory of comparative advantage developed in Chapter 3 can be generalized to include: a. increasing marginal costs. b. differences in tastes. c. differences in resource endowments. d. differences in how intensively goods use factors of production. 4. use the production possibility curves and the community indifference curves to illustrate how trade affects a. the production patterns in each country. b. the consumption patterns in each country. c. the overall well-being in each country.