Chapter 1 International Trade Terms and Customs 国际贸易术语与国际贸易惯例 国际贸易实务双语教案

Chapter 1 International Trade Terms and Customs

国际贸易术语与国际贸易惯例

1.1 Trade Terms and Customs

国际贸易术语与国际贸易惯例

Definitions and functions of international trade terms

国际贸易术语的概念及作用

International commodity prices are consisted of not only unit price and amount but also related liabilities, costs and risks between the seller and buyer.

国际贸易商品价格构成中，除了要表明每一计量单位的价格、金额外，还要表明买卖双方在货物交接过程中有关责任、费用、风险的划分问题。

Definition

Trade terms, also called price terms or price conditions, are abbreviations of letters or words specifying specific certain liabilities, costs and risks between the seller and buyer.

国际贸易术语（Trade Terms）也称为价格术语、价格条件，它是指用短语或英文缩写来说明商品的价格构成及买卖双方在货物的交接过程中有关的风险、责任和费用划分问题的专门用语。

It covers two basic elements: 1) trade terms indicate commodity price composition, for instance, whether the seller’s quotation includes freight, insurance premium or discharge. FOB excludes freight and insurance premium which are paid by the buyer. And CIF is the opposite. 2) Trade terms are specified terms concerning place of delivery, risks, obligations and costs during delivery of goods between the seller and the buyer.

这一定义包含两层意思，第一层含义：贸易术语说明了商品的价格构成，卖方所报价格是否包含运费、保费、装缷费是离岸价还是到目的港的价格。如用FOB，不包含运费、保费，称离岸价，运、保费要由买方出。CIF则相反：运费、保费都已在包含在货价中，由卖方承担。第二层含义：国际贸易术语是买卖双方在货物交接过程中，关于交货地点，风险、责任、费用如何划分的专门用语。

Function国际贸易术语的作用

Trade terms, which are used as united and specific language for worldwide merchants, take shape gradually in international practice and greatly simplify dealing procedures, improving efficiency and play significant roles in international trade.

国际贸易术语是在长期的国际贸易实践中逐渐发展形成的，作为全世界国际贸易商人的统一专门用语，大大简化了交易程序，提高了交易效率，降低了交易成本，有力地促进了国际贸易的发展，在国际贸易中具有重要的作用。

International trade customs有关国际贸易术语的国际贸易惯例Definition国际贸易惯例的概念

International trade customs are universally recognized customary ways for doing business as well as explanation evolving in the long process of trade development. It has been compiled by relative international organizations into rules and regulations which are acquainted, recognized and adopted by many trading organizations in most countries.

国际贸易惯例是在国际贸易的长期实践中逐步发展、形成的具有普遍意义的一些习惯做法和解释，经过有关国际组织的编纂与解释成为规则、条文，并为较多的国家或贸易团体所熟悉、承认和采用。

Nature 国际贸易惯例的性质

1. International trade customs are not compulsory since they are neither

legislations for all countries, nor laws of a certain country.

它不是各国的共同立法，也不是某一国的法律，不具有法律的强制性。

2. When both parties cite one international custom, it becomes legally valid and

both parties are subject to it.

当买卖双方在合同中援引某项惯例时，则该惯例即具有法律效力，对双方均有约束力，有法律强制性。

3. Even if the contract does not indicate which custom the contract is subject to,

the custom still has binding force.

合同中未引入某项惯例，惯例仍有约束力。

When disputes arise during the contract execution, court of justice or arbitration agencies usually makes ruling according to the customs, thus the customs are influential to some extent. Especially lately, some international conventions and laws endow the customs legality. China’s laws indicates what the law fails to cover are subject to international trade customs. CISG stipulates that the commonly used and universally known customs which are not excluded from the contract are binding to both parties.

在执行合同中发生争议时，法院判决、仲裁机构仲裁往往以惯例作为准则进行裁决，因此这些惯例实际上有一定的影响力，特别是目前的新的趋势，某些国际公约或某些国家以立法的形式直接赋予惯例法律效力。如我国的法律规定：凡是中国法律没有规定的适用国际贸易惯例。《公约》规定：合同没有排除的惯例，已经知道或应当知道的惯例和经常使用反复遵守的惯例对双方当事人均有约束力。

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS (1980) [CISG] Article 9:

1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any

practices which they have established between themselves.

(2) The parties are considered, unless otherwise agreed, to have impliedly

made applicable to their contract or its formation a usage of which the parties knew or ought to have known and which in international trade is widely

known to, and regularly observed by, parties to contracts of the type involved in the particular trade concerned.

（《公约》第九条：“（1）双方当事人业已同意的任何惯例和他们之间确立的任何习惯做法，对双方当事人均有约束力。（2）除非另有协议，双方当事人应视为已默示地同意对他们的合同或合同的订立使用双方当事人已知道或理应知道的惯例，而这种惯例，在国际贸易上，已为有关特定贸易所涉同类合同的当事人所广泛知道并为他们所经常遵守。”）。

Therefore, it is of great significance to get familiar with the customs and carry out trade practices.