经济学导论-名词解释

重要经济学名词-中英文解释
微观经济学：主要以单个经济单位作为考察对象，研究经济社会中单个经济单位或经济个体的经济行为。

Microeconomics: The branch of economics that deals with the behavior of individual economic units – consumers, firms, workers, and investors – as well as the markets that these units comprise.
宏观经济学：以整个国民经济为考察对象，研究经济总量的决定及其变化，研究如何对稀缺性资源实现充分利用。

Macroeconomics: The branch of economics that deals with aggregate economic variables, such as the level and growth rate of national output, interest rates, unemployment, and inflation.
需求：消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。

Demand: The quantities of a good or service demanded per period by comsumers buying in the market for that good or service.
供给：厂商或家庭在一定时期内在各种可能的价格下愿意而且能够出售的该商品的数量。

Supply: The sum of all that is supplied each period by producers of a single product.
消费者剩余：消费者对一种商品所愿意支付的最高价格与他实际支付的价格的差额。

Comsumer surplus: The difference between the maximum amount a person is willing to pay for a good and its current market price.
效用：商品满足人的欲望的能力，或指消费者在消费商品时所感受到的满足程度。

Utility: Numerical score representing the satisfaction that a consumer gets from a given market basket.
预算线：又称预算约束线、消费可能线和价格线，表示在消费者收入和商品价格给定的条件下，消费者的全部收入所能购买到的两种商品的各种组合。

Budget Line: All combinations of goods for which the total amount of money spent is equal to income.
边际效用递减规律：在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品的消费量的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。

The Law of Diminishing marginal utility: Principle that as more of a good is consumed, the consumption of additional amounts will yeild smaller additions to
utility.
边际报酬递减规律：技术和其他要素不变，连续增加一种要素，要素小于某一数值时，所形成的产量，最初会增加，边际产量递增；但到一定限度后，继续增加超过某一值时，边际产量会递减，最终还会使产量绝对减少。

The Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns: A principle that as the use of an input increases with other inputs fixed, the resulting additions to output will eventually decreace.
机会成本：生产者所放弃的使用相同的生产要素在其它生产用途中所能得到的最高收入。

Opportunity Cost: Cost associated with opportunities that are forgone when a firm’s resources are not put to their best alternative use.
完全竞争市场：完全竞争，不受任何阻碍和干扰的市场。

Perfect Competition Market: A market in which all firms produce an identical product and each is so small in relation to the industry that its production decisions have no effect on market price.
完全垄断市场：指单一的出售者完全控制着某一行业的一种市场结构。

Pure Monopoly Market: A market with a single firm that produces a product for which there are no close substitutes and in which significant barriers to entry prevent other firms from entering the market to compete for profits.
生产者剩余：厂商在提供一定数量的某种商品时实际接受的总支付和愿意接受的最小支付之间的差额。

Producer Surplus: Sum over all units produced by a firm of differences between the market price of a good and the marginal cost of production.
价格歧视：指厂商在同一时间内对同一成本的产品向不同顾客收取不同的价格。

Price Discrimination: Practice of charging different prices to different consumers for similar goods.
市场失灵：单靠市场自发的作用不能实现最佳经济效率。

Market Failure: Situation in which the allocation of goods and services is not efficient.
外部性：指生产或消费行为给他人带来非自愿的成本和收益，却不用支付由此带来的成本或不能从这些收益中的得到补偿。

Externalities: Action by either a producer or a consumer which affects other producers or consumers, but is not accounted for in the market price.
公共物品：具有非排他性和非竞争性的产品。

Public Goods: Nonexclusive, nonrival goods that can be made available cheaply but
which, once available, are difficult to prevent others from consuming.
国内生产总值：指一国一年内在其领土范围内本国居民和外国居民生产的全部最终物品和劳务的市场价值的总和。

GDP(gross domestic product): GDP is the total market value of a country’s output. It is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period of time by factors of production located within a country.
失业：有劳动能力的人想工作而找不到工作的社会现象。

Unemployment: Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work.
通货膨胀：物价水平普遍而持续的上升。

Inflation: Inflation is the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising and, consequently, the purchasing power of currency is falling.。