水溶性高分子的功能

水溶性高分子的功能
10塑模332 陈鹏
摘要；通过对水溶性高分子功能的论述表明；水溶性聚合物中的亲水基团不仅使其具有水溶性，而且还具有化学反应功能，以及分散、絮凝、增粘、减阻、粘合、成膜、成胶、螯合等多种物理功能。

水溶性聚合物由于具有多种多样的品种和宝贵性能，它与表面活性剂一起，被称为精细化工的两大支柱，在石油勘探开发、水处理、造纸、纺织、涂料、食品、日用化工等领域得到了广泛的应用。

关键词；水溶性高分子、功能（水溶性、分散、絮凝、增粘、减阻、粘合、成膜、成胶、螯合）
Water-soluble polymer
10 plastic mould 332 chenpeng
Abstract：Through the discussion of water-soluble polymer function that; The water-soluble polymer hydrophilic groups not only make it is water-soluble, but also has the chemical reaction
function, and scattered, flocculation, viscosify, friction reduction, bonding, film, gelling, chelating
etc. Various physical function. Water-soluble polymer due to its various varieties and precious
performance, it and surfactant together, called the fine chemical two big props, in oil exploration
and exploitation, water treatment, paper making, textile, coating, foodstuff, daily chemical and
other fields been widely used.
Keywords：Water-soluble polymer, function (water-soluble, decentralization, flocculation, viscosify, friction reduction, bonding, film, gelling, chelating)
水溶性高分子的功能
1.概念
水溶性高分子化合物又称为水溶性树脂或水溶性聚合物。

通常所说的水溶性高分子是一种强亲水性的高分子材料，能溶解或溶胀于水中形成水溶液或分散体系”。

文献（1）2.水溶性高分子按来源通常分为三大类
2.1 天然水溶性高分子
天然水溶性高分子以植物或动物为原料，通过物理的或物理化学的方法提取而得。

许多天然水溶性高分子一直是造纸助剂的重要组分，例如常见的有表面施胶剂天然淀粉、植物胶、动物胶（干酪素）、甲壳质以及海藻酸的水溶性衍生物等。

2.2半合成水溶性高分子
这类高分子材料是由上述天然物质经化学改性而得。

用于造纸工业中主要有两类：改性纤维素（如羧甲基纤维素）和改性淀粉（如阳离子淀粉）。

2.3 合成水溶性高分子
此类高分子的应用最为广泛，特别是其分子结构设计十分灵活的优势可以较好地满足造
纸生产环境多变及造纸工业发展的要求。

3.水溶性高分子的功能
水溶性高分子材料的有以下几种主要功能：
3.1具有水溶性
水是最廉价的溶剂，来源广，无污染。

水溶性高分子之所以溶于水，是因为在水分子与聚合物的极性侧基之间形成了氢键。

水溶性高分子的溶解具有一个重要的条件，即溶质和溶剂的溶度参数必须相近，但这仅为溶解的必要条件而非充分条件，还需考虑高分子的结晶结构的影响
3.2分散作用
由于绝大多数水溶性高分子都含有亲水基团和一定数量的疏水基团，因而都具有一定的表面活性，可以在一定程度上降低水的表面张力，有助于水对固体的润湿，这对于颜料、填料、粘土之类的物质在水中的分散特别有利。

此外，许多水溶性高分子可以起到保护胶体的作用，即通过水溶性高分子的亲水性，使水一胶体复合体吸附在胶体颗粒上形成外壳，让其屏蔽起来免受电解质所引起的絮凝作用，使分散体系保持稳定。

3.3絮凝作用
水溶性高分子中的极性基团吸附于水中的固体粒子，使粒子间架桥而形成大的聚集体。

絮凝作用在水处理中有很重要的应用，由于用量少、见效快、效率高等优点，已成为目前水溶性高分子材料的最大用途。

3.4增粘性
作为增粘剂使用是水溶性高分子的主要用途。

增粘性是指水溶性高分子有使别的水溶液或水分散体的表观粘度增大的作用。

3.5减阻作用
指向流体中添加少量化学药剂以使流体通过固体表面的湍流摩擦阻力得以大幅度减小的现象。

在一些情况下，添加少量水溶性高分子材料，就可以使流动阻力减少50％甚至80％以上，这对于工业、交通、国防等领域都有实际的应用价值。

3.6流变性
是指物质在外力作用下流动变形的特性。

流变性对水溶性高分子的应用极其重要，不同水溶性高分子溶液在不同条件下可以具有各种流变性质，不同流变性可以满足不同的需要。

3.7悬浮作用
水溶性高分子本身或与其它物质所形成的水基流体的悬浮性在石油和天然气的开采及其它行业都具有极其重要的意义，如涂料悬浮颜料离子、水煤浆的输送等。

The function of water-soluble polymer
1. Concept
Water-soluble polymer compound called soluble resin or water-soluble polymer. Usually say of
water-soluble polymer is a kind of strong hydrophilic polymer materials, can dissolve or swelling
in water forming aqueous or decentralized system ".
2. Water-soluble polymer according to sources usually divided into three categories
2.1 natural water-soluble polymer
Natural water-soluble polymer to plant or animal as raw material, through physical or the physical and chemical methods to extract and too. Many natural water-soluble polymer have been an important component of papermaking assistant, for example common have surface sizing agent natural starch, plant glue, glue (GanLaoSu), chitin and alginate and water-soluble derivant etc. 2.2 a semi-synthetic water-soluble polymer
This kind of high polymer material is natural substance by the above by chemical modification. Used for papermaking industry basically has two kinds: modified cellulose (such as carboxymethyl cellulose) and modified starch (such as cationic starch).
2.3 water-soluble polymer synthesis
Such high polymer, especially the most widely used its molecular structure design is very flexible advantage can well satisfy the papermaking production environment and changeful and the requirements of the development of papermaking industry.
3. The function of water-soluble polymer
Water-soluble polymer materials have the following kinds main functions:
3.1 is water-soluble
Water is the most cheap solvent, sources wide, free from contamination. Water-soluble polymer is soluble in water, because in the polarity of the water molecules and polymer formed between side base the hydrogen bond. Dissolution of water-soluble polymer with an important conditions, namely solute and solvent solubility parameter must close, but this only the necessary conditions for dissolution, though not a sufficient condition must also take into account the effect of polymer crystalline structure
3.2 dispersion
Because most water-soluble polymer contain hydrophilic groups and a certain number of hydrophobic group, which has certain surface activity, can to a certain extent reduces the water's surface tension, help water on solid wetting, this regarding the pigments, fillers, clay materials such as the dispersed in water is especially useful. In addition, many water-soluble polymer can rise to protective colloid, namely, through the role of the hydrophilic, water-soluble polymer composite water to make a colloid particles formed in colloid adsorption shell, let its shielding up from electrolyte of flocculation effect caused by scattered system remained stable.
3.3 flocculation effect
The polargroup water-soluble polymer solid particle adsorption in the water, bridging between particles formed big aggregates. Flocculation effect in water treatment have important applications, because dosage, quick effect, less higher efficiency, has become the largest current water-soluble polymer material USES.
3.4 increase viscosity
As a viscous agent use is the main purpose of the water-soluble polymer. Increase viscosity refers to water-soluble polymer have made other aqueous or moisture of the apparent viscosity medium increased role.
3.5 friction reduction effect
Pointing to fluid adding a small amount of chemicals to make the fluid through solid surface may be greatly reduce turbulence frictional resistance of the phenomenon. In some cases, adding a bit
of water-soluble polymer material, can make flow resistance is reduced by 50% or more than 80%, which for industrial, transportation, defense, etc have practical application value.
3.6 rheological property
Refers to material under external force flow deformation characteristics. The application of
water-soluble polymer rheology of water-soluble polymer is extremely important, different solution under different conditions can have all sorts of rheological, different rheological properties can meet different needs.
3.7 floating
Water-soluble polymer itself or with other substances by the formation of the water-based fluid suspended sexuality in oil and natural gas drilling and other industries has very important significance, such as paint suspended pigment ions, transfer of coal water slurry, etc.
结论
水溶性聚合物由于具有多种多样的品种和宝贵性能，它与表面活性剂一起，被称为精细化工的两大支柱，在石油勘探开发、水处理、造纸、纺织、涂料、食品、日用化工等领域得到了广泛的应用。

conclusion
Water-soluble polymer due to its various varieties and precious perf orm ance, it and surf actant together, called the f ine chemical t wo big props, in oil exploration and exploitation, water treatment, paper making, textile, coating, f oodstuff, daily chemical and other f ields been widely used.
参考文献
文献（1）作者：严瑞瑄编书名：水溶性高分子出版社：化学工业出版社出版时间：2010-7-1 ISBN: 9787122082152。