化合物英文命名

alkane
methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane heptane octane nonane decane
alkene
ethene propene butene pentene hexene
alkyne
ethyne propyne butyne
IUPAC Name and Common Name
acetyl 乙酰基
amino 氨基
nitro
硝基
fluoro 氟代
-yl －基
aryl carboxyl vinyl phenyl sulfo chloro thio
芳基 羧基 乙烯基 苯基 磺基 氯代 硫代
链烃名称
methyl ethyl propyl butyl pentyl hexyl heptyl octyl nonyl decyl dodecyl
1 mono2 di3 tri4 tetra5 penta6 hexa7 hepta8 octa9 nona10 deca-
常用数目词头
11 undaca12 dodeca13 trideca14 tetradeca15 petadeca16 hexadeca17 heptadeca18 octadeca19 nonadeca20 eicosa-
IUPAC
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 国际理论与应用化学联合会
Despite the existence of the IUPAC system, a great many well-established common or trivial names are used and, because of their brevity and convenience, will doubtless continue to be used.
iodide
potassium iodide
三、无氧酸（水溶液呈酸性的二元化合物）
hydrochloric acid
hydrofluoric acid
hydrobromic acid
四、含氧酸及其盐 nitrogen sulfur phosphorus Chlorine
nitric acid sulfuric acid phosphoric acid chloric acid
IUPAC Name
methanol ethanol 2-methyl-1-propanol methanal ethanal propanone methanoic acid ethanoic acid octadecanoic acid amino ethane
Common Name
methyl alcohol ethyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol formaldehyde acetaldehyde acetone formic acid acetic acid stearic acid ethylamine
化合物的命名
2011.3. 1.
ethylphenyldichlorosilane 乙基苯基二氯硅烷
tributyl-phosphate 磷酸三丁酯
1-ethynylcyclohexan-1-ol 1-乙炔基环己-1-醇
常见无机化合物名
一、元素
fluorine oxygen carbon sulfur sodium magnesium zinc lead mercury uranium
chromium
platinum titanium
sodium
calcium
potassium
aluminum
mercury palladium
lead
copper
fluorine
silicon
chlorine sulfur
phosphorus
cobalt
nitrogen
ammonium chloride silver nitrate
nitrate sulfate phosphate chlorate
词尾：－(o)ic acid 酸 －ate 由词尾为ic的酸所成的盐类或酯类 －ide －化物
五、氢氧化物 sodium hydroxide aluminum hydroxide
Practice
Put the followings into Chinese:
2-ethylbutyl acetate 乙酸-2-乙基丁（基）酯 methoxy-hydroxyphenylglycol 甲氧基－羟苯基乙二醇
p-hydroxybenzoic acid 对羟基苯（甲）酸
trialkylmethylammonium chloride 氯化三烷基甲基铵
O,O-dimethyl-2,2-dichlorovinylphosphate O,O-二甲基-2,2-二氯乙烯基磷酸酯 （敌敌畏）
chlorine hydrogen silicon phosphorus potassium aluminum iron cobalt cadmium radium
bromine nitrogen
calcium manganese copper nickel arsenic
iodine
－ium 构成金属元素的名称。化学元素是采用拉丁语为基础的 国际统一命名法，依规定，金属的词尾用 –um 和 –ium， 如
nisocycl(o)o-，orthop-，param-，metapercistrans-
其它常用构词
正构的 异，同 环（合） 邻（位） 对（位） 间（位） 过，高 顺（式） 反（式）
n-butane iso-butane cyclohexane o-xylene p-xylene m-xylene peroxide cis-butenedioic acid trans-butenedioic acid
alkenes -ene
ethylene
alkynes -yne
propyne
benzenes -benzene methylbenzene
alcohols -ol
butanol
ethers -ether
dimethyl ether
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aldehydes -al
methanal
ketones -one
propanone
IUPAC Name
alkane cycloalkane cycloalkane alkene alkyne ethene propene methylbenzene dimethylbenzene phenylethene
Common Name
paraffin cycloparaffin naphthene olefin acetylene ethylene propylene toluene xylene styrene
ferrum
magnesium
potassium
cadmium barium
sodium
*个别非金属元素词尾也有用 –ium 的，如氦helium是1878年
由太阳的光谱中找到的，曾错误地认为它也是一种金属。
*有些金属元素的名称是按习惯命名的，未使用–um 和 –ium
词尾。
锑
antimony
钨
tungsten
hydrochloric acid
magnesium hydroxide
calcium carbide
hydrogen peroxide
carbon dioxide
phosphorus pentoxide
sodium hydroxide
sodium carbonate
nitric acid
sulfuric acid
acids
-(o)ic acid ethanoic acid
esters -ate
methyl ethanoate
anhydrides -ic anhydride
maleic anhydride
amines -amine
ethanolamine
二、有机基团
alkyl
烷基
hydroxyl 羟基
carbonyl 羰基
21 henicosa22 docosa23 tricosa30 triconta31 hentriaconta40 tetraconta50 petaconta60 hexaconta70 heptaconta100 hecta-
有机化合物构词
一、分类名称及其词尾
alkanes -ane
methane
汞
mercury
锌
zinc
二、二元化合物
词尾 －ide
－化物
chlorine chloride hydrogen chloride
oxygen
oxide
zinc oxide
fluorine
fluoride
hydrogen fluoride
sulfur
sulfide
sodium sulfide
iodine