第三讲 作物品质生理

作物品质生理—微量养分营养品质

刘正辉

liuzh@

南京农业大学农学院

1.作物微量养分营养品质及其相关化学组分

2.微量养分营养品质相关化学组分的基因型差异

3.土壤微量元素吸收的生理机制

4.籽粒微量养分积累的生理机制

5.微量养分的组织化学特性

6.制粉工艺的影响与育种目标

7.提高微量养分含量的农艺途径

引言

•营养是维持生命与健康的物质基础，是决定人体素质的重要因素。•目前，全世界约有30亿人存在着不同程度的营养不良问题。

•在我国，特别是在贫困地区和少数民族地区，铁、锌和碘等微量元素营养缺乏性疾病这种“隐性饥饿”已成为困扰我国居民的首要营养不良问题。

•我国有近20%的人群存在铁营养缺乏或缺铁性贫血的问题，西部某些贫困地区的育龄妇女和儿童的贫血发生率已超过60%。锌缺乏症在各种人群中均较普遍，学龄前儿童缺锌率高达40%～70%。

Global Micronutrient Deficiencies

> 3 billion people afflicted (Map from USAID)

Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency

> 200 million children

affected

Map from WHO

•铁、锌和碘等微量元素营养不良将阻碍儿童的体力及智力发育，导致成人健康水平低下，并给社会、经济发展带来巨大的损失。•据世界银行1994年的统计，铁、锌和碘等微量元素缺乏给发展中国家经济造成的损失至少占国民生产总值（GNP）的5%。

•据估算，我国每年因碘缺乏给国家造成1.6亿美元损失，贫血损失约为1.06亿美元，因儿童发育迟缓估计损失0.96亿美元。

Some WHO Major Risk Factors Causing World Deaths in 200005,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,000

Malnutrition

Tobacco

Unsafe sex

Alcohol

Unsafe water,

sanitation, hygiene

Occupational safety

R i s k F a c t o r Number of Deaths (X1000)

(World Health Report, 2002)

Some Major World Risk Factors Causing Deaths

Malnutrition accounts of ≈ 30 million

deaths per year (about 1 death per second)

Seven Kinds of Plant Chemicals Known for Sustaining Human Life or Having

Healthy Effect

Oxygen; Water; Carbohydrates

1. Air, Water &

Energy

Histidine; Isoleucine; Leucine; Lysine; Methionine; Phenylalanine; Threonine; Tryptophan; Valine

2. Protein

(amino acids)

3. Lipids-Fat

Linoleic acid（亚油酸，18-2）; Linolenic acid（亚麻酸,18-3）

(fatty acids)

4. Macro-Minerals Na; K; Ca; Mg; S; P; Cl

5. Trace Elements Fe; Zn; Cu; Mn; I; F; Se; Mo; Co (in B12); B ; Ni ; Cr ; V ; Si ; As; Li ; Sn

6. Vitamins A; D; E; K; C (Ascorbic acid); B1(Thiamin); B2(Riboflavin); B3 (Niacin); B5(Pantothenic acid); B6

(Pyroxidine); B7/H (Biotin); B9(Folic acid, folacin); B12(Cobalamin)

7. Phytochemicals Antioxidants: flavonoids（类黄酮）, carotenoids（类胡萝卜素）; Detoxification agents:

glucosinolates（芥子油苷）, isothiocyanates（异硫氰酸酯）; Synergize with vitamins:

bioflavonoids(生物类黄酮）

Source: Ross M. Welch, USDA-ARS, U.S. Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Cornell University

Malnutrition -

will be responsible for 72,00 deaths globally, mostly women, infants and children, during this lecture! 86400/d ,31536000/y

This global crisis is happening now!

•These deaths are preventable.

•What is the root cause of these deaths?

•What can we do to prevent them from happening in a sustainable way?