最新最全英语词汇学知识点整理(精华)

词汇期末复习（ C1 -C7 ）

Chapter 1

一、 Word 词的定义

a minimal free form （最小的自由形式）

a sound unity

a semantic unity （ meaning ）

a form that can function alone in a sentence. （具有句法功能）

(1) (2) (3) (4) 二、 Vocabulary 词汇的定义

All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.

一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。 词的总和构成语言的

词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。 三、

Sound&Meaning 发音和意义

The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary ( 任意的 ) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的

四、 Sound & Form 发音和形式

（正字的） (1) The written form of a natural language is the orthographical form.

record of the oral 自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。

发音与形式不同的原因： (2) The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: ① ② 英语字母表来自罗马

English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 发音改变快 the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 速

③ ④ Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同

More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling. 发音不断变化，书写标准化。

⑤ borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外来词

五、 Classification of Words 词的分类

① Basic Words

The basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词汇特点：

1. All national character 全民性 ② (indispensable to all the people who speak the language).

2. Stability 稳定性 （ relatively stable or unchanged ）

3. Productivity 多产性

4. Polysemy 多义性

5. Collocability 搭配性

Non-basic Words

（form new words in combination with other roots and affixes ) Non-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms. 非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。

① Content Words/Full words/National words ：

能够表达清楚的含义

They denote clear notions.

② Functional words/Empty words/Form words ：

They show the relation between notions. 显示了与概念之间的关系

① Native Words ：

Anglo-Saxon words brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles, Saxons and the Jutes. ② Borrowed Words ：

loan words or borrowings. English has adopted almost all the major languages in the world. It

includes Denizens 同化词 Aliens 非同化词 Translation loans 译借词 Semantic loans 借义词 Chapter 2

一、 The Indo-European Language Family 印欧语系

(1) The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East,

and India. 印欧语系是由欧洲、近东和印度的大部分语言组成的。

The classification of Indo -European language family :

The Eastern Set

The Western Set （ Germanic ）

(2) ① ② 二、 Three phases of the Vocabulary Development 词汇发展三阶段

(1) Old English(450 -1150)

特点：

It has a small vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. 词汇量小

It has small number of borrowings came from Latin and Scandinavian.

拉丁 / 斯堪的纳维亚外来词少

It is a highly inflected language. (it has the words full of endings.) 完整词尾

Middle English(1150 -1500)

(2) 特点：

It has a comparatively large vocabulary; 词汇量相对较大

It has absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words mainly from French and Latin; 大量发育和拉丁词汇

Word endings become leveled. 词尾扁平

Modern English(1500 up to the present)

吸收

(3) 特点：

it has a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary; 巨大且多样的词汇

It has tremendous borrowings; 许多外来词

It has words with lost endings. 词尾消失

三、 General Characteristic 一般特征

Receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity 接受性、适应性、异质性

Simplicity of inflection 简洁性、屈折性

Relatively fixed word -order 相对固定的语序

(1) (2) (3) 四、 Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary 英语词汇中的外来成分

(1) 主要外来成分：拉丁、希腊、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语

(2) 次要外来成分：意大利语、日耳曼语、荷兰语、西班牙和葡萄牙语、凯尔特语

五、 Growth of Contemporary English Vocabulary 当代英语词汇的发展

发展方式：

Modes of Vocabulary Development