《远大前程》研究综述
《远大前程》研究综述
内容摘要：《远大前程》是狄更斯的代表作之一，但一直以来并未得到应有的关注，已有的研究大多是针对其主题思想、人物刻画和叙事特点进行论述，少有创新。本文试图系统地归纳和总结前人的研究成果，包括研究历史及评价，研究内容，存在的不足和前景展望等，从而方便以后对《远大前程》进行更深入的研究。
关键字：狄更斯《远大前程》文本批评
查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens，1812--1870）是英国十九世纪伟大的批判现实主义作家，一生创作了大量作品，广泛描写了19世纪英国维多利亚时代的社会生活，揭露了资产阶级金钱世界的种种罪恶，他的创作代表了英国19世纪批判现实主义潮流的最高成就。
《远大前程》（又名《孤星血泪》）是狄更斯创作晚期的一部长篇小说，也是其代表作之一。故事讲述了一个叫匹普的乡下孤儿，在姐姐的辱骂和姐夫的关怀下长大，一直想成为像姐夫乔一样的铁匠，但在去过富有的郝薇香小姐家里，看到了美丽的艾斯黛拉之后，便希望自己飞黄腾达，以配得上艾斯黛拉。恰好他曾经救过的一位逃犯在国外发了财，寄钱给他，努力想把他培养为上等人，帮他实现了梦想。匹普以为资助他的是郝薇香小姐，自己前程远大，将和艾斯黛拉结婚，逐渐疏远了一直关心他的乔和毕蒂。可就在匹普满怀憧憬之时，他偶然发现，艾斯黛拉不过是郝薇香小姐拿来报复男人的工具，对他毫无感情可言，此时逃犯也从国外回来，钱财被当局没收，他的前程随即烟消云散。此时的匹普并无伤感，反而变得清醒，最终靠自己的努力作出了一份事业，并与寡居的艾斯黛拉结合。
一、国外研究简述
《远大前程》问世不久，就引起了许多学者的关注。从十九世纪到今天，西方对这部作品的研究一直没有中断，或臧或否，褒贬不一。赞赏者认为《远大前程》可以进入狄更斯最有影响力的小说之列，它保留了狄更斯往常小说的一贯风格（人物形象阴沉暗淡，故事场景违背常态等），但是它的人物刻画更加传神，情节结构十分严谨，值得称道。反对者则指责这部作品情节结构不合情理，人物塑造生硬怪僻、异乎寻常、没有生命，与狄更斯早期的小说相比显得“虚弱、疲
乏、无味”①。
从我们收集到的外文资料来看，对《远大前程》的研究主要有以下几个方面：
1、社会历史批评
狄更斯的《远大前程》创作于1860年到1861年，而正是在1859年达尔文发表了《物种起源》，引起思想界、科学界的强烈震动，于是有研究者注意到了达尔文的进化论思想对狄更斯《远大前程》的影响，例如Goldie Morgentaler在Meditating on the low: a Darwinian reading of 'Great Expectations'中提出，从《双城记》到《远大前程》狄更斯人格塑造的观点由遗传决定论变为环境（突出表现在家庭环境）决定论，这种突然转变应当归功于达尔文。
Susan Walsh从社会批判的角度提出，《远大前程》中的郝薇香小姐是当时英国经济形势的标志。维多利亚社会的变迁，改变了女性传统的投资方式，也影响了像主人公匹普那样的年轻人的志向和抱负。被荒废的沙堤斯庄园、啤酒工厂以及郝薇香失败的投资历史都可以解释为狄更斯对当时经济情况的认识和评论。
2、文本批评
（1）文本语言：
在《远大前程》的结尾，奥立克给匹普一封短信将其骗至石灰屋，意图谋杀匹普，在谋杀之前奥立克痛斥匹普使他失去工作，使毕蒂疏远他，迫使他偷袭乔夫人并因此被驱逐出这个国家，他嘲笑匹普只会用一种笔迹，而他的新同伙康佩生能写五十种。Marie McAllister在Sneaking you as writes but one: a note on forgery and identity in great expectations一文中提出，奥立克的那句愤怒的嘲笑揭示了说话者尚未意识到的更深层的含义。康佩生对伪造的擅长揭示了他的本质：一个绅士外壳下的骗子，马格韦契的背叛者，郝薇香小姐的欺骗者；反过来，匹普没有能力写五十种笔迹也暗示了他的始终如一的内在本性，匹普因为艾斯黛拉曾经努力抖掉过去，远离毕蒂和乔，成为一个上流社会的绅士，穿不同的衣服，说不同的口音——用另一种笔迹，但是匹普自从认识到乔的价值以后，便原谅了郝薇香小姐，并改正自己的错误，匹普始终没有彻底失去美好的本性，始终不同于康佩生，他“仍然用一种笔迹”。
①Margaret Oliphant, Sensation Novels, Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. 559.91 (May 1862): p564-584.
（2）人物形象
Lucile P·Shores 在The Character of Estella in Great Expectations一文中提出，艾斯黛拉这个人物形象虽然被认为冷漠、残酷，但是在与匹普交往的行为中她却一直保持着发自内心的感情和真诚。艾斯黛拉从小就被郝薇香小姐培养得傲慢无礼、出言不逊，但是她却一直以自己的方式温情地对待匹普。艾斯黛拉深知自己的性格已经被郝薇香小姐扭曲到了无法复原的地步，她为现在的自己感到羞耻但怀着面对现实的态度坦然接受自己的局限，她不想成为匹普的负担并不止一次真诚地告诫匹普远离自己；艾斯黛拉并不是为了金钱而嫁给蛛穆尔，她一方面想逃离养母的控制，另一方面也是更重要的，她觉得自己配不上匹普，只有像蛛穆尔那样恶贯满盈的人才当得起她难以纠正的罪恶的性格。
Hana Wirth-Nesher 在The Literary Orphan as National Hero: Huck and Pip
中将马克·吐温笔下的哈克贝利·费恩和匹普进行比较，指出这两个孤儿有许多相似之处：他们都处于社会阶层的下级，二者的名字也都显示着身份的不重要性，他们都怀抱强烈的期望，匹普的理想是进入上层成为一个绅士，哈克则希望背离社会来洗净文明的污染，一个寻求社会地位，一个逃离社会文明，作者认为两种孤儿叙事的区别象征了英美两国当时社会和文化身份的差异，这种差异使狄更斯成为英国的，使马克·吐温成为美国的。
（3）表现手法
Robert Barnard 在Imagery and Theme in Great Expectations一文中探讨了《远大前程》中监狱和动物意象的运用，并认为作者通过意象运用对象的改变暗示了恶从一个人物到另一个人物的转移。Barnard认为一个人物的罪恶污染另一个人物，就像一个人物的道德重建会改善另一个人物的品行。马格韦契、郝薇香小姐、匹普和艾斯黛拉都被罪恶和堕落的链条联系着，他们既是背叛者又是被背叛者，既是堕落者又诱导他人堕落。
此外，我们也查阅了可以找到的一些外国的文学史教材，但这些教材谈及《远大前程》的篇幅都很少，多是介绍性的内容，在此不一一赘述。
二、国内研究
（一）研究概况
中国读者接触狄更斯，始于20世纪初林纾的翻译。但当时，《远大前程》并没有被译介过来。民国时期，陆续有了一些关于《远大前程》的评论，散见于狄更斯的传记及一些介绍性的文章里，如伊瓦肖娃著的《狄更斯评传》等，这些文章大都出自30年代中期。这一时期关于《远大前程》的评论尚不够集中和深入，仅限于翻译和介绍国外的资料，独立的研究还未展开。国内《远大前程》研究的真正深入、繁荣是到了新中国成立以后。建国初，受苏联影响，我国的学术界对于狄更斯十分重视，并在1962年狄更斯诞辰150周年纪念时形成了一个高潮，《远大前程》也在这时候进入研究者的视野，但直到目前，狄更斯小说研究的重点一直是《双城记》，对《远大前程》的研究比较少，成就也不高。
目前国内《远大前程》的译本有近十种之多，比较好的是上海译文出版社（王科一译，2006年版）和人民文学出版社（主万、叶尊译，2004年版）的译本，本文中所使用的人名、地名等就选择了王科一的翻译。
国内的文学史书籍方面，我们主要参考了蒋成勇主编的《外国文学教程》、《世界文学史纲》，张良村著的《世界文学历程》，杨匠先、冯丽军、郑汉生所编的《简明外国文学史》以及王佐良《英国文学史》等。这些著作在论及狄更斯的章节，无一例外地都把《双城记》作为重点，而较少提及《远大前程》，只对后者做一简单介绍，多把主题概括为资本主义社会里金钱对人性的腐蚀和小人物理想的破灭。蒋成勇的观点较为新颖，他指出，“小说形象地描写了人物对上流社会生活追逐中的人性迷失，同时揭露了财富背后的肮脏和罪恶，体现了只有踏实地工作和生活才是真善美的体现”①，“故事揭示出一个简单的道理：幸福的真谛乃是善良和爱”②。杨匠先等人所编的《简明外国文学史》则评价这部作品“是一部具有深刻社会意义和艺术感染力的作品”，“强调了人要过正直，诚实的生活”。③
国内对狄更斯的研究专著很少，只有一本社会科学文献出版社出版的赵炎秋
①蒋承勇.外国文学教程.高等教育出版社.2007
②蒋承勇.世界文学史纲.复旦大学出版社.2000
③杨匠先等.简明外国文学史.中国社会科学出版社.2003
的《狄更斯长篇小说研究》，这本书也没有对《远大前程》这部小说的专题研究，但在很多章节中谈到了《远大前程》，以下将会具体论及。
期刊论文共检索到90篇，其中优秀硕士论文7篇。这些论文或就作品所反映的时代特征进行阐述和批判，或联系狄更斯的某些思想因素对作品产生的影响进行分析，或就小说的叙事特征、情节构造和人物塑造进行论述。前者如《他者的表征——析两部维多利亚小说中的殖民话语》、《气味与人物的阶级属性——英国19世纪60年代小说中一种特有现象的分析》等，中者如《狄更斯在小说创作中的潜意识的宣泄——解读<远大前程>的自传色彩》、《潜意识在<远大前程>中的流露》等，后者如《<远大前程>的叙事特征》、《细密周至，混然天成——评<远大前程>的情节结构》等。
（二）研究成果
1、关于《远大前程》的主题和思想
（1）主题方面
主要观点是社会批判主题和复仇主题，赵炎秋在《狄更斯长篇小说研究》一书中提出，《远大前程》是对19世纪英国资产阶级价值观的批判，金钱有着巨大的魔力，它使人的心灵被腐蚀，对人性造成了破坏。姚宇在其论文《“远大前程”还是幻灭?》中着重讨论了人物所企望的"远大前程"的获得和失去(即幻灭),以及各自失败的原因,展示出当时社会剥夺人性的力量,和人们为人性的回归所做出的努力。王彬彬的论文《当代小说中的创伤报复型人物——兼谈“改革者”形象塑造》，则较为全面地分析了郝微香小姐的复仇动机，及其为复仇所做的一切努力。
另外一些研究较多的主题，列举如下：
理想破灭主题，潘晓东在《一枕黄粱——<远大前程>中匹普的“绅士”梦的破灭及其思考》中肯定狄更斯通过对主人公"绅士"梦破灭的必然性描述,展现了英国社会在当时的社会条件下的价值观,人性的善良和本真的回归,也同时否定了不切实际的幻想。
成长主题，如刘丽敏《成长中的逐渐成熟与自我发现——浅谈<远大前程>中皮普性格的逐渐完善》从社会环境与人性本身的特点出发分析了《远大前程》中的成长主题，论述了社会及环境对于个人成长的重要影响。
人性回归主题，赵炎秋在《狄更斯长篇小说研究》中提到，“人性内涵有着
很厚的深度，是人们不易察觉或司空见惯的，容易被忽略，需要通过形象，使这些因素突出或者陌生化，以引起人们的注意，要从动态的角度来探索人物善恶的变化与发展”①，他认为《远大前程》具有深刻的人性内涵，狄更斯为了让人性突出，故意夸张某种生活现象到不合情理的程度，使人物具有一定的象征意义，从而获得形而上的真实，无可厚非。
此外还有报恩主题、教育主题等方面的研究，但数量较少，有待进一步挖掘。（2）思想方面
赵炎秋在《论<远大前程>中狄更斯的男性意识》中指出，狄更斯不是一个歧视女性的作家。在他自己的生活中他爱她们,尊重她们,照顾她们，然而在创作中,他又总是有意无意地贬低她们,把她们置于男性之下。在狄更斯笔下女性是男性的附属品，是男性价值的一种标志，在女性身上，男性自我得到肯定，而女性的困境是不可逆的事件（艾斯黛拉是经济上受养母制约）造成的，并且遭受被男性虐待的危险，女性在生存能力和智力上远远不如男性。赵炎秋还论述了纯洁的性道德观念在《远大前程》中的表现，即男女主人公之间的忠诚，正面人物的外在行为和思想感情都不违背道德。具体表现在艾斯黛拉与匹普最后时刻邂逅时，互诉衷情，特别说明艾斯黛拉丈夫死后才有对匹普的思念。
另外，也有学者察觉到了弗洛伊德的潜意识思想在狄更斯小说《远大前程》中的流露，他们注重联系弗洛伊德精神分析法中的潜意识学说,从而揭示出这部小说在感性认知和理性认识上都流露出潜意识内涵。例如王向辉的《梦的结构及潜意识的流露——解读狄更斯的<远大前程>》，兰丽伟《潜意识在<远大前程>中的流露》等。
此外，还有研究者注意到了狄更斯宗教观念对作品的重要影响，如吴菁菁《狄更斯与<远大前程>——狄更斯的宗教观对于远大前程中人物塑造的影响》着重分析了从狄更斯的宗教观念对《远大前程》当中的人物、情节塑造等方面的影响。
2、人物形象
这方面的研究，占有相当大的比重，主要着眼于对匹普、郝微香小姐和艾丝黛拉等重要人物的分析。相对而言，针对艾斯黛拉的研究比较少，也不够深入。
①赵炎秋.《狄更斯长篇小说研究》.北京:社会科学文献出版社,1996.
对匹普和郝薇香小姐的研究较多，但范围狭窄，局限于对人物性格、心理的研究。例如于丽锦《浅析<远大前程>中匹普的性格发展过程》、朱雪茹《生命不能承受之“重”——评<远大前程>中的郝薇香小姐》、翟慧丽《哥特式心理解读<远大前程>中赫维仙小姐》等。也有对作品中人物群体形象的研究，如赵炎秋《论狄更斯笔下的双重人格人物》分析了小说中马格韦契、郝微香、艾斯黛拉的双重人格。郭春林的《<远大前程>女性形象探析》通过分析《远大前程》中的女性群像指出，狄更斯对中女性形象的塑造表现出强烈的人道主义精神，同时也揭示了他作为维多利亚时代的作家固有的性道德、家庭道德等方面的理念
3、叙述结构与叙述方式
张丽在其硕士论文《<远大前程>的空间叙事》中把《远大前程》的叙事空间分为故事层面和非故事层面。在故事层面的空间分为：扑朔迷离的神秘空间和若即若离的社会空间；非故事层面的空间为自怨自艾的心理空间；从各个叙事空间的构成入手，分析三个叙事空间是如何通过叙事之笔一个个充分展开；通过分析各个空间中所采用的不同的表现方式和叙事手法，阐述不同空间在文本中的作用；经过叙事之笔的回转串联之后，通过巧妙的叙述分层、神秘空间与现实空间的并置，形成了神秘空间与社会空间交替出现的“圆形运动”结构，从而揭示了作品的真正内涵，反映了狄更斯的人生观和创作基调。李洋《结构主义视角下的<远大前程>》结合了二元对立特征，运用托多洛夫的叙事语法理论分析小说的叙事模式和人物的行为特征，以达到对文学经典的深层解读。这方面的文章还有常楣《<远大前程>的叙事特点研究》，米瑞恒《<远大前程>的叙事艺术》等。
此外，姜麟的《<远大前程>的叙事学与文体学研究》还尝试运用叙述学与文体学的重合面对《远大前程》进行叙述学与文体学的综合分析，重点分析《远大前程》中的叙事视角，视角转换以及视角的修辞效果和人物话语形式。
4、意象分析
陈晓兰在其论文《腐朽之力:狄更斯小说中的废墟意象》中提到，“《远大前程》集中体现了狄更斯对传统、对古旧事物的态度……狄更斯通过郝薇香的典型形象，批判了那种极端对抗现在、拒绝外部世界，企图自我封闭、滞留于过去的古老庄园的生活形态”①。
①陈晓兰，《腐朽之力:狄更斯小说中的废墟意象》，外国文学评论，2004年第四期
党玲的论文《探析《远大前程》中的多次宴请》中以主人公匹普生活及活动空间形式的转换为线,对作品中几次具有代表性的宴请(dinner)进行分析,探求狄更斯如何通过他独特的写作手法、犀利的笔锋,展示鲜明的人物形象及对当时社会道德的批判。
5、原型分析
房霞在她的《解读<远大前程>中的<圣经>神话原型的象征意义》中提到，狄更斯在《远大前程》中，运用了许多象征意义丰富深刻的圣经神话原型意象进行环境描写,烘托塑造人物形象,将主人公的命运在起伏跌宕的故事中给予合理的安排与归宿,使小说达到了艺术性与教育性的完美结合。
6、比较文学方面的研究
主要在一些论文中体现出来，如《<牛天赐传>与<远大前程>综论》，比较全面的分析比较了两部小说在形式结构、艺术风格、文本方面的不同之处与相似之点。《超前的思想意识象征的艺术手法——<远大前程>与<了不起的盖茨比>之比较》一文对两者的思想内容和艺术特点进行了比较。《郝薇香和爱米丽的形象比较——兼论<远大前程>和<献给爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花>的写作方法》对小说中的人物赫维仙和爱米丽在塑造方法上的不同进行了比较。《两个敢爱敢恨的性情英雄——浅析马格韦契和裘德的主人公形象》比较全面的分析了人物马格韦契和裘德悲壮的人生故事,认为这两部作品成功地塑造了爱恨分明,敢做敢为的男子汉形象。
其他角度的研究还有：
1、对译本的研究：
如李树娟《<远大前程>译本加注对比分析》，通过比较王科一与罗志野两个译本的优劣强调了译本加注的意义和效果。
2、对作品浪漫主义倾向的研究：
如李增的《论狄更斯<远大前程>的浪漫主义倾向》指出《远大前程》里体现的回忆过去、回归自然、关注儿童的创作主题带有明显的浪漫主义色彩。
三、研究的不足之处
1、研究的视野不够广泛，角度太窄，缺少新颖的研究视角。
2、对小说中主要人物的研究不够深入，其他人物研究较少，。
3、对作品的写作手法挖掘不够；例如作品中有很多意蕴丰富的话语，但研究较少。
4、对作品的不足阐释不多，主要是结构松散，人物形象不够丰满，语言不够凝炼，也有教材认为《远大前程》过于夸张，但都只是指出，没有详加阐述
四、研究前景展望
1、比较研究还可以继续挖掘，包括历时和共时的比较，中西方的比较等。
2、对《远大前程》中的人物形象可以进一步研究，如马格韦契、贾格斯、文米克等。
3、可以从表现人性异化这一角度深入分析作品中的某些情节，例如文米克筑城堡，贾格斯洗手等
4、作品中涉及到很多不同类型的主仆关系（如匹普和他的小侍从、林凯特一家与女仆，文末店主人与伙计等），也可以研究。
5、对作品反映出的狄更斯的价值观也值得进一步研究。
参考文献：
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2008年11月
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19、房霞:《解读<远大前程>中的<圣经>神话原型的象征意义》作家
2008年12月
20、朱雪茹:《生命不能承受之“重”——评<远大前程。中的郝薇香小姐》
名作欣赏2009年12月
21、刘丽敏:《成长中的逐渐成熟与自我发现——浅谈<远大前程>中匹
普性格的逐渐完善》科学文汇2008年10月
22、翟慧丽:《哥特式心理解读<远大前程>中郝薇香小姐》大学英
语（学术版）2008年1月
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学报 1994年6月
24、陈晓兰《腐朽之力:狄更斯小说中的废墟意象》外国文学评论
2004年4月
25、党玲:《探析<远大前程>中的多次宴请》作家2008年12
月
26、李增:《论狄更斯<远大前程>中的浪漫主义倾向》东北师大学报(哲
学社会科学版) 2005年6月
国外:
远大前程英文介绍
The story is divided into three phases of Pip's life expectations. The first "expectation" is allotted 19 chapters, and the other two 20 chapters each in the 59-chapter work. In some editions, the chapter numbering reverts to Chapter One in each expectation, but the original publication and most modern editions number the chapters consecutively from one to 59. At the end of chapters 19 and 39, readers are formally notified that they have reached the conclusion of a phase of Pip's expectations. In the first expectation, Pip lives a humble existence with his ill-tempered older sister and her strong but gentle husband, Joe Gargery. Pip is satisfied with this life and his warm friends until he is hired by an embittered wealthy woman, Miss Havisham, as an occasional companion to her and her beautiful but haughty adopted daughter, Estella. From that time on, Pip aspires to leave behind his simple life and be a gentleman. After years as companion to Miss Havisham and Estella, he spends more years as an apprentice to Joe, so that he may grow up to have a livelihood working as a blacksmith. This life is suddenly turned upside down when he is visited by a London attorney, Mr. Jaggers, who informs Pip that he is to come into the "Great Expectation" of a handsome property and be trained to be a gentleman at the behest of an anonymous benefactor. The second stage of Pip's expectations has Pip in London, learning the details of being a gentlemen, having tutors, fine clothing, and joining cultured society. Whereas he always engaged in honest labour when he was younger, he now is supported by a generous allowance, which he frequently lives beyond. He learns to fit in this new milieu, and experiences not only friendship but rivalry as he finds himself in the same circles as Estella, who is also pursued by many other men, especially Bentley Drummle, whom she favours. As he adopts the physical and cultural norms of his new status, he also adopts the class attitudes that go with it, and when Joe comes to visit Pip and his friend and roommate Herbert to deliver an important message, Pip is embarrassed to the point of hostility by Joe's unlearned ways, despite his protestations of love and friendship for Joe. At the end of this stage, Pip is introduced to his benefactor, again changing his world. The third and last stage of Pip's expectations alters Pip's life from the artificially supported world of his upper class strivings and introduces him to realities that he realizes he must deal with, facing moral, physical and financial challenges. He learns startling truths that cast into doubt the values that he once embraced so eagerly, and finds that he cannot regain many of the important things that he had cast aside so carelessly. The current ending of the story is different from Dickens's original intent, in which the ending matched the gloomy reverses to Pip's fortunes that typify the last expectation. Dickens was prevailed upon to change the ending to one more acceptable to his readers'
《远大前程》简介英文版
Great Expectations Charles Dickens Pip,a young orphan lives a humble existence with his ill-tempered older sister and her strong but gentle husband,Joe a Christmas Eve,Pip helps a convict who escaped from a prison ship by giving him some food and a day,Pip gets invited unexpectedly to the house of a rich old woman in the village named Miss Havisham is an old woman who was abandoned on her wedding day , so she raise her adoped daughter Estella as a cruel-hearted girl who will break men's is beautiful, and Pip develops a strong crush on her, but she treats him coldly and that time on, Pip aspires to leave behind his simple life and be a one day Pip is given a large fortune from a secret benefactor and get a chance of education to become a many years Pip has led a fairly undisciplined life in London, enjoying themselves and running up debts,and finally becomes a selfish and peacockery lasts until one day,Pip learns the true identity of his benefactor——it is not Miss Havisham (who has made many misleading comments indicating it was her) but rather a petty criminal named Magwitch who is the convict Pip helped in his is he that left all his money to Pip in gratitude for that kindness and also because young Pip reminded him of his own is appalled, but he feels morally bound to help Magwitch escape London, as the convict is pursued both by the police and by his former partner in Magwitch’s escape attempt, Estella marries an upper-class lout. Also,they are discovered by the police and captured to the jail, because of their convict partner's tipping by now is devoted to Magwitch and recognizes in him a good and noble man and Pip has discovered that Magwitch is actually Estella's money or expectations, Pip, after a period of bad illness during which Joe cares for decides to go abroad in the mercantile trade. Returning many years later, he encounters divorced Estella in the ruined garden at Satis House. Pip finds that Estella’s coldness and cruelty have been replaced by a sad kindness, and the two leave the garden hand in hand, Pip believing that they will never part again. Plot summary: Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens Philip Pirrip, who is known as Pip because, not surprisingly, he finds it difficult to pronounce his name, has a terrifying childhood experience in a
远大前程第二部分中英双语介绍
the Great Expectation story is divided into three phases of Pip's life expectations. Now i will introduce you the second phase and then have a brief study of the Bible’s influence on the characterization of two people in the book - havisham and Joe gargery. The second stage of Pip's expectations has Pip in London, learning the details of being a gentlemen, having tutors, fine clothing, and joining cultured society. Whereas he always engaged in honest labour when he was younger, he now is supported by a generous allowance given by the attorney Mr.Jaggers, which he frequently lives beyond. He learns to fit in this new milieu, and experiences not only friendship but rivalry as he finds himself in the same circles as Estella, who is also pursued by many other men, especially Bentley Drummle, whom she favours. As he adopts the physical and cultural norms of his new status, he also adopts the class attitudes that go with it, and when Joe comes to visit Pip and his friend and roommate Herbert to deliver an important message, Pip is embarrassed to the point of hostility by Joe's unlearned ways, despite his protestations of love and friendship for Joe. During this time, He learns that 20 years ago, havisham was swindled a large amount of money by brother Arthur and her fiance compeyson, thus became dispirited and dwell on the past memories. Pip asks why the fiance didn’t marry her to get the assets instead of choosing to obtain the half wealth sharing with her brother,Herbert explains that it is perhaps because the fiance was a married man,if he married havisham,his wife and arthur would conspire to expose his deceit,which would make him lose the trust and assets from havisham,so he has to give in.At the end of this stage, Pip is introduced to his benefactor, again changing his world. He turns out to be the outlaw who pip once helped and offers the story from a different perspective:he is another accomplice of the tragedy.under the guidance of compeyson,he and compeyson’s wife killed arthur and grabbed his assets to do some illegal trade. Later they got arrested imprisoned. The outlaw’s wife who was charged with a murder just delivered the daughter estella, the attorney of miss havisham helped her to escape the imprisonment , in return , estella was sent to havisham.threatened with the future of the outlaw and their daughter ,the wife had to be the attorney’s slave for over 20 years. 在希伯来圣经中所讲述的早期的以色列文化中，“女性从属”的普遍性已经是一个不争的事实。它不仅存在于社会和经济安排的各个地方，同时也渗透在社会发展的各个阶段。“女性从属”不仅指她们的价值观和地位是从属的，次等的，而且她们的生命和身体也是被男人们所控制的。在这种文化背景中，女性生来就在性格上处于弱势，而且当遇到困难时，她们缺乏抗争和自救的能力。这就是为什么她们要么屈服，要么采取一些极端的行为。但不管结果如何，她们并没有真正报复到她们要报复的人，相反地，却伤害了自己。 In the israeli culture of early stage described by hebrew Bible ,women’s subordinate status is a very obvious fact , it not only exists in all aspects of social and economic arrangements, but also permeates into each phase of social development. Female inferiority means their value and status are subordinate,second-rated ,as well as that their bodies and lives are controlled by men. Under such cultural circumstance, women were born to be weak in personality.when in trouble, they lack the ability to fight back and save themselves. That is why they either give in or take some extreme actions to revenge. But however the result is they don’t revenge against the true enemy, hurting themselves instead. 狄更斯作为一个虔诚的基督徒，他的小说也深受这种思想的影响。“女性不是以自己的价值而存在，而是成为男性的附属品，成为男性价值的一种标志。”[7] 《远大前程》的郝薇香小姐的例子极好地表明了狄更斯的宗教观在小说创作中的影响。小说中郝薇香小姐因怪异的服装、不同寻常的生活方式以及独特的经历深深地吸引着读者。她是一位处在上层阶级中的单纯而又傲慢的女士。她疯狂地爱上了温培森，但她又如何能知道温培森真正在意的是她的财产。因此在结婚当晚，当她被抛弃时，她根本无法接受这一沉重的打击，从而过着痛苦的生活。多年后，当匹普第一次看到郝薇香小姐时，她仍然穿着结婚当天所穿的衣服，
远大前程英文赏析
The great expectation of Pip and Magwitch We all know that chapter 39 is the turning point of the whole novel. Pip knows that his sponsor is not Miss Havisham, but the escaped prisoner Magwitch, who is saved by Pip. This truth makes Pip’s great expectation shattered. From the context, we can see that “the great expectation” is a kind of ambition from both Pip and Magwitch. It is such an ambition that hold up the life of both two people and bring a lot of change to their character. And the ambition is also the indication of one’s life. First, let’s see Pip’s ambition. Although the text don’t illustrate it clearly, we can infer from several details. At the beginning of the text, Pip states that “I had a taste for reading, and read regularly so many hours a day.” This state can fully demonstrate that Pip has a strong eager to learn knowledge, which means that he wants to become a real gentleman in the upper class. And when Pip is told that his benefactor is Magwitch, rather than Miss Havisham. He is shocked, disappointed as well as heart-broken. He repeats “Estella, Estella”, which tells us that his intention to become a gentleman was because of Estella, he wants to be able to match with her. From the above, we can conclude that Pip’s ambition
远大前程 阶级分析
Social class played a major role in the society depicted in Charles Dickens's Great Expectations. Social class determined the manner in which a person was treated and their access to education. Yet, social class did not define the character of the individual. Many characters were treated differently because of their social class in Great Expectations. Seeing the contrast between how the poor and the rich were treated will give a clearer understanding of how much social class mattered. In chapter 27 when Joe comes to see Pip, he treats Joe in a different manner than before because Joe was now in a lower social class. His feelings about Joe's arrival were "Not with pleasure... I had the sharpest sensitiveness as to his being seen by Drummle." (p. 203). He was afraid that Drummle will look down on him because of Joe's lower class. Not only does Pip treat Joe differently, Joe also treats Pip differently because of their difference in social class. He begins to call Pip "sir" which bothered him because "sir" was the title given to people of higher class. Pip felt that they were still good friends and that they should treat each other as equals. Joe soon leaves and explains his early parting, "Pip, dear old chap, life is made of ever so many partings welded together, as I may say, and one man's a blacksmith, and one's a whitesmith, and one's a goldsmith, and one's a coppersmith. Diwisions among such must come...." (p. 209). He creates this metaphor than he is a common blacksmith and Pip is a goldsmith. This difference in social class had brought upon their separation. Other characters that were also judged by their social class were Magwitch and Compeyson. They were both on trial for the same crime but Compeyson got off easier than Magwitch because of his higher social class. Magwitch describes Compeyson's defense speech, ."..here you has afore you, side by side, two persons as your eyes can separate wide; one, the younger, well brought up... one; the elder, ill brought up... which is the worst one?" (p. 325). The decision of the trial was solely based upon social class appearance. These cases show how much social class really mattered. In Great Expectations, a person's social class determined the amount of education they had. It is important to perceive this relationship between education and social class to clearly understand the importance of social class. A person like Joe who was a common blacksmith had no education at all. Pip, in the early days when he was low class, had a poor education at a small school. The school was not the best of schools, but it's all that the lower class had. The teacher spent more time sleeping than teaching and Pip had learned more from Biddy than from the actual teacher. Even though he had an education when he was low class, his education as a gentleman with Mr. Pocket was much greater. Another example of how social class affects education is the difference of education between the two convicts. Magwitch, born poor and low class had no education at all while Compeyson, born rich was high class and a gentleman with an education. Education is a factor in showing how social class greatly determined people's lives. Even though social class determined many things, it did not establish a person's true inner
《远大前程》英文读后感
Reflection on Great Expectation -----My Reading Report of Great Expectation Class one Student No.10 Name: Anna Wang Great Expectation was written by Charles Dickens (1812-1870), one of the most popular writers of all the time, who created some of the best-known characters in English literature. Great Expectation is similar to David Copperfield in that it is the story of a boy growing up. Pip has lost his parents when he was fifteen years old. He was brought up by his sister and her husband--Joe Gargery, a blacksmith who takes Pip on as an apprentice, teaches him his trade and makes friends with him. One day before Christmas, when Pip went to the churchyard where his parents were buried, he met an escaping convict-- Abel Magwitch. Pip brought cakes for the hungry man, which touched Abel deeply, although he was caught by police. After the Christmas, Pip was invited to play with Estella, a beautiful girl adopted by Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham was the richest man in the village. But she was very strange. She was dressed a bridal veil all the whole life after her fiancé left her at the wedding day, taking her a large amount of property. So she lived in the revenge and hated all the men. She treated Estella as a tool to take revenge on all man. When Pip met Estella, he loved her, so did Estella. But Estella knew she was just a tool to carry out the revenge plan of Miss Havisham, so she pretended to be proud, indifferent and look down upon Pip- a relative of a poor blacksmith, which broke Pip’s heart. As a consequence, Pip was determined to become a real gentleman who is in possession of money, good manners, luxurious life and a great expectation for Estella’s sake. Under the help of a stranger who donated a lot of money to him, Pip left Joe and the village, and went to London to live a luxurious life to learn to how to become a real gentleman. Pip started to waste money, look down upon other poor people, even including Joe, his brother-in-law and best friend! Gradually, Pip lost himself in the whirlpool of money, although he has had a large number of debts. As the same time, Estella has become more and more beautiful, graceful and brilliant. She walked in the crowd of men and married one of them as the Miss Havisham’s wish, which really tore Pip into pieces. And, as the same time, the mysterious benefactor of Pip came out. He is Abel- the escaping convict whom Pip has helped. When he escaped from the prison again, he earned much money and wanted to pay back Pip in that way. But Abel soon was caught by police and died. The properties he gave to Pip
读书报告《远大前程》(英文版)
An Analysis of the Character Pip Pip is a character of the novel Great Expectations which is written by Charles Dickens. He is the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era, and one of the most popular of all time.He has many masterpieces, such as A tale of cities, David Copperfield, Hard time, Oliver Twist and so on. Great Expectations is one of his masterpieces. The story in this book happened in middle of 19 century and it reflects the gap between the rich and the poor in the capitalistic society. Pip is the main character of this book and through the story of him we can get the theme of the book. After reading this book, in my opinion, Pip is a kind and ambitious man. In the beginning, I know Pip is a poor child. He lives in a small village with his sister and Joe Garage. His parents died when he was a baby. So Pip is really poor. Then he saves Magwitch who is a convict. In the end, Magwitch gives Pip the great expectations by sending Pip to London and letting him receive a good education. I think it’s suggesting that Pip is helpful and kind to others. In the book, there are a lot of things that tell me it. For examples, in chapter 20, Pip plans to help Herbert because both of them spend too much money and Herbert can hardly afford it. Then Pip arranges to invest some money in a shipping company called Clarrikers and this company promises to make Herbert a partner of it. But Pip has to ask Miss Havisham for help since he has no money to help Herbert. Except for this thing, Pip also forgives Miss Havisham and saves her from a fire. All of these things show that Pip is a good and tolerant man. Actually, I didn’t want to continue reading the book when I read the chapter 13. In this chapter, Pip knows that somebody is to give him the great expectations and he will go to London to get the good education. Then he becomes overconfident and unfriendly to Joe and Biddy. I am really angry with it and even I don’t want to continue reading. But I know it will not be allowed and it’s too childish indeed. So, I am going on. In next chapters, I find other things like
远大前程赏析Be Spiritual Gentle Not the Gentleman Title
Be Spiritual Gentle Not the Gentleman Title 当一份远大前程从天而降，命运即将扭转为金碧辉煌的华美，谁人不会心动呢？匹普有幸得到这样 的馈赠，从下等人一跃进入上等人的生活圈，心性和生活态度的改变是必然的，他的内心被财富和 优越感慢慢侵蚀，他开始漠视善良的乔和毕蒂，并凭借着上等人的自信开始追求自己的爱情。正是 因为这样，这个可怜的孩子背弃了曾经生活的阶级和自己的道德良心，离开了善良的朋友乔和纯洁 的爱人毕蒂。随着匹普内心的变质和人生态度的扭转，残酷的真相也开始浮出水面。当匹普得知 自己是由逃犯马格韦契资助成为上等人时，狄更斯细腻的描写，对于皮普对浦俄洛斯感情由厌恶到 感激的逐渐变化也很有意思，一点点的变化，内心的波动。当他刚知道金主竟然是一个恶行累累的 重犯时，他内心的感激和骄傲彻底被击碎了他陷入了深沉的矛盾和痛苦中。但进一步的相处后，他 意识到那个外表狂躁无比的罪犯，为了报答自己当初被迫给予的一顿晚饭一把铁锤，竟用一生去回报，不息生命，不为救赎，皮普也忽的觉得罪犯身上的人性光辉并不比乔少。 Who would reject great expectations falling from the sky and changing his fate to magnificent beauty? Pip is lucky to have such a gift. He jumps into the gentleman's circle from the inferior circle. As a result, it is inevitable that the value and life attitude change; his heart comes to be eroded by wealth and superiority. Because of that, Pip abandons the life of past and his conscience, leaves Joe and pure love Biddy, and with great confidence, he begins to pursue his love.Along with Pip's change in the attitude towards life, the cruel truth begins to surface. When Pip learns that he has been funded to become a gentleman by the escaped convict Magwitch, it is interesting of Pip’s gradual emotional change from aversion to grateful about him, through Dickens’s detailed descriptions, The gratitude and pride were completely making he fell into a deep contradiction and pain. But after a further connection, he realizes that criminal with manic appearance, in order to repay his dinner and a hammer, uses the whole life to pay back, not for salvation. The humanity of Magwitch is no better than a gentleman. 那个外表狂躁无比的罪犯，一心一意要把皮普培养成上流社会的绅士，在与皮普相处后，变得愈发 温和与向善。一个身处社会底层的罪犯，穿着简陋乃至破烂的衣衫、过着任人鱼肉的艰苦生活，但 是他们在言行中却闪现出高尚美好的品性。表象永远具有欺骗性，皮普在最初也以为眼睛看到的那 一身得体的衣衫、周到的礼节以及优雅的言行就是绅士的象征。但是经过人生的磨砺后，他终于懂 得用心而不是用眼来辨别，他终于明了，心灵的高贵远胜外表的漂亮，绅士的品性是内在散发的光华。何为绅士？不是华丽的衣饰、雄伟的城堡；不是繁复的礼仪、做作的言行；不是奢靡的排场、傲慢的身姿；也不是高贵的出身、自诩高人一等的社会地位……真正的绅士，应该是拥有一颗高尚 的心灵，是富有同情心，是善良，是正直，是慷慨，是内心精神的富足…… The mania criminal, who determines to cultivate Pip into a upper-class gentleman, becomes more gentle and kind after getting along with Pip. A criminal in the bottom society, lives a hard life in ragged clothed, but comes out noble character in words and deeds. Appearance is often deceptive, Pip in initially thought that the symbol of a gentleman is a decent clothes, considerate manners and elegant words. But after that, he finally understood that a noble mind wins much more than a beautiful appearance. What is a gentleman? Not gorgeous dresses, magnificent castle; not the complicated etiquette, affective words and deeds; not luxuries ostentation, arrogant posture; not high birth, boasted superior social status... A real