商务合同基本知识

一、Definition and Style（概念及文体）
• 1. Definition（概念）
• 2. Style（文体）
1. Definition 虽然国内外对合同的定义各不相同，但 都有一个共同点：A contract is an agreement, which legally binds the parties concerned。比 如，99年中国《合同法》规定，Contacts referred to in this Law are agreements establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations。
2.Style 通常所谓的“文体（style）”是指人们运用语言 时，总是根据一定的交际内容、交际目的和交际 场合，来选取一定的表达形式，即所谓的语言风 格；这种风格，既要适应交际对象，又受到特定 语言环境的制约。根据美国语言学家Martin Joos （1962）年的分类，合同英语属于庄重文体（the frozen style），是各种英语文体中正式程度最 高的一种。总体来说，这种正式性体现在内容的 专业性、语言的严谨性和结构的完整性等方面。
4. Payment for the Goods（货款的支付）
1. Commercial Contract for the Domestic Sales of Goods
A domestic sales of goods or services may create a commercial contract between enterprises, other or gan i zat i ons, or ind iv i du al s in on e cou nt r y .
• Example：
SHIPPING ADVICE : The seller to forward a copy of bill of Lading within 4 working days of receival . 装船通知：卖方在收到提货单4日内转交一份提 货单复印件给买方。 Full set clean on board marine Bill of Lading issued to the order of the shipper and blank endorsed. (初始译文：承运人签发的全套整洁、已装船的海 运提单，空白背书。)
4. Payment for the Goods（货款的支付）
Payment for the goods present a special problem because buyer and seller are dealing in goods that are moving between different countries with different monetary systems and must contend with barriers of time and geography.
二、Commercial Contract &International Commercial Contract
1. Commercial Contract for the Domestic Sales of Goods(国内货物销售合同) 2. Commercial Contract for the International Sales of Goods(国际货物销售合同) 3. Relevant Transport Document （运输单据）
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• 1.2 Classifiy either be firm within a certain time limit (firm offer,即实盘) or be made without engagement(non-firm offer,即虚盘). • Example: • We must stress that this offer is firm for 3 days only, because of the heavy demand for the limited supplies of this velvet in stock. • This offer expires on August 20. Your immediate reply by cable will be appreciated .
2.Counter-offer(还盘) A reply to an offer which purports to accept it but is conditional on the offeror’s assent to terms additional to or different from those offered is not an acceptence but is a counter-offer, and it destorys the offer. In a word, an acceptence which contains additions or modifications to the offer is an counter-offer.即接盘人对所接发盘表示接受，但对其内
容提出更改的行为。
• Example
• 出现下列一类的词句者，皆为虚盘:
• Without engagement. 不负任何责任。 subject to prior sale. 有权先售。 All quotations are subject to our final confirmation unless otherwise stated. 所作报价，除特别注明外，须经我方确认后方能生效。 Our offer is subject to approval of export licence. 出口许 可证准许签证，我方报价才有效。
国际货款的支付，远比国内贷款结算复杂。这不仅由于使 用货币的不同，而且在做法上也有较大的差异，同时，还 涉及不同国家的法律、国际惯例和银行习惯等。在国际贸 易中，货款的收付直接影响双方的资金周转和融通，以及 各种金融风险和费用的负担，它关系到买、卖双方的利益 和得失。根据支付方式不同分为： 汇票（Bill of Exchange；Draft） 票据 本票（Promissory Note） 支票（Check；Cheque） 汇付与托收（Remittance and Collection） 信用证付款（Letter of Credit，L/C）
Third, an international sales involves decisions as to method of payment and the insurance and carriage of the goods.
3. Relevant Transport Document （运输单据）
2. Commercial Contract for the International
Sales of Goods
A contract of international commerce between the parties coming from different countries may arise from an itnternational sales of goods or service.
商务合同的基本知识
Chapter 1 Contract and Its Formation
一、Definition and Style（概念及文体） 二、Commercial Contract &International Commercial Contract（商务合同和国际 商务合同） 三、Formation of Contract（合同构成的要 件）
三、Formation of Contract （合同构成的要件）
• • • • 1.Offer（发盘，或要约） 2.Counter-offer(还盘) 3.Acceptence(接受) 4. Mailbox Rule and Acceptance Rule (投邮生效原则和到达生效原则)
1. Offer（发盘，或要约）
First, the buyer and the seller are normally located in different countries. Second, in case of goods, it must be compliance with government regulations controlling movement of goods across frontiers.
In the International Sales of Goods, the transport document called a “bill of lading” （海运提单）is a device which was developed to deal with these problem in case of port-to-port sea shipment and is still widely used where goods are exported under of carriage by sea. 海运提单（ Bill of Lading）是由船长或承运人的代理 人签发的证明海上运输合同和货物由承运人接管或装船， 以及承运人据以保证交付货物的单据。
Example1：
Our terms of payment are by confirmed,irrevocable letter of credit by draft at sight. 关于支付条件，我们要求保兑的、不可撤消的即期信用证 。
Example 2：
As agreed,the terms of payment for the above orders are letter of credit at 60’s days’ sight or D/P sight draft. 关于上述订单的支付条件，买方应开出以卖方为受益人的 60天不可撤消信用证 或即期付款交单方式支付 。
1.1 Definition
An offer is a promise to supply goods on the terms and conditions stated. An offer must be addressed to one or more specific persons. 《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第14条第一款对发盘 的解释为： “向一个或一个以上特定的人提出的订立合同的建 议，如果十分确定并且表明发盘人在得到接受时随约束 的意旨，即构成发盘”。
• 在由Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary” 中，contract被定义为 “a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.” • 根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承 诺可以得到法律救助，在某种意义上，法 律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。综上可 见，合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事 权利和义务的法律协议。