独 立 主 格 结 构

独立主格复合结构，又称为独立结构（Absolute Construction）。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。它由两部分构成，第一部分由名词或代词担任，第二部分由动词非谓语形式（即动词不定式、动名词或分词）、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语担任。两部分在逻辑上是主谓关系。

一、独立主格复合结构的类型

1. 名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词 (如果表示先后关系，有时可以用having done)

e.g. I) The shower being over, we continued to march.

雷阵雨停了之后，我们继续行进。

II) Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday.

2. 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词

e.g. I) The duty completed, he had three months’ leave.

任务完成之后，他休了三个月的假。

II) He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.

他满脸是汗地跑进屋来。

3. 名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式，用来表示将来意义。

e.g. Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month.

这是头三卷，第四卷下月出版。

4. 名词（或主格代词）+ 形容词

e.g. I) The baby began to cry again, his face very pale and his lips colorless.

那婴儿又哭了起来，他面色苍白，嘴唇发青。

II) The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside.

由于地板又湿又滑，我们呆在屋外。

5. 名词（或主格代词）+ 介词短语

e.g. I) He stood at the door, hands in pocket.

II) He went off, gun in hand.

6. 名词（或主格代词）+ 副词

e.g. Class over, all the students went out from the classroom.

8. 介词引导的独立主格结构

英语中的with也能引导出独立主格结构。有时也称为with的复合结构。

a) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词

e.g. With the tree growing tall, we get more shade.

b) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词

e.g. She felt nervous, with so many eyes fixed on her. 这么多眼睛盯着她，她感到紧张。

c) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 形容词

e.g. Frank stared at his friend, with his mouth open.

d) with +名词（或主格代词）+ 副词

e.g. He stood before his teacher, with his head down.

e) with +名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式

e.g. With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well. 有他给我们带头，我们队一定能很好。

f) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 介词短语

e.g. The old man stood there, with his back against the wall.

g) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 名词

e.g. He died, with his daughter yet a schoolgirl.

二、独立主格结构的句法功能

独立主格结构作为句子中的一个语言单位，行文简单明了，功能多种多样，在句中主要用作状语、定语和主语。

1. 作状语

a) 表示时间，其功能相当于一个时间状语从句。

e.g. I) The bell ringing, all the pupils went into the classroom. (= When the bell rang, all the pupils went into the classroom.)

II) His work finished, he prepared to go home. (= When he finished his work, he prepared to go home.)

b) 表示原因，其功能相当于复合句中的一个原因状语从句。

e.g. I) Christmas Day being a holiday, the shops were all closed. (= As Christmas Day was a holiday, the shops were all closed.

II) Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan. (= It is necessary for you to make a new plan, since circumstances are changed. 因为情况变了，你必须制定新计划。

c) 表示条件，其功能相当于复合句中的条件状语从句。

e.g. I) I’ll take you home, your daughter having not come. (=I’ll take you home if your daughter has not come.)

II) All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. (= If all things are considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.) 从各方面来考虑，她的论文比你的论文要更有价值。

d) 表示伴随，其功能相当于并列句中的一个分句。这种用法在英语中运用相当普遍，特别是在描绘性的文字中。这样，可使语言简洁有力，生动形象。

e.g. I) A bullet struck the soldier, who rode on, blood flowing from his side. (= A bullet struck the soldier, who rode on, and blood was flowing from his side. 子弹打在士兵的身上，他骑着马，身上流着血继续奔跑。

II) The frightened boys lay down with their eyes staring at the holes in the floor. (= The frightened boys lay down and their eyes stared at the holes in the floor.)

III) He put on his socks with the wrong side out. (= He put on his socks and the wrong side was out.) 他把袜子穿反了。

2. 作定语。独立主格结构作定语，要放在它所修饰的名词之后，其句法功能相当于一个定语从句。

e.g. Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. (= Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water of which was blue like the sky.) 靠近岸时，我看见几个深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。