常用逻辑关系词

常用逻辑关系词
常用逻辑关系词

1.因果关系过渡词语:(因果)

…and so…; another important factor/reason…; as a consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for;

hence; adv.因此,所以;今后,从此

for this reason; in consequence; in that…; in view of; owing to; since; so;…so that…; the reason seems obvious; there are about…; therefore; thus; obviously; evidently

2.并列关系过渡词语:(并列)

and; also; as well as; both…and…; either…or…; neither…nor…; not only…but also…; in the same way; too

3.序列关系过渡词语:

first…, second…, third…, and so forth; A…, B…, C…, and so forth; next; then; following this; at the same time; now; at this point; after; afterwards; subsequently; finally; previously; before this; simultaneously; concurrently; thus; therefore; hence; next; and then; soon

4.递进关系过渡词语:(递进)

accordingly; as a popular saying goes…; as far as…is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to…; in other words; in the first place…, in the second place…; in this wa y; meanwhile; moreover; not only…, but also…; not…but…; lastly; for one thing…, for another…

5.时间关系过渡词语:

afterwards; as soon as; at last; before; eventually; every; first; first of all; first and foremost; for a start; meanwhile; in the meantime; while; no w; next; not…until; later; formerly; previously;

prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then

6.转折关系过渡词语:(对立)

yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless of

7.条件关系过渡词语:

as long as; even if; even though; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once; provided that; unless

8.重复关系过渡词语:

in brief; as I have said; as I have noted; as has been noted; as is mentioned above

9.比较关系过渡词语:

apart from; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like; likewise; rather than; similarly; similarly important; equally; when compared with; when i n fact…

10.举例关系过渡词语:

a good example would be; for example; for instance; in this case; in another case; on this occasion; in this situation; take the case of; to demonstrate; to illustrate; according to; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take…as an example; you may say…

11.对比关系过渡词语:

after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; vis a vis; where; conversely; on the one hand…on the other hand…; contrary to; conversely; unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; oppose to; whereas; while

12.强调关系过渡词语:

definitely; extremely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in deed; moreover; not to mention…; what is more important; notably; that is

13.总结关系过渡词语:

accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in one word; in brief; in short; in other words; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion; overall; the conclusion can be safely drawn that…; therefore; to conclude; to sum up; summing up; as I have shown; as I have said; all in all

考研写作常见单词替代

公务书信尾段容

1)表示感:

A My thanks to you for your generous assistance are beyond words.

B Words fail me when I desire to express my sincere gratitude to you for your kind consideration my requirement/application/complaint.

C I take the opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for your generous assistance you rendered me

2) 期待回信:

A i am looking forward to your reply.

B I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.

C your prompt attention to my ……. Would be highly appreciated.

私人书信写法

第一段客套话+写作目的

It is great to hear from you again.

Nothing could have given me greater pleasure than to get news of you.

You have no idea how happy I was to receive your letter.

As to/with reference to /with regard to/as regards … ,引出写作目的

第三段问候语+期待回信

I look forward to hearing from you at your earlist concenience.

Please bring my best wished to your family.

I wish you good health and lots of happiness.

I wish every success for your career/study in the future.

私人书信写法

第一段客套话+写作目的

It is great to hear from you again.

Nothing could have given me greater pleasure than to get news of you.

You have no idea how happy I was to receive your letter.

As to/with reference to /with regard to/as regards … ,引出写作目的

第三段问候语+期待回信

I look forward to hearing from you at your earlist concenience.

Please bring my best wished to your family.

I wish you good health and lots of happiness.

I wish every success for your career/study in the future.

1. important=crucial,critical significant essential vital

2. common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be

everywhere)

4. difficult=formidable

5. understand=discern

6. all the time--continually, continuously, constantly, perpetually

7. as a result—consequently、

8. before--prior to

9. begin—commence

10. better—superior

11. big--major, significant, substantial

12. have--be equipped with, possess

13. if--in the event of, in case(of)

14. in the end--eventually, finally, ultimately

15. know--be aware of, be conversant with, familiar with

16. less and less--decreasing(ly)

17. more and more –increasingly

18. money--funding, funds, resources

19. more and more—increasingly

20. need--demand, require

21. now--at present, at this juncture, at this moment, currently

22. often--frequent(ly)

23. quick(ly)--rapid(ly),prompt(ly)

24. right--appropriate, correct, proper reasonable

25. sharp--abrupt, drastic dramatic

26. show--demonstrate, manifest reveal

27. small--minor/insignificant (problems, differences etc),marginal(不重要的,微小的)

28. too many--an excessive number of, a disproportionate number of

29. too much--excessive(ly)

30. about : regarding concerning involving relating to, with respect to, with reference to

31. Famous: well-known famed, noted, renowned, enjoy a nation-wide/worldwide reputation/fame be widely acknowledged/known

32. poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken

1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)

2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的),promising(有希望的),perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good

3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语,可以有be less impressive替换

eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.

4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)

替换many.

注:用many, if not most一定要小心,many后一定要有词。

Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理用most, if not all,替换most.

5: a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some

6: harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that,

it is universally acknowledged that)替think(因为是书面语,所以要加that)

7:affair ,business ,matter替换thing

8: shared代common

9.reap huge fruits替换get many benefits )

10:for my part ,from my own perspective替换in my opinion

11:Increasing(ly),growing替换more and more(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词,副词用increasingly.

Eg.sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.

12.little if anything,或little or nothing替换hardly

13..beneficial, rewarding替换helpful,

14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser,替换customer

15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely替换very

16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable ...替换unnecessary, avoidable

17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in

18.capture one's attention替换attract one's attention.

19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect

20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代indicate, suggest ,fear

21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger替换cause.

22. There are several reasons behind sth替换..reasons for sth

23.desire替换want.

24.pour attention into替换pay attention to

25.bear in mind that替换remember

26. enjoy, possess替换have(注意process是过程的意思)

27. interaction替换communication

28.frown on sth替换be against , disagree with sth

29.to name only a few, as an example替换for example, for instance

过去完成时的标志词

(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。 (2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。 (3)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。 (4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 (5)过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。 (6)状语从句:在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在前,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。 注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 (7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。 (8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。 过去完成时-语法判定 1. 由时间状语来判定一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. ( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作 有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:( 1 )宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。如: She said that she had seen the film before. ( 2 )状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去

《现在完成时标志词用法》进阶练习(一) (2)

《现在完成时标志词用法》进阶练习 一、单项选择 1. I ________ the History Museum twice.I’ve learned a lot there. A. visit B. am visiting C. have visited D. will visit 2. She ________the book _____ two days ago. A. has borrowed; since B. has kept; for C. kept; since D. has kept; since 3. —How long __________ you ___________ here? —For about two years so far. A. have; studied B. did; live C. do; stay D. were; swimming 二、句型转换 4. The little boy left school two days ago. (改为同义句) The little boy ______ _____ ______ _____ school for two days. 5. He has been away from his hometown for twenty years. (同义句转换) Twenty years ______ ________since he left his hometown.

参考答案 一、 1. C 2. D 3. A 二、 4. has been away from 5. has passed 解析 1. 句意:我去过博物馆两次了,学到了很多。动作发生在过去,对现在造成了一定的影响,故用现在完成时have/has+过去分词,主语I,故have,故选C。 2. 句意:她是两天前借的这本书。since后接时间点;for后接时间段。two days ago表示时间点,故用since连接,时态用现在完成时,动词则用延续性动词,因为borrow是非延续性动词,所以用keep。故选D。 3. 句意:--你在这儿学习多久了?--自从五年前我来这儿。根据句意此处应用现在完成时态。其结构是:have/has加动词的过去分词,故选A。 4. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be动词表示)常与for(+时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用.,现在完成时中,非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用,通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。leave对应的延续性状态词是be away。根据句意,故填has been away from 5. 句意:他离开他的家乡二十年了,即表示“自从他离开他的家乡,20年已经过去了“。“since+从句,for+时间段”用现在完成时,其构成为have/has+过去分词。故填has passed。

历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词(或称衔接词)”

历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词(或称衔接词)”

历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词(或称衔接词)” Preface:“逻辑关系词”对于一篇好的文章来说是非常重要的!!!它就像一座桥,连接段与段、句与句,起到一种微妙的“衔接上下文”作用,即承上启下、起承转合、过渡性作用。有效充分地利用逻辑关系词可以让你的文章“语义连贯、完整、顺畅”,不至于太突兀!下面就是我耗费心血、精心整理而成的历年考研英语中常见的十五种逻辑关系词,掌握了这些有助于你做阅读理解,有助于在阅读中更好、更快地把握文章的的写作思路和整体结构框架,理清文章的逻辑顺序与段与段之间的语义、逻辑关系,从而迅速找出正确答案。有利于做排序题,更有利于你的写作!!!(写作时尽量用那些字数多的短语,这样可以增加作文字数)。需要注意的一点是,有的逻辑关系词不只表示一种逻辑关系,有些逻辑关系之间是贯通的,例如otherwise表示转折、对比、结果3种逻辑关系;让步之中含有转折的含义;对比之中含有转折、强调之意;并列之中含有递进的含义,例如as well as,as well,also,too既表示并列又表示递进;总结之中含有强调的含义,例如substantially,generally,mainly既表示总结又表示强调;递进之中有补充解释说明之意,例如namely,in other words。考研朋友们在做题中应当加以体会和领悟。期望本文能对考研的朋友有所裨益。同时本人热烈欢迎各位朋友踊跃对本文加以批评和相互交流,在此,我对朋友们的帮助表示无尽的感激之情!!! 第一,表示因果(世界上最重要的一种关系就是因果关系) 1.表示原因 because (of)=be responsible for = as = since =for = therein = root =origin(al)=causality = due∕owing∕thanks ∕according to = be attributed∕contributed to (原因是)= now∕in that =seeing∕ considering∕given (that)= on account of =on this account = on ground of∕that(强调主观理由)= out of = for the sake of = in (the)light of = in view of (the fact that)= by∕in virtue of = by reason of = as a result∕consequence of = in consequence of =arise from = put sth down to sth(把……归因于……) 【注】put down ① 把……归因于+ to sth ② 把……看作∕视 为 put sth down as sth ③使(当众)出丑,让某人丢人现 眼④ 写下,记下⑤ 将……提请(议会或委员会)审议 to put down a motion∕amendment提交一项动议或修正案⑥ 登记,注册,列入名单 + for sth 例句:Put me down for three tickets for Saturday。 2.表示结果 ①So = hence =therefore = therefor = thereby = thereof = thereout = therewithal = thereupon = thus = consequent(ly)= result (ing) =effect =consequence = in consequence = as a result∕consequence = result in = accordingly = give rise to = lead to = arouse = agitate =awaken = fire up = provoke = spark = spur = stimulate = stir (激 起,引起,引发,激发)= trigger = activate = prompt = set in motion

高中语文 高中古诗词鉴赏之语言风格题答题技巧

古诗词题型之语言风格解析 一、要点梳理 (一)什么是语言风格 语言风格是诗歌总体语言的特色,包括一句话或者全篇的语言特色。是诗人在长期的创作实践中逐渐形成的独特的语言艺术个性,是诗人的个人气质、诗歌美学观念在作品中的凝结。 鉴赏诗歌的语言风格,是针对不同的诗人,不同的诗歌,或者同一诗人不同的诗歌,乃至不同时代不同流派的诗歌,往往呈现出的不同语言风格而言。 1.从诗风渊源角度看 浪漫主义和现实主义两大诗歌流派的语言风格有所不同。 浪漫主义的代表诗人有屈原、李白等。浪漫主义在反映客观,侧重从主观内心出发,抒发对理想抱负的热烈追求,常用热情、奔放的语言、瑰丽的想象和夸张来塑造形象。它具有强烈的个人主观色彩。 现实主义的代表诗人有杜甫、白居易等。现实主义侧重如实地反映现实生活,客观性较强。它提倡客观地、冷静地观察现实生活,按照生活的本来样式精确细腻地加以描写,力求真实地再现典型环境中的典型形象,值得注意的是,其中的细节描写对于诗歌主旨的表达具有重要意义。 豪放派:气势豪放,意境雄浑。 婉约派:语言清丽含蓄,抒情婉转缠绵。 2.从诗人个性角度看 不同诗人语言风格不同,例如: 陶渊明的朴素自然杜甫的沉郁顿挫 白居易的通俗易懂李白的豪迈飘逸 王昌龄的雄健高昂杜牧的清健俊爽 李商隐的朦胧隐晦王维的诗画一体 温庭筠的绮丽香艳高适的悲壮苍凉 李清照的缠绵悱恻陆游的悲壮爱国 诗人的语言风格是相对稳定的,但是并不等于说一成不变,有进为了特定的表达需要,诗风会陡然一转。如李清照南渡前后的词风变化。前期清新温婉秀丽、后期寂寞悲凉。 3.从体裁看 诗词有所区别,即诗庄词媚曲谐。 因为诗多用于应制而应制(奉皇帝命写作),则非庄不可;词多与男女情感,适于媚。 4.从题材内容上看 宫廷诗:缠绵宛转田园诗:恬淡宁谧 山水诗:清新优美边塞诗:悲凉慷慨 讽喻诗:沉郁激愤咏史诗:雄浑壮阔

高中过去完成时详解和练习5(答案)

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整理现在完成时的全部标志词

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鉴赏古诗词的语言风格

鉴赏古诗词的语言风格 1、知识储备 (1)常见的语言风格 ①平淡质朴(陶渊明)②辞藻华丽(杜牧)③明白如话(白居易)④婉约含蓄(李商隐)⑤清新自然(王维)⑥雄浑豪放(苏轼)⑦清幽淡雅(李清照)⑧沉郁顿挫(杜甫)(2)答题思路 ①指出其语言风格类型; ②结合诗句举例说明之; ③分析其塑造形象或表达情感的作用。 2、范例精讲 阅读下面这首诗,完成后面的问题。 长干曲(其一)崔颢 君家何处住?妾住在横塘。 停舟暂借问,或恐是同乡。 请赏析其语言风格。 请你试做: 老师作答: 3、课堂练习 阅读下面这首诗,完成后面的问题。 春怨金昌绪 打起黄莺儿,莫教枝上啼。 啼时惊妾梦,不得到辽西。 请赏析其语言风格。 自己作答: 参考答案:

【《长干曲(其一)》译文】 你家住在哪儿?我家就在横塘。停船暂且相问,或许我们还是同乡呢。 【《长干曲(其一)》鉴赏】 这首抒情诗抓住了人生片断中富有戏剧性的一刹那,用白描的手法,寥寥几笔,就使人物、场景跃然纸上,栩栩如生。它不以任何色彩映衬,似墨笔画;它不用任何妆饰烘托,是幅素描;它不凭任何布景借力,犹如一曲男女声对唱;它截头去尾,突出主干,又很象独幕剧。题材是那样的平凡,而表现手法却是那样的不平凡。 先看诗的剪裁:一个住在横塘的姑娘,在泛舟时听到邻船一个男子的话音,于是天真无邪地问一下:你是不是和我同乡?-就是这样一点儿简单的情节,只用“妾住在横塘”五字,就借女主角之口点明了说话者的性别与居处。又用“停舟”二字,表明是水上的偶然遇合吻传神,就把女主角的音容笑貌,写得活灵活现。他不象杜牧那样写明“娉娉袅袅十三余”,也不象李商隐那样点出“十五泣春风,背面秋千下”。他只采用了问话之后,不待对方答复,就急于自报“妾住在横塘”这样的处理,自然地把女主角的年龄从娇憨天真的语气中反衬出来了。在男主角并未开口,而这位小姑娘之所以有“或恐是同乡”的想法,不正是因为听到了对方带有乡音的片言只语吗?这里诗人又省略了“因闻声而相问”的关节,这是文字之外的描写,所谓“不写之写”。 这首诗还表现了女主角境遇与内心的孤寂。单从她闻乡音而急于“停舟”相问,就可见她离乡背井,水宿风行,孤零无伴,没有一个可与共语之人。因此,他乡听得故乡音,且将他乡当故乡,就这样的喜出望外。诗人不仅在纸上重现了女主角外露的声音笑貌,而且深深开掘了她的个性和内心。 【《春怨》译文】 我敲打树枝把黄莺儿赶走,不让它在那里声声啼鸣。鸣声会惊破我的好梦,到不了辽西去会见亲人。 【《春怨》鉴赏】 诗的首句似平地奇峰,突然而起。照说,黄莺是讨人欢喜的鸟。而诗中的女主角为什么却要“打起黄莺儿”呢?人们看了这句诗会茫然不知诗意所在,不能不产生疑问,不能不急于从下句寻求答案。第二句诗果然对第一句作了解释,使人们知道,原来“打起黄莺儿”的目的是“莫教枝上啼”。但鸟语与花香本都是春天的美好事物,而在鸟语中,黄莺的啼声又是特别清脆动听的。人们不禁还要追问:又为什么不让莺啼呢?第三句诗说明了“莫教啼”的原因是怕“啼时惊妾梦”。但人们仍不会满足于这一解释,因为黄莺啼晓,说明本该是梦醒的时候了。那么,诗中的女主角为什么这样怕惊醒她的梦呢?她做的是什么梦呢?最后一句诗的答复是:这位诗中人怕惊破的不是一般的梦,而是去辽西的梦,是惟恐梦中“不得到辽西”。 到此,读者才知道,这首诗原来采用的是层层倒叙的手法。本是为怕惊梦而不教莺啼,为不教莺啼而要把莺打起,而诗人却倒过来写,最后才揭开了谜底,说出了答案。但是,这最后的答案仍然含意未伸。这里,还留下了一连串问号,例如:一位闺中少女为什么做到辽西的梦?她有什么亲人在辽西?此人为什么离乡背井,远去辽西?这首诗的题目是《春怨》,诗中人到底怨的是什么?难道怨的只是黄莺,只怨莺啼惊破了她的晓梦吗?这些,不必一一说破,而又可以不言而喻,不妨留待读者去想象、去思索。这样,这首小诗就不仅在篇内见曲折,而且还在篇外见深度了。 五言绝句妙在以小见大,语短意长,这首诗正是如此。它摄取了一位少妇日常生活中一个饶有趣味的细节,反映了一个重大的社会课题。辽西一带戍守的士卒往往长期不得还家,甚至埋骨荒陲。因此,广大人民希望统治者能够安抚边庭,过安定团聚的生活。诗歌含蓄而又深刻地表现了广大人民在当时所承受的精神痛苦与哀怨情绪。

八大时态标志词

一般现在时标志词: every day, evry Sunday, often, always, usually, sometimes , on Sundays, on weekdays等等。 一般过去时标志词: ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/year/night/month..., in 1989, just now, at the age of , one day, ago, long ago, once upon a time,(从前,很久 以前)then(那时), on that day(在那天), 一般将来时标志词: soon, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow(后天),this evening/afternoon/year before long(不久以后),next year/month/week/summer,in the future, some day(将来的 某一天) ,in two weeks/days/years 现在进行时标志词: now. Look. Listen. these days ,at that time. at that moment. this time ,yesterday evening 过去进行时标志词: at that time. at that moment. this time yesterday evening等;或者与when, while, as引导 的过去时间状语连用。 现在完成时标志词: already(用于肯定句), yet(用于否定,疑问句), just, before, recently, still, lately, never, ever, never, twice, on several occasion, in the past few days/weeks/months/years, (up to)these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, up to present, so far, up to now, till now, since+时间 过去完成时标志词: by, by the time (of), by the end of + 过去时间; when. before. after…….+过去时间; up till then (直到时); up until last night(直 到昨晚)等; already, just, ever, yet 等。 过去将来时标志词: the following month (week…), the next time/ Friday/ term/ month

现在完成时的标志词资料

现在完成时的标志词

——出现以下的词汇,通常使用“现在完成时”结构。 1)ever since, since, since then——3个 2)by now, so far, till/until now, up to now——5个 3)before, lately, recently——3个 4)in recent years;in the past——2个 5)in/for/over/during the last/past +时间段——2个 6)This/That/It is + 最高级结构… (that) +从句用现完——1个 7)This/That/It is the first/second… time (that) +从句用现完——1个 8)This/That/It is the only…(that) +从句用现完——1个 9)不很常见的up to the present, to date, thus far——3个 10)不很常见的long ago, from——2个 ——以上的划分是为了讲解记忆的方便而已。 1.ever since, since, since then——3个 ever since, since中的since可以是副词,也可以是介词、连词;since then为介词+名词(或副词)结构 《朗文英语语法》第309页9.25.2 与since和for连用的现在完成时 since和for常与现在完成时连用,表示直到现在的时段。 since(+时点)可用作: since连词: Tom hasn’t been home since he was a boy. 汤姆从小就不在家了。since副词: I saw Fiona in May and I haven’t s een her since. 我5月份见过菲奥娜,此后我就没有再见过她了。 since介词: I’ve lived here since 1980. 自1980年起我就住在这儿。 since用作连词时,后面可跟一般过去时或现在完成时: I retired in 1980 and came to live here. I’ve lived here since I retired.我于1980年退休后就搬到这里。我自退休后就一直住在这儿。

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