英汉语言对比放形合与意合

2.Preposition • 英语各类介词共286个。包括： • 简单介词：with,to,in,of,about,between,through • 合成介词： inside,onto,upon,within,without,throughout • 成语介词: according to;along with, apart from, because of, in front of, on behalf of, with regard to
Hypotactic
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The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. English sentences are made by Hypotactic
• For example:
low productivity of many farms place the majority
of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.
3.Other cohesive ties。 主要指形态变化形式，包括: • 词缀变化; • 动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化及 其保持前后一致的关系； • 广泛使用代词以保持前后呼应的关系； • 使用“it”和“there”作替补词起连接作用等。 英语常综合运用上述手段。
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All was cleared up some time later when
news came from a distant place that an
earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.
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分。
为什么如此众多的美国人不如想象中那样幸 福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之
1) I shall despair if you don't come. .
Paratactic
• The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Chinese sentences are made by Paratactic
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A preposition may be defined as a connecting word showing the relation of a noun or substitute for a noun to some other word in the sentence. Prepasitions appear constantly in English speech and writing Over ninety percent of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions: with, to, from, at, in, of, by, for and on
Part II Hypotactic vs.Paratactic
• Translate the following sentences: • 1由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外 界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变 得更加严重。 • 2 过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球 坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到 了澄清。 • 3 为什么如此众多的美国人不如想象中那样幸福 呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。 • 4 The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.
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The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.
• 彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。
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农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就 使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境。
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Inadequate training for farmers and the
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最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心思或 费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地 与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意，却没注意到香喷喷 的咖啡，松软的糕点，或房间内讲究的陈设，而 这些却可能是她感到兴趣并引以自豪的主要所在。
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Even in its blasted condition, with boards and sackings in most of the windows, with its thick dust and its bare room, with its cracked plaster and its damaged roofs, the hotel had been a new world, a breadth and dignity, full of adventure possibilities.
• 不怕慢，只怕站。 • It’s better to move ahead slowly than just to mark time.
• 3紧缩句
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这类句式简明紧凑，分句间的语法关系和逻 辑联系是隐含的。
• “紧”就是紧凑，是取消各分句之间的语音停顿， 让它们紧紧地挨在一起。 • “缩”就是压缩，略去原来分句的一些词语，让 它们简约一些。
• 2 反复、排比、对偶、对照 • 他不来，我不去。 • If he won’t come here, I’ll not go there. • 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 • As you sow, so will you reap.
• 吃苦在前，享乐在后。 • Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.
• 有饭大家吃（ = 如果有饭的话，那就让大家吃吧） • Let everybody share the food if there is any.
• 不到黄河心不死。 • Until all is over, ambition never dies.
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
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There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.
Hypotactic
• 2.Preposition
• 3.Other cohesive ties
• 1.Conjunction • 1 who, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how etc. • 2 and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, neither---nor, when, while, as since, until, unless, lest etc.
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这家旅馆，尽管遭到破坏，窗户大多顶上了 木板，并挂着粗麻布，到处是厚厚的尘土，房间
空荡荡，墙上的灰泥也破裂了，屋顶也毁坏了，
可总是一个宽阔而庄严的新天地，值得去探险。
注重显性衔接；注重句子形式； 注重结构完整；注重以形显义 英语是重形式的语法性语言
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Paratactic汉语意合手段
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The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucit of the information media.
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• 1.Conjunction
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过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小 铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于 得到了澄清。
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After some time, news came from distant place. Earthquake did happen that day when the little copper ball fell. All this was cleared up.
• 1）（因为）她不老实，我不能信任她。 • Because she is not honest, I can’t trust her. • 我不能信任她，因为她不老实， • I can’t trust her, because she is not honest.
• 2）人（若）不犯我，我（则）不犯人。 • We will not attack unless we are attacked. • 3）说是说了，没有结果。 • I’ve made proposals, but they proved futile. • 4）打肿脸充胖子，吃亏是自己。 • If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer.
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Why so many Americans are not happy as we expect? I think there are two reasons and both of them have deep distinction
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When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.
• For example:
• 敌进我退，敌驻我扰，敌疲我打，敌退我追。
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形合：主要靠语言本身语法手段；结构紧凑 严密；好比一棵参天大树；一串葡萄；一串珍珠； 一树荔枝（主谓（干）结构突出，空间搭架，把 各句有机结合起来。主干可能很短，上面却结着 累累果实)。 意合：主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。结构简练 明快；好比一根竹子；一盘珠子；一江波涛。
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由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会 与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足 而变得更加严重。
Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.
1语序 2反复、排比、对偶、对照 3紧缩句 4四字格
1语序
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汉语少用或不用关联词语，词义与语序密切相 关。 汉语的许多主从复句，虽然不用关联词，形式 类似并列复句，但分句含义却有主有次。
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据统计，汉语三分之二的因果句不到必要时， 不用关联词。先因后果，几乎不用“因为”，属 常态；先果后因，大多用“因为“，属变态。