语言学教程第三章重点

语言学-第三章PPT课件

boy, boys: 1(GT) or2(ST)?
walk, walks, walking, walked: 1 or 4?
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8
(3) A grammatical unit: the grammar: a set of layers
sentence clause phrase word
morpheme
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19
when different sub-classes of determiners occur together, they follow the order: predeterminers+centraldeterminers+ post-determiners. Eg. all their trouble
all the five boys
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20
4. Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed.
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21
Inflectional morphology:
V>N: worker, employee, inhabitant
V>A: acceptable, adorable
A>N: rapidness, rapidity

语言学教程第三章重点

Questions for Chapter 3(Key)

1. Define the following terms:

morpheme morphology

inflection derivation

allomorph bound morpheme

free morpheme compound

stem affix root

grammatical word lexical word

closed-class open-class

blending acronym clipping

back-formation

2. List the bund morphemes in the following words:

fearlessly, misleads, previewer, shortened, unhappier

-less, -ly, mis-, -s, pre-, -er, -en, -ed, un-, -ier

3. In which of the following examples should the ‘a’ be treated as a bound morpheme?

a boy, apple, atypical, AWOL

a is treated as a bound morpheme in atypical

4. What are the inflectional morphemes in these expressions?

It’s raining; the cow jumped over the moon; the newest style; the singer’s new songs

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记1_3章

胡壮麟语言学重难点

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics

常考考点：1. 语言: 语言的定义；语言的基本特征；语言的功能；语言的起源

2. 语言学：语言学的定义；现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别；语言学研究的四个原则及简要说明；语言学中的几组重要区别；每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。

1. 语言的定义特征

1.1. 任意性

1.2. 二重性

1.3. 创造性

1.4. 移位性

1.5. 文化传递性

1.6. 互换性

2. 语言的功能

1.1. 信息功能

1.2. 人际功能

1.3. 施为功能

1.4. 感情功能

1.5. 寒暄功能

1.6. 娱乐功能

1.7. 元语言功能

3. 微观语言学

3.1. 语音学

3.2. 音系学

3.3. 形态学

3.4. 句法学

3.5. 语义学

3.6. 语用学

4. 宏观语言学

4.1. 心理语言学

4.2. 社会语言学

4.3. 应用语言学

4.4. 计算语言学

4.5. 神经语言学

5. 重要概念及其区分

5.1. 描写式&规定式

5.2. 共时&历时

5.3. 语言&言语

5.4. 语言能力&语言应用

5.5. 唯素的&唯位的

5.6. 传统语法&现代语法

5.7. 语言潜势&实际语言行为

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

常考考点：1. 语音学语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义；发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类；基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法

语言学教程[第三章词汇]山东大学期末考试知识点复习.

第三章词汇

复习笔记

I.词

词是个语言表达单位,无论是在口语还是在书面语中,说母语的人都能够凭直觉识别这个语言单位。

1.词的三种含义

(1词是自然的有界限的对立单位;

(2词既是一个普通术语又是一个专门术语;

(3词是一个语法单位。

2.词的识别

(1稳定性

就词的内部结构而言,词是所有语言单位中最稳定的。

(2相对连续性

连续性指的是一个词的几个成分之间不可介入新的成分,即使这个词由多个成分构成。

(3最小的自由形式

词是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单位。

3.词的分类

(1可变词和不变词

可变词有形态变化,即词的一部分保持不变,另一部分有规则地变化以实现不同的语法功能。小变词没有形态变化。

具有词汇意义 (指代物质、动作和性质的词称为词汇词,例如名词、动词、形容词和副词。

表达语法意义的词是语法词,例如连词、介词和代词。

(3封闭类词和开放类词

封闭类词的成员数目固定,数量有限。像代词、介词、连词和冠词都属于封闭类词,一般不能轻易增加或衍生新的成员。

相比之下,开放类词的成员数目基本上是无限的,其数目会随着社会发展不断地、经常地增加。名同、动词、形容词和副词属于开放类词。

(4词类

在传统的名词、代词、形容词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词和冠词的基础上,可新增助词、助动词、代词形式、限定词。

Ⅱ.语素和形态学

1.定义

语素是最小的语言单位,不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。

形态学研究词的内部结构以及词的构造规则,包括屈折变化和词的形成两个领域。

2.语素的类型

(1自由语素和粘着语素

①自由语素指能够单独出现或独立成词的语素。所有的单语素词都是自由语素,由自由语素构成的多语素词为复合词。

语言学复习重点Chapter 3

Chapter Three ——Morphology

(形态学）

Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed.

Word is a minimal free form with a unity of sound and meaning.

The classification of words ：

1、variableand invariable words（可变化词和不变词）

Variable words are those words which can take inflective endings;

E.g write, writes, writing, wrote, written; cat, cats.

invariable words are those that cannot.

E.g since, when, seldom, through, etc.

2、grammatical and lexical words(语法词和词汇词)

词汇词也即实词，又译作notional/content word ;

语法词也即虚词，又称function/form word 功能词/形式词

3、c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词)

According to their membership:c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词)

语言学教程第3 章形态学课件

• [见下页]
语言学教程第3 章形态学
• 语素是比词更小的语法单位。 • 1.语素是比词更小的单位，有语法意义和词汇意义。 • 2.语素是在词的范围内，表现为由若干个音位构成
的组合，具有语法意义或词汇意义。 • 3.语素是一种词汇或语法单位，具有稳定性，体现
为由一个或多个音位构成的组合。
语言学教程第3 章形态学
level / 词汇语法层 →
言
↕
morphology syntax
text linguistics
meaning level /semantic level / semantics
语义层
→
语言学教程第3 章形态学
1.语篇（text）
话语
（discourse）
语言
的切分
（langue）
2.
句子/小句复合体
• 语素的定义[3] • A morpheme is traditionally the most basic element of
meaning. • 语素是最基本的意义成分。
语言学教程第3 章形态学
• 语素的定义 [4]
• A morpheme is a unit of grammar smaller than the word. E.g. distasteful is composed of morphemes realized by dis-, taste and -ful.

胡壮麟版《语言学教程》第三章Chapter3 Lexicon 总结

(3) Closed-class words and open-class words 封闭词和开放词
Closed-class word: A word that belongs to the closedclass is one whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Therefore, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed items. Open-class word: A word that belongs to the open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all openclass items.
(2) Grammatical words and lexical words语法词和词语法词和词汇词
Grammatical words, a.k.a. function words, express grammatical meanings, such as, conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns, are grammatical words. Lexical words, a.k.a. content words, have lexical meanings, i.e. those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, are lexical words.

胡壮麟语言学教程笔记重点

《语言学教程》重难点学习提示

第一章语言的性质

语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。

第二章语言学

语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。

第三章语音学

发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。

第四章音位学

音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。

第五章词法学

词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。

第六章词汇学

词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。第七章句法

句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。

第八章语义学

语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。

(完整版)胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点全解

《语言学教程》重难点学习提示

第一章语言的性质

语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。

第二章语言学

语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。

第三章语音学

发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。

第四章音位学

音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。

第五章词法学

词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。

第六章词汇学

词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。第七章句法

句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。

第八章语义学

语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。

戴炜栋《简明英语语言学教程》Chapter_3_Morphology320

Discussion: Can you put the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationships. affix, morpheme, derivational affix, bound morpheme, free root, bound root, inflectional affix, prefix, suffix, free morpheme
2) Bound morphemes affixes: the forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. Indicate number, Inflectional affixes: tense, degree, case, etc.
3.2 Morphemes 3. Types of morphemes 2) Bound morphemes the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes to form a word recollection: re + collect + ion idealistic: ideal + ist + ic ex-prisoner: ex + prison + er

语言学教程胡壮麟（第四版）第3章

语⾔学教程胡壮麟（第四版）第3章

Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase

第⼀部分The formation of word——Morpheme词的构成

1. Morpheme 词素的定义

Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, such as boy and –s in boys, check and –ing in checking. And the systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called morphology

2. Types of morphemes 词素的种类

①Free morpheme and bound morpheme ⾃由词素和黏着词素

Free morphemes: Those that may occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselves, are free morphemes, such as Dog, nation.

戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第三章课件 Morphology

(Exceptions: sad --- *unsad brave --- *unbrave)
e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat
Generation), hacker, email, internet,
“做秀，时装秀…” in Chinese.
Closed class words----grammatical or
functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns, to which few new words can be added (e.g. the "e"as a new neutral third person singular pronoun has not been accepted).
a building an orange;
Each of the variants is called an allomorph of a morpheme.
Here are special forms:
mouse----mice[ai] ox----oxen[n] tooth----teeth [i:]
批注本地保存成功开通会员云端永久保存去开通
英语语言学
English Linguistics

语言学第三章要点

Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学

Definition定义

Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

形态学是语法的一个分支，研究词的内部结构和构词规则。

Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter is the study of word formation.

形态学可分为两个分支科学：屈折形态学和词汇或派生形态学。前者研究词的屈折变化，后者研究词的构成。

1.Morpheme 语素

The smallest meaningful unit of language语言最小的意义单位。

The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning and grammatical meaning.

语素表达的意义有两种：词汇意义和语法意义。

2.Types of morphemes 语素的分类

a)Free morphemes 自由语素

Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes.

语言学教程(第四版) 教材及习题配套PPT Chapter 3

P.F. Productions 142
In English, inflectional affixes are mostly suffixes, which are always word final, e.g. drums, walks, Mary’s. Derivational affixes can be either prefixes, suffixes, or both, e.g. suburban, depart, online, slaver, teacher, workable, international, supernational.
P.F. Productions 132
Free morpheme and bound morpheme Root, affix and stem Inflectional affix and derivational affix
P.F. Productions
133
In terms of their capacity of occurring alone Free morphemes: those which may occur alone, i.e. those which may constitute words by themselves, e.g. dog, nation, close All mono-morphemic words are free morphemes. Compounds: poly-morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes are called compounds, e.g. paymaster, moonwalk, babysit, godfather, sunflower Bound morphemes: those which cannot occur alone, distempered: dis-, temper, -ed

语言学一至三章重点

Chapter 1 Invitations to linguistics

1.1 What is language?

Language is a means of verbal communication. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

1.2 What are the design features of language?

The features that refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication can be called design features.

1]Arbitrariness

The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. There are different levels of arbitrariness.

2] Duality a

By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structure that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. We call sounds here primary units as opposed to such secondary units as words, since the primary units are meaningless and the secondary units have distinct and identifiable meaning.

语言学教程Chapter 3. Lexicon

Chapter three lexicon
• • • • 3.1 What is Word? 3.1.1 three senses of ― WORD‖ 3.1.2 identification of words (3 factors) 3.1.3 classification of words (4 ways)
All the word class today
• • • • • • • • • • • • • 1) Noun 2) Pronoun 3) Adjective 4) Verb 5) Adverb 6) Preposition 7) Conjunction 8) Interjection 9) Article 10) Particles 11) Auxiliaries 12) Pro-form 13) Determiners
3) closed-class words and openclass words
• closed-class words : pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and others. The number of it is fixed, limited. One can not easily add or deduce a new member. • open-class words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs are open-class items. The membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. New members are continually and constantly being added to the class.

语言学教程第三章重点

语言学-第三章PPT课件