最新欧洲文化入门复习资料
欧洲文化知识点复习
第三章1、the Middle ages名词解释In European history， the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2、The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)， from the 5th century to 15th century.3、The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages， between ancient times and modern times.4、The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the 17th century， between the middle ages and modern times.5、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭6、Feudalism名词解释Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。
The word “feudalism” was derived (来源) from the Latin “feudum”，a grant (许可的) of land.7、fiefs(次划分)名词解释In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs.8、vassals (占有fiefs的人)名词解释In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands intosmall pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.9、code of chivalry (骑士制度)名词解释As a knight， he were pledged to protect the weak， to fight for the church，to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed.10、dubbing (骑士头衔加冕仪式)名词解释After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments， there was always a special ceremony (选择) to award him with a title， knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.11、knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments.(模拟战场)12、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)13、The Manor (领地所有制)名词解释The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords (农场主)。
欧洲文化入门(阅读)期末复习资料
欧洲文化入门（阅读）欧洲文化入门课程期末考试为闭卷考试，考试范围为课本以下章节：古代近东、古希腊、古罗马、中世纪中期、文艺复兴和宗教改革。
考试题型为单选题和判断正误题，题库为各章后的练习选择题1、Greek myths reflect Greeks' exploration of the followings except___.C.the mysterious outer space2、The name Jesus suggests__. B.that God saves us from sin3、Odysseus___ returned to his faithful wife after the ten-year TrojanWar. C.was a Greek hero who4、In the Renaissance, the ancient myths___. A.served as sources ofinspiration for artistic creation5、According to Greek myths about creation, ____was the foundation ofall things. D.Chaos6、Common types of myths exclude___. D.myths of mortals7、No hero of Greek mythology has proved more fascinating than Oedipusfor __.A.he fulfilled the prophecy of killing his father and marrying his mother8、According to Greek mythology ___, which goes well with the idea ofDaoism in China. A.something can be produced from nothing9、The original language of the New Testament was used ___. D.in homesand marketplaces10、The religious ministry of Jesus was followed by his 12 apostlesfor ___. D.Israel was made up of 12 tribes11、1066 marked the__. B.Norman Conquer of England12、Overgrowth of population in Europe in the Late Middle Ages caused__. B.the shortage of food supply13、In the 13th century, many schools _. A.were organized intouniversities14、In the Carolingian time popes__. B.were regarded as models of piety15、___ were regarded as heretics in the Middle Ages. B.Those who didnot believe in Christianity16、Of the following orders of columns, which one is more formal and dignified and mainlyused in mainland Greece? A.Doric17、The Council of Constance marked B.the end of the Western Schism.18、Which of the following statements about Western Schism is NOT true? D.The emperorof Holy Roman Empire in Germany recognized Clement.19、Beginning in the 4th century, army units of German were__.C.welcomed into theRoman Empire to defend the Romans20、Which Hellenistic kingdom ruled Egypt and parts of the Middle East?A.PtolemaicKingdom21、Which is not one of the things that the Viscontis, the Sforzas and the Medicis had incommon? B.They were rulers of Milan during the Renaissance.22、Which one is not a period of Italian Renaissance Art? B.Middle Renaissance23、1066 marked the__B.Norman Conquest of England24、For some Muslims, Qur’an should not be translated because_____.C.the originalme aning of Qur’an would be distorted.25、The Late Middle Ages were marked by the following features, EXCEPT? C.Rivalrybetween feudal governments led to wars, the most violent being the Hundred Years’ War fought between Germany and Italy.26、Which of the following statements about villages in the Middle Ages is NOT true? D.Fewvillages had a few artisans and traders who combined farm work with other labor.27、The second founding father of Christianity was _____.B.St. Paul28、Who was not a representative writer of Northern Renaissance? A.Giovanni Boccaccio29、Who was not a believer in the heliocentric theory? D.Francis Bacon30、Which of the following statements about ciompi is NOT true? D.They had not lost theirhold on power.31、What event marked the climax of Charlemagne’s career and the formation of westernEuropean civilization? D.Charlemagne was crowned “Holy Roman Emperor” by the Pope.32、The first city- builders in Italy were ________.C.the Etruscans33、All of the following Roman officers were produced by election EXCEPT ____.B.dictator34、Who replaced the Council of 400 with the Council of 500? C.Cleisthenes35、In the first Greco-Persian War, Greek army defeated the Persian forces and won asmashing victory in the battle of ____.B.Marathon36、Which of the following statements about the third Crusade is NOT true? D.Richardstayed longer, and took Jerusalem.37、The ethnic origin of Jesus was ____.C.Hebrew38、Major changes in Roman religious life were mainly a result of _____.C.territorialexpansion of Rome39、Which description of the Hellenistic civilization is incorrect? D.Its commercial, culturaland intellectual centre was Athens.40、Which description of the traditional Greek religion is incorrect? C.In ancient Greece, themain religious ceremony took place inside the temple.41、In the Early Middle Ages, the Roman Church and the Eastern Church were divided overthe following issues EXCEPT for ______.D.baptism42、Epicureanism and Stoicism are similar in the following ways except for____.B.Both wereidealistic in world view.43、Which description of Greek democracy of the Archaic Period is not true?B.It is thesame with modern democracy.44、What was the main difference between serfs and slaves in Western Europe? C.themilitary protection provided by the lord45、Which description of the Age of Pericles is NOT true? D.It was when the nobles becamea major force in politics.46、Which of the following statements about the Crusades is NOT true? A.On the way tothe Holy Land, a crusader wore the white cross on his outfit47、Which one is NOT the reason that Justinian is considered the first great Byzantineemperor? C.He declared himself to be God’s representative on earth.48、Which of the following descriptions of pre-Islamic Arabia is not true?B.Pre-IslamicArabs showed no interest in sea trade.49、Which one does NOT indicate that Euripides was the most revolutionary dramatist inancient Greece? D.His use of graceful language and perfect form.50、During the Great Famine, starvation even drove some people to eat the following livingcreatures, EXCEPT C.snakes51、Which of the following is NOT true about Emperor Constantine the Great? B.He madeChristianity the state religion.52、The gladiator show indicated Romans’ love for _____.C.violence53、The Italian Renaissance scholars did all the following things except for ____. C.refusingto accept religious teaching or read religious works.54、Which description of Petrarch is wrong? C.He valued his Italian writings more than hisLatin writings.55、Who did not belong to the Florentine School of the Early Renaissance art? D.Raphael56、Which of the following was NOT true about the early Christians? B.They accepted theidea that emperors were divine.57、In the year of ____, Constantine the Great issued Edit of Milan which officially madeChristianity legal. B.31358、Which city was NOT a prominent trading centre during the Early Middle Ages?C.Medina59、Which one of the following statements about the English Parliament in 1259 is NOTtrue? D.it was a major check on royal authority60、Christianity originated from__. B.Palestine61、Which categories of publication does Erasmus’s The Praise of Fo lly belong to? A.cleversatires to expose people’s errors62、In terms of science, what was the significant shift in thinking during the RenaissanceAge? B.the emphasis on how things happened in nature63、All the following constitute the main forms of heresy, EXCEPT D.worshipers64、Which description of the Islamic philosophy is true? B.Al-Ghazali regarded Greekphilosophy as corrupters of Islamic faith.65、Which one of the following architectural constructions was not typical Roman?D.column66、Olive trees and grapevine were introduced into Italy by ______. B.Greeks67、Britain was turned into a Roman province in ________. B.the 1st century68、Which of the following group of people did not constitute a class in Sparta? D.nobles69、What is the Central Middle Ages also called? C.“Age of Faith”70、Constantine the Great declared __. B.toleration for all religions71、For those who want to convert to Islam, which of the following pillars of Islam is of theutmost importance? A.reciting the Muslim statement of faith with conviction72、Concerning the economy of the Byzantine Empire, Islamic Empire and western Europeduring the Middle Ages, which statement is NOT true? B.Islamic economy in the 7th century was already very prosperous.73、The government of the Roman Republic included all of the following branches EXCEPT______. D.the judicial branch74、Which is the correct description of life in the Byzantine Empire? A.Peasants had a hardlife due to the high tax on land.75、Compared with Italian Renaissance, Northern Renaissance had the following distinctivefeatures except for ______. C.influence of classicism76、The following descriptions of the Mycenaean culture are true EXCEPT for ____. C.TheMycenaean raid on Crete was recorded in Homer’s epics.77、Which factor directly resulted in the first great split in Christianity in 1054? D.Pope LeoIX asserted the supreme authority of the papacy and clashed with the Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius78、Which factor did not facilitate the Islamic expansion? D.the influence of the strictmonotheism of Islam79、The following descriptions of the second Greco-Persian War are true EXCEPT for _____.B.All Greek city-states united to counter the Persian invasion.80、The Black Death struck a serious blow to the Catholic Church in the following ways,EXCEPT B.Many clergy stuck to their Christian duties and died.81、Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Christianity.Which one is the exception? A.Unlike the Jews, the early Christians of the Roman Empire suffered persecution.82、All the following statements featured the Capetian kings of France, EXCEPT A.TheCapetian kings established strong royal power by conquest, as William had done in England83、Christians considered pagan gods_____. A.as demons84、Who was regarded as the “father of oil painting”?D.Jan van Eyck85、Pope Urban VI started to reform the church and wanted to abolish the following abuses,EXCEPT D.homosexual86、Which of the following statements about Byzantine classicism is true? A.The Byzantinesrevered ancient Greek literature, philosophy and historiography.87、It was during the ____ that the Romans were defeated by the famous Carthaginiangeneral Hannibal. B.the 2nd Punic War88、Which one of the following was NOT a member of the First Triumvirate? B.Sulla89、In the early days of the Roman Republic, ______ had the most important law makingpower. C.the Assembly of Curiae90、All the following statements about the medieval commune are true EXCEPT__. C.Nocommunes battled violently for rights of self-governance.91、What were the three forms of vernacular literature for town dwellers? D.fabliaux, fablesand dramas92、Which one of the following groups of the people could vote in the Roman assemblies?A.Roman generals and adult male plebians93、All of the following political ideas can be accredited to the Romans EXCEPT ____.C.democracy94、Which one does not belong to the Bronze Age civilizations of ancient Greece?C.Hellenistic civilization95、The Hundred Years’ War arose from the following causes, EXCEPT,C.Famine, plague,economic turmoil, social upheaval.96、All the following made up the basic social structure of medieval rural communitiesEXCEPT___. D.The guild97、Which is not the similarity shared by Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and Boccaccio’sDecameron? D.religious themes98、Which of the following statements about The Hundred Years’ War is NOT true?C.Horse-riding knights became more important army force than infantry.99、In Early Middle Ages, Western European civilization differed from the Byzantine andIslamic Empires in the following aspects EXCEPT for _____. C.the influence of ancient Greco-Roman civilizations.100、Which one of the following statements was NOT a factor that brought about the agricultural growth during the Central Middle Ages? D.The food price dropped drastically. 101、The Roman expansion had many consequences EXCEPT ______. B.economic gains for all Romans102、Which one of the following statements about the medieval universities is NOT true? D.A migration of scholars from Cambridge led to the establishment of the University of Oxford in England.103、Which one of the following statements about “Jacques rebellion” is NOT true?A.The peasants involved in the rebellion had a clear political program and organization.104、Which of the following statements about Joan of Arc is NOT true? C.Charles refused her to accompany the army.105、Which of the following reform measures resulted in the moral decline of the Romans?B.selling grain at a low price to citizens106、The economic success of the early Roman Empire was mainly achieved by _____.B.slaves107、Who is usually regarded as the “father of history”?A.Herodotus108、Which is not one of the three great achievements of Italian Renaissance art?A.the revival of classical texts109、What were the three forms of vernacular Literature for nobles? C.lyric poetry, epic poetry and romance poetry110、Jesus lived in the __. A.early 1st century111、Which form of literature was unpopular in the medieval Islamic world? D.drama112、Which one of the following statements about the Black Death is NOT true? D.Death caused by the Black Death worsened the situation of surviving peasants and laborers.113、Which of the following Renaissance writers was not known for his sonnets? A.Dante114、Which is not true in the following about the disruptive deities?C.They were in fact mortals115、The images of gods in Greek mythology are_________. C.as emotional as those of humans;116、The history of the English Bible is the history of the formation of the English language__.A.from a mixture of French, Anglo-Norman, and Anglo-Saxon;117、 A gospel in the New Testament ___. A.is a series of individual accounts of acts or sayings118、Which of the following is Not included in the major themes of the New Testament?B.the human persons119、In the New Testament Jesus was portrayed as the following figure except____. D.the almighty God120、Greek mythology relates the development of the order of the universe to_____ .C.Chaos121、The kingdom of God refers to__. B.the rule of God122、William Tyndale translated the New Testament in the 16 century from ___. B.the Greek text123、In the Middle Ages, the ancient myths___. C.were interpreted allegorically124、Roman writers like Virgil and Ovid were famous as they ___. B.created an inspiring Greco-Roman mythology125、The 19th-century interpretation of myths became more___. C.scientific126、The first complete English Bible was the work of translation by John Wycliffe from___.A.the Latin text127、According to the New Testament, the central message of Jesus was__.A.the kingdom of God128、New schools in the Central Middle Ages attracted__.C.teachers all over Europe129、Which of the following does not contribute to our knowledge of Greek mythology?D.Guesswork130、The deeds of the heroes Heracles and Theseus embody the conflict between___.D.civilization and wild savagery131、Which of the following is Not included in the major themes of the Old Testament?C.the Holy Spirit132、In the Age of Enlightenment, there was emphasis on____.B.rationality133、The early Christians were against ___.D.pagan culture134、Greek mythology influenced Western culture in the following aspects except_.B.architecture135、Which of the following is not true about the Greeks? A.They produced their sacred written text like the Bible136、Which of the following is Not true about the early experience of Jesus? D.His family returned home at last137、The Spanish monarchy was __.A.set up by the Christians138、Jews in the cities were__.D.persecuted by Christians139、By myths the Greeks could do the following except____.D.replacing the roles of gods140、Greek mythology reflects the following except_____ . D.how the Greeks interpreted the world as being orderly141、Greek mythology influenced Western culture in the following aspects except_.B.architecture142、Before the First Crusade, Jews__.C.were forced into the cities143、Roman mythology is actually___.B.not purely Roman144、Greek gods resembled human beings in the following aspects except ___.D.being immortal145、The early Hebrews___.A.concentrated on the role of a supreme god146、It was ____who unified England for the first time. D.King Alfred and his successors 147、Jews in the cities were good at__.A.doing business148、Monasteries were made rich by__.D.the kings and nobles149、The Late Middle Ages almost at the same time__.A.began with the Renaissance150、Historical narrative is best represented in the New Testament by the___.C.Acts of the Apostles151、The images of Cronus and Rhea reflect ___________.C.the communal marriage in the primitive society152、Which of the following is Not true about monasteries? C.Monks did not have to work in the fields at all153、Which of the following is Not true about Jesus? B.His real father was Joseph154、The Greeks’ sense of gods is shared by __.A.the Romans155、Which of the following is Not true about the king Herod? C.He killed all the boys where Jesus lived156、According to the New Testament the Christian church __.C.spoke more of salvation判断题1、In Virgil's Aeneid,Juno was described as the wife of Zeus in Greek mythology. ×2、The historical narratives of the Old Testament are popular. √3、Jupiter was the protector of the Roman state. √4、The Greek equivalent of Jupiter was Apollo. ×5、Observing Sunday as a holy day is not included in the spiritual standards of the Old Testament.×6、The Old Testament is regarded as a book recording the past event of the Jewish people. ×7、Early Christians regarded the Old Testament as an agreement God made through Moses. ×8、Aeneas arrived in Italy with Dido. ×9、The most significant part of the Christian Old Testament lies in books on laws. √10、All the narratives in the Old Testament may be called salvation stories because they areconcerned with showing how human beings were freed from sin. ×11、Recently, scholars argue for the Hebrew cultural influence on apocalyptic literature. √12、The Birth of Venus, created in the Renaissance,was a painting inspired by Virgil's vividdescriptions. ×13、In the story of the founding of Rome,the twins Romulus and Remus were the sons of agod and a woman. √14、Early Romans began to build temples for their gods 170 years before the city wasfounded. ×15、The Old Testament is a collection of books recording oral traditions in the Near East. √16、Early Christians regarded the New Testament as an agreement God made with Adamand Eve. ×17、The exodus from Egyp is related to the earliest history of Israel. √18、The major theological theme of the Old Testament is that Yahweh is the only God in theworld. ×19、There are ten major spiritual standards in the Old Testament. √20、The common feature of Hebrew poetry is rhyming. ×21、The second law in the Old Testament refers to the book of Genesis. ×22、The Ten Commandments are statements of human behavior. ×23、In the development of the Old Testament all the books came into being after oraltraditions. √24、The word renaissance originated in the belief that Europeans had rediscoveredthe superiority of Greek and Roman culture after many centuries of what they considered intellectual and cultural decline. √25、The era preceding the Renaissance became known as the Middle Ages. √26、Participants in the Renaissance studied the great civilizations of ancient Israel andGreece. ×27、Separation of church and state remains the political practice in the western world today.√28、At the beginning of the Middle ages the eastern half of the Roman Empire began tofragment.. ×29、By the 15th century the Pope had become powerful in both the secular life of theEuropeans as well as in their religious life. √30、All city-states of northern Italy belonged to the Holy Roman Empire during theRenaissance. ×31、During the Renaissance, many Italian scholars began to learn Greek because theywanted to translate Latin works into Greek. ×32、Romanesque architecture was known by its massive quality, round arches, barrel vaults,thick walls, sturdy pillars, small windows, large towers and decorative arcading. √33、Medieval fables are regarded as forerunners of the modern short story. ×34、The Hammurabi Code is the oldest known legal document in human history. ×35、The word “tyranny” was just as derogative in ancient Greece as today.×36、After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, allother religious beliefs disappeared. ×37、Christian Humanism helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation. √38、According to Luther, the Bible was the only source of political and religious authority.√39、An important product of vernacular romance literature was the Romance of the Rose.√40、That the early Christians suffered systematical persecution by the Roman authoritieswas a myth. √41、“Middle English” was the national language of the England during the Early MiddleAges. ×42、In the Roman Empire, a foreign soldier could earn citizenship through his militaryservice. √43、Legends have it that the Garden of Eden situated on the Mesopotamian plain. √44、The Hammurabi Code ensured that every one is equal before the law. ×45、The Greek city-states varied greatly in their governmental structures. ×46、Reading of the Bible and his theological teaching made clearer Luther’s idea about themalpractices of the Church. √47、Out of great respect for traditions, the Romans were reluctant to make reforms. ×48、Octavian kept the republican system in name in order to gain support. √49、Martin Luther first expressed his idea of reforming the Church by criticizing the sale ofindulgences. √50、Florence was the major centre of the High Renaissance Art at the early 16th century.×51、Marsilio Ficino, the first man to translate Plato’s complete works from Greek into Latin,was known as a Neo-Platonist. √52、Universities served only a limited sector of the medieval population, only for men andthe wealthy; women and the poor were kept out of education. √53、Earlier Christian leaders all agreed that the gospel was intended for Jews and non-Jewsas well to hear. ×54、Mesopotamian civilization was based on the tradition, culture and custom of one singlegroup of ancient people living in the region. ×55、judaism instilled a sense of individualism ａnd equality into the hebrew society. √56、Athenian magistrate Solon devised the Council of 500 as a check to the power of thenobles. ×57、In the Middle Ages, Christians in Western Europe only needed to pay one tenth of theirannual income to the Church of Rome. ×58、During the 12th and 13th centuries, Romanesque style gradually took the place ofGothic style in architecture. ×59、In his incomplete Summa of Theology, Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcilesystematically Christian doctrine and Greek philosophy. √60、During the Renaissance, all scholars and artists abandoned medieval qualities andembraced modern values over night. ×61、In the Roman Republic, citizenship was determined by blood only. In other words, onlywhen both parents were native Romans could a person become Roman citizen. ×62、The Laws of the Twelve Tables was the first written law in Rome. √63、The Americans learnt from the ancient Rome in creating their federal government. √64、The Roman government offered free food to the poor people to achieve greaterharmony. ×65、The basic units of the first human civilization were city-states. √66、All Egyptian gods have a human body and an animal head. ×67、Among the Olympian gods, Zeus was the chief deity and he was mainly worshipped atOlympia. √68、Due to the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, the Churchof Rome lost its authority to settle all disputes among Christians. √69、According to Aristotle, Form (or Idea) exists as a higher reality than the material world.×70、To allow a person to buy God’s forgive ness and ransom his way out of hell, the Churchdeveloped the sale of indulgences. √71、The characteristic features of the Gothic style included pointed arches, ribbed vaults,flying buttresses, thinner walls, large and stained-glass windows. √72、The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions. ×73、The Italian Renaissance was largely credited to the economic success in Italy at thattime. √74、The term “dictator” did not have its present day’s derogatory meaning in the period ofthe Roman Republic. √75、Officers in the Roman Republic were produced by drawing lots. ×76、Although people from different regions in the Roman Empire spoke different mothertongues, they could always communicate with strangers either in Latin or in Greek, the official languages of the Empire. ×77、The Romans were extremely intolerant of foreign religions. ×78、Similar to all ancient agricultural societies, ancient Egyptians also divided a year intofour seasons. ×79、The Minoan civilization is often regarded as the first advanced civilization of Europe. √80、The sales of Church offices led to low religious and personal standards of the clergymen.√81、Lyric is a poetic form so called because it was originally sung by individuals or a chorusaccompanied by a musical instrument called the lyre. √82、The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V helped the Pope in the movement of CatholicCounter-Reformation. ×83、The Northern Renaissance is the term used to describe the Renaissance in northernEurope, or more broadly in Europe outside Italy. √84、It was the Romans who created the name “Africa” after they conquered the CarthageEmpire. √85、Romance combined features of both vernacular epic and vernacular lyric. √86、At the age of 30, Jesus started to preach; but he had no intention to create a newreligion. √87、It was the Sumerians who first started systematic agriculture. √88、Though the idea of democracy originated in Athens, the practice was very differentfrom today’s western countries.√89、In the tale of Aeneas concerning Rome's founding, Aeneas was the son of a god and agoddess. ×90、Major changes in Roman religious life were due to expansion of Roman influence. √91、The historical narratives of the Old Testament are popular. √92、Rome used to be the religious centre, which caused foreign gods to find their way intoRome. ×93、In terms of literature, the Old Testament is an anthology because it is a collection ofmyths. ×94、The most significant part of the Christian Old Testament lies in books on laws. √95、Many books in the Old Testament are narratives because they report the events in thepast. √96、The Protestant version of the Old Testament is made up of the Jewish Bible only. √97、The Birth of Venus, created in the Renaissance,was a painting inspired by Virgil's vividdescriptions. ×98、Romulus and Remus decided to found a city of their own when they came to the throne.×99、The Throne Succession History of David in the Old Testament comes closer to themodern understanding of history. √100、Most of the prophetic books are Hebrew narratives in form. ×101、The thinking of the Renaissance participants was also influenced by the idea of freedom and equality, which emphasizes the worth of the individual. ×102、That you should not have sex with others beyond marriage is included in the spiritual standards of the Old Testament. √103、The apocalyptic writings concern the past events of the Jews. ×104、The early Romans cared about the human characters of gods. √105、The Old Testament tells the true history of the Jews. ×106、Etiological stories are those which explain the origin of some place, practice or name.√107、Practical advice for living a successful life is one of the general thems of the Hebrew wisdom poetry. √108、Renaissance began in Italy. √109、According to Roman mythology, the Romans originated from Asia Minor. √110、In the Jewish Bible there are 27 books in Hebrew. ×111、The word renaissance means "renewal".×112、Roman mythology involved the founding of all cities. ×113、Scholars now recognize that a number of characteristics of Renaissance art and society had their origins in the Middle Ages. √114、The early Christian church included in the Christian Bible the written records of both the Old and the New Testament because it believed in the continuity of history and of divine activity. √115、The Roman Catholic version of the Old Testament is made up of the Jewish Bible and some other books. √116、Hebrew prophetic books are made up of prophetic speeches. ×117、According to the Old Testament, death is a cruel reality. ×118、According to the Old Testament, Man is a unity of life and death. ×119、Renaissance eventually expanded into Germany, France, England, and other parts of the Mediterranean Sea. ×120、More accurately, the patriarchal stories in Genesis should be called families stories. √121、That different from other creatures, man is a unity of physical matter and life is one of the major theological themes of the Old Testament. ×。
（必考）欧洲文化入门复习资料
（必考）欧洲文化入门复习资料第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________The greatest historian that ever lived. ThucydidesThe dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.“I came, I saw, I conquered.” By _______. Julius CaesarThe representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in anc ient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeksmeant only the adult male citizens.2）Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?答：1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history asopposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour努力: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aesc hylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become clas sics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture?答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t,except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegra ted.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background?答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land area’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium. Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West.Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as _________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and thelife of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity?答：Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions. 1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible?答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’sversion. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷin 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, u p to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English nativealliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding—a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spreadthrough all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith？答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades?答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and tradein western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages?答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The mos t interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was animportant and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain?答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being inthe Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times?1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of the Church. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and noblesused them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monk s’ work on copying and tr anslating ancient books, the Church Fathers’ philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. Theword “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did notstay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance?答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South America as a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture?答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to paya good amount of their gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being differentforms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest, debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture?答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.。
《欧洲文化入门》试题及内容归纳
《欧洲文化入门》I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1 . Two maj or elements in European culture are ____.A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2. ____ deals with the Troj an War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against thecity of Troy ).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocle s4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus5. ____ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6, ____by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7. Dante called ____ “ the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socra t es D. Archimedes8. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9. ____ has been a big subj ect for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Thrower B, V enus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, P arthenon1 0. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11 . It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. Hera c leitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras1 2. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of ____ in 27 B. C. .A. RomeB. AugustusC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana1 3. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.A. Lucre t iusB. V irgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero1 4. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called ____.A. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis1 5. In ____ the Jews were carried away in t o the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).A. 1 69B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B. C.1 6. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1 611 .A. The SeptuagintB. The V ulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Auth o rized version11 7. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The V ulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version1 8. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reserv iors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament1 9. The Middle Ages is a period in which _____ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _____.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21 . In 1 054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. Christ ianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medievaltheology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.centuries《欧洲文化入门》串讲资料1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense（无限的）amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They events of Homer’s own time. (错)（They are not about events of Homer’s own time, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.）6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon, Hector, Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe’s Ulysses(描述一天的生活). In the 20th century.10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》②Sophocles(之首)《Oedipus the King》—→Freud’s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s 《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA．《Trojan Women》B．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D．Realism can be traced back(追溯到) to the Ancient Greece.To be specific(具体来说), Euripides.12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派（The lakers）华兹华兹(新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)13、History (Historical writing)史学创作※“Father of History”—→Herodotus —→war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars. 博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。
欧洲文化入门知识点总结
欧洲文化入门知识点总结《欧洲文化入门知识点总结》嘿，诸位！今天咱要来聊聊欧洲文化入门那些好玩的知识点，这可真是个有趣又充满魅力的领域啊！首先，咱得说说古希腊罗马文化，那可是欧洲文化的源头啊！那帮古希腊人可真是牛掰了，他们想出的那些哲学思想，到现在咱还在探讨呢！就说那苏格拉底，整天在街上和人辩论，问些稀奇古怪的问题，让人既头疼又佩服。
罗马人呢，盖起了大斗兽场，想想那时候的人在里面看角斗，得多刺激啊！这就像是咱现在看拳击比赛一样嗨呢！还有那基督教文化，可别小瞧它！整个欧洲都被它深刻影响着。
那教堂建得一个比一个宏伟壮观，让人一进去就感觉庄严肃穆。
就好像上帝在那瞪着你，让你不自觉地就挺直了腰板。
那些宗教故事也是丰富多彩，什么耶稣诞生啊，最后的晚餐啊，听得人一愣一愣的。
欧洲的文学艺术那也是杠杠的！莎士比亚的戏剧，那台词写得，就跟咱平时说话似的，特别有味道。
还有那些大画家，画出来的画简直像真的一样。
看着他们的作品，就感觉自己好像穿越到了画里的世界。
莫扎特的音乐就更不用说了，那旋律一响起来，整个人都陶醉了，感觉自己都要跟着节奏飘起来啦！再说说那欧洲的建筑，什么哥特式啊，巴洛克式啊，名字听起来就很高端大气上档次。
那些尖顶的教堂，华丽的宫殿，走在里面就跟走在童话故事里似的。
有时候都怀疑是不是有公主或者王子会突然冒出来。
不过呢，欧洲文化也不是没有奇怪的地方。
比如他们以前那贵族的礼仪，繁琐得要命，吃个饭都得比划半天，一顿饭吃完估计都饿过劲了。
还有那骑士精神，说是要忠诚勇敢啥的，感觉就是一群爱打架的人给自己找的借口。
总之呢，欧洲文化入门就是一个大坑，跳进去就出不来啦！这里面的好玩事情太多了，说也说不完。
咱要是有机会啊，可得好好去欧洲溜达溜达，亲身感受一下这些文化的魅力。
说不定还能在哪个角落里发现一些不为人知的小秘密呢！这样的欧洲文化，还真值得咱好好去探索一番呐！各位，是不是也迫不及待想去了解一。
欧洲文化入门复习资料
《欧洲文化入门》复习题（一）Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture第一部分: 古希腊和古罗马文化Greek Culture古希腊文化I.填空1.more enduring持久的and they are element and Judeo-Christia犹太教与基督教所共有的element.2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 53.th公元前4世纪的后期, all Greece was brought under the马其顿王国4.攻克Greece.5.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.6.Revived in the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sportscompetition.奥运会由7.荷马to be the author of their epics史诗.8.The Iliad结盟，同盟of the states of the southern特洛伊9.The Odyssey奥德赛奥德赛思after the Trojan 木马war to hishome, island of Ithaca.伊萨卡poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired 赞赏by readers today:品达颂歌celebrating 庆祝the victories 胜利at the athletic games,14.Aeschylus埃斯库罗斯Agamemnon阿伽门农.15.Sophocles索福克勒斯wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King俄狄浦斯王, Electra伊莱克特拉, and Antigone.安提戈涅16.Euripides women in such plays as Andromache安德洛玛克,Medea麦迪edy喜剧also flourished繁荣in the 5阿里斯托芬, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Waspsoften called ―Father of History‖. He wrote about the wars between19.Thucydides修昔底徳and between锡拉库扎, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily西西里岛.20.was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.21.was the founder of scientific mathematics.22.Heracleitue believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else hadarisen出现.philosophy哲学are andwas one of the earliest philosophical哲学的materialists唯物主义者and speculated推测about the atomic原子的structure结构of matter事件.25.th26.Euclid欧几里得27.To illustrate说明told the king: ―Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.‖给我一个支点，我可以撬动地球。
《欧洲文化入门》复习指南
《欧洲文化入门》复习指南Division One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture(European culture is made up of many elements.Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they they are: the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element.) I. Greek Culture 。
1.The Historical Context1). In a more remote period of Greek history, probably around 1200B.C. , a war was fought between Greece(希腊)andTroy(特洛伊) 。
2). Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.What marked the high point of development in Greek culture in the 5th century B.C.?1). The high point of development in Greek culture was marked by (a) the successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century B.C., (b) the establishment of democracy and (c) the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens(雅典). 。
(完整版)欧洲文化入门复习资料
Part IDirections: Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.****** 1 ******1. _________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval.A. SophistsB. CynicsC. SkepticsD. Epicureans2. _________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: "Give me a place to stand, andI will move the world."A. ArchimedesB. AristotleC. PlatoD. Euclid3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northem tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in _________A. 395B. 27C. 1453D. 4764. The City of God was written by ________, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought.A. JesusB. AugustineC. Thomas AquinasD. Martin Luther5. _________ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist----- a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word.A. MichelangeloB. RaphaelC. ShakespeareD. Leonardo Da Vinci6. In _______, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.A. Don QuixoteB. HamletC. LeviathanD. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe7. The best- known book written by Thomas More is ________ , which describes an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief.A. The Praise of the FollyB. As You Like ItC. Divine ComedyD. Utopia8. ________, author of Prince, is regarded as "father of political science" in the West.A. MachiavelliB. DanteC. BaconD. Locke9. In The Revolution of Heavenly Orbs,________ put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe.A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. Copernicus10. During the _________ century, the modern scientific method began to take shape, which emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization.A. 18thB. 15 thC. 16 thD. 17 th11. _______ said, "Knowledge is power."A.. Isaac NewtonB. Francis BaconC. John LockeD. Marx12. In Faust,_______ drew on an immense variety of cultural material----theological, mythological, philosophical, political, economic, scientific, aesthetic, musical, and literary.A. GoetheB. DefoeC. RousseauD. Byron13. Which of the following is not regarded as a romantic writer?A. WordsworthB. ShelleyC. PushkinD. Balzac14. The most frequent themes of Romanticism include all of the following except _________.A. the power of reasonB. individual freedomC. spontaneityD. love of nature15. "If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" is the ending line of "Ode to the West Wind" by ________.A. WordsworthB. KeatsC. PushkinD. Shelley16. The composer of Swan Lake was ____, a genius in symphonic music.A. TchaikovskyB. ChopinC. BeethovenD. Mozart17. The naturalist school founded by Zola in late 19 th century intended ________.A. to attack the industrial injustice and urban evilsB. to give full play to the imagination of individualsC. to uphold the classical values such as harmony, balance, proportion and retraintD. to demonstrate the law of human conduct by a scientific study of "a slice of life"18. Which of the following novels was not written by Tolstoy?A. ResurrectionB. War and PeaceC. Crime and PunishmentD. Anna Karenina19. In his poems, Walt Whitman sang praises of all of the following value except ________.A. democracyB. the dignity of the individualC. the idyllic way of lifeD. the brotherhood of man20. Modernism was characterized by ________.A. a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventionsB. the exploration of the inner life of the individual and the psychopathology of human relationsC. its intense interest in the bizarre, the mysterious, the unpredictable and the formlessD. all of the above.****** 2 ******1. Greek culture reached a high point of development in _________.A. 1,200B.C. B. 5th century B. C.C. 4th century B.C.D. 146 B. C.2. The masterpiece of engineering in Roman architecture is _________.A. the PathenonB. the ColossseumC. She-wolfD. the Ionic style of temple3. The Old Testament of the Bible is about _________.A. GodB. the doctrine of Jesus ChristC. the Laws of GodD. A and C4. Which of the following statements is true?A. Jesus was born in Galilee.B. Jesus was born in a synagogue.C. Jesus was born into a poor ca rpenter’s family.D. Jesus was born into a merchant’s family.5. Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of _________.A. military serviceB. land holdingC. governmentD. B and C6. Which of the following statements is true about the Gothic style in architecture?A. The Gothic style flourished in the 18th century.B. The Gothic style started in France.C. Sculpture of Gothic style churches were based on the natural forces.D. Gothic style churches were solid but small.7. Renaissance means the revival of interest in _________.A. ancient Greek cultureB. ancient Roman cultureC. the BibleD. A and B8. The reasons for the decline of renaissance in Italy are _________.A. wars and class conflictsB. loss of supremacy in world trade as a result of the discovery of the new world and routes to IndiaC. the tightening of control of the Roman Catholic Church over thought, speech and publicationD. all of the above9. Which of the following died a prisoner?A. CopernicusB. NewtonC. KeplerD. Galileo10. The theory of the social contract was expounded by _________.A. Thomas HobbesB. Francis BaconC. John LockeD. A and C11. In economic thought, the enlightenment thinkers favored _________.A. government interventionB. balanced developmentC. the policy of laissezfaireD. strict regulation12. The author of "The Sorrows of Young Werther" is _________.A. GoetheB. DefoeC. SchillerD. Kant13. The Lakers refer to _________.A. Wordsworth and ColeridgeB. Byron and ShellyC. William Blake and KeatsD. None of the above14. The later Romantics in music refer to _________.A. Schuman and ChopinB. Verdi and WagnerC. Beethoven and MozartD. Haydn and Bach15. In Capital, Marx, after long and careful study, discovered that _________.A. it is men’s social being that determines their consciousnessB. activity is basicC. socialism would be realized through class struggleD. surplus value is the source of the wealth of the capitalist class16. The essence of Darwin’s theory of evolution is _________.A. immutable fixity of speciesB. natural selectionC. artificial selectionD. none of the above17. "The Cherry Orchard" was written by _________.A. DostoyevskyB. GogolC. CorkyD. Chekhov18. Which of the following was not written by Charles Dickens?A. David CopperfieldB. Hard TimesC. Vanity FairD. Oliver Twist19. The author of "Sons and Lovers" is _________.A. Henry JamesB. Virginia WoolfC. T.S. EliotD. D.H. Lawrence20. One of the chief representatives of the Theatre of the Absurd is _________.A. Kinsley AmisB. John OsborneC. Allen GinsbergD. Samuel Beckett****** 3 ******1. Socrates was _________.A. the teacher of AristotleB. the student of PlatoC. the teacher of PlatoD. the student of Aristotle2. One of the contributions the Romans made to European culture was _________.A. the Roman empireB. the slave systemC. the production of the great epic writerD. the Roman law3. The Book of Daniel describes _________.A. the struggle of the Jews against the Syrian ruleB. the prisoners in BabylonC. the story of Noah’s ArkD. the rule of King Solomon4. The Old Testament was originally written in _________.A. HebrewB. Aramaic dialectC. GreekD. Latin5. Which of the following is not included in the Code of Chivalry?A. Loyalty to his lord.B. Fighting for the church.C. Protection of the people.D. Respect for women of noble birth.6. The goal of the Crusades was_________.A. to re-control JerusalemB. to open path to ByzantineC. to regain the Holy land --- PalestineD. to open trade route to the east7. The essence of Renaissance philosophy was _________.A. the emphasis on the greatness of manB. the glorification of GodC. the emphasis on the giving up of worldly pleasureD. the importance of wealth8. Leonardo da Vinci, in his lifetime, put down his observation in notebooks running up to _________ volumes.A. 1, 000B. 5, 000C. 3, 000D. 4, 0009. "Knowledge is power" is one of the quotations from _________.A. John LockeB. Francis BaconC. Isaac NewtonD. Gotffried Wilhelm yon Leibniz10. The most important point in Descartes’ philosophy is _________.A. I think therefore I amB. I use my senses therefore I amC. I doubt therefore I amD. None of the above11. The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were _________.A. V oltaire and RousseauB. Diderot and MontesquieuC. John Locke and Isaac NewtonD. None of the above12. Which of the following remarks was made by Rousseau?A. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.（The Declaration of Independence 美国的《独立宣言》）B. The thirst after happiness is never extinguished in the heart of man.（Rousseau卢梭）C. Love truth, but pardon error. (V oltaire伏尔泰)D. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else.(Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen（1789）法国的《人权宣言》)13. Romanticism was a movement in Europe _________.A. in the late 19th century and early 20th centuryB. in the 19th centuryC. in the late 17th century and early 18th centuryD. in the late 18th century and early 19th century14. The two most important works of Victor Hugo’s are _________.A. Atala and Rene（Chateaubriand夏多布里昂）B. Ivanhoe and The Heart of Mid – lothianWalter Scott的《艾凡赫》又译《撒克逊劫后英雄传》以及《中洛辛郡的心脏》C. Notre Dame de Paris and Les MiserablesD. Eugene Onegin and Boris Godunov普希金pushkin的《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》和《鲍里斯·戈都诺夫》15. The man who applied Darwi n’s evolution to society was_________.A. Yah FuB. Thomas HuxleyC. Alfred Russel WallaceD. Herbert Spencer16. According to Marx，the most important thing about Feuerbach was _________.A. he proclaimed materialismB. he supported HegelC. he supported the utopian socialistsD. he put forward the idea of class struggle17. "Sunflower" was the work of _________.A. van GoghB. Paul GauguinC. Claude MonetD. Gustave Courbet18. Which of the following works is not written by Thomas Hardy?A. Far from the Madding Crowd.B. The Return of the Native.C. Tess of the d'Urberyvilles.D. A Tale of Two Cities.19. William Butler Yeats was a(n) _________ poet.A. EnglishB. ScottishC. AmericanD. Irish20. "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" was an autobiographical novel by _________.A. Ezra PoundB. William FaulknerC. James JoyceD. Ernest Hemingway****** 4 ******1. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?A. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman Empire?A. The Roman Empire had never been divided.B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century.3. The Bible has been regarded as __________.A. a religious bookB. literatureC. record of great mindsD. all of the above4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as__________.A. a loosely organized religious institutionB. a highly centralized European organizationC. a highly centralized and disciplined international organizationD. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization.5. The Crusades were wars between __________.A. the Arabs and the Christian PilgrimsB. the Turks and the Christians in Western EuropeC. the Christians in Western Europe and the MoslemsD. the Arabs and the Turks6. St. Thomas Aquinas defended in his works __________.A. feudal hierarchy of societyB. divine power of feudal rulersC. the Pope' s supremacy over secular rulersD. all of the above7. The motto Montaigne put down in the essays was __________.A. What do I know?B. I doubt therefore I think.C. Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.D. Only to stand out of my light.8. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator who __________.A. discovered the Cape of Good HopeB. discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good HopeC. explored the mouth of the AmazonD. was the first to visit Cuba and Haiti9. Which of the following laws was discovered by Newton?A. Law of buoyancy.B. Law of falling bodies.C. Law of relativity.D. Law of universal gravitation.10. In Locke' s political philosophy, the chief reason for the institution of civil government was __________.A. the protection of private propertyB. the upholding of free thinkingC. the abolishment of the rule of the churchD. regulation of economy11. Which of the following is not true about the developments of the Industrial Revolution?A. The substitution of water power for human power.B. The introduction of machine.C. The beginning of the factory system.D. The growth of modem capitalism and the working class.12. "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. "This is a remark made by __________.A. V oltaireB. RousseauC. DiderotD. Moliere13. In the works of __________, one can see the spirit of the Age of Reason.A. HandelB. HaydnC. BachD. Mozart14. The poem of Byron' s that was translated into Chinese at the turn of the 20th century is __________.A. Don JuanB. Defence of PoetryC. Ode to a NightingaleD. Isles of Greece15. Throughout his life, Beethoven struggled to pass on through his music __________.A. the spirit of the French RevolutionB. the spirit of Byronic heroesC. ideas of a moral natureD. the praise of natural beauty16. __________ is considered to be the poet of the piano.A. MozartB. ChopinC.SchubertD. Schumann17. Which of the following works was not written by Charles Dickens?A. A Tale of Two Cities.B. The Mayor of Casterbridge.C. David Copperfield.D. Pickwick Papers.18. The author of the short story The Necklace was __________.A. O' HenryB. Jack LondonC. Mark TwainD. Maupassant19. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd/Petals on a wet, black bough. "The author of these lines was __________.A. William FaulknerB. Ezra PoundC. T. S. EliotD. William Butler Yeats20. __________was regarded as the greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century.A. SholokhovB. TolstoyC. ChekhovD. Gorky****** 5 ******I. The contribution of ancient Greeks to world civilization is _________A. Athenian democracyB. The Olympic GamesC. The epics of HomerD. All of the above2. Which of the following is true about Herodotus?A. He is called " Father of History".B. He wrote about the wars between Athens and Sparta.C. He contributed greatly to tragic art.D. He used clever parody in his writing.3. Genesis of the Old Testament tells about __________A. the fall of manB. the creation of the worldC. Noah’s ArkD. all of the above.4. The leader of the slave uprising in 73 B. C. was _________A. NeroB. MosesC. SpartacusD. Abraham5. The great contribution of St. Jerome was __________A. the building of monasteriesB. the translation of Old and New Testaments into LatinC. the setting up of the church systemD. none of the above6. The main classes under feudalism in Western Europe were __A. monks, lords and townspeopleB. clergy, knights and peasantsC. knights, peasants and townspeopleD. clergy, lords and peasants7. Which of the following is not true about Dante?A. Dante was a great Italian poet.B. Dante wrote Beowulf.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian.D. Dante was a great political thinker.8. John Wycliffe was twice condemned as a heretic because of __________A. his teaching philosophy at OxfordB. his vigorous attack on orthodox church doctrinesC. his clerical associations and activitiesD. A&C9. Scientists in the 17th century, such as Galileo and Newton, attached great importance to ________A. deductive reasoningB. classical authorityC. direct observation and experimentD. humanist learning10. The method that Francis Bacon introduced in inquiry was _________.A. practicalB. deductive reasoningC. inductionD. experiment11. The characteristic of Dutch art in the early 17th century was ________.A. that it was still mainly religious paintingsB. that it recorded the familiar scenes and everyday life of the timeC. that it was mainly portraits of noble familiesD. that the theme was mainly court life12. Who was the first one to put forward the doctrine of separation of powers?A. LockeB. HobbesC. V oltaireD. Montesquieu13. Diderot is best known as ________.A. the author of Persian Letter s（Montesquieu）B. the author of the Origin of Human Inequality（Rousseau）C. the editor of the EncyclopedieD. the author of Philosophical Thoughts(Diderot)14. The lines "And mask in every face I meet / Masks of weakness, masks of woe" are written by _______.A. William BlakeB. SchillerC. ByronD. Keats15.B. LermontovC. ChekhovD. Turgenev16. A work jointly written by Marx and Engels is ________.A. CapitalB. The Manifesto of the Communist PartyC. Thesis on FeuerbachD. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific17. Which author won the Nobel Prize in 1925?A. Thomas HardyB. George EliotC. George Bernard ShawD. Henry James18. Which novel was acclaimed as the greatest of all anti-slavery manifestoes'?.A. Leaves of GrassB. Uncle Tom's Cabi nC. The Portrait of a LadyD. Dead Souls19. _______ was the discoverer of X - rays.A. RontgenB. Madame CurieC. RutherfordD. Einstein20. The author of The Interpretation of Dreams wasA. T. S. EliotB. James JoyceC. D. H. Lawrence D. Sigmund Freud****** 6 ******1. Who were considered as people by the ancient Athens?A. Women citizensB. AdultsC. Adult male citizensD. Foreigners and children2. Which of the following is true about Dialogues?A. Dialogues was a book written by Socrates.B. Dialogues was a record of life of Plato.C. Dialogues was a record of Socrates written by Plato.D. Dialogues was a record of Socrates's sayings by his followers.3. The great deed that David performed was ____.A. he took the Hebrews back to CanaanB. he killed Goliath, the philistine giantC. he went to the top of the mountain in Sinai to receive message from (~dD. none of the above4. In the early days of Christianity, it was a religion of _____.A. the richB. the poorC. the ruling classD. all people5. Which of the following statements about knighthood is not true?A. A nobleman was born a knight.B. Knighthood had to be earned.C. One had to be trained in order to become a knight.D. After being dubbed a knight, he had to observe the Code of Chivalry.6. The Inquisition was ______A. a church court set up to try hereticsB. an organization for church investigationC. a court in many kingdomsD. the decision - making body of the church7. Art to Michelangelo was a means by which_____.A. he expressed his opposition to the despotic ruleB. he made inquiry into the realityC. he expressed his vision of manD. B and C8. Counter- Reformation means that the Roman Catholic Church _____.A. suppressed the Reformation movement by forceB. refused to accept any reformC. re-established itself as a dynamic force in European affairs by introducing reforms and improvementsD. ganged up with the Spanish monarchy to set up the Inquisition9. Kepler's contribution to astronomy isA. his discovery of the law of inertiaB. his discovery of the Ptolemaic systemC. his discovery of the three laws of planetary motionD. none of the above10. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke stated that .__A. all our knowledge sprang from experienceB. knowledge was powerC. every man was enemy to every manD. the world was made up of simple, active substances11. The symbolic event of the French Revolution in 1789 was _____.A. the issuance of the Declaration of IndependenceB. the founding of the First RepublicC. the seizure of the BastilleD. the publication of The Spirit of the Laws12. V oltaire was noted for his_____.A. witB. satireC. passionD. A and B13. In Critique of Pure Reason, Kant argued that________.A. knowledge is the joint product of both sense and reasonB. creation is never complete; it is ever going onC. virtue can be sustained without religious beliefD. man's greatest ills are not natural but are made by man himself14. The Lyrical Ballads was written by _________.A. ShelleyB. Wordsworth and ColeridgeC. Blake and KeatsD. Byran and Shelley15. The line "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" comes from_________.A. WordsworthB. ByronC. KeatsD. Blake16. In developing Marxist philosophy, Marx and Engels accepted _______ in German classical philosophy.A. Hegel's dialecticsB. Feuerbach's metaphysicsC. Feuerbach's materialismD. A and C17. Balzac's monumental work was ________.A. Divine ComedyB. The Human ComedyC. The Brothers KaramazovD. Les Miserables18. The author of A Doll's House was ________.A. George Bernard ShawB. ChekhovC. Henric IbsenD. Leo Tolstoy19. Which of the following works was written by William Faulkner?A. The Waste LandB. DublinersC. CantosD. The Sound and the Fury20. The poem Howl was written by ________.A. Kingsley AmisB. John OsborneC. Allen GinsbergD. Ezra Pound****** Division 1 ******Division1:1-5 DCBBC 6-10 CAACC****** Division 2 ******Division2:1-5 DCABB 6-8 BCC****** Division 3 ******Division3: 1-5 ADDBB 6-8 DDCCB****** Division 4 ******Division 4:1-5 BCCDA 6-8 CBDCC****** Division 5******Division 5:1-5 CBADC 6-8 ADBCC****** Division 6******Division 6:1-5 CBADA 6-8 DCA****** Division 7******Division 7:1-5 CDDAB 6-8 CADBA****** Division 8************ Division 9******Division 9:1-5 ACBCD 6-10 CABBA****** Division 10 ******Division 10:1-6 DADBDC 7-12 CCBBDBPart IIDirections: Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.Division One Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Iliad（《伊利亚特》）1) It is one of the two great ancient Greek epics by Homer. 2) It deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy probably in the period 1200-1100 B. C. 3) The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek side. 4) In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.2. Herodotus（希罗多德）1) He is one of great ancient Greek historians. 2) He is of ten called “Father of History”. 3) He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. 4) His works, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable. 5) His object in writing was “that the great and wonderful deeds done by G reeks and Persians should not lack renown.”3. Socrates1) He was the philosopher of ancient Greece in the 5th to 4th century B.C. 2) He was considered one of the three greatest names in European philosophy. 3) He hold that philosophy took the aim to reach the conclusion of oneself and virtue was knowledge. 4) His thoughts were recorded in Dialogues by Plato. 5) He devised the dialectical method.4. Dialectical method（辩证法）1) It was devised by ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. 2) It is a method of argument, by questions and answers.5. Plato1) He was the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. 2) His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: the Apology, Symposium and the Republic. 3) Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy.4) His philosophy is called idealism.6. Diogenes（狄奥艮尼）1)He was one of the Cynic’s leaders in ancient Greece, who decided to live like a dog. 2) The word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek. 3) He rejected all conventions, advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.7. Stoics（斯多咯派）1) It was one of four ancient Greek schools of philosophers in the 4th century B.C. 2) To them , the most important thing in life was “duty”. 3) It developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. 4) The chief Stoic was Zeno.8. Doric Style（陶立克柱）1) It is one of three ancient Greek architecture styles. 2) It is also called the masculine style. 3) It is sturdy, powerful, severe-looking and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers. 4) The Doric style is monotonous and unadorned.9. Pax Romana（罗马和平）1) In the year 27 B.C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the tile of Augustus. 2) Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. 3) The emperors mainly relied on a strong army---the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. 4) Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is know as Pax Romana.10. Virgil（维吉尔）1) He was the greatest of Latin poets. 2) He wrote the great epic, the Aeneid. 3) The poem opened out to the future, for Aeneas stood at the head of a race of people who were to found the first the Roman republic and then the Roman Empire.Division Two The Bible and Christianity1. The Bible1) The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ.2. The Old Testament1)The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 3)The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.3. The New Testament1) The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ. 3)The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.4. Pentateuch（摩西五经）1) In the Old Testament, the oldest and most important are the first five books, called Pentateuch. 2) Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis (创世记), Exodus (出埃及记), Leviticus(利未记), Numbers (民数记), Deuteronomy (申命记).5. Genesis1) Genesis is the first one of the five books in Pentateuch in Old Testament. 2) It tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.6. Exodus1) Exodus is the second one of the five books in Pentateuch in the Old Testament.2) It tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt led by Moses. 3) During the period they began to receive God’s Law.7. Noah’s Ark（挪亚方舟）1) For many hundred years after Adam and Eve were driven out of Eden, the。
欧洲文化入门大纲
欧洲文化入门复习大纲Division one Greek culture and Roman cultureHomeric ageThe limitation of Greek democracyHomer’s two epicsDrama: three tragic drammatists. Who is the greatest ancient tragic dramatist, while who is the father of tragedyThe master works by A SEA( Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophane)Father of historyPhilosophy: PHDSPA( plato’s works)Contending schools of thoughtFive schools and their leaders and doctrineArchitecture styles: three stylesRoman Calendar: the source of the 12 months, from the first month to the eighthFather of ancient latin languageThe first triumvirate(三巨头)Virgil and his master epicColoseum (圆形剧场)She-wolf, the legend of RomeDivision twoThe meaning of Hebrew and of IsraelWhy 14, a lucky numberThe two forceful beliefs that separate christianity from other religionsThe two robbers who are cruxified with Jesus. Two different kinds of people they representThe great reservoirs of modern EnglishIdioms from bible. Cite examples to show your mastery of them.Division threeAncient china shaping middle age of EuropeAtila, the scourge of God(上帝之鞭)Which country in central europe can be relative of China.“my vassals’ vassals are not my vassals” shows what situation in feudal europe.Knighthood and code of chivalry, the source of western good mannersRound table culture and democracyWhat is trinity?The only English king to titled “ the great” and where is he great?Roger Bacon and his turning significance in the path of western science developmentNational epics ；two national epics.The greatest english poet and his master workDivision fourRenaissanceThe heart of Renaissance philosophyShakespeare’s summarization of Reanaissance man’s greatness(cf, Hamlet)Venetian school of arts: three representatives(三杰)Father of western paintingMatin Luther and John CalvinHenry VIII’s ReformationSpanish novel writer Cervantes and his Don QuixoteUtopian writer Thomas More and his work UtopiaShakespeare’s four great tragedies and comediesDante’s political contributio nThe father of western politics: his works and bourgeois ideasThe two leaders of English Revolution: the one of mind, the other of action.John Milton’s three epicsWhich king or queen’s age is called the gold times of England?French Moliere and his status in literature and French national characterDivison sixThe two missions of Enlightenment(两大历史使命)Montesquieu and his the Spirit of Law. Separation of powerV oltaire and his works and his mottos(名言)Rousseau and his revolutionary ideas in his works.A Copernicus in Education by which book is he given such an honor?Why the 18th England is called the Augustan Age?Daniel DefoeJonathan SwiftSamuel Richardson’s Pamela and Clarissa, compare the two seemingly same yet different heroins Henry Fielding’s title and his master work; Tom JonesThe periodical essays –the Tatler and the Spectator’s contributionGerman literatureLessing and his worksGeothe and his epic Fraust’s themetic significance(分析其悲剧主题意义)English romantic trio英国浪漫主义三剑客和他们的作品。
王佐良欧洲文化入门知识点总结
王佐良欧洲文化入门知识点总结一、欧洲地理概况1. 概述：欧洲是世界上第三大洲，北起北冰洋，南至地中海和黑海，西界大西洋，东临乌拉尔山脉、乌拉尔河和里海。
2. 各国概况：欧洲共有50个国家，主要包括英国、法国、德国、意大利、西班牙等国家。
欧洲拥有悠久的历史和丰富的文化遗产，是世界上重要的文明发源地之一。
二、欧洲历史概述1. 文艺复兴：欧洲文艺复兴是欧洲历史上一次重大的文化运动，是从14世纪中后期开始，15世纪到16世纪初达到高潮。
这一时期，由于欧洲贵族与市民阶级的崛起，人民的生活水平逐渐提高，文化艺术得到了迅速的发展，为欧洲历史上的大航海时代和工业革命奠定了基础。
2. 工业革命：工业革命是指从18世纪末到19世纪初，以英国为中心的一场以机器代替手工业为特征的社会经济变革。
工业革命的发生，标志着世界生产力的大幅提高，也为现代科学技术的快速发展和现代企业组织形式的出现奠定了基础。
三、欧洲文化的特点1. 宗教文化：欧洲是基督教文明的发源地，基督教文化在欧洲有着深远的影响，造就了许多宏伟的教堂和宗教艺术。
2. 古典文化：希腊罗马文化对欧洲文明有着深远的影响，许多欧洲国家的建筑、雕塑、绘画等艺术形式都受到了古典文化的启发。
3. 音乐文化：欧洲有着丰富多样的音乐文化，如奥地利的维也纳音乐、意大利的歌剧、西班牙的弗拉明戈等，许多世界著名的作曲家和音乐家都出自欧洲。
4. 文学文化：欧洲文学在世界文学史上占有重要地位，如莎士比亚、但丁、雨果、托尔斯泰等名家名作都是世界文学宝库中的珍品。
四、欧洲风俗文化1. 饮食文化：欧洲的饮食文化多种多样，以法国、意大利等国家的美食最为著名，例如法式大餐和意大利披萨饼等。
2. 节庆文化：欧洲各国有着丰富多彩的传统节庆，如法国的巴士底狄大游行、德国的慕尼黑啤酒节、西班牙的圣诞夜等。
3. 服饰文化：欧洲各国的服饰文化也十分丰富多彩，代表性的如英国的格子、法国的时装等。
五、欧洲国际关系1. 欧盟：欧洲联盟是由欧洲国家组成的政治经济联盟，旨在促进成员国之间的经济合作与发展，维护和平与安全。
欧洲文化入门复习重点
Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.3、Ancient Greece’s epics was created by Homer.4、The Home r’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy三大悲剧大师①AeschylusPrometheus Bound —→Shelly Prometheus Unbound②SophoclesOedipus the King —→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers③EuripidesA．Trojan WomenB．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)C．Realism can be traced back to the Ancient Greece，to be specific, Euripides.7、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.Aristophanes writes about nature.8、History (Historical writing)“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war (between Greeks and Persians)“t he greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (between Sparta and Athens) 9、①Euclid’s Elements解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.②ArchimedesHis work laid basis for not only geometry几何学,but also arithmetic算术, mechanics机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学“Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”.（Archimedes）10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志)From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, and Greek that of the eastern half.Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire.13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic.14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions(罗马军团)15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known asPax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民).18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.20、Cicero西赛罗his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence on the development of European prose.21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world’s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式25. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers.②Scientific mathematics.③Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus①the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialism.唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers1、Socrates①He hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The Lyceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.(2)、Five contending schools1、The Sophists诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.2、The Cynics犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.3、The Sceptics置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus.②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.5、The Stoics斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.He developed into Stoics’ duty.He was also a materialist.What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim in life，but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere. Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation创新精神The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3、Lasting effect持续的影响①Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. ②In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. ③In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Division Two：The Bible and Christianity1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judaism and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身)Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews.5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.7、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经11、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.12、Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.14、The History Books① The development of system of landed nobles.② The development of monarchy. 君主专制③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成④ The settlement in the highlands⑤ Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马修福音书)17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.What difference between Christianity and the other religions?Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (加尔文主义也有这样的观点)What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2、Miltion’s Paradise Lost , Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden.Division Three：The Middle Ages1、the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it was the transitional period(过渡时期) between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭3、Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”,a grant of land.4、5、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)7、St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)8、Augustine —→ “Confession” and “The City of God”9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.12、Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.13、National Epics(民族史诗运动)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.14、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点：① power of observation (观察)② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性)15、Gothic① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式）16、The Canterbury Tales:① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2、The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3、In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.4、It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?1、feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government.6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流)2、During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制)3、Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4、The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字), algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.5、As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade inwestern Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.How did literature develop in the middle ages?1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示) the spirit of Renaissance.③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集)① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.②Most of the tales are written in verse (诗) which reflects(反映) Chaucer’s innovation (改革) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵) the French and Italian styles.③ Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.Division Four：Renaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The wo rd “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo —— David —— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) —— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶) —— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures against different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian —— The Venus of Urbino (维纳斯)10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、CalvinismCalvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。
高中英语教学论文 欧洲文化入门复习资料
欧洲文化入门复习资料精选第二章1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. 在西方最具影响力的宗教2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture： Judaism and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition， which gave birth to Christianity. （犹太教是基督教的前身） Both originated in Palestine， which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews. 犹太人的祖先是希伯来人5、They called “Hebrews”，which means “wanderers”。
商旅6、About 1300 B.C.， the Hebrews came to settle （定居） in Palestine.7、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.8、The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament.9、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 上帝与上帝的教义10、The New Testament is about the doctrine （教义） of Jesus Christ11、The New Testament is， in essence （实质上）， the four accounts （四福音书）， written by the four disciples.弟子12、The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.13、Bible is representative of Christianity and 新旧约14、The Old Testament名词解释The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.15、The New Testament名词解释The Bible was divided into two sections： the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine （教义） of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.16、The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch.摩西五经17、Pentateuch名词解释The Old Testament consists of 39 books， the oldest and most important of which are the first five books， called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books：Genesis （创世记）， Exodus （出埃及记）， Leviticus（教义记）， Numbers （逃亡记）， Deuteronomy （摩西遗言记）。
欧洲文化入门复习资料
一．细节知识点（一）Greek ＆Roman1.drama●Aeschylus埃斯基洛斯：Prometheus Bound被束缚的普罗米修斯,Persians波斯人，Agamennon●Sophcles索发克里斯：（tragic art）Oedipus the king, Electra，Antigone●Euripides欧里庇得斯：“problem plays”，Andromache，Medea，Trojan Women●Aristophanes阿里斯多芬尼斯：Frogs，Clouds，Wasps，Birds2.Historian●Herodotus：*“father of history”* from Greek to Persians*full of anecdotes and dialogues ,interesting●Thucydides: *younger than Herodotus *Athens to Sparta andAthens to Syracuse希拉库萨 *style is imagination and power*the greatest historian that ever lived3.philosophy and science●Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯： *bold thinker *believe everything isnumbers* scientific mathematics----point，line ，magnitude震级，surface，body，first proportion●Heracleitus赫拉克里克：*fire is the primary element ofuniverse*sayings: all is flux，nothing stationary/you cannot steptwice into the same river/fresh waters are ever flowing inupon you/ the sun is new every day.*believe mingling of opposites ,opposites produce harmony(二) Bibletranslation●Latin version：383-405AD by St .Jerome●English version：1382 John Wycliff(三)Middle ages/ Medieval1. AD 476 Roman power was gone2. after 1054 Church was divided into Roman Catholic and EasternOrthodox Church3.The Crusades: 1096－1291 last for about 200 years4.learning：● Charlemagne查理曼大帝：*western and central Europe*father of Europe .Emperor of Romans in 800*Carolingian Renaissance加洛林*encourage Christian religion and ancient learning by settingmonastery schools● Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝：*ruler of Anglo Saxon of Wessex*Encourage teacher and scholars , Wessex center of learning*Anglo Saxon chronicles英国编年史● St .Thomas Aquinas*Italian philosopher ,scholasticism经院哲学*Summa Contra Centiles , Summa Theologiae 《神学大全》*building a society of “God’s rule””God’s will”，Pope is“Christ’s plenipotentiary基督的全权代表” above secular rulers● Roger Bacon罗杰培根*a British monk ,one of the earliest advocates of experimentalscientific research and observation*works :Opus maius ,encyclopedia of the sciences of his time5．Literature●Beowulf :an Anglo Saxon epic● Song of Roland ，La Chanson de Gestes: French● Dante：the divine of comedy神曲 greatest poet of Italy●Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟：English poet ：canterbury tales坎特伯雷故事集，（first short story teller, first modern poet in Englishliterature ）（四）Renaissance1.started in Florence and Venice， Italy2.heart of Renaissance philosophy is greatness of man ，humanism3.masterpieces :● Giovanni Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日谈（the greatestachievement of prose fiction 散文小说in the middle ages）● Francesco Petrarch彼德拉克：*discover Cicero’s Oration Oro Arochia,a Roman defense of poetry*Works： Canzoniers（lyrical）, Africa，Metrical Epistles，OnContempt for the Worldly Life，On Solitude，Ecologues， The Letters●Giotto乔托：*forerunner of Renaissance，led the way to humanism，realistic depiction of space*works: Flight into Egypt ,Betrayal of Juda s●Giorgione乔尔乔捏：Tempesta , Sleeping Venus（use of colour schemes to unify picture and most revolutionary result in this sphere)●Leonardo da Vinci:*painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer,inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.*12 paintings 5000 books ,Renaissance man in the true sense of word.*Last Supper(most famous religious pictures), Mona Lisa(most portrait)●Michelangelo Buonarroti:* an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer* David ，Sistine Chapel ，Dying Slave ,Moses●Raphael：Madonna（Virgin Mary）各种圣母画，school of Athens● Rabelais拉伯雷： French ，Gargantua and Pantagruel《巨人传》● Pleiade 七星诗社：French ,leader is Pirre de Ronsard(Sonnet PourHelene) ，发扬保卫法兰西语言●Cervantes塞万提斯：Spanish，Don Quixote 1062● Erasmus：Dutch， Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, teacher,and theologian，Greek edition of New Testament ,Praise ofFolly《愚人颂》●Durer : German ,follower of Martin Lutherthe four horsemen of apocalypse 天启四骑士knight ，death and the devil●Thomas more：英国人，Utopia乌托邦，conclusion●Shakespeare：英国人Twelfth night ，As you like it ，Hamlet，Othello，King Lear ，Macbeth，Antony andCleopatra，Sonnets, King Henry 5，6二 .名词解释1.RenaissanceRenaissance is a period of western civilization between 14-17thcentury. The word Renaissance means revival .it also means therevival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture，whichstarted in Florence and Venice ，Italy . the heart of~is humanism.2 . Reformation~ was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement ,which began with Martin Luther’s 95 theses in1517. The Reformation began as an attempt to reform the RomanCatholic Church.3．Middle ages ：~is also called Medieval ,”the year of faith”* or the thousand-year period following the fall of the western roman empire in the 5thcentury .it came between ancient times and modern times .During thisperiod Germanic kingdom grew into nations such asEngland ,French ,Spain, Italy, Germany.4 . Feudalism~is a system of holding land in exchange for military service .the word~was derived from the Latin “feudum” , a grant of land.5 Catholic~Means” universal”. ~church was a highly centralized and disciplinedinternational religious organization .in the middle ages ,almostevery Europeans belonged to it.6. old testament~is one of the two parts of the Bible ,which is about the God and the laws of God. Testament means agreement—the agreement between Godand man.7. Pentateuch 摩西五书The oldest first five parts of the Bible includingGenesis ,Exodus，Leviticus, Numbers， Deuteronomy8. doric ：one of Greek architecture styles，~is also called masculine style .it’s sturdy坚定的，powerful，severelooking ，showing sense ofproportions and numbers.Ionic：feminine style graceful and elegant，showing wealth of ornament装饰三.问答1. What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?After the Roman Empire lost its predominance优势, a great many Germanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England, France, Italy, and Germany in its place. These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste. There was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds years.2. What were the cultural characteristics of the period from 500 to 1000?Above all, the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.3.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.And to spread the new ideas, libraries and academies were founded.In the 15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.4.How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medieval tr aditions?The Italian Renaissance art and architecture radically broke away from the medi eval methods of representing the visible pared with the latter,the fo rmer has the following distinct features:⑴Art broke away from the domination of church and artist who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church became a separate strata doing noble and crea tive work⑵Themes of painting and architecture changed from purely celestial realm focusing on the stories of the Bible,of God and Mary to an appreciation of all a spects of nature and man;⑶The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of theprinciples of ancient civilization into their works;⑷Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求⑸。
欧洲文化入门复习资料
论述题1、人文主义人文主义一词也可译作“人道主义”，但在西方思想史上，人文主义特指人道主义的最初历史形态，是文艺复兴时期人文学者的世界观。
人文主义是文艺复兴运动的旗帜，是文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级在反封建反教会斗争中形成的思想体系。
它主张一切以人为本，反对神的权威，把人从中世纪的神学枷锁下解放出来，对“人”的肯定成了人文主义思想的核心。
其主要内容表现在：1、用人权反对神权；2、用个性解放反对禁欲主义；3、用理性反对蒙昧主义；4、用户中央集权，反对封建割据。
2、古希腊罗马文化繁荣的条件古典时代希腊文化出现空前繁荣并非偶然，而是希腊奴隶制城邦充分发展的必然结果。
首先，希腊各城邦奴隶制经济的发展是雅典古典文化繁荣的物质基础，早在古风时代，随着城邦的形成和海外殖民，希腊对外经济交流不断增强，城邦的工商业有了长足的发展，并造就了一个崇尚民主与自由的新工商业奴隶主阶层。
他们领导了城邦的民主政治建设，大力发展工商业经济，为文化发展创造了条件。
公元前5世纪上半叶希波战争的胜利，进一步有力推动了雅典等城邦的工商业发展，使希腊奴隶制经济达到了空前的繁荣，这就为文化的繁荣奠定了物质基础。
其次，希腊城邦制度及其民主政治与公共生活，激发了城邦公民的文化创造力，同时又为文化发展提供了宽松的政治环境。
古代希腊在城邦制度下，各城邦总的来说都是共和政体，但民主的程度却很不一样，从而使各城邦的民主制度呈现出多样化。
这种政治多元性为城邦之间互相比较、互相影响、互相学习和竞争提供了条件，开阔了各城邦政治家、思想家和普通公民的政治视野，产生了各种政治学说。
城邦的公共生活培养了公民的公共意识，使他们能更好的为城邦服务。
再次，古希腊的文化成就，为古典时代文化的繁荣铺垫了浓厚的文化背景。
《荷马史诗》是希腊文学的渊源，古典时代的文学作品无一不受到它的影响。
《神谱》是希腊自然哲学的思想渊源，其中包含的理性思维，促成了哲学思维的诞生。
抒情时代的诗歌是希腊戏剧产生的基础。
欧洲文化入门复习重点
Introduction1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Division One：Greek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.3、Ancient Greece’s epics was created by Homer.4、The Home r’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy三大悲剧大师①AeschylusPrometheus Bound —→Shelly Prometheus Unbound②SophoclesOedipus the King —→ Freud’s “the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结)—→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers③EuripidesA．Trojan W omenB．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)C．Realis m can be traced back to the Ancient Greece，to be specific, Euripides.7、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.Aristophanes writes about nature.8、History (Historical writing)“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war (between Greeks and Persians)“t he greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (between Sparta and Athens) 9、①Euclid’s Elements解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.②ArchimedesHis work laid basis for not only geometry几何学,but also arithmetic算术, mechanics机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学“Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”.（Archimedes）10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志)From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire, and Greek that of the eastern half.Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire.13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic.14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions(罗马军团)15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known asPax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民).18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.20、Cicero西赛罗his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence on the development of European prose.21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world’s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、The embodiment of Greek de mocracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式25. Many of Plato’s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras①All things were numbers.②Scientific mathematics.③Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源②The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus①the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialis m.唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers1、Socrates①He hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.②The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The L yceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.(2)、Five contending schools1、The Sophists诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.2、The Cynics犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.3、The Sceptics置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus.②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.5、The Stoics斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.He developed into Stoics’ duty.He was also a materialist.What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim in life，but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere. Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation创新精神The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3、Lasting effect持续的影响①Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect. ②In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn. ③In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Division Two：The Bible and Christianity1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judais m and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身)Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews.5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.7、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经11、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.12、Noah’s Ark was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.14、The History Books① The development of system of landed nobles.② The development of monarchy. 君主专制③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成④ The settlement in the highlands⑤ Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马修福音书)17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin V ulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.What difference between Christianity and the other religions?Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. (加尔文主义也有这样的观点)What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2、Miltion’s Paradise Lost , Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden.Division Three：The Middle Ages1、the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it was the transitional period(过渡时期) between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭3、Feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”,a grant of land.4、5、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)7、St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)8、Augustine —→ “Confession” and “The City of God”9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.12、Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.13、National Epics(民族史诗运动)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.14、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点：① power of observation (观察)② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性)15、Gothic① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式）16、The Canterbury Tales:① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval t imes there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2、The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3、In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in wes tern Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.4、It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?1、feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of s mall farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government.6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流)2、During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalis m, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制)3、Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, th e western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4、The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字), algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.5、As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade inwestern Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.How did literature develop in the middle ages?1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示) the spirit of Renaissance.③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集)① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.② Most of the tales are written in verse (诗) which reflects(反映) Chaucer’s innovation (改革) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵) the French and Italian styles.③ Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.Division Four：Renaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The wo rd “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Renaissance started in Florence and V enice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie. (人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo ——David —— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis ) —— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶) —— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures agains t different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian —— The V enus of Urbino (维纳斯)10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replac ing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、Calvinis mCalvinis m was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。
欧洲文化入门复习题答案
欧洲文化入门复习题答案一、填空题1. 欧洲文化通常指的是欧洲大陆上各国的文化遗产和艺术成就，其中包括文学、艺术、音乐、哲学等多个领域。
2. 欧洲文艺复兴起源于14世纪的意大利，是欧洲历史上的一个重要时期，标志着从中世纪向现代过渡。
3. 法国大革命是18世纪末至19世纪初的一场政治、社会和文化变革，对欧洲乃至世界历史产生了深远的影响。
4. 欧洲的宗教改革运动主要发生在16世纪，它导致了基督教的分裂，形成了天主教和新教两大教派。
5. 欧洲启蒙运动是18世纪的一场思想解放运动，强调理性、科学和批判精神，对现代民主政治和文化有着重要影响。
二、选择题1. 欧洲文艺复兴的中心是（C）A. 法国巴黎B. 德国柏林C. 意大利佛罗伦萨D. 英国伦敦2. 欧洲宗教改革的领导者之一是（B）A. 马丁·路德B. 约翰·加尔文C. 托马斯·阿奎那D. 但丁3. 欧洲启蒙运动的代表人物包括（D）A. 但丁B. 达芬奇C. 米开朗基罗D. 伏尔泰4. 法国大革命的标志性事件是（A）A. 巴士底狱的攻占B. 拿破仑的加冕C. 法国的君主立宪制D. 法国的共和制确立三、简答题1. 简述欧洲文艺复兴的特点。
答：欧洲文艺复兴的特点包括对古典文化的复兴，对人文主义的强调，艺术和科学领域的创新，以及对个人主义的推崇。
这一时期的艺术家和学者开始重视人的价值和能力，探索自然和人类社会的真实面貌。
2. 欧洲宗教改革对欧洲社会产生了哪些影响？答：欧洲宗教改革对欧洲社会产生了深远的影响，包括促进了宗教多元化，引发了一系列的宗教战争，推动了民族国家的形成，以及促进了教育和文化的普及。
四、论述题1. 论述欧洲启蒙运动对现代民主政治和文化的影响。
答：欧洲启蒙运动对现代民主政治和文化产生了深远的影响。
它提倡理性思考和科学方法，反对迷信和盲从，为现代民主政治的建立提供了思想基础。
同时，启蒙运动还强调个人自由和权利，推动了法律和制度的改革，促进了社会的进步和文明的发展。
欧洲文化知识点复习
欧洲文化知识点复习欧洲文化是指欧洲大陆上各个国家和地区的文化特点和传统。
它是世界上最为繁荣和多样化的文化之一，涵盖了广泛的领域，包括艺术、音乐、文学、哲学、宗教、建筑、风俗习惯等等。
在本文中，我们将对欧洲文化的一些重要知识点进行复习。
一、欧洲文化的历史背景欧洲文化的起源可以追溯到古希腊和古罗马时期。
古希腊是西方文明的发源地，它对欧洲文化产生了深远影响。
古希腊的哲学、政治制度、艺术和体育等方面的成就，对后世产生了重要影响。
古罗马帝国则在政治、法律、军事和城市规划等方面有着重要贡献。
中世纪是欧洲文化发展的关键时期。
基督教在欧洲传播开来，成为欧洲的主要宗教。
教会在中世纪拥有巨大的权力，对欧洲文化的塑造起到了重要作用。
此外，中世纪还涌现出许多伟大的文化和学术中心，如巴黎大学、牛津大学等。
文艺复兴是欧洲文化发展的重要阶段。
它标志着对古典文化的重新发现和研究。
文艺复兴时期的艺术家和学者对古希腊和古罗马的文化进行了广泛的研究和借鉴，推动了欧洲文化的再次繁荣。
文艺复兴时期的一些重要人物包括达·芬奇、米开朗基罗、莎士比亚等。
二、欧洲文化的艺术与文学1. 文艺复兴时期的艺术：文艺复兴时期的艺术以人文主义为基础，注重对人体的研究和描绘。
达·芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》和《最后的晚餐》是文艺复兴时期最著名的艺术作品之一。
米开朗基罗的雕塑作品《大卫》和壁画《创世纪》也是文艺复兴时期的代表作品。
2. 巴洛克艺术：巴洛克艺术是17世纪欧洲的一种艺术风格，以宏伟、夸张和复杂的风格特点而闻名。
巴洛克时期的音乐家巴赫和画家伦勃朗都是巴洛克艺术的代表人物。
3. 浪漫主义文学：19世纪的欧洲文学以浪漫主义为主导，强调情感和个人内心体验。
歌德的《浮士德》和雨果的《悲惨世界》是浪漫主义文学的经典作品。
三、欧洲文化的音乐与舞蹈1. 古典音乐：欧洲是古典音乐的发源地。
贝多芬、莫扎特、巴赫等作曲家的音乐作品对世界音乐产生了重要影响。
古典音乐的形式包括交响乐、协奏曲、室内乐等。
欧洲文化入门 复习 资料)
一Summary of Greek culture and Roman culture and LiteraturePart one GreekLiteratureHomer was considered to be Author of epics,and his two epics are Iliad and Odyssey.Sappho and Pindar were Lyric poetsThree Tragedy WritersAeschylus:Prometheusbound,Persians,Agamemnon, Tragic dramatistSophocles:Oedipus the King,Electra,Antigone,Tragic dramatistEuripides:Medea,Trojan Women, Andromache, Tragic dramatistComedy writers：Aristophanes :Frogs ,Clouds,Wasps,Birds Comedy writerHistory：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of historyThucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse. the greatest historian that has ever lived. Philosophy and science：The greatest names in European rhi;osophy are Socrates plato and ArisotleContending schools of thoughtThe cynics；diogenesThe septics: pyrrhonThe epicureans: epicurusThe stoics: zeroScience:Euclid:Elements , a textbook of geometryArchimedes: did important work not only in geometry, but also in arithemetic mechanics and hydrostaticsArchitecturea. ArtGreek art is a visual proof of Greek civilization.b. ArchitectureGreek architecture can be grouped into 3 styles (1). the Doric Style ( masculine style ) ---- is sturdy (strong and firm), powerful, severe looking, showing a good sense of proportions and numbers. (2). the Ionic Style ( feminine style ) ---- is graceful and elegant (slightly ornamental style ) ( While the Doric Style is monotonous and unadorned, the Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament) (3). Corinthian Style ---- is known for its ornamental luxuryPart Two RomanLatin Literature a. Prose Two men active on the political scene wrote memorable prose . Marcus Tullius Cicero (106.43B.C.) He played an important role in the Roman senate Noted for his oratory and fine writing style His legal and political speeches ar e models of Latin diction. Ciceronian.eloquent, oratorical manner of writing . Julius caesar (102/100?.44B.C.)a general, dictator, assassinated. He recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns These writings, collected in his Commentaries, are models of succinct Latin. He use language with economy and ferocity I came, I saw, I conquered..b. Poetry. Lucretius (93.50 B.C.) He wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things. Virgil (70.19 B.C.) The greatest of Latin poets, wrote the great epic, the Aenied Architecture, Painting and Sculpturei. ArchitectureThe Romans were great engineers. They covered their world from one end to the other with roads, bridges, aqueducts, theatres and arenas . The Pantheon The greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B.C. and reconstructed in the 2nd century A.D . Pont du GardIt is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct that spans a wide valley in south France. thecolosseum It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. A masterpiece of engineering, it held more than 5000 spectators. Its interior is two-third of a mile round. The colosseum was used for games, contests and shows.ii. PaintingRoman painting was strongly influenced by the art of Greece. Unfortunately much of the painting no longer exists. There are, however, some wall-paintings from Pompeii and other towns near Naples. These wall-paintings include still lifes, landscape paintings and figure paintings.iii. Sculptureshe wolfA statue which illustrates the legend of the creation of RomeToday at the site of the city憇founding, there stands a statue of the she-wolf二Summary of Rise of chrisitianityTwo beliefs which separate Christianity from all other religious: ---Jesus Christ is the son of God, and God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind. --- God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in himshould not perish, but have ever lasting life. At the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus: How he lived and died to redeem the whole human race.1) The life of JesusNazareth /Augustus/Jew/local synagogue/30/ baptism/John Baptist /Galilee/ throughout Palestine/preach/3 years/to Jerusalem for the Passover/betrayed by Juda/crucified as a revolutionary preacher and dangerous reformer.2) The Spread of Christianity Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313. It granted religious freedom to all, and made Christianity legal. In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all ot her religious. Christianity changed from an object of oppression to a weapon in the hands of the ruling class. After the fifth century Nestorianism reached China.三Summery of Important Figures in arts in Renaissance periodGiotto “Flight into Egypt”“Betrayal of Judas” forerunner of renaissan ceBrunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspectiveDonatello “David” one of the first artists engaged in anatomyGiorgione “Sleeping Venus” made happy use of colour schemes to unify his picturesDa Vinci “Last Supper” “Mona Lisa”Michelangelo “David”“SistineChapel”“DyingSlave”“Moses”Raphael Known for his “Madonna(Virgin Mary)”Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western WorldRenaissance in spainEl Greco (1541---1614) a Spanish painter Major Work: The Burial of Count OrgazRenaissance in Germany Albrecht Durer (1471---1528) He was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany. He was a master of woodcut. His engravings are unsurpassed and his Water colours of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive. Major Works: The Four Horsemen of Apocalpse Knight, Death and Devil,1513 Hans Holbein (the younger) (1497--- 1543) He was the last great German master of the 16th century. His best known works are his portraits. Major Works: Erasmus of Rottendam Portrait of Henry VIIIRenaissance in the Netherlands Erasmus (about 1466?---1536) a great Dutch scholar and humanist. P-160 Work: The Praise of Folly Renaissance in Flanders Pieter Bruegel (the Elder) (about 1525---1569) a Flemish painter of landscape and scenes of rurallife. He was called peasant Bruegel Major Works: The Land of Cockayne (1567) The Return of the Hunters (1565)四Summery of Important Facts of The Seventeenth Century I,IINicolaus Copernicus was Forerunner of modern science. His chief work The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs was published in 1543. In this mathematical description of the heavens, Copernicus put forward his heliocentric theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe. It laid the foundation for many future scientific discoveries.Kepler (1571---1630) Kepler‘s Laws (three laws of planetary motion): 1). Each planet moves in an ellipse, not a perfect circle, with the sun at one focus; 2). Each planet moves more rapidly when near the sun than farther from it; 3). The distance of each planet from the sun bears a definite relation to the time period the planet took to complete a revolution around the sun. This law was reduced to a mathematical formula: the square of the period of revolution of a planet about the sun is proportional to the cube of the mean distance of the planet from the sun. These three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton‘s discovery of the laws of gravitation2) Galileo Galilei (1564--- 1642)He was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies.What he saw in the sky with the help of the telescope proved that Ptolemy‘s geocentric systemsimply would not work and that Copernicus‘s powerful hypothesis had been right. Galileo discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics. Galileo was also the first to establish the law of falling bodies.3) Sir Isaac Newton (1642---1727)Achievements: As a scientist, Newton displayed his talents in many fields. As a mathematician, he invented calculus. In optics, he discovered that white light is composed of all the colours of the spectrum. Yet it was in the field of physics that Newton established his name. Of all his achievements in physics, his discovery of the law of the universal gravitation is the most important.4) Gottfried Wilhelm von LeibnizLeibniz was a German philosopher, scientist, mathematician, historian and diplomat. He distinguishes three levels of understanding: the self-conscious, the conscious and unconscious or subconscious. Many of his theories have given rise to important developments of modern science, ranging from Freudian psychology to Einsteinian physics.5) Invention of New InstrumentsThe miscroscope was invented in 1590. The telescope was invented in 1608 by a Dutchman. Galileo invented the thermometer and one of his pupils made the barometer. The pendulum clock appeared in 1656.五Summery of Important figures and Facts of The Seventeenth Century V1) Baroque arta) Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598---1680)Italian sculptor and architect, the prominent figure of Italian Baroque. Major works: David 1623 The Ecstasy of St.Theresa 1645-1652b) Michelangelo Caravaggio (1573--- 1610)Italian painter of the baroque whose influential works, such as Deposition of Christ (1604), are marked by intense realism and revolutionary use of light. Major works: The calling of St. Matthew The Cardsharpsc) Francesco Borromini (1599---1667)Italian architect and sculptor of the baroque. He revolutionized architecture with his treatment of space, light, and geometr ic shapes.d) Peter Paul Rubens (1577--- 1640)The greatest of painters of Flemish school. Major works: Marie de Medici, Queen of France, Landing in MarseilliesThe Raising of the Crosse) Diego Velazquez (1599---Major work: The Maids of Honor2) Dutch Protestant ArtVan Rijn Rembrandt (1606---1669) The principal Dutch Baroque painter and etcher. Major works: Blinding of Samson ThePolishRider3) Art and Architecture in Francemid 17th century, France the richest and the most powerful country in Europe. Louis XIV the greatest patron. Palace of Versailles Garden Front (1669 ---1685) East Front of the Louvre (1667 --- 1685) St. Paul‘s Catherdral by the English scientist and architect Christopher Wren.4) MusicA distinction is usually common between early baroque music ( prior to1650, Monteverdi, Frescobaldi, Carissimi, etc.) and late baroque music ( Scarlatti, Vivaldi, Bach, Handel, etc.), the development of the latter leading to the Musical Enlightenment.六Summery of Important facts of The Enlightenment1) French Philosophy and LiteratureMontesquieu “Persian Letters” “the Spirit of the laws”Separation of powersVoltaire “Candide” most famous of his novels “LettrePhilosophiques”Rousseau “the Social contract” “the Confessions” “The Origin of Human Inequality” one of the greatest figures of French enlightenmentDiderot “Encyclopedie” “Elements of Physiology”“Philosophical Thoughts”2)English LiteraturePope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason, translation of Homer, good at heroic couplet “Essay on Criticism”Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England “Robinson Crusoe”Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time “A modest Proposal” “Gulliver’s travels”Henry Fielding Father of the English novel“The history of Tom Jones”“a foundling”Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novel “Pamela”Samuel Johnson editor of “A Dictionary of the English Language”3) German Literature and Philosophy Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729 --- 1781) a. Minna Von Barnhelm (1767) b. Nathan the Wise (1779)c. Laocoon (1766)d. HamburgischeDramaturgie Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 ---1832)a) The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774)b) Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship (1795---1796)c) Wilhelm Meister’s Travels (1821---1829)d) Fauste) Poetry and TruthJohann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (1759 --- 1805) Immanuel Kant (1724 --- 1804)4）Rococo Arta) Salon de la Princesse, Hotel de Soubiseb) Rococo PaintersAntoine Watteau (1684 --- 1721) Francois Boucher (1703 --- 1770)5）The Musical EnlightenmentJ.S.Bach Christianity Major musicians of the musical EnlightenmentHandel ”Messiah” being his crowning masterpieceBach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing best.The Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period, roughly between 1750 and 1820.Haydn “String Quartets”“Symphonies” Classical period Viennese schoolMozart “Choral Music”“Concertos”“Operas”“Symphonies”Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position, leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Part IDirections: Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.****** 1 ******1. _________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval.A. SophistsB. CynicsC. SkepticsD. Epicureans2. _________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: "Give me a place to stand, andI will move the world."A. ArchimedesB. AristotleC. PlatoD. Euclid3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northem tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in _________A. 395B. 27C. 1453D. 4764. The City of God was written by ________, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought.A. JesusB. AugustineC. Thomas AquinasD. Martin Luther5. _________ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist----- a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word.A. MichelangeloB. RaphaelC. ShakespeareD. Leonardo Da Vinci6. In _______, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.A. Don QuixoteB. HamletC. LeviathanD. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe7. The best- known book written by Thomas More is ________ , which describes an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief.A. The Praise of the FollyB. As You Like ItC. Divine ComedyD. Utopia8. ________, author of Prince, is regarded as "father of political science" in the West.A. MachiavelliB. DanteC. BaconD. Locke9. In The Revolution of Heavenly Orbs,________ put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe.A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. Copernicus10. During the _________ century, the modern scientific method began to take shape, which emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization.A. 18thB. 15 thC. 16 thD. 17 th11. _______ said, "Knowledge is power."A.. Isaac NewtonB. Francis BaconC. John LockeD. Marx12. In Faust,_______ drew on an immense variety of cultural material----theological, mythological, philosophical, political, economic, scientific, aesthetic, musical, and literary.A. GoetheB. DefoeC. RousseauD. Byron13. Which of the following is not regarded as a romantic writer?A. WordsworthB. ShelleyC. PushkinD. Balzac14. The most frequent themes of Romanticism include all of the following except _________.A. the power of reasonB. individual freedomC. spontaneityD. love of nature15. "If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" is the ending line of "Ode to the West Wind" by ________.A. WordsworthB. KeatsC. PushkinD. Shelley16. The composer of Swan Lake was ____, a genius in symphonic music.A. TchaikovskyB. ChopinC. BeethovenD. Mozart17. The naturalist school founded by Zola in late 19 th century intended ________.A. to attack the industrial injustice and urban evilsB. to give full play to the imagination of individualsC. to uphold the classical values such as harmony, balance, proportion and retraintD. to demonstrate the law of human conduct by a scientific study of "a slice of life"18. Which of the following novels was not written by Tolstoy?A. ResurrectionB. War and PeaceC. Crime and PunishmentD. Anna Karenina19. In his poems, Walt Whitman sang praises of all of the following value except ________.A. democracyB. the dignity of the individualC. the idyllic way of lifeD. the brotherhood of man20. Modernism was characterized by ________.A. a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventionsB. the exploration of the inner life of the individual and the psychopathology of human relationsC. its intense interest in the bizarre, the mysterious, the unpredictable and the formlessD. all of the above.****** 2 ******1. Greek culture reached a high point of development in _________.A. 1,200B.C. B. 5th century B. C.C. 4th century B.C.D. 146 B. C.2. The masterpiece of engineering in Roman architecture is _________.A. the PathenonB. the ColossseumC. She-wolfD. the Ionic style of temple3. The Old Testament of the Bible is about _________.A. GodB. the doctrine of Jesus ChristC. the Laws of GodD. A and C4. Which of the following statements is true?A. Jesus was born in Galilee.B. Jesus was born in a synagogue.C. Jesus was born into a poor ca rpenter’s family.D. Jesus was born into a merchant’s family.5. Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of _________.A. military serviceB. land holdingC. governmentD. B and C6. Which of the following statements is true about the Gothic style in architecture?A. The Gothic style flourished in the 18th century.B. The Gothic style started in France.C. Sculpture of Gothic style churches were based on the natural forces.D. Gothic style churches were solid but small.7. Renaissance means the revival of interest in _________.A. ancient Greek cultureB. ancient Roman cultureC. the BibleD. A and B8. The reasons for the decline of renaissance in Italy are _________.A. wars and class conflictsB. loss of supremacy in world trade as a result of the discovery of the new world and routes to IndiaC. the tightening of control of the Roman Catholic Church over thought, speech and publicationD. all of the above9. Which of the following died a prisoner?A. CopernicusB. NewtonC. KeplerD. Galileo10. The theory of the social contract was expounded by _________.A. Thomas HobbesB. Francis BaconC. John LockeD. A and C11. In economic thought, the enlightenment thinkers favored _________.A. government interventionB. balanced developmentC. the policy of laissezfaireD. strict regulation12. The author of "The Sorrows of Young Werther" is _________.A. GoetheB. DefoeC. SchillerD. Kant13. The Lakers refer to _________.A. Wordsworth and ColeridgeB. Byron and ShellyC. William Blake and KeatsD. None of the above14. The later Romantics in music refer to _________.A. Schuman and ChopinB. Verdi and WagnerC. Beethoven and MozartD. Haydn and Bach15. In Capital, Marx, after long and careful study, discovered that _________.A. it is men’s social being that determines their consciousnessB. activity is basicC. socialism would be realized through class struggleD. surplus value is the source of the wealth of the capitalist class16. The essence of Darwin’s theory of evolution is _________.A. immutable fixity of speciesB. natural selectionC. artificial selectionD. none of the above17. "The Cherry Orchard" was written by _________.A. DostoyevskyB. GogolC. CorkyD. Chekhov18. Which of the following was not written by Charles Dickens?A. David CopperfieldB. Hard TimesC. Vanity FairD. Oliver Twist19. The author of "Sons and Lovers" is _________.A. Henry JamesB. Virginia WoolfC. T.S. EliotD. D.H. Lawrence20. One of the chief representatives of the Theatre of the Absurd is _________.A. Kinsley AmisB. John OsborneC. Allen GinsbergD. Samuel Beckett****** 3 ******1. Socrates was _________.A. the teacher of AristotleB. the student of PlatoC. the teacher of PlatoD. the student of Aristotle2. One of the contributions the Romans made to European culture was _________.A. the Roman empireB. the slave systemC. the production of the great epic writerD. the Roman law3. The Book of Daniel describes _________.A. the struggle of the Jews against the Syrian ruleB. the prisoners in BabylonC. the story of Noah’s ArkD. the rule of King Solomon4. The Old Testament was originally written in _________.A. HebrewB. Aramaic dialectC. GreekD. Latin5. Which of the following is not included in the Code of Chivalry?A. Loyalty to his lord.B. Fighting for the church.C. Protection of the people.D. Respect for women of noble birth.6. The goal of the Crusades was_________.A. to re-control JerusalemB. to open path to ByzantineC. to regain the Holy land --- PalestineD. to open trade route to the east7. The essence of Renaissance philosophy was _________.A. the emphasis on the greatness of manB. the glorification of GodC. the emphasis on the giving up of worldly pleasureD. the importance of wealth8. Leonardo da Vinci, in his lifetime, put down his observation in notebooks running up to _________ volumes.A. 1, 000B. 5, 000C. 3, 000D. 4, 0009. "Knowledge is power" is one of the quotations from _________.A. John LockeB. Francis BaconC. Isaac NewtonD. Gotffried Wilhelm yon Leibniz10. The most important point in Descartes’ philosophy is _________.A. I think therefore I amB. I use my senses therefore I amC. I doubt therefore I amD. None of the above11. The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were _________.A. V oltaire and RousseauB. Diderot and MontesquieuC. John Locke and Isaac NewtonD. None of the above12. Which of the following remarks was made by Rousseau?A. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.（The Declaration of Independence 美国的《独立宣言》）B. The thirst after happiness is never extinguished in the heart of man.（Rousseau卢梭）C. Love truth, but pardon error. (V oltaire伏尔泰)D. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else.(Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen（1789）法国的《人权宣言》)13. Romanticism was a movement in Europe _________.A. in the late 19th century and early 20th centuryB. in the 19th centuryC. in the late 17th century and early 18th centuryD. in the late 18th century and early 19th century14. The two most important works of Victor Hugo’s are _________.A. Atala and Rene（Chateaubriand夏多布里昂）B. Ivanhoe and The Heart of Mid – lothianWalter Scott的《艾凡赫》又译《撒克逊劫后英雄传》以及《中洛辛郡的心脏》C. Notre Dame de Paris and Les MiserablesD. Eugene Onegin and Boris Godunov普希金pushkin的《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》和《鲍里斯·戈都诺夫》15. The man who applied Darwin’s evolution to society was_________.A. Yah FuB. Thomas HuxleyC. Alfred Russel WallaceD. Herbert Spencer16. According to Marx，the most important thing about Feuerbach was _________.A. he proclaimed materialismB. he supported HegelC. he supported the utopian socialistsD. he put forward the idea of class struggle17. "Sunflower" was the work of _________.A. van GoghB. Paul GauguinC. Claude MonetD. Gustave Courbet18. Which of the following works is not written by Thomas Hardy?A. Far from the Madding Crowd.B. The Return of the Native.C. Tess of the d'Urberyvilles.D. A Tale of Two Cities.19. William Butler Yeats was a(n) _________ poet.A. EnglishB. ScottishC. AmericanD. Irish20. "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" was an autobiographical novel by _________.A. Ezra PoundB. William FaulknerC. James JoyceD. Ernest Hemingway****** 4 ******1. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?A. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman Empire?A. The Roman Empire had never been divided.B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century.3. The Bible has been regarded as __________.A. a religious bookB. literatureC. record of great mindsD. all of the above4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as__________.A. a loosely organized religious institutionB. a highly centralized European organizationC. a highly centralized and disciplined international organizationD. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization.5. The Crusades were wars between __________.A. the Arabs and the Christian PilgrimsB. the Turks and the Christians in Western EuropeC. the Christians in Western Europe and the MoslemsD. the Arabs and the Turks6. St. Thomas Aquinas defended in his works __________.A. feudal hierarchy of societyB. divine power of feudal rulersC. the Pope' s supremacy over secular rulersD. all of the above7. The motto Montaigne put down in the essays was __________.A. What do I know?B. I doubt therefore I think.C. Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.D. Only to stand out of my light.8. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator who __________.A. discovered the Cape of Good HopeB. discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good HopeC. explored the mouth of the AmazonD. was the first to visit Cuba and Haiti9. Which of the following laws was discovered by Newton?A. Law of buoyancy.B. Law of falling bodies.C. Law of relativity.D. Law of universal gravitation.10. In Locke' s political philosophy, the chief reason for the institution of civil government was __________.A. the protection of private propertyB. the upholding of free thinkingC. the abolishment of the rule of the churchD. regulation of economy11. Which of the following is not true about the developments of the Industrial Revolution?A. The substitution of water power for human power.B. The introduction of machine.C. The beginning of the factory system.D. The growth of modem capitalism and the working class.12. "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. "This is a remark made by __________.A. V oltaireB. RousseauC. DiderotD. Moliere13. In the works of __________, one can see the spirit of the Age of Reason.A. HandelB. HaydnC. BachD. Mozart14. The poem of Byron' s that was translated into Chinese at the turn of the 20th century is __________.A. Don JuanB. Defence of PoetryC. Ode to a NightingaleD. Isles of Greece15. Throughout his life, Beethoven struggled to pass on through his music __________.A. the spirit of the French RevolutionB. the spirit of Byronic heroesC. ideas of a moral natureD. the praise of natural beauty16. __________ is considered to be the poet of the piano.A. MozartB. ChopinC.SchubertD. Schumann17. Which of the following works was not written by Charles Dickens?A. A Tale of Two Cities.B. The Mayor of Casterbridge.C. David Copperfield.D. Pickwick Papers.18. The author of the short story The Necklace was __________.A. O' HenryB. Jack LondonC. Mark TwainD. Maupassant19. "The apparition of these faces in the crowd/Petals on a wet, black bough. "The author of these lines was __________.A. William FaulknerB. Ezra PoundC. T. S. EliotD. William Butler Yeats20. __________was regarded as the greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century.A. SholokhovB. TolstoyC. ChekhovD. Gorky****** 5 ******I. The contribution of ancient Greeks to world civilization is _________A. Athenian democracyB. The Olympic GamesC. The epics of HomerD. All of the above2. Which of the following is true about Herodotus?A. He is called " Father of History".B. He wrote about the wars between Athens and Sparta.C. He contributed greatly to tragic art.D. He used clever parody in his writing.3. Genesis of the Old Testament tells about __________A. the fall of manB. the creation of the worldC. Noah’s ArkD. all of the above.4. The leader of the slave uprising in 73 B. C. was _________A. NeroB. MosesC. SpartacusD. Abraham5. The great contribution of St. Jerome was __________A. the building of monasteriesB. the translation of Old and New Testaments into LatinC. the setting up of the church systemD. none of the above6. The main classes under feudalism in Western Europe were __A. monks, lords and townspeopleB. clergy, knights and peasantsC. knights, peasants and townspeopleD. clergy, lords and peasants7. Which of the following is not true about Dante?A. Dante was a great Italian poet.B. Dante wrote Beowulf.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian.D. Dante was a great political thinker.8. John Wycliffe was twice condemned as a heretic because of __________A. his teaching philosophy at OxfordB. his vigorous attack on orthodox church doctrinesC. his clerical associations and activitiesD. A&C9. Scientists in the 17th century, such as Galileo and Newton, attached great importance to ________A. deductive reasoningB. classical authorityC. direct observation and experimentD. humanist learning10. The method that Francis Bacon introduced in inquiry was _________.A. practicalB. deductive reasoningC. inductionD. experiment11. The characteristic of Dutch art in the early 17th century was ________.A. that it was still mainly religious paintingsB. that it recorded the familiar scenes and everyday life of the timeC. that it was mainly portraits of noble familiesD. that the theme was mainly court life12. Who was the first one to put forward the doctrine of separation of powers?A. LockeB. HobbesC. V oltaireD. Montesquieu13. Diderot is best known as ________.A. the author of Persian Letter s（Montesquieu）B. the author of the Origin of Human Inequality（Rousseau）C. the editor of the EncyclopedieD. the author of Philosophical Thoughts(Diderot)14. The lines "And mask in every face I meet / Masks of weakness, masks of woe" are written by _______.A. William BlakeB. SchillerC. ByronD. Keats15.B. LermontovC. ChekhovD. Turgenev16. A work jointly written by Marx and Engels is ________.A. CapitalB. The Manifesto of the Communist PartyC. Thesis on FeuerbachD. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific17. Which author won the Nobel Prize in 1925?A. Thomas HardyB. George EliotC. George Bernard ShawD. Henry James18. Which novel was acclaimed as the greatest of all anti-slavery manifestoes'?.A. Leaves of GrassB. Uncle Tom's Cabi nC. The Portrait of a LadyD. Dead Souls19. _______ was the discoverer of X - rays.A. RontgenB. Madame CurieC. RutherfordD. Einstein20. The author of The Interpretation of Dreams wasA. T. S. EliotB. James JoyceC. D. H. Lawrence D. Sigmund Freud****** 6 ******1. Who were considered as people by the ancient Athens?A. Women citizensB. AdultsC. Adult male citizensD. Foreigners and children2. Which of the following is true about Dialogues?A. Dialogues was a book written by Socrates.B. Dialogues was a record of life of Plato.C. Dialogues was a record of Socrates written by Plato.D. Dialogues was a record of Socrates's sayings by his followers.3. The great deed that David performed was ____.A. he took the Hebrews back to CanaanB. he killed Goliath, the philistine giantC. he went to the top of the mountain in Sinai to receive message from (~dD. none of the above4. In the early days of Christianity, it was a religion of _____.A. the richB. the poorC. the ruling classD. all people5. Which of the following statements about knighthood is not true?A. A nobleman was born a knight.B. Knighthood had to be earned.C. One had to be trained in order to become a knight.D. After being dubbed a knight, he had to observe the Code of Chivalry.6. The Inquisition was ______A. a church court set up to try hereticsB. an organization for church investigationC. a court in many kingdomsD. the decision - making body of the church7. Art to Michelangelo was a means by which_____.A. he expressed his opposition to the despotic ruleB. he made inquiry into the realityC. he expressed his vision of manD. B and C8. Counter- Reformation means that the Roman Catholic Church _____.A. suppressed the Reformation movement by forceB. refused to accept any reformC. re-established itself as a dynamic force in European affairs by introducing reforms and improvementsD. ganged up with the Spanish monarchy to set up the Inquisition9. Kepler's contribution to astronomy isA. his discovery of the law of inertiaB. his discovery of the Ptolemaic systemC. his discovery of the three laws of planetary motionD. none of the above10. In Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke stated that .__A. all our knowledge sprang from experienceB. knowledge was powerC. every man was enemy to every manD. the world was made up of simple, active substances11. The symbolic event of the French Revolution in 1789 was _____.A. the issuance of the Declaration of IndependenceB. the founding of the First RepublicC. the seizure of the BastilleD. the publication of The Spirit of the Laws12. V oltaire was noted for his_____.A. witB. satireC. passionD. A and B13. In Critique of Pure Reason, Kant argued that________.A. knowledge is the joint product of both sense and reasonB. creation is never complete; it is ever going onC. virtue can be sustained without religious beliefD. man's greatest ills are not natural but are made by man himself14. The Lyrical Ballads was written by _________.A. ShelleyB. Wordsworth and ColeridgeC. Blake and KeatsD. Byran and Shelley15. The line "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" comes from_________.A. WordsworthB. ByronC. KeatsD. Blake16. In developing Marxist philosophy, Marx and Engels accepted _______ in German classical philosophy.A. Hegel's dialecticsB. Feuerbach's metaphysicsC. Feuerbach's materialismD. A and C17. Balzac's monumental work was ________.A. Divine ComedyB. The Human ComedyC. The Brothers KaramazovD. Les Miserables18. The author of A Doll's House was ________.A. George Bernard ShawB. ChekhovC. Henric IbsenD. Leo Tolstoy19. Which of the following works was written by William Faulkner?A. The Waste LandB. DublinersC. CantosD. The Sound and the Fury20. The poem Howl was written by ________.A. Kingsley AmisB. John OsborneC. Allen GinsbergD. Ezra Pound****** Division 1 ******Division1:1-5 DCBBC 6-10 CAACC****** Division 2 ******Division2:1-5 DCABB 6-8 BCC****** Division 3 ******Division3: 1-5 ADDBB 6-8 DDCCB****** Division 4 ******Division 4:1-5 BCCDA 6-8 CBDCC****** Division 5******Division 5:1-5 CBADC 6-8 ADBCC****** Division 6******Division 6:1-5 CBADA 6-8 DCA****** Division 7******Division 7:1-5 CDDAB 6-8 CADBA****** Division 8************ Division 9************ Division 10 ******Division 10:1-6 DADBDC 7-12 CCBBDBPart IIDirections: Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the ANSWER SHEET.Division One Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Iliad（《伊利亚特》）1) It is one of the two great ancient Greek epics by Homer. 2) It deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy probably in the period 1200-1100 B. C. 3) The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek side. 4) In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks.2. Herodotus（希罗多德）1) He is one of great ancient Greek historians. 2) He is often called “Father of History”. 3) He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. 4) His works, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable. 5) His object in writing was “that the great and wonderful deeds done by Greeks and Persians should not lack renown.”3. Socrates1) He was the philosopher of ancient Greece in the 5th to 4th century B.C. 2) He was considered one of the three greatest names in European philosophy. 3) He hold that philosophy took the aim to reach the conclusion of oneself and virtue was knowledge. 4) His thoughts were recorded in Dialogues by Plato. 5) He devised the dialectical method.4. Dialectical method（辩证法）1) It was devised by ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. 2) It is a method of argument, by questions and answers.5. Plato1) He was the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. 2) His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: the Apology, Symposium and the Republic. 3) Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy.4) His philosophy is called idealism.6. Diogenes（狄奥艮尼）1)He was one of the Cynic’s leaders in ancient Greece, who decided to live like a dog. 2) The word “cynic” means “dog” in Greek. 3) He rejected all conventions, advocated self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.7. Stoics（斯多咯派）1) It was one of four ancient Greek schools of philosophers in the 4th century B.C. 2) To them , the most important thing in life was “duty”. 3) It developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. 4) The chief Stoic was Zeno.8. Doric Style（陶立克柱）1) It is one of three ancient Greek architecture styles. 2) It is also called the masculine style. 3) It is sturdy, powerful, severe-looking and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers. 4) The Doric style is monotonous and unadorned.9. Pax Romana（罗马和平）1) In the year 27 B.C. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the tile of Augustus. 2) Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. 3) The emperors mainly relied on a strong army---the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. 4) Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is know as Pax Romana.10. Virgil（维吉尔）1) He was the greatest of Latin poets. 2) He wrote the great epic, the Aeneid. 3) The poem opened out to the future, for Aeneas stood at the head of a race of people who were to found the first the Roman republic and then the Roman Empire.Division Two The Bible and Christianity1. The Bible1) The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ.2. The Old Testament1)The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 3)The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.3. The New Testament1) The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ. 3)The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.4. Pentateuch（摩西五经）1) In the Old Testament, the oldest and most important are the first five books, called Pentateuch. 2) Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis (创世记), Exodus (出埃及记), Leviticus(利未记), Numbers (民数记), Deuteronomy (申命记).5. Genesis1) Genesis is the first one of the five books in Pentateuch in Old Testament. 2) It tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.6. Exodus1) Exodus is the second one of the five books in Pentateuch in the Old Testament.2) It tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt led by Moses. 3) During the period they began to receive God’s Law.7. Noah’s Ark（挪亚方舟）1) For many hundred years after Adam and Eve were driven out of Eden, the。