DEFINITIONS

MORALITY
“Morality” refers to the standards that an individual or group has about what is right and wrong conduct, good and evil, and the values embedded, fostered or pursued in the act.
DEFINITIONS
ETHICS
“the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation.” (Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed.) “the study or science of morals” (Chambers Encyclopedic English Dictionary)
FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY
Freedom and responsibility are correlatives. Two meanings of freedom and responsibility: 1. Free choice (horizontal freedom) and accountability 2. Fundamental option (vertical freedom) and response-ability.
VALUES
Values are qualities that are of worth, of importance. “Moral values can usually be expressed as statements describing objects or features of objects that have worth, such as ‘Honesty is good,” “Injustice is bad.” (Velasquez, p. 9)
FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY
FUNDAMENTAL OPTION Refers to the direction of my choices Towards values that form a hierarchy Option of love: higher values. Option of egoism: lower values Freedom from internal constraints. RESPONSE-ABILITY The ability to give a response that meet the objective demands of the situation Answers the call of higher values. I become a responsible person.
ELEMENTS Oห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ MORAL EXPERIENCE
1. 2. 3. 4. Deals with good and evil Freedom Ought or responsibility Value(s)
BUSINESS ETHICS
“Business ethics is a specialized study of moral right and wrong. It concentrates on moral standards as they apply particularly to business policies, institutions, and behavior.” (Velasquez, p. 13) 3 issues: systemic, corporate, and individual.
MORALITY
“Moral standards include the norms we have about the kinds of actions we believe are morally right and wrong as well as the values we place on the kinds of objects we believe are morally good and morally bad.” (Velasquez, Business Ethics, p. 9)
FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY
FREEDOM OF CHOICE I am the source of my action. I am free from external coercion Choice of goods RESPONSIBILITY Because I am the source of my action, I am accountable or answerable for it. This does not mean though that my action is a responsible one.
GOOD AND EVIL
Good and evil in ethics are to be distinguished from physical/natural good or evil, because they presuppose freedom and responsibility. Scheler: good and evil are moral values. Positive: good. Negative: evil.
VALUES
Max Scheler: values are objects of our intentional feeling. “values are caught, not taught” Question: are values objective or subjective? Whether value reposes in the object or is a matter of how we feel towards it. Scheler: values are objective, a priori.
ETHICS
“Ethics” used synonymously with “morality” but it is not quite the same with morality. Ethics is a branch of philosophy (moral philosophy) that examines the moral standards of an individual or society, and asking how these standards apply to our lives and whether these are reasonable or unreasonable.