When people say culyure
whenpeoplesayculture课文翻译
whenpeoplesayculture课文翻译具体的翻译如下：When people say "culture," we think of art and history. But a famous symbol of American culture is cartoon. We all know and like the black mouse with two round ears - Miss MI. 当人们说“文化，”我们想到艺术和历史。
但是美国文化里的一个有名的标志是卡通。
我们都知道而且喜欢黑色的带着两只圆耳朵的老鼠-米老师。
When this cartoon appeared in New York on November 18, 1928, it was the first cartoon without sound and music. The man behind Mickey Mouse is Walt Disney. He became rich and successful. In 1930, he wrote 87 cartoons in Mickey Mouse. 当这个卡通在1928年11月18日出现在纽约的时候，它是第一部没有声音没有音乐的卡通。
米老鼠背后的男人是Walt Disney。
他变得很有钱很成功。
在1930年，他用米老鼠话了87部卡通。
Some people may ask why this cartoon animal is so popular. One of the main reasons is that Mickey Mouse is a different person, but he often tries to face danger. In his early films, Mickey Mouse was unfortunate and had many problems, such as losing his house and his girlfriend Minnie. 一些人可能会问这个卡通动物怎么这么受欢迎。
语言与文化 论文(英文)
The Relation between Language and Culture Abstract: Different countries have different cultures, and also different language. Language and culture are interdependent and interactional. Language is one of the most important carriers of culture. On the other hand, culture have a great impact on language, that is culture conditioning. Knowing the language and cultural backgrounds can help our communication. Instead, it will cause many communicative barriers. In this paper, we summarize the relationship between language and culture. And example to explain it’s impact on cross-culture communication.摘要：不同的国家有不同的语言和文化，语言和文化是相互依赖、相互影响的，语言是文化的重要载体，另一方面，文化对语言也有制约作用。
了解语言文化知识有助于我们的交际。
相反地，缺乏语言文化背景知识必然会导致交际障碍。
本文列举了语言与文化的关系，并举例说明了这种关系对跨文化交际的影响。
key words: language, cultures, relationship, communication关键词：语言，文化，关系，交际1. IntroductionAs we all know that different countries have different cultures, and also different language. Language and culture are interdependent and interactional. Language is one of the most important carriers of culture. On the other hand, culture have a great impact on language, that is culture conditioning.Language plays a very important role in all human activity. It’s one of the indispensable part of the social life of human. You can not imagine the world would be without language. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of human language is so mystical that people do not acquaint it entirely so far.Culture is the product of social life and national spirit. In other words, culture is the genetic code of difference among the various nation, country and region. Every country has its own culture formation and individuality. This special culture is one of the most important source of affinity and cohesion of a country. For this reason, we must protect and develop the culture of the various nation, country and region, keep variety of our global culture.2. Relationship between language and cultureRelationship between language and culture can be summarized as the following: (1). Language is part of culture. Like other cultural phenomenon, language is also a social phenomenon, it occurred with the production of society, and develops with the development of society. The language is with nationality, different nationalities often have different languages; Language is also human creation. It is the most important spiritual wealth of human society .We can say that language has all the attributes of culture, so language is also a kind of culture, one of the many cultural phenomenons. The human language is not only an integral part of culture, and also the most important part.(2).Language is the main carrier of culture. Although language is part of culture, other cultural phenomenon generally can't exist being independent from language. Only through language, culture can be preserved, extended and spread.(3).Language is the foundation of the development of culture. When we said the cultural development, it's pointing to the development on the original basis which is preserved and spread by language. The development of culture cannot do without thinking, and thinking activity cannot do without the language: the development of culture must rely on the collective of creation of social members. Only by using language which is a good communication tool, can social members communicate and achieve mutual understanding. Different culture should learn from each other through language. Above all, culture must use language as tools to develop. So, the language is the foundation of the development of culture.Above all, we can conclude that language and culture not only in close relationship, but also the special relationship.3. Culture and language in the language communicationBecause language is part of culture, also the carrier of culture and foundation of cultural development, it can reflect the characteristics of national culture and the cultural differences between different nationalities to a maximum extent. From different nationalities' languages, we can find the evidences of different nationality's values, is or not standard, customs, and religious beliefs, social system, and so on. These cultural factors have restriction on language and language communication. But his own people are not always easy to detect that. Only through the comparison of the different nationality's language and language communication, it can be revealed. The so-called "language communication culture", is a special cultural factor implied in the language system which reflects a nation's mental state, values, life style, moral standards, non standard, aesthetic taste, and the customs and habits etc .This cultural factors mainly reflects in the words system , grammar system and pragmatic system of language.We will illustrate some examples of culture in the language communication through comparison between China and Western Countries.3.1 greetingDue to the differences between Chinese and western culture tradition and customs, the way of greeting is, of course, not the same. Because China is a long period of farming community, there’s lot of ‘food’ in t he daily expression. When people meet with each other, they will say ‘have you eaten? ’ for greeting. This way of greeting is just the same as ‘hi’ or ‘hello’ in western country. In China, it is a common way to say ‘hello’, but the western people don’t thi nk so. They may think this greeting seems to be saying: ‘I have nothing to eat. Come on. Let’s go to eat something.’ Or ‘ I was going to ask you to go to my house for a dinner.’ All in all, this means that say ‘hello’ invitation to dinner sometimes. Anothe r way of greeting in china is ‘where are you going?’ or ‘where have you been?’. In china, this greeting is just polite formula. But if you use these sentences to greet to western people, they will feel unhappy. Their reaction is likely to be: it’s none of your business! Western people always talk about the weather when they meet. Such as’ the weather is fine. They respect the privacy of others, and will not ask others privacy issues.In short, when people make a greeting, they should pay attention on different cultures. They should consider the time, place, object, cultural background, social customs andother factors. The use of appropriate greetings can make communication more smooth and natural.3.2 farewellsBetween the social and cultural customs between china and western country are different, the farewells are different, too. For instance, Chinese people go to other people’s homes. When it is the time to say goodbye, they often say: I’d better be going now. You must be very tired or you will have to go to work tomorrow, I should go now. But the American people, by contrast, most of them will find out their reasons to say good-bye. For example, I must say good-bye, my wife is waiting for me or I think I’d better to leave now. Chinese people are always more politely, while westerners are always somewhat straightforward.3.3 taboosIn cross-cultural communication, taboo is the most sensitive topic. Cultural taboos research therefore becomes an important content of cross-cultural communication. The so-ca lled taboos are the words that people can’t say in daily life or their work. Taboo is almost everywhere, from daily life to the political and economic aspects. We here just talk some about common taboos. In the conversation, western people are unwilling to say their age, income, marriage, love, property, fat, and so on. But in china, it is very normal to talk about marriage, income, love, age and so on. In addition, western people should not talk loud in public places, they always speak in quiet. But Chinese people always talk loud in public places. There are lot of this kind of taboos, taboos language reflects different countries’ culture.4. ConclusionIn short, language is one of the most important carriers of culture and culture has a great impact on language in conditioning. They both cannot survive with each other. On the other hand, the difference of language and culture may arouse inconvenience and misunderstanding. Therefore, learning the difference of cultures between different countries is very important. Realizing the difference of cultures between different nations is good for us to communicate with different languages.（1312words）5 bibliography[1]胡文仲著.英美文化辞典.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1995[2]邓炎昌,刘润清著.语言与文化.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1989[3]贾玉新著.跨文化交际学.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997[4]论文化语言学中的语言与文化[J].中国学术期刊网。
初二米老鼠英语课文
When people say "culture",we think of art and history. But one very famous symbol in American culture is a cartoon. We all know and love the black mouse with two large round ears —Mickey Mouse. Over 80 years ago, he first appeared in the cartoon Steamboat Willie. When this cartoon came out in New York on November 18, 1928, it was the first cartoon with sound and music. The man behind Mickey was Walt Disney. He became very rich and successful. In the 1930s, he made 87 cartoons with Mickey,Some people might ask how this cartoon animal became so popular.One of the main reasons is that Mickey was like a common man, but he always tried to face any danger. In his early films, Mickey was unlucky and had many problems such as losing his house or girlfriend, Minnie.However, he was always ready to try his best. People went to the cinema to see the "little man" win Most of them wanted to be like Mickey.On November 18, 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Today's cartoons are usually not so simple as little Mickey Mouse, but everyone still knows and loves him. Who has a pair of ears more famous than Mickey's?。
Unit4-cultural-encounters
The wedding is not like the traditional American wedding. The bridegroom is from a different culture.
2. What are the big problems for people from different cultures when they live together? When people from different cultures live together, the big problems for them may be the different languages, different lifestyles, different eating habits, and different religions, etc.
Audiovisual supplement Cultural information
Audiovisual supplement Cultural information
Priest:
We’ve come together to show our support for Sidney and Rachel, and their joining hands and joining themselves together in holy wedlock. The weather’s been pretty miserable all weekend, but now it’s a beautiful day. And it’s a beautiful day because when two people come together who really love one another and want to share that with other people, it makes it a beautiful day. So Sidney Williams and Rachel Buchman have come to do that. And, Rachel, you go first.
Do you want to watch a game show
1. 认为；想起 2. 在美国文化中 3. 在80多年以前 4. 出版；问世 5. 在1928年18日 6 带有声音和音乐 7.富有和成功
8最主要的原因之一 9.试图面对任何危险 10. 在他的早期电影中 11. 乐于做某事 12.竭尽所能；尽最大努力 13 不如...; 和......不一样
语法： 动词不定式 1. 动词不定式在句子不能单独作_谓_语__。 其结构为“_to_+_动__词__原_形_”。 动词不定式 在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、表
day. We expect t_o_l_ea_r_n_a lot from talent
shows.
语法： 动词不定式
3. “疑问词（how, which, what, when, where 等） +动词不定式” 结构可以跟在一些动词后作宾语， 这些动词有know, learn, decide, forget, remember, discuss等，如： I want to buy a new jacket. But I don’t know which one to choose. 4. Find / think / feel +it +形容词+to do 其中it 为形式宾语，动词不定式是真正地主语。 I find it difficult to learn math. 5. 动词不定式做主语时，常用It’s +形容词each, invite
fantastic, shows, action, want, about, comes from, played, like, exciting, plan
_f_a_n_t_a_st_i_c and they did a good job in the movie. I _l_ik_e_ Mulan very much. The movie _sh_o_w__s_ her love for her family, friends and country. If you _p_l_a_n_ to watch a movie this weekend and you _w_a_n_tto see something enjoyable, choose Mulan!
culture-shock中英文对照
Culture Shock Cause and SymptomsKalvero ObergCulture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most diseases, it has its own symptoms.文化休克是突然移居国外的人的一种职业病.像大多数疾病一样,它有自己的征兆.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways with which we are familiar in the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to go shopping, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, often with our conscious awareness.文化休克是由于失去我们熟悉的标志和社会环境而导致的焦虑.这些标志包括我们熟悉的日常生活,遇到别人知道何时握手,说些什么,知道什么时候如何给小费,如何购物,何时接受或拒绝邀请,何时严肃何时放松.这些可能是语言,手势,面部表情,风俗或规定,我们成长的过程中一直遵守,是文化的一部分,就像我们语言或信仰一样.我们依靠这些思想和标志,成为我们的潜意识.Now when a person enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed, He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be,a series of props have knocked from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they made us feel bad.” When foreigners in a strange land get together to grumble about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another symptom of culture shock is regression. To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.当一个人进入一个陌生的环境,所以这些熟悉的线索都消失了.他就像一条离开了水的鱼,不管你有多么的思想开放多么的友好善良,一系列的问题会来到你的身边,带给你沮丧和焦虑.人们对挫折的反应大致相同,首先是拒绝带给他不适的环境, “这个国家很坏因为它让我感觉很坏”.当一个陌生地方的人一起抱怨这个国家和这个国家的人,你就可以肯定他们正在遭受文化冲击.文化休克的另一个症状就是逃避.对于一个外国人来说每一样事物都变的无法忍受.所有的困难和问题都忘记了,只剩下回家这一个念头.通常只有一趟回家之旅才会把他带回现实.Some of the symptoms of culture shock are: excessive washing of the hands; excessive concern over drinking water, food dishes, and bedding; fear of physical contact with attendants; the absent-minded stare; a feeling of helplessness and a desire for dependence on long-term residents of one's own nationality; fits of anger over minor frustrations; great concern over minor pains and eruptions of the skin; and finally, that terrible longing to be back home.文化休克的另一些症状是:过度的洗手,过度关注饮用水,食物,床上用品,恐惧与服务员身体接触,失神凝望,感觉很无助,渴望依赖在这里长期居住的同国籍的人,小事就能引起愤怒,对轻微的疼痛和皮疹过度关注,最终极度渴望重返家园.Individual differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. Although not common, there are individual who cannot live in foreign countries. However, those who have seen people go through culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can see steps in the process.文化冲击对不同的人有不同程度的影响.尽管并不普遍,有些人不能在国外生活.然而,可以看看有些已经克服文化冲击并且有一个满意的调整,可以参照一下步骤.Stages of AdjustmentRaymond ZeuschnerKalvero Oberg describes four stages that people go through when they experience situations that are very different from those to which they are accustomed. Examples of such situations include moving to a new city, traveling to anew country, and becoming part of a new organization, military unit or corporation.Kalvero Oberg介绍了适应与他们熟悉的环境有很大不同的情况有四个阶段.包括移居到一个新的城市,前往一个新的国家,成为一个组织,军队或公司的一员.Stage one is a honeymoon phase, during which the new experience is perceived to be interesting, picturesque, entertaining, and charming. You may notice several superficial differences such as music, food and clothing, and the fresh appeal of the new experience keeps you feeling interested and positive. If you are a real tourist, you probably do not stay long enough for this phase to wear off but go on to the next new location or experience. There are people who frequently change jobs, majors, romantic partners, travel plans, clothing styles, foods, diets, or cars so that they never get very far away from the honeymoon stage of culture shock. It is very pleasant to travel and to try out and explore whatever is new.第一阶段是一个蜜月期.在此期间新的体验被认为是有趣的,美丽的,好玩的,迷人的.你可能会注意到一些肤浅的差异,比如音乐,食物,衣服,新经验让你感觉新鲜有趣.如果你是一个真正的旅游者,在这个阶段不会停留很久,因为会去新的地方,有新的经历.有些人经常更换工作,专业的浪漫的合作者,旅行计划,服装风格,食品,饮食,或汽车,因此,他们离文化冲击很远.蜜月阶段是非常愉快的旅行,并尝试和探索一切新的东西.When you stay in a new environment for a while, you move to stage two——the crisis stage——in which the shine wears off and the day-to-day realities sink in. In a relationship, you notice annoying habbits; in a new country, you find barriers to establishing connections or to learning the language beyond a few polite phrases. Suddenly, your new major includes a class or a professor you dislike. The difficulties and unpleasantness of realities replace the charming and picturesque “honeymoon.' However, if you stick with the experience and try to deal with it realistically, you will probably move to the third phase of culture shock: recovery.当你在一个新环境待一段时间,你就进入了第二阶段——危机阶段——在这个阶段所以的光环消退,现实的环境摆在你面前.在人际关系方面,你发现了令人烦恼的障碍,在一个新的国家,你发现建立人际关系学习新的语言是有障碍的,比起第一个阶段来.突然之间,你的新专业涉及到的课程和教授你都不喜欢.困难和不愉快的现实取代了第一阶段迷人的蜜月期.然而,如果你能够坚持下去并且尝试去处理,你可能会进去文化冲击的第三阶段:恢复.In recovery, you learn the systems, procedures, language, or nonverbal behaviors of the new environment so that you can cope with it on the basis of some mastery, competence, and comfort. After about two weeks in London, I began to feel familiar with traveling by'tube,“ shopping nearly every day for groceries, paying in the correct currency, buying a newspaper, and using some phrases that are unique to English people. I had the advantage of speaking the same basic language and of sharing a great deal with the English in some broad, cultural aspects. In a country that was very different from my own, It would probably have taken me longer to move into the recovery phase.在恢复阶段,你学习新环境里的制度,程序,语言,行为以便能够熟练驾驭.在伦敦大概两周之后,我开始熟悉乘坐地铁旅行,几乎每天去杂货店物,用正确的货币支付,买报纸,使用一些当地人才用的英语.文化方面我有说同种语言的优势.在一个与我自己的国家有很大不同的地方,可能让我用更长的时间去进入恢复阶段.Finally,the fourth, or adjustment, phase occurs when you feel that you function well and almost automatically in the new culture. You no longer need to make mental conversions of the country's money; you know where services are located and how to use them; you understand some of the customs that accompany ordinary life, and it is relatively easy for you to adjust to them. A greater enjoyment of the new experience is now possible, and you may regain some of the initial positive regard you had in the honeymoon stage. If you stay long enough on a visit from a big city to a small town, or, the other way round, you may become so well adapted to the new environment that when you return to your original home, you will again experience culture shock. For some people, it may take several days to readjust. depending on the length of time they were away. Usually, however, since you are in your home culture, your shock wears off faster than the shock that you experienced in the new culture.最后是第四个阶段,也就是调整阶段.这时你感觉已经在一个新文化中适应良好.你不再需要在心里转换该国货币,你知道各项服务的位置以及如何使用它们,你了解如何适应生活习俗,那对你来说很简单.新的经历可能让你轻松愉快,你也许会重新感受到最初的蜜月阶段的甜蜜.如果你保持足够长的从大城市到小城镇的访问,或者反过来,你可能变得很好地适应新的环境.当你返回最初的家园,你可能还要体验一次文化冲击.对一些人来说,可能要花费几天去重新适应,根据他们离开的时间的长短有所不同.通常,比起你所经历的新的文化,在你自己的本土文化里,冲击要消退的更快一些.欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考。
跨文化交际答案
Unit 1 Communication Across CultureTranslation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。
很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
Case StudyCase 1In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highlythat it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard…s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, ―What beautiful frames your pictures are in.‖In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmonyamong persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation－is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richard…s mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmenthan between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, ―Help yourself‖; for the English counterpart, ―Be my guest.‖ American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who ―makes himself at home,‖ even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to bedirect communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that…s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough. Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginn ing, Mary didn…trealize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a differentway of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 4It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personaland family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner --- not because you don…t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning. Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reverse this --- see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one you will invite more formally to dinner.Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends easily, and they don…t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.Unit 2 Culture and CommunicationTranslation文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。
关于中国文化的英语演讲（精选多篇）
关于中国文化的英语演讲(精选多篇)hello everyone,today i want to say something about chinese traditional culture .our chinese nation, with its industriousness and wisdom, has created a long and over-lasting history and a rich and colorful culture.as a chinese,we are supposedto understand the traditional culture and realize its importance.first,what’s the traditional chinese culture .traditional chinese culture includes material and moral products of ancient chinese people. the moral products involve confucianism, taoism, legalism, buddhism and social system. material ones include historic and cultural relics, ancient architectures etc.no matter how broad chinese culture is, the core of it is the moral.therefore.we can get an answer to another question.why should we learn chinesetraditional culture,or we can say what’s the value of chinese traditional culture.as the core of chinese traditional culture is the moral, it can help us solve threemajor problems we are facing nowadays:problems of survival between man and nature;crisis of confidence betweenman and society;psychological problems exist in people ourselves.for example,confucius believed that persuit of fortune is a general desire of human, but it most be limited by morality. people live for morality but not for fortune, and only in this way does life have value. if all the people in the society can realize this ,horse storm would not appear.through a long history of westernization and with the improvement of material wealth, chinese traditional culture is neglected at any rate by people. at this turning point when china faces the cultural globalization, china should excavate its traditional chinese culture tostrengthen its competitive ability, especially its essences which can serve the construction of modern culture.第三篇：英语演讲美剧文化hi,ladies and gentlemen,do you like american tv play?i love american tv play deeply.i guess some setting in here might like it as me.and you can certain that the topic i show today is about american tv play.and it’s my pleasure for me to make a speech for you.american tv play exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people.most of the fans always go into raptures at the mere mention of american tv play.why they are so popular?it has many reason.in this speech,i tend to identify sources of this current and recommend some popular american tv play.firstly,it excellent way to learn english.many students like require knowledge through enjoy movie.it’s the most easy and comfortable way to study.additionally,language is constantlychange and update,watching american tv dramas can be informed of the latest expression.secondly,cultural attraction.through any tv drama,we can listen feel and even touch different pare with chinese soap opera,a tv drama is more direct,relax and open.the theme of the drama is always present an upward spirit.real and funny.thirdly,the rich subject matter.american tv play has variety of subjects,campus,science fiction,legal speed,urban fashion,iq crime,doctor-patient plot and soon.whatever you like,you can alwaysfind your type of tea.through the different life found different world,we can know more a bit about this unknown world,add colour to the dull routine of everyday life.fourthly,it is high production quality. creating tv dramas have already become flow line in the united states, include edit ,writer,producer,director....therefore,every tv dramas have a huge and powerful group.beside,identifying some sources of this popular current,i also would like introduce some famous american tv play for you.the first one---->.>enjoy be adored by people of all age group and gender.it describes six friends living in new york city,from the acquaintance to the later,has experienced10 years of living together in a series of stories. i also have an old friend,we have made friend more than 10 years.i don’t know how to describe our friendship,but the fact is we know each other better than we know ourselves.love may fade with season,but some friendships are year around.the second one--->.if i can pick up some words to define this drama,i will choice “crazy dire and young”.that’s too hard to say what ever are they presented about.some people are fortunate enough to be born into the right family,others have to find their ownway.we are all young,we all have many illusions andfantasies.we dire for possessions,dire for love,dire for fame,dire for truth and so many others.if one always follow his dire,he will become saint or madman.but if being crazy means living life as if it matters, then i don’t care if we are completely insane.the third one--->it is the most wonderful tv drama that i had ever seen.i’m grateful for this tv drama,for helping me appreciate and all that comes within.happiness is about having each tiny wish come true,or having something to eat when you are hungry,or having some’s love when you need love.i cant’t deny that our path has been complicated,but in the end,love makes everything simple.in the end,i want to share a word with you.“we are all in the gutter,but some of us are looking at the stars.”that’s all my deliver,maybe it have some mistakes on grammar or words,because i write it bymyself.anyway,it’s my great honour to stand here and share my feeling with you.thanks,god bless you.第四篇：山寨文化英语演讲the term “shan zhai” has been very popular nowadays. it has been widely used no matter in daily life or on the internet. “shan zhai” has attracted much attention from mass media, academic scholars and common people. it has been hotly discussed on the network, reported in cctv’s national news program “xin wen lian bo”, and even proposed in two conferences. “shan zhai” versions have crazily emerged in our life, such as “shan zhai” cellular phones, “shan zhai” hot stars, “shan zhai” spring festival gala, tec.but what is the “shan zhai” culture exactly? it’s copying culture which copycats things straight from the originals. and today i would like to talk about “shan zhai” products. to begin with, i believe “shan zhai” products are the knock-off goods escaping from the government’s supervision. therefore, it’s akind of infringement of intellectual property rights. as a citizen, we should strengthen our legal consciousness. from ourselves, from not encourage “shan zhai” products by buying it. if you buy it, that means you support those people who break the laws.secondly, the quality of “shan zhai” products is spotty and the after-sale service cannot be guaranteed. as a consumer, it’s wise for us to take many factors into consideration, not just the low price. “shan zhai” products, for example, some “shan zhai” electronic products which usually machines by smalls industries, let alone doing products testing. so the quality and safety problems emerge easily. sometimes, lose morethan your gain.thirdly, “shan zhai” culture strikes the real innovation, and the regular firms are particularly badly hit by the falling sales. in 2014, the output of “shan zhai” cell phones in china amounted to 150 million, merely even tothe phones’total sales in domestic market, which led to the huge losses of many national brands. meanwhile, it strikingly obstacles the creativity and abet the wind of copycat. thus, it gets rise to the market confusion. last but not least, “shan zhai” products damage chinese brand image, and our products impress people a feeling of low price and poor quality. even though, some foreigners tend to feel unreliable to “made in china”, this is a serious impediment to chinese economic development.in a word, we should take a longer term look rather than be keen on gaining petty advantages. what’s more, as far as i am concerned, aggressive innovation is the only way out for chinese products.第五篇：中国文化——英语主持ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls,we are very happy to gather here to hold an english speaking contest.i am honored to stand here and have thisopportunity to share something with you guys. now it’s time for us to haveperformance. for this competition all the students have made careful preparations. so i’m sure we’ll be able to enjoy many excellent performances today.befor the first item begining,let’s guess something.it’s traditional in china,when a person was born,one animal is used to symbolize this year.do you know what it is?yeah,in chinese we call it “十二生肖”.ok,let’s welcom pei hantao’s group introduce the twelve chinese zodiac to us,give them warm applause.the spring festival is the most important festival for the chinese people and is when all family members get together, just like christmas in the west. as to me,i like spring festival very much,because i can get lucky money~much nonsense said that,let’s welcom cui yutong’s group introduce the spring festival to us,give them warm applause.as we all know panda is the special kind of animal in the world, which also can be精选公文范文管理资料stand for china. panda has a round body like a ball. it colour is black and white. it has black rim of eye.what do you think of pandas? lovely, cute or friendly......anyhow,we love pandas very much!let’s welcom zheng songyuan introduces pandas to us,give him warm applause.chinese paper cutting is a picture cut out on a paper with scissors.they are very beautiful, interesting, andwidely popular among chinese people. can you cutting it?anyway, i can’t do it.well,let’s welcom xi jia yue introduces the chinese paper cutting to us,give her warm applause.请留意以下其他相关内容：太极拳的中国文化内涵演讲传统文化的价值英语演讲英语六级中国文化关键词中国传统文化英语作文浅析中国英语演讲比赛中的语言措辞问题[键入文字] [键入文字] [键入文字]。
人教八年级英语上册-Unit 5 Section B 2a-2e(附音频)
is __si_m__p_le__. 3.He is one of the most _f_a_m_o_u_s_ cartoon characters.
Structure
Events
Steamboat Willie came out in New York.
Walt Disney made 87 cartoons with Mickey Mouse.
Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
adj. 普通的； 常见的
n.电影
adj. 不幸的； 不吉利的
/'ri:zn/ /'kɒmən/ /'kɑ:mən/
/fɪlm/
/ʌn'lʌki/
reason common film =movie unlucky
v.失去；丢失
/lu:z/
n.女朋友
adj. 愿意的； 准备好的
n.人物；角色
adj.简单的； 易做的
Unit 5 Do you want to watch a game show?
Section B 2a-2e
New Words
n.文化；文明 adj. 著名的；
出名的
v.出现
/'kʌltʃə(r)/ /'feɪməs/ /ə'pɪə/, /ə'pɪr/
culture 的多种用法示例
Attitudes towards culture
Show respect
Be tolerant Try to bridge cultural gap (How---page 150)
how does culture influence language
1 where there is smoke ,there is fire 2 every dog has his day 3 a black sheep
Other culture symbols
Other culture symbols
The Eiffel Tower
Culture is Dynamic
1896
1918
1924
1935
1955
1964
1970
2007
Cultural terms
Stereotypes(page149,170)
East&West
when we talk to the westerns, we must avoid asking some questions like this: “How old are you?” “Are you married？” “How many children do you have？” “How much do you make？” “Do you go to the church？”
中国人不注讲公德中国人特别是城市里的人家中整理得窗明几净一尘不染但楼道院子等公共场所却杂乱不堪毫无公德可3中国人缺乏诚信和社会责任感
What is culture
大学英语跨文化交际总结
Chapter 1 cultureThe nature of culture:1.culture is like an iceberg2.culture is our software3.culture is like the water a fish swims in4.culture is the grammar of our behaviorCharacteristics of culture:1.culture is learned (through proverbs, folklore, art, mass media)2.culture is dynamic 动态的3.culture is pervasive 普遍的4.culture is integrated 综合的5.culture is adaptiveCultural identity 文化认同1.cultural identity defined2.formation of cultural identity (unexamined, search, achievement)3.characteristics of cultural identityCultures within culture1.subculture亚文化群2.Co-culture 共文化3.Sub-group 亚群体SummaryMany of us take our culture for granted. The only time when we may ever think about it is when we leave our own country to travel abroad or when we encounter someone with a culture so different from ours that we have to examine our own beliefs. Much of what we think is the "right" or "correct" way to act or do something is actually part of the knowledge that we have learned from our culture.Culture is a large and inclusive concept. The first definition of culture, by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor, involves knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Although this definition has tried to cover more aspects that may direct human behavior, more inclusive definitions continue to come into being. However, in this book, culture is defined from the intercultural communication perspective: culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.Compared with the different ideas on what culture is, scholars agree on thecharacteristics of culture. Generally speaking, culture is learned, dynamic, pervasive, integrated and adaptive.Cultural identity refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People identify with being a member of a group. Being a member of a group helps to define who we are. We are all members of groups of different sizes. One of the largest groups that a person can belong to is a culture. Everyone belongs to a culture.Other groups that people may be a member of are subcultures (also called co-culture) and subgroups. Subcultures exist within dominant culture, and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.Co-culture refers to groups or social communities exh 如ting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. Subgroups can be as small as a fewpeople or as large as a major religion. Subgroups provide their members with norms that tell people how to behave and think. Subgroups can be considered "deviant" forms of behavior. Subgroups can also be defined as "non-exclusive" and "temporary" forms of behavior.Chapter 2 intercultural communicationCommunicationmunication definedponents (组成) of communication(sender/message/encoding/channel/receiver/decoding 编码।/feedback/noise/context)Characteristics of communicationmunication is dynamicmunication is systematicmunication is symbolic 象征的munication is irreversible 不可逆的munication is transactional 相互作用的munication is self-reflective 自我反思的munication is contextual 前后关系的Culture and communicationCulture and communication, although two different concepts, are directly linked. They are so inextricably bound that some anthropologists believe the terms are virtually synonymous. Whenever people interact, they communicate. Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication.Although the concepts of communication and culture work together, we separate them here for purposes of our discussion, we begin by examining "communication" because to understand intercultural interaction, you must first recognize the role of communication in that process.Cultures inherently contain communication systems. Communication and culture are inseparable. One implication of this insight is that cultures generate symbols, rituals, customs, and formats. To use a simple example, every culture has rules for achievement and attainment. In Western culture, the symbols include degrees, promotions, certificates, material objects, technology, and other symbols of material wealth. However, nationals in rural Botswana take pride in the primary group and not just individual attainment. Cultural misunderstanding occurs when we fail to matchthe appropriate symbols and general communication system to the culture. Just witness the awkwardness of an expatriate who attends a gathering in a host culture, but fails to wear the appropriate clothes. One cannot escape this inseparability of culture and communication.Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it. This implies not only using correct symbols, but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. For instance, in Saudi Arabia the correct interpersonal communication style upon meeting one's host is often language loaded with compliments and thanks. Public criticism of fellow workers in this culture is rare, for such a message would appear disrespectful. Some West Africans exhibit a friendly and warm interpersonal communication style. Some Asians are described as conscious of propriety, ceremony, and rules of respect and honor. Some U.S. culture members appear informal and uninhibited Some Britons display a reserved manner, preferring understatement and control in interpersonal interaction. These examples remind us of the importance of understanding intercultural communication style.Areas like loudness, pitch, rate, and certain stances and gestures characterize communication behaviors. A specific culture expects an "ideal" communication style. The contrasts are striking, such as when an American speaks in a "normal" conversational voice, a "quiet" Thai national may think the voice is too loud and interpret the American to be angry.Intercultural communication1.intercultural communication defined2.forms of intercultural communication (international communication/interracialcommunication 跨人种/interethnic communication 跨种族/intraculturalcommunication 同一文化内)SummaryCommunication is an element of culture. It is believed that every cultural pattern and every single act of social behavior involves communication. When a baby is just born, he usually cries. His crying communicates something. When you graduate, your friends usually say "Congratulations!" to you. When a driver sees the red light, he/she will stop. All these are cases of communication.Communication is derived from the Latin word communicate, meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.However, like culture, the term "communication" has been defined from different perspectives. In fact, the way that people view communication - what it is, how to do it, and reasons for doing it - is part of their culture. Western culture emphasizes the instrumental function of communication and the prior consideration is to achieve the sender's personal goal, while in Eastern culture, in addition to sending and receiving messages simultaneously, communicators take their relationship into account.The process of communication has nine components: sender/source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, feedback, noise and context. The sender encodes a message (information that the sender wants to share with other people) by putting it into symbols (usually words or nonverbal gestures) and then sending it through a channel. A channel can be printed media such as magazines and newspapers; electronic media such as television, radio, and the Internet; or sounds traveling through the air when two people speak face to face. Sometimes, it is difficult for the message to reach the receiver. The difficulty is due to "noise". When receivers get the message, they must "decode" or try to understand it. For example, if the sender encodes a message using English, the receiver must use their knowledge of English language to understand it. Often, the sender pays attention to the feedbackof the receiver. The communication takes place within a setting or situation called context.Any communication process demonstrates several characteristics, that is, dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual.When communicating with people from different cultures, it is important to remember that culture and communication are strongly connected. Culture is a code we learn and share, and learning and sharing require communication.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event. Intercultural communication as a term was first used in 1959 by Edward T. Hall—an American anthropologist. Intercultural communication includes international communication, interracial communication, interethnic commurucat10n and intracultural communication.Chapter 4 barriersEmotional problems as barriers1.anxiety and uncertainty (definition/strategies to overcome)2.assuming similarity instead of difference 假想相同点多于不同点Attitudinal problems as barriers1.ethnocentrism 种族或民族中心主义(defined/various forms)2.stereotyping(definition/categories)3.prejudice4.racism5.reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism(socialization 社交化/social benefits/economic benefits/psychologicalbenefits)Translation problems as language barriersck of vocabulary equivalenceck of idiomatic equivalenceck of grammatical-syntactical equivalenceck of experiential equivalence 经验ck of conceptual equivalence 概念SummaryThere are several barriers to intercultural communication—anxiety and uncertainty,assuming similarity instead of difference, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism and translation problems.Anxiety and uncertainty, as well as assuming similarity instead of difference belong to the emotional problems.Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not being totally present in the communication transaction. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others, for you pay too much attention to your uncomfortable feelings. Uncertainty refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other's feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.Assuming similarity instead of difference is a natural thing to do if you do not have any information about a culture. It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. Assuming that a culture is similar to your own can cause you to ignore important differences This assumption always leads to disrupted communication and even conflict.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism belong to the attitudinal problemsEthnocentrism is negatively judging another culture by your own culture's standards. To make ethnocentric judgments is to believe that the ways of your own culture are better than those of others.Stereotyping is used to refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. It assumes that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just because the person is a member of a specific group.Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Prejudiced attitudes can take many forms.A specific kind of prejudice, racism refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. Racism involves not only prejudice, but also the exercise of power over individuals based on their race.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism continue to exist because of socialization and the apparent social, economic, and psychological benefits that come from it.Due to language differences and cultural differences, translation can become a barrier to intercultural communication.Five elements that typically cause problems in translation are the lack of equivalences in vocabulary, idioms, grammar and syntax, experiences, and concepts.Chapter 5 verbal communicationSignificance of verbal communication"Verbal" means "consisting of words". Language, spoken or written, is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.Language and culturenguage as a reflection of the environmentnguage as a reflection of values3.the meaning of wordsVerbal communication styles1.direct and indirect styles2.self-enhancement and self-effacement styles 宣扬和谦逊3.elaborate, exacting and succinct styles 详尽的，确切的，简洁的4.personal and contextual styles 不同的称呼方式根据场合和地位5.instrumental and affective styles 理性与感性Language diversity1.dialects and sociolects 方言和社会方言2.pidgin and lingua franca洋泾浜语（汉语中夹杂外语）,混合语（母语不互通）3.taboo and euphemism 禁用语委婉语4.jargon 行话Cultural influence on written communication1.direct plan2.indirect planSummaryVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.It is agreed that language helps in communicating with people from different backgrounds. However, people may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language being used. Words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context. Although people use the dictionary to explain one language with another language, words of differentlanguages don't mean the same thing because of the cultural influence on word meaning.There are mainly five verbal communication styles introduced in this chapter: direct / indirect; self-enhancement / self-effacement; elaborate / exacting / succinct; personal / contextual; and instrumental / affective.Language is a cultural phenomenon which is used to express different uses and to communicate different meanings. Language varies according to the communicative uses but also according to the users. In fact, users of the same language in a sense all speak differently and the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by their cultural background.In short, some language variations result from the language user, that is, his or her geographical origin (dialect), or his or her social condition (sociolect). However, some language variations result from the circumstances of communication, such as pidgin, Lingua Franca, jargon, taboo and euphemism. Dialect refers to geographical variation, while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. Pidgin refers to a mixed language that is used for trading purposes, while Lingua Franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication. Taboo refers to expressions that are considered impolite, while euphemism refers to polite expressions used to soften the offensive and disturbing language. Jargon refers to aspecial or technical vocabulary that is developed for professional purposes within professional groups like medicine or law.Furthermore, verbal communication involves both oral and written forms. Written communication is especially important in intercultural business communication. As the modem technological renovation (e-mail and ecommerce) calls for the written communication in business, businessmen should be more conscious about the written communication because mistakes made inwritten form are more serious and permanent.Cultural patterns influence not only oral communication but also written communication. Cultural impact on discourse patterns is to be classified into two categories: direct plan and indirect plan. In direct plans, clarity and conciseness are essential to a successful business writing style. The indirect plan has other priorities than the quick delivery of ideas, such as nurturing a relationship or developing some other context for the message. Direct plan is favored by results- oriented cultures Indirect plan is favored by relationship-oriented culture.Chapter 6 nonverbalSignificance of nonverbal communication1.nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.2.nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneou sly<D reflects thesubconsciousness.3.Nonverbal communication is significant is that we cannot avoid communicating. Definition and functions of nonverbal communication1.definition of nonverbal communication2.functions of nonverbal communication （repeating 重复/complementing 补充/substituting 代替/regulating/contradicting 反对）Paralanguage and silence1.paralanguage副语言（语音语调）2.silenceTime and space1.chronemics 时间行为学的2.proxemics 人际距离学（fixed features of space/semifixed features ofspace/personal space包括四种情况下的不同距离）Other categories of nonverbal communication1.oculesics 目光语2.olfactics 嗅觉3.haptics 触觉4.kinesics 人体动作学（gestures/posture/facial expressions/chromatics 色彩/attire 打扮）SummaryWhen we learn to communicate, we learn not only language but also various ways of communicating. Communicators use both verbal and nonverbal codes to communicate, listeners expect to receive both kinds of messages during a conversation. If a speaker uses nonverbal codes poorly or inappropriately, a listener may consider the person a poor speaker. However, misunderstandings may occur when the speakers and listeners are from different cultures and do not share the same nonverbal codes.In brief, the messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by the sender and his or her use of the environment—these have potential message value for both the sender and receiver.Nonverbal communication codes or symbols or stimuli in a communicating setting can be divided into different categories: paralanguage, silence, proxemics,chronemics, oculesics, olfactics, haptics, kinesics, chromatics and attire.Paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning When the German poet Klopstock wrote "The tones of human voices are mightier than strings or brass to move the soul", he meant that sounds we generate often communicate more than the words that they produce. We have the experience of watching foreign movies: if we don't know the language they speak and there are no subtitles, we can still infer when performers are expressing anger, sorrow, joy, or any other emotions.Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think, check or suppress an emotion, encode a lengthy response, or inaugurate another line of thought.Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. People have different attitudes toward punctuality because they have different time orientations. People from monochronic cultures emphasize schedules, while people from polychronic cultures stress involvement of people and the completion of tasks as opposed to a strict adherence to schedules.Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. Cultures vary in such things as how living space is arranged and the distance between people in interaction.Oculesics refers to the study of communications sent by the eyes. Eyes play a central role in impression management. When people say that eyes talk, they mean that eyes convey messages. Although eye contact is a very important way of communication, direct eye-to-eye contact is not a custom throughout the world.Olfactics refers to the study of communication via smell. Americans feel uncomfortable with natural smells, so they spend millions of dollars to make themselves smell "good". However, many cultures regard natural smells as normal. Most 心abs perceive a person's smell as an extension of the person.Haptics or touch refers to communication through the use of bodily contact. There are different behavioral patterns regarding touch. We learn the rules, as we move from infancy into childhood. The wrong behavior of touching in strange cultures can create uncertainty and even ill feeling.Kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body position, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relations to communication. Although any part of the body can be used for communicating nonverbally, face, hands, and armsare the primary 灼nesic channels through which nonverbal messages are sent.Chromatics refers to the study of color in reference to people's perceptions, behaviors, and impressions of others. The same color may be interpreted differently in different cultures. The wrong color of your clothes may make people dislike you, or even hate you. It is quite important to watch what color is appropriate in certain settings, when you are in a foreign countryAttire refers to clothing and physical appearance. It also serves as nonverbal symbols. We often identify a person's culture by his or her physical appearance and dress. Communication with others is often perceived by visual observations of his or her physical appearance.Chapter 7 cultural patternsDefining cultural patterns1.ways of thinking2.ways of actingComponents of cultural patterns 组成1.beliefs 信仰2.values 价值观3.norms 行为准则4.social practices 社会行为Culture theory1.high-context culture高语境文化（很多信息在环境中是可见的，没有必要用语言过多描述）2.low-context culture (语言作为主要传递信息的方式)3.problems posed (高语境的会嫌弃低语境的人说的太多，给予了太多不需要的信息)Value orientation1.human nature orientation2.person-nature orientation(mastery-over-nature view/harmony-with-natureview/subjugation-to-nature view)3.time orientation(value-past/value-present/value-future)4.activity orientation(value-doing/value-being/value-being-in-becoming)5.relational orientationCultural variability1.individualism and collectivism 独立的集中的2.uncertainty avoidance3.power distance4.masculinity and femininity 男权主义女权主义SummaryAlthough individuals, even in the same culture, tend to have different value patterns, there are overall values shaped by one's culture which are shared by the members of the group. Understanding a culture's value pattern is of great significance in terms of understanding their behaviorsShared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time andthat lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns.A belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.Social practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.Context is defined as the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably boundup with the meaning of the event. Edward T. Hall introduced the high context communication and low context communication. A high context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. A low context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. It is verbalized.Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations are based on: human nature, person-nature interface, time, activity and human relationships. These five aspects define group cultures according to different categories:A s for human-nature orientation, cultures could be divided into six groups: (1) Humans are evil but changeable; (2) Humans are evil and unchangeable; (3)Humans are neutral with respect to good and evil; (4) Humans are a mixture of good and evil; (5) Humans are good but changeable; (6) Humans are good and unchangeable.The person-nature orientation consists of three categories: (1) Mastery over nature;(2) Harmony with nature; (3) Subjugation to nature.As far as time orientation is concerned, cultures may belong to (1) The past orientation; (2) The present orientation; (3) The future orientation.The activity orientation involves three groups: (1) The d, omg onentat10n; (2) The being orientation; (3) The being-in-becoming orientation.Geert Hofstede has identified four value dimensions that have a significant impact on behavior in all cultures. These dimensions are individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity and femininity.Individualistic cultures give more importance to individuals' needs when they do things such as setting goals.Collectivism is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.Uncertainty avoidance deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.Power distance is "the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally". That is to say, how equal or unequal .the people in a particular culture think people should be.The major differentiation between masculine and feminine cultures is how gender roles are distributed in cultures.Those dimensions offer certain measurements for researchers to study a specificculture or do comparative research work from an intercultural perspective.Chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsThe business context1.culture influence on business context2.management不同国家方式不同3.business etiquette norms 商务礼仪(appointment seeking/the date forbusiness/greeting behavior/gift giving)The educational context1.culture influence on the educational context2.role behaviors of students and teachers3.classroom participation4.turn taking说话的方式时间和行为The health care context1.culture influence on the health care context2.family and gender roles in the health care context3.conversational structures and languageSummaryMeaning in communication is basically decided by context. Communication is notdevoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. This is known as the communication context. Context may consist of the social, political, and historical structuresin which the communication occurs. Communication in three areas is most influenced by context: business, education and health care.In the business field, management has become a crucial issue and the managing styles vary from culture to culture. These differences are apt to cause troubles for intercultural communication. In add 山on to management, many concrete business practices such as appointment seeking, greeting, gift giving and negotiation are also posing problems for the business interaction. People need to understand and practice the rules in intercultural business context to be competent communicators.The educational context is another significant area where intercultural communication frequently occurs. All participants in the educational context—teachers, students, parents, school administrators, and other staff—bring their cultures' beliefs, values, norms, and social practices with them. All of these can influence behaviors on how students and teachers relate to each other in the classroom.。
八年级英语上册必背句子：第五单元
八年级英语上册必背句子：第五单元1. Let’s watch a talk show. 让我们看谈话节目。
2. Sally thinks game shows are more educational than sitcoms.萨莉认为游戏节目比情景喜剧更有教育意义。
3. She plans to watch Days of Our past tonight.她打算今晚观看《我们过去的日子》。
4. I hope to find out what’s going on around the world.我希望了解世界各地发生的事。
5. We had a discussion about TV shows. 我们讨论了电视节目了。
6. I can’t stand them. 我无法忍受它们。
7. I like to follow the story and see what happens next.我喜欢跟随故事的情节了解接下来要发生的事情。
8. I don’t mind soap operas. 我不介意肥皂剧。
9. You can expect to learn a lot from them.你可以期待从它们中学到许多。
10. I hope to be a TV reporter one day.我希望有一天成为电视记者。
11. What can you expect to learn from sitcoms?你期待能从情景剧中学到什么?12. When people say “culture”, we think of art and history.当人们谈到“文化”时，我们想到的是艺术与历史。
13. We all know and love the black mouse with two large round ears --Mickey Mouse.我们都了解和喜欢那只长着大大的、圆圆的耳朵的黑老鼠--米老鼠。
《初中同步测控全优设计》八年级英语人教版上册例题与讲解：Unit5 SectionB
Unit 5Do you want to watch a game show?Section B & Self CheckSection B 2bWhen people say “c ulture”，we think of art and history.①But one very famous symbol in American culture is a cartoon.We all know and love the black mouse with two large round ears—Mickey Mouse.②Over 80 years ago，he first appeared in the cartoon Steamboat Willie.③When this cartoon came out in New York on November 18,1928，it was the first cartoon with sound and music.The man behind Mickey was Walt Disney.④He became very rich and successful.In the 1930s，he made 87 cartoons with Mickey.Some people might ask how this cartoon animal became so popular.One of the main r easons is that Mickey was like a common man，but he always tried to face any danger.⑤In his early films，Mickey was unlucky and had many problems such as losing his house or girlfriend，Minnie.⑥However，he was always ready to try his best.People went to the cinema to see the “little man” win.Most of them wanted to be like Mickey.On November 18,1978，Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.Peo ple today expect to see more than just a little mouse fighting bad guys，but many still know who he is.Who has a pair of ears more famous than Mickey's？, 当人们说“文化”时，我们会想到艺术和历史。
英语教学中语言和文化的关系
The Relationship Between Language and Culturein English TeachingAbstract:This study was conducted with the relationship between language and culture in English teaching.We have tried to find out what’s the best way to improve the students' English level. Maybe,there is someone who is very good at English exam, that one could be a mechanical memorizing person. Butlearning a language also entails learning about its culture, in addition to teaching the language itself.Teachers might need to inform their students when,where, and how the discourse should be used in English-speaking contexts. This study illustrates the relationship between language study and cultural sense, what a kind of relationship, and the influence.Key Words: language；culture；English teaching；language-culture relationship英语教学中语言和文化的关系摘要：本文阐明了语言和文化的关系在英语教学中的应用。
crossculture跨文化考试笔记
crossculture跨⽂化考试笔记跨⽂化交际学的课堂笔记I. Culture and Intercultural CommunicationCulture:●Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks. (Sapir, 1921)●Culture refers to the total way of life of particular groups of people. It includes everythingthat a group of people thinks, says, does, and makes. (R. Kohls, 1979)●Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, whichaffect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.⽂化是习得的⼀套关于信仰、价值观、规范的公认的解释，这些信仰、价值观、规范对相当⼤⼈类群体的⾏为产⽣影响。
The Characteristics of Culture:1.Culture is not innate; it is learned;2.Culture is transmissible from person to person, group to group, and generation togeneration;3.Culture is a dynamic system that changes continuously over time;4.Culture is selective; (every culture represents a limited choice of behavior patterns)5.Culture is composed of interrelated facets;6.Culture is ethnocentric (centeredness on one’s own group).The American sociolinguist D. Hymes pointed out that people with communicative competence should know when, where and what to speak to whom and how.Models of communicationTheoretically, the model of communication is always described in the following way:Communication is exchanging information in the form of messages, symbols, thoughts, signs and opinions.The Ingredients of Culture●Language;●Religion;●Values and attitudes;●Education;●Social organization;●Technology and material culture;●Politics;●LawIntercultural Communication (IC)●In its most general sense, IC refers to those occasions when a member of oneculture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture. (p70, Samovar & Porter)●More precisely, IC refers to communication between people whose cultureperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.(p70, Samovar & Porter)跨⽂化交际:指拥有不同⽂化认知和符号体系的⼈们之间进⾏的交际。
Culture and Communication 2 跨文化交际
Culture and Communication - The Relationship Between Communication and Culture, Characteristics of Culture, Glimpses of Culturecultures cultural individuals time relationships organizations societies customsThe term “culture” refers to the complex colle ction of knowledge, folklore, language, rules, rituals, habits, lifestyles, attitudes, beliefs, and customs that link and give a common identity to a particular group of people at a specific point in time.All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships, a culture develops over time. In friendship and romantic relationships, for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences, language patterns, rituals, habits, and customs that give that relationship a special character—a character that differentiates it in various ways from other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places, songs, or events that come to have a unique and important symbolic meaning for two individuals.Groups also develop cultures, composed of the collection of rules, rituals, customs, and other characteristics that give an identity to the social unit. Where a group traditionally meets, whether meetings begin on time or not, what topics are discussed, how decisions are made, and how the group socializes are all elements of what, over time, become defining and differentiating elements of its culture.Organizations also have cultures, often apparent in particular patterns of dress, layout of workspaces, meeting styles and functions, ways of thinking about and talking about the nature and directions of the organization, leadership styles, and so on.The most rich and complex cultures are those that are associated with a society or a nation, and the term “culture” is most commonly used to refer to these characteristics, including language and language-usage patterns, rituals, rules, and customs. A societal or national culture also includes such elements as significant historical events and characters, philosophies of government,social customs, family practices, religion, economic philosophies and practices, belief and value systems, and concepts and systems of law.Thus, any social unit—whether a relationship, group, organization, or society—develops a culture over time. While the defining characteristics—or combination of characteristics—of each culture are unique, all cultures share certain common functions. Three such functions that are particularly important from a communication perspective are (1) linking individuals to one another, (2) providing the basis for a common identity, and (3) creating a context for interaction and negotiation among members.The Relationship Between Communication and CultureThe relationship between communication and culture is a very complex and intimate one. First, cultures are created through communication; that is, communication is the means of human interaction through which cultural characteristics— whether customs, roles, rules, rituals, laws, or other patterns—are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies, but rather that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction. In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social communication. Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible to preserve and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to another. One can say, therefore, that culture is created, shaped, transmitted, and learned through communication. The reverse is also the case; that is, communication practices are largely created, shaped, and transmitted by culture.To understand the implications of this communication-culture relationship, it is necessary to think in terms of ongoing communication processes rather than a single communication event. For example, when a three-person group first meets, the members bring with them individual thought and behavioral patterns from previous communication experiences and from other cultures of which they are, or have been, a part. As individuals start to engage in communication with the other members of this new group, they begin to create a set of shared experiences and ways of talking about them. If the group continues to interact, a set of distinguishing history, patterns, customs, and rituals will evolve. Some of these cultural characteristics would be quite obvious and tangible, such that a new person joining the group would encounter ongoing cultural “rules” to which they would learn to conform through communication. New members would in turn influence the group culture in small, and sometimes large, ways as they become a part of it. In areciprocal fashion, this reshaped culture shapes the communication practices of current and future group members. This is true with any culture; communication shapes culture, and culture shapes communication. Characteristics of CultureCultures are complex and multifaceted. As is apparent from the above discussions, cultures are complex “structures” that consist of a wide ar ray of characteristics. The cultures of relationships or groups are relatively simple compared to those of organizations and, especially, societies. Edward Hall (1959, 1979) is one of the most significant contributors to the general understanding of the complexity of culture and the importance of communication to understanding and dealing with cultural differences at the societal level.Ads by GoogleFons TrompenaarsTrompenaars Hampden-TurnerIntercultural Managment ConsultingGlobal Team CollaborationIncrease team performance throughe-learning and teamwork training/virtual_world.cfmManagement of complexityThe leading tool to master complexprojects, processes, developments..www.consideo-modeler.deSolution for Cable TVIncrease revenue level withMulti-level convergence platformCultures are subjective. There is a tendency to assume that the elements of one’s own cultures are logical and make good sense. It follows that if other cultures—whether of relationships, groups, organizations, or societies—look different, those differences are often considered to be negative, illogical, and sometimes nonsensical. If, for example, an individual happens to be in a romantic relationship that is characterized by public displays of affection, that person might think that the behaviors of other people who have more reservedrelational cultures may seem strange, even inappropriate. The person might wonder why a romantic couple would not be more open in displaying affection to one another in public. The individual might even be tempted to conclude that the “reserved” relationship lacks depth and intensity. This phenomenon is true in a variety of situations. People who are used to informal meetings of a group might think that adherence to formal meeting rules is strange and stilted. Employees in an organization where suits are worn every day may react with cynicism and questioning when they enter an organization where casual attire is standard practice. Someone from a culture that permits one man to have only one wife may find it quite inappropriate that another culture allows one man to have multiple wives. With regard to culture, the tendency for many people is to equate “different” with “wrong,” even though all cultural elements come about through essentially identical communication processes. Cultures change over time. In fact, cultures are ever changing—though the change is sometimes very slow and imperceptible. Many forces influence cultural change. As indicated above, cultures are created through communication, and it is also through communication between individuals that cultures change over time. Each person involved in a communication encounter brings the sum of his or her own experiences from other (past or present) culture memberships. In one sense, any encounter between individuals in new relationships, groups, organizations, or societies is an intercultural communication event, and these varying cultural encounters influence the individual and the cultures over time. Travel and communication technologies greatly accelerate the movement of messages from one cultural context to another, and in small and large ways, cultures come to influence one another through communication. Phrases such as “melting pot,” “world community,” and “global village” speak to the inevitability of intercultural influence and change.Cultures are largely invisible. Much of what characterizes cultures of relationships, groups, organizations, or societies is invisible to its members, much as the air is invisible to those who breathe it. Language, of course, is visible, as are greeting conventions, special symbols, places, and spaces. However, the special and defining meanings that these symbols, greetings, places, and spaces have for individuals in a culture are far less visible. For example, one can observe individuals kissing when they greet, but unless one has a good deal more cultural knowledge, it is difficult to determine what the behavior means in the context of the culture of their relationship, group, organization, or society. In other words, it is difficult to tell, without more cultural knowledge, if the kiss is a customary greeting among casual acquaintances or if such a greeting would be reserved for family members or lovers. As another example, beefsteak is thought of as an excellent food in some cultures. However, if one were a vegetarian or a member of a culturewhere the cow is sacred, that same steak would have an entirely different cultural meaning.Glimpses of CultureFor the reasons noted above, opportunities to “see” culture and the dynamic relationship that exists between culture and communication are few. Two such opportunities do occur when there are violations of cultural conventions or when there is cross-cultural contact.When someone violates an accepted cultural convention, ritual, or custom—for example, by speaking in a foreign language, standing closer than usual while conversing, or discussing topics that are typically not discussed openly—the other members of the culture become aware that something inappropriate is occurring. When “normal” cultural practices are occurring, members of the culture think little of it, but when violations occur, the members are reminded—if only momentarily—of the pervasive role that culture has on daily life.When visiting other groups, organizations, and, especially, other societies, people are often confronted by—and therefore become aware of— different customs, rituals, and conventions. These situations often are associated with some awkwardness, as the people strive to understand and sometimes to adapt to the characteristics of the new culture. In these circumstances, again, one gains a glimpse of “culture” and the processes by which people create and adapt to culture.The Role of Technology and MediaAll institutions within society facilitate communication, and in that way, they all contribute to the creation, spread, and evolution of culture. However, communication media such as television, film, radio, newspapers, compact discs, magazines, computers, and the Internet play a particularly important role. Because media extend human capacities for creating, duplicating, transmitting, and storing messages, they also extend and amplifyculture-building activities. By means of such communication technology, messages are transmitted across time and space, stored, and later retrieved and used. Television programs, films, websites, video games, and compact discs are created through human activity—and therefore reflect and further extend the cultural perspectives of their creators. They come to take on a life of their own, quite distinct and separate from their creators, as they are transmitted and shared around the increasingly global community.Issues and Areas of StudyUnderstanding the nature of culture in relationship to communication is helpful in a number of ways. First, it helps to explain the origin of differences between the practices, beliefs, values, and customs of various groups and societies, and it provides a reminder of the communication process by which these differences came into being. This knowledge can and should heighten people’s tolerance for cultural differences. Second, it helps to explain the process that individuals go through in adapting to new relationships, groups, organizations, and societies and the cultures of each. Third, it underscores the importance of communication as a bridge between cultures and as a force behind cultural change.A number of questions also concern researchers and policymakers in this area. As communication increases between individuals, groups, and countries, does this mean that cultural differences and traditions will inevitably erode altogether? Will the cultures of individuals from groups, organizations, and societies that have great access to and control of communication media overpower those in cultures that have fewer resources and less access and control? Can knowledge be used to help individuals more comfortably and effectively adapt to new relationships, groups, organizations, and societies? The importance of these issues makes this area an important one for continued examination by scholars and practitioners.Read more: Culture and Communication - The Relationship Between Communication and Culture, Characteristics of Culture, Glimpses of Culture /articles/pages/6491/Culture-and-Communicati on.html#ixzz0yXnwZKMZ。
人教版(2019)高一英语必修第二册 Unit 1 Cultural Heritage 单元及解析
人教版（2019）高一英语必修第二册 Unit 1 Cultural Heritage单元基础练习注意事项：1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上第I卷（选择题）请点击修改第I卷的文字说明第II卷（非选择题）一、新添加的题型____ after you type it in. (根据首字母单词拼写)2.I’m going to take a course on c______ writing. (根据首字母单词拼写)3.Between giving up his job and giving up his principles, he chose the f______. (根据首字母单词拼写)4.The old building is part of our national h____. (根据首字母单词拼写)5.The band is on a tour to p______ their new album. (根据首字母单词拼写)6.It was the public’s d______ that helped them through the cold winter. (根据首字母单词拼写)7.A survey c______ by the researchers was published in a newspaper. (根据首字母单词拼写)8.He a______ to go through the customs with a fake identification, but failed. (根据首字母单词拼写)9.An organization was e______ to raise fund for the homeless. (根据首字母单词拼写)10.The scientist has made a great c______ to the space project. (根据首字母单词拼写)选词填空11.That is the site _______ they discovered caves full of Buddha statues.12.Does anybody know the reason ______ he refused to sign the document?13.Sue is the person to _______ I sent the text message yesterday.14.On the way home, he helped a young man ______ car had broken down.15.In European countries, the weekend is usually a time ______ nobody goes to work.16.This is the archaeologist _________ discovered the Inca ruins.17.Tasmania is the most unforgettable place __________ I have ever been to.18.This is the story in __________ the valuable blue and white porcelain vase from the Ming Dynasty was finally returned to its owner.19.He wrote many children’s books, nearly half of ____ were published in the 1990s.20.As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time ______ he should be able to be independent.同方框里所给词汇的正确形式填空21.Fill in the ____________and hand it in by 5 o’clock.22.Those who dealed with the problems __________ were winners.23.To ____________our eyesight, we’re advised not to spend too much time playing computer games.24.It is _______________ the match that matters rather than winning the prize.25.He ____________ his horse and rode away.The protection of our cultural heritage is the necessary task.26. When people admit our culture, we will be proud of being part of the country so as to improve the unity and have the desire to make a contribution to society. The loss of cultural heritage will destroy a country, which can be seen in history.27. It refers to various kinds of traditional culture handed down from generation to generation and closely related to people’s life, including various practices, performances, festivals, traditional knowledge and skills, the related instruments, artifacts and culture places. For example, paper-cutting and Dragon Boat Festival have been regarded as culture heritage, not only by our country but also by the United Nations.Nowadays, Hollywood movies take up the market and 28. So some people start to feel disappointed about the local culture, because they haven’t seen its importance. They are easy to deny the local culture, because they know little about it.29.Thus school students should receive the education of culture. The government has named a day called Chinese Cultural Heritage Day, with the purpose of spreading the local culture. When children grow up, they will fight for protecting the culture.30. So we should continue to work hard to do so.A.What is culture heritage exactly?B.our spirit will spread from person to person.C.We can adopt the following methods of protection.D.Anyhow, the cultural heritage protection is a meaningful thing.E.Thus, it is necessary to build people’s awareness of local cultural heritage.F.in China many young people take these superheroes characters as their idols.G.The culture contains Chinese people’s spirit, which has been tested by time.二、完成句子31.我们要保持大自然的平衡。
人教版八年级英语上册课文原文
Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation？conversation：R：Hi，Helen。
Long time no see。
H：Hi, Rick。
Yes, I was on vacation last month。
R: Oh, did you go anywhere interesting?H：Yes, I went to Guizhou with my family.R: Wow! Did you see Huangguoshu Waterfall？H：Yes, I did. It was wonderful！We took quite a few photos there。
What about you? Did you do anything special last month?R: Not really。
I just stayed at home most of the time to read and relax。
passage:I arrived in Penang in Malaysia this morning with my family.lt was sunny and hot, so we decided to go to the beach near our hotel。
My sister and l tried paragliding。
l felt like l was a bird。
lt was so exciting. For lunch，we had something very special——Malaysian yellow noodles。
They were delicious. In the afternoon, we rode bicycles to Georgetown. There are a lot of new buildings now，but many of the old buildings are still there。
文化冲击 英语作文
文化冲击英语作文Culture Shock。
Culture shock is a common phenomenon that occurs when people move from one culture to another. It can be experienced by people who move from one country to another, or even by people who move from one region to anotherwithin the same country. Culture shock is the feeling of disorientation that people experience when they encounter new and unfamiliar cultural practices, values, beliefs, and customs.Culture shock can be caused by a number of factors. One of the main factors is the difference in language. When people move to a new country, they may find it difficult to communicate with the locals because of the language barrier. This can lead to feelings of isolation and frustration.Another factor that can cause culture shock is the difference in social norms. Every culture has its own setof social norms, which dictate how people are expected to behave in different situations. When people move to a new culture, they may find that their own social norms are different from those of the new culture. This can lead to feelings of confusion and anxiety.The food and cuisine of a new culture can also cause culture shock. People may find that the food is very different from what they are used to, and may struggle to adjust to the new tastes and flavors. This can be particularly difficult for people who have strong attachments to their own cuisine.Finally, culture shock can also be caused by the difference in values and beliefs. Every culture has its own set of values and beliefs, which shape the way people think and behave. When people move to a new culture, they mayfind that their own values and beliefs are different from those of the new culture. This can lead to feelings of confusion and disorientation.In order to cope with culture shock, it is important tokeep an open mind and be willing to learn about the new culture. It is also important to seek out support from others who have experienced culture shock, and to try to maintain connections with people from one's own culture. By taking these steps, it is possible to overcome culture shock and to thrive in a new cultural environment.In conclusion, culture shock is a common phenomenonthat can be experienced by people who move from one culture to another. It can be caused by a number of factors, including differences in language, social norms, food and cuisine, and values and beliefs. By keeping an open mind and seeking out support from others, it is possible to overcome culture shock and to thrive in a new cultural environment.。
2020版中考英语新素养突破大一轮泰安专用：八年级下册：第十七课时
2020版中考英语新素养突破⼤⼀轮泰安专⽤：⼋年级下册：第⼗七课时第17课时⼋年级(下)Units 1~2答案见341页Ⅰ.完形填空阅读下⾯短⽂,掌握其⼤意,然后从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中,选出能填⼊短⽂相应空⽩处的最佳选项。
Do you know who played the role of Superman in the film Superman?He was Christopher Reeve,a(n) 1,and he was famous for his performance in the movie.Like Superman,Christopher Reeve was afraid of nothing.He was good at flying planes,riding horses and many otheractivities.But2changed(改变) in 1995.When riding a horse,he fell and 3himself badly.The doctors thought it was4for him to live long.Reeve even thought of 5 his life to end everything.6,when he thought of his family,he knew he couldn't.From then on,he began to 7for his life.At the end of 1995,he left hospital.Soon after that,he felt he was ready to face the world again.He wanted to tell people no matter8 problems they had,they shouldn't give up.He began to make speeches,and they helped lots of people 9 body problems.He also went back to work and made his first film,In the Gloaming.Although he lost control of his body,he still had his 10and his dream.He was,and would always be Superman!1.A.expert B.actor C.reporter2.A.something B.anything C.everything3.A.hurt B.lost C.turned4.A.available B.serious C.difficult5.A.looking up B.giving up C.making up6.A.However B.Certainly C.Hardly7.A.look B.fight C.serve8.A.when B.which C.what9.A.in B.for C.with10.A.reason B.culture C.spiritⅡ.阅读理解阅读下⾯短⽂,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
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When people say culyure, we think of art and history. But one very famous symbol in American culture is a cartoon. We all know and love the black mouse with two large round ears —Mickey Mouse. Over 80 years ago, he first appeared in the cartoon Steamboat Willie. When this cartoon came out in New York on November, 18, 1928, it was the first cartoon with sound and music. The man behind Mickey was Walt Disney. He became very rich and successful. In the 1930s, he made 87 cartoons with Mickey.
Some people might ask how this cartoon animal become so popular. One of the main reasons is that Mickey was like a common man, but he always tried to face any danger. In his early fims, Mickey was unluky ang had many problems such as losing his house or girlfriend, Minnie. However, he was always ready to try his best. People went to the cinema to see the little man win. Most of them wanted to be like Mickey.
On November 18, 1978, Mickey became character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Today’s cartoon are usually not so simple as little Mickey Mouse, but everyone still knows and loves him. Who has a pair of ears more famous than Mickey’s ?。