第七讲英文论文
英语论文范文
英语论文范文本人作为一名英语专业学生，曾写过不少英语论文，以下是三篇我曾写过的范文，希望对您有所帮助。
篇一：Corporate Social Responsibility in the Fashion IndustryAbstractAs a vastly profitable industry, the fashion industry is also a large contributor to environmental degradation, worker exploitation, and human rights violations. In recent years, companies in the fashion industry have begun to put forth more effort towards Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in order to address these issues. This paper will examine the concept of CSR in the fashion industry, as well as the benefits and challenges of implementing CSR policies.Keywords： Corporate Social Responsibility, Fashion IndustryIntroductionThe fashion industry is a significantly profitable global industry, with revenue projected to reach $3 trillion in 2030 (Business of Fashion, 2017). However, this industry, while driving considerable economic growth, is also known for its significant impact on the environment, worker exploitation, and human rightsviolations (Marin, et al., 2015). Consumers are becoming increasingly aware of the negative impacts the fashion industry has on the world, and this has led many companies in the industry to adopt Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies.BackgroundCorporate Social Responsibility refers to an organization's responsibility to act in ways that benefit society as a whole, beyond just simply generating profits for shareholders (Crane, et al., 2019). In fashion industry, CSR policies aim to address issues such as environmental sustainability, fair labor practices, and human rights issues. There are several reasons why fashion companies have begun adopting CSR policies. First, consumers are demanding more transparency and ethical practices from companies they support (Dalli, 2017). Second, companies have become aware that CSR policies can help improve their image, attract customers, and increase revenue. (Shepherd, et al., 2013) Lastly, CSR policies can also lead to cost savings for the company by reducing waste and improving efficiency (Bocken, et al., 2014).Benefits of implementing CSR policies in the fashion industry：First, CSR policies can help companies gain positive brand reputation and recognition. By operating in a socially responsible way, companies can differentiatethemselves from competitors, which can help attract and retain customers (Nayak and Karmakar, 2017). Second, CSR policies can increase employeesatisfaction and loyalty. When employees feel that they are working for a company that is committed to social responsibility, they are more likely to feel proud of their work and remain committed to the company in the long-term (Kim, et al., 2018). Third, CSR policies can lead to increased cost savings for the company, particularly in areas such as reducing waste and improving supply chain efficiency (Bocken, et al., 2014).Challenges of implementing CSR policies in the fashion industry：First, implementing CSR policies often requires significant financial investment, particularly in the areas of supply chain transparency and worker wage increases (Challender, et al., 2015). Second, it can be difficult for companies to maintain consistent implementation of CSR policies across all areas of the company and supply chain (Sarwar, et al., 2013). Additionally, there may be cultural and institutional barriers to implementing CSR policies in somelocations where fashion production takes place, such as cultural norms surrounding worker treatment (Narayana and Melkote, 2014).ConclusionIn the fashion industry, CSR policies can helpmitigate the negative impacts that the industry has on the environment, workers, and human rights. Whilethere are challenges involved in implementing CSR policies, the benefits to companies and society as a whole can ultimately make them worthwhile investments for companies in the industry.篇二：The Effectiveness of Online Language LearningAbstractOnline language learning has become an increasingly popular option for language learners. This paper examines the effectiveness of online language learning, particularly in comparison to traditional classroom-based language learning. By examining previous research, this paper argues that online language learning can be a highly effective method for language learning, particularly for certain types of learners.Keywords: Online Language Learning, Language Acquisition, Traditional Classroom-based Language LearningIntroductionThe rise of the internet has led to the development of a wide range of language learning tools and resources that are available online. These resources have become an increasingly popular option for language learners,particularly those who have limited access totraditional classroom-based language learning programs. Despite the growing popularity of online language learning, there remains some debate about the effectiveness of this method of language acquisition.BackgroundOnline language learning involves using a wide rangeof digital resources to aid language acquisition, including language-specific apps, chat-based language exchanges, and online video tutorials. Traditional classroom-based language learning, on the other hand, involves face-to-face interaction with language instructors and peers. There are a range of factorsthat can affect the effectiveness of these two methods of language learning, including access to technology, teacher quality, and individual learnercharacteristics (Lee, et al., 2019).Benefits of Online Language Learning：Research has found that online language learning canbe a highly effective method for language acquisition when it is used in conjunction with traditional classroom-based language learning (Ebrahimi, et al., 2013). For example, online language learning can help provide additional practice opportunities and can be particularly effective for learners who struggle with traditional classroom-based language learning (Mouhanna, et al., 2017). Additionally, onlinelanguage learning can be more flexible and accessible than traditional classroom-based language learning, particularly for learners who cannot attend regular language classes due to work or family obligations (Alemi, 2015).Challenges of Online Language Learning：There are several challenges associated with online language learning. One of the primary challenges is the potential lack of interaction with language instructors and peers, which can make it moredifficult for learners to receive feedback and engage in conversation practice (Fernández-Toro, et al., 2015). Additionally, learners may not have access to the same level of resources and tools as they would in a traditional classroom-based learning environment (Lee, et al., 2019). Finally, online language learning may not be suitable for all learners, particularly those who require close personal interaction and learning social cues (Mouhanna, et al., 2017).ConclusionOnline language learning can be a highly effective method for language acquisition, particularly when it is used in conjunction with traditional classroom-based language learning. However, online language learning is not suitable for all learners and there are certain challenges associated with this method of language acquisition.篇三：The Effect of Bilingualism on Language DevelopmentAbstractBilingualism, the ability to speak two languages, has been found to have a range of cognitive, linguistic, and social benefits. This paper examines the effects of bilingualism on language development, including challenges and benefits, as well as factors that may affect the degree of bilingual proficiency.Keywords: Bilingualism, Language Development, Language ProficiencyIntroductionBilingualism, the ability to speak two languages, has been found to have numerous benefits for individuals. Over the past several decades, there has been a growing body of research exploring the effects of bilingualism on language development. This paper aims to summarize some of the key findings from this literature and to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of bilingualism on language development.BackgroundBilingualism can have a wide range of effects on language development. Learners who speak two languages have been found to have better cognitive abilities, higher levels of creativity, and increased social skills (Bialystok, et al., 2015). Additionally, bilingualism has been found to have a positive effecton academic achievement, particularly in language-related skills such as reading and writing (Lu, et al., 2018).Benefits of Bilingualism：There are numerous benefits associated with bilingualism. For example, bilingualism can lead to increased cognitive flexibility, allowing individuals to better navigate complex cognitive tasks (Bialystok, et al., 2015). Bilinguals also have a greater ability to switch between languages, allowing them to communicate more effectively in different cultural contexts (Palmer, et al., 2018). Additionally, bilingualism has been linked to improved academic achievement, particularly in the area of language-related skills (Lu, et al., 2018).Challenges of Bilingualism：While bilingualism can have many benefits, it can also present certain challenges. For example, bilinguals may experience some confusion when switching between languages, particularly when they are still developing their language skills (Bialystok, et al., 2015). Additionally, bilingual learners may find it more difficult to develop language skills if they do not receive adequate support in both languages (Lu, et al., 2018).Factors Affecting Bilingual Proficiency：There are several factors that can affect anindividual's level of bilingual proficiency. For example, age of acquisition appears to have a significant effect on the degree of languageproficiency (De Houwer, 2015). Additionally, exposure to the languages in different contexts and the quality of language instruction are also important factors (Lu, et al., 2018).ConclusionBilingualism has numerous benefits for individuals, particularly in terms of cognitive flexibility and academic achievement. However, bilingualism can also present certain challenges, particularly during the language acquisition process. The degree of bilingual proficiency is affected by a range of factors,including age of acquisition, language exposure, and language instruction quality.。
学术论文的基本格式及写作要求_OK
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（五）引言（Intorduction）
引言又称前言，属于整篇论文的引论部分。其写作内容包括：研 究的理由、目的、背景、前人的工作和知识空白，理论依据和实验基 础，预期的结果及其在相关领域里的地位、作用和意义。
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下面分别以图书、期刊论文、专利、电子文 献作为参考文献为例，介绍著录项目与著 录格式（包括标点符号）：
➢ [序号]作者1，作者2，作者3.书名[M].出版地：出版者，出 版年.引用页码.
➢ [序号]作者1，作者2，作者3.文献题名[J].期刊名,年,卷(期): 起止页码.
➢ [序号]专利所有者.专利题名[Ｐ].专利国别:专利号,出版日期.
致谢（Acknowledgment）
参考文献（Reference）
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二．学术论文各部分的写作要求
（一）题名（Title） 题名又称题目或标题。题名是以最恰当、最简
明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。 “论文题目是文章的一半”。
对论文题目的要求是：准确得体；简短精炼；外 延和内涵恰如其分；醒目。
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（八）致谢（Acknowledgment）
按照GB7713-87的规定，致谢语句可以放在 正文后，体现对下列方面致谢：国家科学基金、 资助研究工作的奖学金基金、合同单位、资助和 支持的企业、组织或个人；协助完成研究工作和 提供便利条件的组织或个人；在研究工作中提出 建议和提供帮助的人；给予转载和引用权的资料、 图片、文献、研究思想和设想的所有者；其他应 感谢的组织和人。
第七讲 扩散系数汇总
2、内容要求（70分）
针对所选定的题目，在充分资料查阅的基础上，进行归纳和总结。 要求数据充分、立论有依据。对问题可以运用所学理论展开分析 和讨论，并鼓励提出自己的见解和设想。
评分方法： ◎ 文献查阅量 ◎内容完整性 ◎ 分析问题的能力 ◎ 自己的观点
禁止某一文献的简单复制， 或一些文献的简单堆砌
（2）正构烷烃用Hugduk---Minhas式。
5、多组分液体混合物D的计算
1）Perkins-Gennkoplis提出
2）Wilke-Chang
《石油物性》课程考试方式与要求
1、考试方式
鉴于课程性质与讲授内容的实际，本课程考试确定为文 献查阅与论文撰写，要求每位同学依据自己今后研究生 论文所要开展的工作，进行相关研究方向的文献查阅， 具体题目可自拟。
1）Uemsi
此式亦可用于气—液体系，平均偏差11%
适用：1 ）二组分非极性稀溶液，浓度<5%。
2）极性液体——非极性液体，效果好。 极性液体——极性液体 计算值偏低约15-50%
2）Wilke—Chang
适用：1）二组分稀溶液（<5%），极性组分，不适用水为溶质 2）平均偏差20%，有时达35% 该式已制成图可查。
二元液体无限稀溶液液态烃和石油馏分浓度5的溶液电解质溶液多组分液体1二元体系1理论型1低压中压从boltzmann方程得到2烃烃体系3weissmanmason4极性气体brobaw式2经验关联型wilkelee2高压气体d计算此研究很少有一种简单的对比态法trttctcycbprppcpcy为低压方法计算得的值再由右图的trpr查得后计算得3多组分气体系统dwilke根据stefanmaxwell方程提出
4、扩散系数用途
英文论文格式范文
英文论文格式范文《English Paper Format Sample》Title: The Impact of Technology on Language Learning Introduction:Technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, and its impact on education, specifically language learning, has been substantial. This paper aims to explore the influence of technology on language learning and the ways in which it has revolutionized the way individuals acquire and master a new language.Body:1. The Role of Technology in Language LearningIn the past, language learning primarily involved textbooks, audio tapes, and face-to-face interactions with teachers. However, with the advent of technology, individuals now have access to a wide array of resources such as language learning apps, online courses, and interactive software. These tools have not only made language learning more accessible but also more engaging and personalized.2. The Benefits of Technology in Language Learning Technology has transformed the traditional methods of language learning by providing learners with the ability to practice listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills in a virtual environment. Additionally, learners can interact with native speakers throughvideo calls and social media platforms, enabling them to immerse themselves in the language and culture.3. The Challenges of Technology in Language LearningWhile technology has undeniably improved language learning, it also presents challenges such as the potential for distraction and information overload. Furthermore, some individuals may struggle to adapt to new software or feel overwhelmed by the multitude of options available.Conclusion:In conclusion, technology has revolutionized the way individuals learn languages by providing them with innovative and interactive resources. While it has its challenges, the benefits of technology in language learning far outweigh its drawbacks. As technology continues to advance, its impact on language learning will only become more profound.References:Smith, J. (2019). The Impact of Technology on Language Learning. Journal of Language Education, 15(2), 67-78.Brown, S. (2018). Language Learning in the Digital Age. New York: Routledge.。
学术论文写作-Unit7
Unit Seven
II. Sample Reading
2. Answer the following questions based on the sample abstract.
1) How was the study carried out? Using a move structure analysis, four moves were identified to account for
abstract; • To learn how to provide keywords in an abstract; • To understand reference styles; • To write an abstract and create a reference list.
Unit Seven
the different rhetorical purposes employed by writers of preface sections to create a niche and establish the importance of their textbooks.
科技论文写作 第七讲 会议论文和学位论文
第七讲：会议论文与学位论文
会议论文及其分类
国际学术会议按照其规模大小可大致分为与会者人数超过300 人的大 型代表会议（Conference）、150-300 人的中型专题会议 （Symposium）、50-150 人小型讨论会（Workshop）和50 人以下 微型研讨会（Seminar）。
研究生参与学术会议主要是通过会议投稿，被录用后进行口头报告 （Oral presentation）或墙报汇报（Poster）。
第七讲：会议论文与学位论文
主要的聚合物学术会议
• International Symposium on Polymers for Advanced Technologies （国际高技术高分子学术会议 ）
• 主办方：The Polymers for Advanced Technologies Journal • 两年一届
第七讲：会议论文与学位论文
学术会议的查询
第七讲：会议论文与学位论文
主要的聚合物学术会议
• World Polymer Congress （世界高分子大会） • 主办方：International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC)—— 国际纯粹与应用化学联合会 • 两年一届
第七讲：会议论文与学位论文
会议Poster （墙报）制作
3）根据自己喜好设置背景颜色。 4）编辑正文和图片。标题文字最好选择80号字左右，正文选48号 字左右，图注选40号字左右。注意四周要留出足够的空来才好看。 5）在自己的电脑上，选择100％ 比例观看效果即可！ 6）存盘！（ 此时可送图片社打印和加膜，建议打印制作时选用 1200dpi。可能会贵一点。整个制作费用在80元左右。别忘了购一 个专用圆筒20元，可以携带您的Poster！）
英语课论文英文版
A study onpower control for theuplink of LTE networksAbstract This paper proposes a heterogeneous network environment, based on partial power control to ensure quality of service (QoS-FPC) algorithm, the algorithm considers the user priority and quality of service requirements of power distribution.Keywords-power control QOS-FPC HetNetFemtocellⅠ.INTRODUCTION Among LTE downlink respectively OFDMA and SC-FDMA multiple access, it is not related to orthogonal between each sub-carrier, thus overcoming the impact of WCDMA among distance effect. To ensure the uplink transmission data quality, reduce interference attributable to a different eNodeB of the UE using the same frequency sub-carrier generation, but also to reduce the energy consumption of the UE, and makes uplink transmission to adapt to different wireless transmission environments, including path loss, shadowing, fast fading Wait. (Mass balance and SINR used in conjunction with the principle of balance, power control technology is now mainstream.)Power control, just as uplink power adjustment (use slow power control), the downlink transmission in accordance with the parameters fixed power that only eNodeB to UE transmit power adjustment. [1] LTE, the uplink power control so that, for the same MCS (Modulation And Coding Scheme), a different eNodeB UE reaches the power spectral density (Power Spectral Density, PSD power unit bandwidth) is approximately equal. eNodeB UE allocated different bandwidths and different transmission modulation coding scheme MCS, so that the UE obtained under different conditions corresponding to different uplink transmit power. Power Control There are two ways to open and closed loop, as the power control channel has an uplink contribute channel PUSCH, the uplink control channel PUCCH, the random access channel PRACH, uplink reference signal SRS. (PRACH open loop; PUSCH, PUCCH and SRS are closed and open loop with the open loop and closed-loop combination, so compared to the pure closed-loop power control, less theoretically required amount of feedback information, that is, only when the LTE UE can not accurately estimate when the power setting required closed loop power control)According to the path loss estimate and the open-loop algorithm, LTE systems PSD (power spectral density, Power Spectral Density) launch set a rough point of operation, which can in the most common path loss and shadow fading scene average modulation and coding the method of providing the appropriate PSD. Around the open-loop operation point, LTE uplink closed loop power control can provide faster adjustments, which are better able to control interference, and more finelyadjust the power to adapt to channel conditions (including fast fading variation). [2] Since the LTE uplink is completely orthogonal, uplink power control does not require as fast as CDMA, power control cycle is generally no more than a few hundred hertz. [3]Each UE complete path loss measurement based on the signal strength of the received reference signal RS, in order to determine the path loss compensation portion (fraction of the path-loss) require much transmit power and hence is also called Fractional Power Control (power section control).[4] section power control parameter is determined by the eNodeB, the value of this parameter requires a balanced overall spectral efficiency and cell-edge performance. Part of the power control and closed loop power control commands collaboration uplink power control.Ⅱ.TYPICALPOWER CONTROLSYSTEMLTE uplink to PUSCH, PUCCH and SRS power control. Different mathematical formula three power control or uplink channel signals, but they can be divided into two basic parts: 1) basic open-loop operation point eNodeB delivers static or semi-static parameters calculated based on;2) dynamic offset each subframe may adjust, can be summarized as follows: UE transmitted power spectral density (power per RB on) = open-loop operation point + dynamic power shift Basic open-loop operation point depends on a number of factors, including the condition and interference between cell load cell, which can be further divided into two parts:1) a semi-static power base value P0, P0 can be divided into general-purpose power values applicable in all cells of the UE, a different offset for each UE; 2) an open loop path loss compensation component.Open loop path loss compensation component depends on the UE estimates downlink path loss, which is measured by the UE to the RSRP value and a known downlink reference signal (RS) transmit power calculated. In one extreme case, eNodeB P0 can be set to a minimum -126dBm, entirely based on the path loss UE measurements to adjust the size of the uplink power.If you perform a full path loss compensation method allows the cell edge UE treated fairly maximum, but in the reality of a multi-cell coexistence deployment environment, the implementation of part of the path loss compensation method to reduce inter-cell interference, do not need to make sure that the cell edge allocate more resources than the transmission quality of the user, thereby improving the overall uplink capacity of the system. Therefore, the introduction of the LTE system part of the path loss compensation factor α, in order to balance the uplink fair scheduling and overall spectrum efficiency. When α values of 0.7-0.8 when both the system close to the maximum capacity, but also to prevent excessive cell edge data rate drops. Thus, each RB transmission power of the basic open-loop operation point is defined as:Open-loop operation point = nominal power P0 + ring-opening road loss compensation α × (PL) (PL: Path Loss) Nominal power P0 is divided into: UE specific cell nominal power and nominal powereNodeB for all UE semi-statically set the nominal power P0_PUSCH and P0_PUCCH within the cell, the value system by SIB2 message (Uplink Power Control Common: p0-NominalPUSCH, p0-NominalPUCCH) broadcast; the range is -126dBm to P0_PUSCH +24 dBm (refer to each RB is concerned). P0_PUCCH ranges from -126 dBm to -96 dBm.Each UE may also be UE specific nominal power offset value through the dedicated RRC signaling (Uplink Power Control Dedicated: p0-UE-PUSCH, p0-UE-PUCCH) sent to UE under. P0_UE_PUSCH and P0_UE_PUCCH unit is dB, values between -8 to +7, different UE an offset for the nominal power system and P0_PUCCH of P0_PUSCH.SPS uplink transmission, the value of P0_PUSCH are different (SPS-Config UL: p0-NominalPUSCH-Persistent). SPS used in V oIP, etc. Often want to minimize system overhead due to signaling, including retransmissions required PDCCH signaling. Thus, the semi-static SPS uplink transmission, higher transmit power may be applied, in order to achieve better BLER (Block Error Rate) operating point.Open loop road loss compensation PL based UE for the downlink path loss estimate. UE by measuring the downlink reference signal RSRP, and known RS subtracting signal power, thereby performing path loss estimate. Original RS transmit signal power in SIB2 broadcast PDSCH-Config Common: reference Signal Power, in the range of -60dBm to 50dBm.To counteract the effects of fast fading, UE typically within a time window for the downlink RSRP averaged. The length of the time window is generally between 100ms to 500ms.For PUSCH and SRS, eNodeB via the parameter α to determine the path loss UE uplink power control weight. For example, for a UE at the cell edge, and if its transmit power is too high, another cell will cause interference, thereby reducing overall system capacity. This can be controlled by α. α in the semi-static system message set (Uplink Power Control Common: alpha).For PUCCH, because different PUCCH users are code-division multiplexing, α value of 1, you can better control the interference between different PUCCH users.Each RB transmission power offset dynamic (Dynamic Offset) may be divided into two components:1) component of the MCS determined;2) component of the TPC (Transmitter Power Control) command decision. Component of the MCS decision also called ΔTF (TF is a Transport Format) acronym. MCS based on power adjustment may enable the UE to adjust the transmit power spectral density is dynamically according to the selected MCS. UE by the eNodeB of MCS is scheduled by setting emission MCS UE can quickly adjust the transmit power spectral density UE, fast power control to achieve a similar effect. PUCCH power adjustment based on MCS reflected: LTE system will each PUCCH format defined with respect to the format 1a power offset (Uplink Power Control Common: DeltaFList-PUCCH) Closed loop power control means to adjust the UE UE transmit power through the PDCCH TPC command. It can be divided into the absolute value ofthe cumulative adjustment and adjustment in two ways. Cumulative adjustment method suitable for PUSCH, PUCCH and SRS, the absolute value adjustment method is only applicable to PUSCH. Conversion of these two different ways of adjustment between the semi-static, eNB through RRC dedicated signaling (Uplink Power Control Dedicated: accumulation Enabled) indicating that the UE uses the cumulative mode and absolute mode. Cumulative way power adjustment value is the current value in the last power-adjusted increase / decrease indicated a TPC step size, the cumulative adjustment mode is the default mode UE used. LTE accumulated TPC mode can have two different adjustment steps, the first set of steps of (-1,0,1,3) dB, for PUSCH, the DCI format 0/3 directions; for PUCCH, the DCI format 1 / 1A / 1B / 1D / 2 / 2A / 3 instructions. Step second length (-1,1), the DCI format 3a instructions (for PUCCH and PUSCH).Absolute value refers to the direct use of the power to adjust the value indicated by the TPC, it applies only to PUSCH. At this point, eNodeB need to explicitly close the way to the cumulative power adjustment adopted by RRC signaling. When absolute value, TPC value of (-4, -1,1,4) dB, the DCI format 0/3 indicating that the power adjustment range of up to 8db, suitable for UE discontinuous uplink transmission, eNodeB adjustment step such that the UE transmit power to a desired value.In summary, the uplink transmit power of the UE can be expressed as: In Case PUSCH in subframei, the transmission power of the PUSCH channel of the terminal may be expressed as:P_PUSCH ^ ((i)) = min {P_CMAX, 10 lg(M_PUSCH (i)) + P_ (O _ (_ PUSCH)) (j) + α (j) × PL + Δ_TF (i) + f (i)} (dBm)among them,(1) P_CMAX represents the maximum transmit power of the terminal.(2) M_PUSCH (i) represents the PUSCH transmission bandwidth (RB number)(3) P_ (O _ (_ PUSCH)) (j) is set by higher layer signaling power reference value, the noise level can be reacted uplink reception side.(4) is in the range α} {0,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1, a partial power control compensation algorithm for large scale fading, used by high-level information indicates that this signaling 3bit Numerical cell used. The PL is a large-scale loss of the terminal downlink measured.(5) Δ_TF (i) represented by the type of modulation and coding schemes and data (control information or data information) of the determined power offset.(6) f (i) is adjusted by the value of the closed loop power control terminal formed, its value depending on the power PDCCH format 0/3 / 3A on the control command to adjust. At the physical layer, there are two types of closed loop power control - accumulative (accumulation) and Absolute (absolute). (Already described above)Space power terminal (Power Headroom) is an important parameter of the power control process, the physical layer of the terminal power remainingspace (ie, the maximum transmit power terminal with the current difference between the actual transmission power) is measured and reported to the top. Inter-cell power controlNot only to compensate for uplink power control path loss and slow fading, but also control the effect of interference between cells. Inter-cell power control is implemented in two ways: one is through the lower air interface found adjacent cell interference level indication; the other is through the X2 interface interaction interference between base stations.Interference of neighboring cells by measuring cell, this interference level compared with the tolerable interference threshold. If it exceeds the interference threshold, the interference indication is "1"; if not exceeded, the interference indicating "0." Here there are two implementations:One is disturbed cell transmits the same interference level indication of all the neighboring cells;Another is subject to different interfering cell adjacent cell interference level feedback different directions.To a different neighborhood feedback indicating different levels of interference, it can more precisely control the transmit power of the interference source. But need to separately measure the interference caused by different neighboring cells, different cells need to transmit different instructions, which increases the complexity of the system and the downstream signaling overhead. Each user power adjustment based on their interference indicating understanding. Of course, the results can be understood by interference indicating to the base station by the centralized control station.Via the X2 interface between base stations, switching each cell overload indication (Overload Indicator, OI), also enables centralized power control between cells, inter-cell interference can be suppressed to improve overall system performance. However, due to the communication delay between the base station is large, it will cause interference is not timely information exchange.LTE system defines RNTP (Relative Narrowband Tx Power, related to narrow-band emission power) to support downlink power may be coordinated, the message via the X2 interface between the base station exchangeⅢ.ENHANCEDPOWER CONTROLSYSTEMThis paper proposes a heterogeneous network environment, based on partial power control to ensure quality of service (QoS-FPC) algorithm, the algorithm considers the user priority and quality of service requirements of power distribution. QoS-FPC algorithm include the following points:1, it protects the macro base station uplink communications users by restricting eNB across layer interference is below a given threshold.2, it ensures that the home base station user to optimize power allocation for each power adjustment phase. Therefore, this algorithm has two main advantages:1, it is always to meet the high priority needs of users2, while it maintains a low priority users threshold requirementIn this paper, the system model shown aboveSo there is a SINR UE and FUE are as follows:Wherein P represents the transmission power, G represents the gain of the channel, the interference I as follows: Channel model:Channel loss include: path loss, shadow fading, fast fadingMUE path loss and eNB is as follows: R represents the distance between the transmissions receivedIndoor path loss can be expressed as:Wherein L represents an additional wall loss, generally considered to be 20dBFUEs and HeNBs path loss between: In this paper, the use of two-layer interference stack, so only consider the path loss and shadow fadingFor users liquidity presented Bearer ModelFor Internet telephony application, we use the "ON" "OFF" Markov model probability 0 \ 1 appear are: For video transmission:Webrowsing:3GPP LTE-A system of quality service awareness uplinkpacketscheduling:This scheduling is applied for each subcarrier, the transmission time interval for each application. In this paper, the use of this index proportional fair scheduling algorithm (EXP / PF). Scheduling is as follows: T represents the instantaneous data rate available over the available data rate R represents D represents the delay parameters are as follows:Distributed power control scheme: PSD user transmission power spectral density:Where the parameter settings are explained below and in accordance with the existing test :( know when a 0.7, the best)Algorithm flow diagrams above Steps are as follows:initializationinterference estimation and power distributionusers compare the quality of service prioritySimulation environment configuration:Simulation results:In this paper, QoS-FPC program which protects the macro base station uplink communications users by restricting eNB across layer interference is below a given threshold. In addition, the power allocation scheme in the stage considered QoS priority users. Therefore, it is always a high priority to meet the needs of users to maintain a low-priority user threshold requirement.Ⅴ.CONCLUSIONThis paper proposes a heterogeneous network environment, based on partial power control to ensure quality of service (QoS-FPC) algorithm, the algorithm considers the user priority and quality of service requirements of power distribution. It protects the macro base station uplink communications users by limiting the eNB across layer interference is below a given threshold. It ensures that the home base station user to optimize power allocation for each power adjustment phase. Therefore, this method has two major advantages: it is always a high priority to meet customer needs while maintaining its low-priority user threshold requirementREFERENCE【1】Larrousse B, Lasaulce S, Bloch M. Coordination in distributed networks via coded actions with application to power control[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2015.【2】Belyaev E, Vinel A, Egiazarian K, et al. Power Control in See-Through Overtaking Assistance System[J]. IEEE Communications Letters, 2013,17(3):612-615.【3】Joung J, Sun S. Energy Efficient Power Control for Distributed Transmitters with ZF-Based Multiuser MIMO Precoding[J]. IEEE Communications Letters, 2013, 17(9):1766-1769.【4】Al Talabani A, Nallanathan A, Nguyen H. ANovel Chaos Based Cost Function for Power Controlof Cognitive Radio Networks[J]. IEEE Communications Letters, 2015, 19(4):657-660.【5】Tran N H, Hong C S. Joint Rate and Power Control in Wireless Network: A Novel Successive Approximations Method[J]. IEEE Communications Letters, 2010, 14(9):872-874.【6】辜方林, 张杭. CDMA系统中的一种分布式功率控制算法[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2011,47(19):118-120.【7】陈友荣, 俞立, 董齐芬,等. 基于近邻算法的无线传感器网络功率控制[J]. 浙江大学学报:工学版, 2010, 44(7):1321-1326.【8】李威煌, 吕品, 陈颖文,等. 多速率无线Mesh 网络环境下功率控制与调度机制——PSMR[J]. 计算机应用, 2011, 31(1):208-211.【9】张永敏, 徐伟强, 黄炯,等. AdHoc网络节能型功率控制与拥塞控制的跨层优化[J]. 软件学报, 2013, 24(4):900-914.【10】丁一鸣, 吴昊, 李承恕. 无线传感器网络中一种基于簇头预测和功率控制的节能路由算法[J]. 铁道学报, 2010, 32(1):43-48.。
第七讲_有意味的形式案例
18世纪的艺术概念
18世纪随着对视觉艺术、音乐和诗歌的业 余兴趣的兴起，逐渐出现了将不同的艺术形 式统一为一个总类的现代美的艺术概念。
1714年J.P. de Crousaz关于美的论文被认为是 法语最早的现代美学论文。他讨论了视觉艺 术、诗歌和音乐，并且力图从哲学上解释美 与善的不同。但他并没有确立现代美的艺术 的系统，而且对美与善、艺术与手艺的区别 也不是很清楚，比如他明确提到宗教的美。
“艺术” 的定义
艺术殿堂的建构 艺术发展的不平衡
一 “艺术” 的定义
艺术作为摹仿、艺术作为表现……
古希腊对“艺术”（technē）的理解
1. 人类有目的的活动：在古代的西方大体包含： 木工、外科医生、烹饪术、建筑术等。 2. 科学：算术、几何、医学、动物学、占卜术 等。
3. 现代涵义上的艺术。 在古希腊人那里，艺术还没有从人类的其他 活动中分离出来。
艺术的独立
艺术的独立是一个历史的过程，主要在17世纪。 表现：
艺术研究院的成立
从法律上把纯艺术与手工技艺分离 术语的合理化----art
artist
artisan
古希腊时期的艺术概念 古罗马时期的艺术概念 中世纪的艺术概念 文艺复兴时期的艺术概念
17世纪的艺术概念
17世纪开始欧洲文化中心逐渐从意大利转移到法国， 在法国成立了许多学院，其中包括绘画、雕塑、建筑、 音乐和舞蹈等学院，但也包括科学和其他文化分支的学 院。 随着自然科学的独立，人们逐渐意识到艺术与科学 的区别：建立在数学演算和知识积累之上的科学可以不 断进步，今天的科学一定比过去的科学进步；而建立在 个人天才和趣味基础上的艺术则没有进步的历史，今天 的艺术不一定比过去的艺术强。 在17世纪末，Charles Perrault明确将“美的艺术” 与自由艺术区别开来，将艺术与科学区别开来。在 Perrault的美的艺术中，包括雄辩术、诗歌、音乐，建 筑、绘画、雕塑，以及光学和机械力学等。
研究生学术英语读写教程unit7
研究生学术英语读写教程unit7研究生学术英语读写教程 Unit7 的内容如下:主题：学术论文的结构和写作技巧本单元重点:- 了解学术论文的基本组成部分以及各自的作用- 掌握正确的学术论文写作技巧和风格- 学会如何优化学术论文的结构和排版本单元拓展:- 学术论文的阅读和撰写对于研究生来说是非常重要的技能。
通过本单元的学习，学生将学会如何有效地阅读和撰写学术论文，从而提高学术能力。
- 学术论文的结构和写作技巧是研究生学术英语读写教程中的重要部分。
通过学习本单元的内容，学生将能够更好地理解学术论文的结构和组织方式，从而更好地撰写学术论文。
具体内容:1. Introduction- 介绍学术论文的背景和目的- 阐述学术论文的基本组成部分以及各自的作用- 举例说明如何有效地组织 Introduction 部分2. Literature Review- 介绍文献综述的作用和意义- 阐述文献综述的基本组成部分以及各自的作用- 举例说明如何有效地组织 Literature Review 部分3. Methods- 介绍研究方法的重要性- 阐述研究方法的基本组成部分以及各自的作用 - 举例说明如何有效地组织 Methods 部分4. Results- 介绍研究结果的重要性- 阐述研究结果的基本组成部分以及各自的作用 - 举例说明如何有效地组织 Results 部分5. Discussion- 介绍讨论部分的作用和意义- 阐述讨论部分的基本组成部分以及各自的作用 - 举例说明如何有效地组织 Discussion 部分 6. Conclusion- 总结学术论文的主要内容- 强调学术论文的结论和贡献- 举例说明如何有效地撰写 Conclusion 部分 7. References- 列举学术论文中所引用的文献- 注意文献引用的准确性和完整性8. Format and 排版- 了解学术论文的排版格式- 学会如何优化学术论文的结构和排版本单元重点:- 了解学术论文的基本组成部分以及各自的作用- 掌握正确的学术论文写作技巧和风格- 学会如何有效地阅读和撰写学术论文，从而提高学术能力总结:研究生学术英语读写教程 Unit7 主要介绍了学术论文的结构和写作技巧。
第七讲-EMS电子书及电子刊介绍
EMS 电子书和电子期刊介绍AGENDA EMS出版社介绍EMS电子书介绍EMS期刊介绍EMS使用指导European Mathematical Society欧洲数学学会出版社介绍欧洲数学学会（European Mathematical Society）于1990年成立，总部设在瑞士，旨在促进纯数学与应用数学的研究。
目前会员达到3000多人，来自欧洲60多个国家的应用和计算数学家、计算机科学家、工程师、统计学家和数学教育者。
EMS出版的研究期刊涵盖了整个数学领域，既有基础理论研究，也有应用研究，内容丰富而全面，在高等研究领域非常著名，2013年已出版的15种学术型期刊中，80%被SCI收录为核心期刊。
根据期刊引用报告(JCR)统计，其中Journal of the European Mathematical Society (JEMS)、Journal of Noncommutative Geometry (JNCG)的影响因子分别高达1.736和1.296。
2018年已出版23种电子期刊。
European Mathematical Society电子书介绍◆EMS已出版超过170本书的电子图书，出版年代从2004年至今，超过30000页的高质量文章，所有的在线图书可以下载(pdf)，未来每年计划出版量约为15种左右，系列丛书包括以下10种：◆EMS Monographs in Mathematics (EMM)◆EMS Series of Congress Reports (ECR)◆EMS Series of Lectures in Mathematics (ELM)◆EMS Textbooks in Mathematics (ETB)◆EMS Tracts in Mathematics (ETM)◆ESI Lectures in Mathematics and Physics (ESI)◆Heritage of European Mathematics (HEM)◆IRMA Lectures in Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (IRMA)◆The QGM Master Class Series (QGM)◆Zurich Lectures in Advanced Mathematics (ZLAM)European Mathematical Society期刊列表TITLE刊名IF 2017 EMS Newsletter(NEWS)欧洲数学学会通讯EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences*欧洲数学学会数学科学调查Groups, Geometry, and Dynamics组、几何和动力0.691 Interfaces and Free Boundaries界面和自由边界0.636 Journal of Combinatorial Algebra*组合代数期刊Journal of the European Mathematical Society欧洲数学学会期刊 1.969 Journal of Fractal Geometry *分形几何学杂志Algebraic Geometry代数几何Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré D *（法）庞加莱研究所年刊Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici瑞士数学通讯0.918 Elemente der Mathematik数学元素TITLE刊名IF 2017Journal of Noncommutative Geometry 非交换几何学报0.69Journal of Spectral Theory光谱理论期刊0.844L’Enseignement Mathématique*数学教学Mathematical Statisctics and Learning 数理统计与学习Oberwolfach Reports （德）奥博沃尔法奇报告Portugaliae Mathematica葡萄牙数学0.629Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences 数学科学研究所出版物0.732Quantum Topology量子拓扑European Mathematical Society 期刊列表European Mathematical Society期刊列表TITLE刊名IF 2017Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova （意）帕多瓦大学数学研讨会学报0.24Rendiconti Lincei-Matematica e Applicazioni林切伊报告-数学和应用0.931 Revista Matemática Iberoamericana伊比利亚美洲数学杂志 1.039 Zeitschrift für Analysis und ihre Anwendungen分析及其应用杂志0.863European Mathematical Society部分期刊介绍Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici(CMH)）瑞士数学通讯：瑞士数学学会的刊物创立于1928年五月，瑞士数学学会会议录第一册出版于1929年，并很快赢得国际声誉，是世界领先的数学期刊之一。
英语议论文_图文
英语议论文_图文The Importance of Visuals in English Discursive Writing。
Visual aids have always played a crucial role in enhancing the quality and effectiveness of English discursive writing. Whether it is through the use of graphs, charts, or illustrations, visuals can significantly improve the overall impact of a piece of writing. In this article, we will explore the various ways in which visuals can be incorporated into English discursive writing and the benefits they bring to the table.First and foremost, visuals can help to clarify complex ideas and concepts. In the context of discursive writing, this can be particularly useful when discussing intricate topics or presenting statistical data. For example, a graph or chart can be used to illustrate a trend or pattern, making it easier for readers to understand and interpret the information being presented. This not only adds clarity to the writing but also enhances the credibility of the arguments being made.Moreover, visuals can also serve as a powerful tool for persuasion. When used strategically, images and illustrations can evoke emotions and create a strong impact on the reader. For instance, a well-chosen photograph or diagram can effectively convey the urgency of an environmental issue or the human impact of a social problem. By appealing to the reader's emotions, visuals can help to make the arguments more compelling and persuasive.In addition, visuals can also aid in the retention of information. Studies have shown that people are more likely to remember information when it is presented in a visual format. By incorporating visuals into English discursive writing, writers can help readers retain key points and ideas more effectively. This is particularly important in persuasive writing, where the goal is to influence the reader's opinions and beliefs.Furthermore, visuals can enhance the overall aesthetic appeal of a piece of writing. In a world where attention spans are increasingly short, it is important for writers to capture and maintain the reader's interest. By including visuals, writers can break up thetext and create a more visually appealing layout. This not only makes the writing more engaging but also helps to keep the reader's attention focused on the content.It is worth noting that visuals should be used judiciously and with careful consideration. While they can be powerful tools for enhancing English discursive writing, overusing visuals or incorporating them inappropriately can have the opposite effect. It is important for writers to strike a balance and ensure that visuals are relevant, accurate, and effectively support the arguments being made.In conclusion, visuals play a crucial role in enhancing the quality and effectiveness of English discursive writing. From clarifying complex ideas to aiding in persuasion and retention of information, visuals offer a wide range of benefits to writers and readers alike. By incorporating visuals strategically and with care, writers can significantly improve the impact and effectiveness of their discursive writing.。
英文文献演讲稿范文初中
Ladies and Gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon. Today, I am honored to stand before you todeliver a comprehensive review on the impact of technology on education. In this era of rapid technological advancements, the integration of technology in education has become an indispensable part of our lives. This speech aims to explore the positive and negative effects of technology on education, and to shed light on the challenges and opportunities it brings to both students and educators.I. IntroductionThe advent of technology has revolutionized various aspects of our lives, and education is no exception. Over the past few decades, theintegration of technology in education has gained significant momentum. From the use of computers and the Internet to the development of educational apps and online learning platforms, technology has become an integral part of the educational process. This has led to a wide rangeof benefits, but also some challenges that need to be addressed.II. Positive Effects of Technology on EducationA. Increased Access to InformationOne of the most significant benefits of technology in education is the increased access to information. With the Internet, students can now access a vast array of resources, including textbooks, research papers, and multimedia content. This allows them to explore different perspectives and gain a deeper understanding of the subject matter.B. Enhanced Learning ExperienceTechnology can make the learning experience more engaging and interactive. Through the use of multimedia tools, such as videos, animations, and simulations, students can visualize complex concepts and grasp them more easily. Additionally, educational apps and online platforms offer personalized learning experiences, catering toindividual learning styles and pace.C. Improved Collaboration and CommunicationTechnology has greatly facilitated collaboration and communication among students and educators. With tools like video conferencing, online forums, and social media, students can easily share ideas, work on group projects, and seek help from peers and teachers. This fosters a sense of community and encourages active participation in the learning process.D. Increased Efficiency and ProductivityThe use of technology in education can lead to increased efficiency and productivity. By automating administrative tasks, such as grading and record-keeping, teachers can focus more on teaching and interacting with students. Moreover, students can save time by accessing online resources and completing assignments online.III. Negative Effects of Technology on EducationA. Distraction and MisuseOne of the most significant challenges of technology in education is the potential for distraction and misuse. Students may get distracted by social media, online games, or other non-educational content, leading to a decline in academic performance. Moreover, the misuse of technology can lead to cyberbullying, privacy breaches, and other negative consequences.B. Digital DivideThe digital divide is another significant challenge. Not all students have equal access to technology and the Internet, which can create disparities in educational opportunities. This gap can widen the achievement gap between students from different socioeconomic backgrounds.C. Overreliance on TechnologyThere is a risk of overreliance on technology in education. While technology can enhance the learning experience, it should not replace the human element. Teachers play a crucial role in guiding students and fostering critical thinking skills, which cannot be fully automated.IV. Challenges and OpportunitiesA. Teacher Training and Professional DevelopmentTo maximize the benefits of technology in education, teachers need to be well-trained and equipped with the necessary skills. Continuous professional development programs can help educators adapt to new technologies and integrate them effectively into their teaching practices.B. Addressing the Digital DivideEfforts should be made to bridge the digital divide by providing equal access to technology and the Internet for all students. This can include government initiatives, partnerships with private companies, and community outreach programs.C. Promoting Digital LiteracyIt is essential to promote digital literacy among students and educators. This involves teaching them how to use technology responsibly,critically evaluate online information, and protect their privacy.V. ConclusionIn conclusion, the impact of technology on education is multifaceted. While it offers numerous benefits, such as increased access to information, enhanced learning experiences, and improved collaboration, it also presents challenges, including distractions, the digital divide, and overreliance on technology. By addressing these challenges and leveraging the opportunities that technology brings, we can create a more inclusive and effective educational environment for all students.Thank you for your attention. I welcome any questions or comments you may have regarding this topic.。
高中英语Unit21HumanBiologySectionⅦWriting__议论文写作讲义北师大版选修7
Section ⅦWriting——议论文写作[文体指导]一、体裁介绍1．议论文的结构和上下文的连贯性对于议论性的作文，其结构要自然地形成主题、扩展和结尾这样的三段式结构。
开头句往往是主题句，主题句要做到内容完整，概括性强，表达清楚，突出主题。
一般说来，一篇议论文讨论的是一个主题，其焦点只有一个，要做到主题的统一性。
其次上下文的连贯性也很重要，做到段落中的句子之间相互联系、相互依存、上下一体，也就是逻辑关系要一致。
另外，适当地利用一些连接词和过渡词会增强段落的连贯性。
议论文上下的连贯性离不开过渡性词语，过渡性词语的使用使文章更加连贯、更具有逻辑性。
2．议论文段落的基本结构议论文段落的基本结构：主题句(topic sentence)、阐述句(supporting sentence)和结尾句(concluding sentence)。
(1)主题句：包括段落的主题和中心思想，一般置于段首，偶尔也置于段中或段末，并不是所有的段落都有主题句，有的段落其中心是暗示的。
(2)阐述句：通过具体而有说服力的事实来展开主题。
(3)结尾句：是对段落的概括总结或是对主题的评论和建议，以增强回味的余地。
二、技巧点拨1．英语议论文写作四步法：议论文就是摆事实、讲道理，并要求通过多方面的分析，把道理说通、说透。
议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。
第一：介绍话题，提出论点。
给出一些历史背景或个人材料。
Everyone knows that...大家都知道……Tobacco was introduced to Europe after the discovery of America.发现美洲后烟草被引入到欧洲。
My parents smoke and they have both tried to give up many times.我父母都吸烟，而且他们试图戒烟很多次了。
第二：从正方辩论。
给出实例，证明论点。
Firstly，it costs a lot of money to treat smokers who get diseases，such as heart disease or lung cancer...首先，你要花一大笔钱来治疗由吸烟引起的疾病，诸如心脏病或肺癌……Secondly，some people are in favor of the idea of doing...其次，有些人赞成这个主意……They point out the fact that...他们指出这一事实……第三：从反方辩论。
议论文英语范文
议论文英语范文The Importance of Developing Critical Thinking Skills。
In today's fast-paced and complex world, critical thinking skills have become more important than ever. With the abundance of information available at our fingertips, it is crucial for individuals to be able to think critically in order to make informed decisions and solve problems effectively. In this essay, we will explore the importance of developing critical thinking skills and how it can benefit individuals in various aspects of their lives.First and foremost, critical thinking skills are essential for academic and professional success. In the academic setting, students are required to analyze and evaluate information, as well as to think critically about the concepts and ideas presented to them. By developing critical thinking skills, students can improve their academic performance and become more effective learners. In the professional world, employers are looking for individuals who can think critically and make sound decisions. Employees who possess strong critical thinking skills are valuable assets to their organizations, as they are able to solve problems, make informed decisions, and contribute to the overall success of the company.Furthermore, critical thinking skills are essential for personal development and growth. In our daily lives, we are constantly faced with situations that require us to think critically. Whether it's making a major life decision, solving a problem at home, or evaluating information presented to us, critical thinking skills are crucial for navigating through life's challenges. Individuals who possess strong critical thinking skills are better equipped to make rational and well-informed decisions, which can lead to better outcomes and a higher quality of life.Moreover, critical thinking skills are essential for effective communication and interpersonal relationships. In order to communicate effectively with others, individuals need to be able to think critically about the information being presented to them, as well as to express their own thoughts and ideas in a clear and logical manner. Additionally,critical thinking skills are important for understanding and evaluating the perspectives of others, which is essential for building strong and healthy relationships.In conclusion, developing critical thinking skills is essential for success in today's world. Whether it's in the academic, professional, or personal realm, individuals who possess strong critical thinking skills are better equipped to make informed decisions, solve problems effectively, and communicate with others in a clear and logical manner. Therefore, it is important for individuals to actively work on developing their critical thinking skills in order to thrive in today's complex and fast-paced world.。
英语论文写作Lecture 7
英语科技论文写作Unit 7
– To keep in mind that a process involves several steps which take place in a certain time sequence
Topical Highlights
• Materials Used in the Experiment • Equipment Introduced in the Experiment • Conditions Provided in the Experiment • Special Attention: Variety – variety in sentence structure and sentence opening, essentials to making a paper more readable, avoiding monotony and enabling the author to express him/herself more effectively
Process Undertaken in the Experiment
– A professional has to present to the readers what experiment or experiments he has done and what is the findings in his experiment.
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Unit 7 Textual Development (2)
Topical Highlights
如何撰写高质量的流行病学研究论文第七讲随机对照试验Meta分析的报告规范——QUOROM介绍
如何撰写高质量的流行病学研究论文第七讲随机对照试验Meta分析的报告规范——QUOROM介绍QUOROM（Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses）是对随机对照试验Meta分析进行报告的一套规范，旨在提高报告质量、透明度和可重复性。
QUOROM规范由专家共同制定，对Meta分析报告的撰写和评审提供了指导。
遵循QUOROM规范能够确保Meta分析结果的可靠性和可信度，有助于研究者和读者更好地理解和应用Meta分析的结果。
QUOROM规范的主要内容如下：1. 标题和摘要：在Meta分析报告中，清晰明确地说明所研究的主要问题和目标，并在摘要中提供足够的信息，以便读者了解研究的设计、参与者、干预措施和主要结果。
2. 引言：引言部分应清楚说明研究的背景、目的和假设，明确说明研究的研究问题，并完整引用已发表的相关研究。
3. 方法：在方法部分，应提供详细的研究设计、研究对象、样本量计算、数据收集和分析方法的描述。
还应描述用于检测偏倚和评估研究质量的方法。
4. 结果：结果部分需要准确地呈现研究中获得的主要效应量、置信区间和P值等结果。
此外，还应包括敏感性分析、亚组分析和统计异质性的评估结果。
5. 讨论：讨论部分需要对研究结果进行全面的解释和讨论，并与先前的相关研究进行对比。
还应讨论研究限制、偏倚以及结果的可靠性和适用性。
6. 结论：结论部分需要概括性地总结研究的主要发现，并对结果的临床和公共卫生的意义进行讨论。
此外，还需提出后续研究的建议和改进措施。
7. 附录：为了增加报告的透明度和可重复性，还应提供详细的补充材料，如研究协议、统计代码等。
QUOROM规范的主要目的是为了确保Meta分析的报告能够完整、透明地呈现研究的方法和结果，以便其他研究者能够验证和应用这些结果。
同时，遵循QUOROM规范也有助于评估和比较不同Meta分析报告的质量和可靠性。
总之，QUOROM规范作为Meta分析报告的指导原则，提供了一套全面且系统的报告规范，可以帮助研究者撰写高质量的流行病学研究论文。
如何撰写高质量的流行病学研究论文第七讲随机对照试验Meta分析的报告规范——QUOROM介绍
・６１８・１２坐堕塑瘟堂盘查！！！！生！塑箜！！鲞笙！塑堡！堕』曼Ｅ！！！坐！！！！』！些垫！！，Ｙ生：！！！邕！：！・系列讲座・如何撰写高质量的流行病学研究论文第七讲随机对照试验Ｍｅｔａ分析的报告规范——ＱＵＯＲＯＭ介绍夏惜惜詹思延【导读】随机对照试验（ＲｃＴ）的Ｍｅｔａ分析是Ｍｅｔａ分析中最常见的一种，用于整合与某一特定问题相关的多个ＲｃＴ的研究结果，以得到更明确或更具有一般性的结论。
ＲＣＴ的Ｍｅｔａ分析报告应当提供其纳入单个试验及进行Ｍｅｔａ分析过程的重要信息，尤其是可能造成潜在偏倚及影响ＭｅＬａ分析结论适用性的信息。
本讲分析可能影响ＲＣＴ的Ｍｅｔａ分析质量的主要因素，同时介绍目前国际认可的ＲＣＴ的Ｍｅｔａ分析报告规范Ｑｕ０ＲｏＭ的制定过程及详细清单内容。
【关键词】随机对照试验；Ｍｅｔａ分析；ＱｕＯＲＯＭ随着循证医学的迅速发展，越来越多的医疗卫生服务者和研究者认识到了循证决策的重要性。
如何系统地总结既往的研究成果，为循证决策提供高质量的证据日益受到重视，系统综述和Ｍｅｔａ分析应运而生，近年来在医学研究领域得到了广泛的应用ｕ一。
．１．系统综述与Ｍｅｔａ分析：系统综述属于二次研究，是在复习、分析、整理和综合原始文献的基础上进行。
一个系统综述研究可能只包括一种类型的研究，也可以是不同研究方法的综合。
一个好的系统综述应该具备如下特征：清楚地表明题目和目的；采用综合检索策略；具有明确的研究入选和排除标准；列出所有入选的研究；清楚地表达每项人选研究的特点并对其方法学质量进行分析；阐明所有排除研究的原因；如果可能，使用Ｍｅｔａ分析台并合格的研究结果；如果可能，对合成的结果进行敏感性分析；采用统一的格式报告研究结果。
Ｍｅｔａ分析作为系统综述中使用的一种统计方法，是以综合研究结果为目的，从本质上讲是定量化综述，但与传统文献综述又有区别。
传统文献综述往往是定性的，且依赖于综述者的主观分析；在复习文献时缺乏共同遵守的原则和步骤，同类文献由不同的研究者进行综述，结果可能大相径庭；此外，综述者常常注重研究结果统计学上是否“有意义”，而统计学是否“有意义”取决于研究样本的大小，许多小样本的研究可能得到的是假阴性的结果。
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为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的 反方面，另一方面等等，比如： 1)时间问题 如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研 究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足。 2)物性及研究手段问题 如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以 及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。 3)研究区域问题 首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究，然后强调这一区域研究不足。 4)不确定性 虽然前人对这一问题研究很多，但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点，这种 uncertanties, ambiguities，值得进一步澄清。 5)提出自己的假设来验证 如果自己的研究完全是新的，没有前人的工作进行对比，在这种情况下，你 可以自信地说，根据提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结 果。 We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ... It is hoped that the qutestion will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).
2. 提出自己的观点 We aim to This paper reports on provides results extends the method.. focus on The purpose of this paper is to Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss...
科研写作—第七讲
英文论文写作中的有关问题
谭凯旋
南华大学核资源与核燃料工程学院 2009年9月
一、中国人写英文文章常见的错误
二、英文科技论文中的语言技巧
1. 如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性 通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如 However, little information.. little attention... little work... little data little research or few studies few investigations... few researchers... few attempts... or no none of these studies has (have) been less done on ... focused on attempted to conducted investigated studied
3) 讨论部份的整体结构 小标题是比较好的方法把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。 一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明的部份可 以放在最后一个片段。 一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业的专业人士 读懂以外，一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。所以可以把讨论部份 分为两部份，一部份提出观点，另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。 这样专业外的人士可以了解文章的主要观点，比较专业的讨论他可以把它 当成黑箱子，而这一部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。 为了使文章清楚，第一次提出概念时，最好加以个括弧，给出较为详 细的解释。
4.怎样提出观点 在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要。 不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。 1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用 We confirm that... 2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用 We believe that... 3)在更通常的情况下，由数据推断出一定的结论， 用， Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that... 4) 在及其特别的情况才可以用We put forward (discover, observe..) .. "for the first time". 来强调自己的创新。 5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward (interrprete this to..) Or The results may be due to (caused by) attributed to rsulted from.. Or This is probably a consequence of It seems that .. can account for (interpret) this.. Or It is pisible that it stem from...
3. 圈定自己的研究范围 前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内 容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑某种可能 性，某种研究手段等等。 为了减少这种争论，在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围： 1)时间尺度问题 如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序，你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时 间范围的问题。 We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)... 或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short term)，你可以说两者 都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种 2) 研究区域的问题 和时间问题一样，明确提出你只关心这一地区。
2) 段落的整体逻辑 经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意 逻辑结构。 首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份 ...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problen have to be addressed. The first questuon involves... The second problem relates to The thrid aspect deals with... 上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。 Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third...Finally,.. 当然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。
6.常用、惯用表达方式
1).xx 的特征在于: xx is characterized by… 2).xx 的2 个重要特征是：Two critical characteristics of xx are … 3).爱因斯坦指出xx 的特征如下：Einstein identified the following characteristics of xx… 4).Generally, … 一般来讲，原则上 … 千万不要用in principle，此原则非彼原则也 5).已经采用了： have adopted … 6).近年来： in recent years 7).over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说SC 过去10 年间发展很快，用over， over 是一段时间的事儿；during 是事情发生在什么期间，有时间点的意思。 8).出于各种原因：for a variety of reasons 9).此外，另外：moreover, in addition 10).即： “…, namely …” 11).A 与B 的区别在于：A and B differ in the terms of … 12).谈及，关于：In terms of… 13).这些区别是因为：some of the difference stem from… 14).为了让：In order for xx to … 15).很大程度上依赖于rely heavily on … 16).基于 … is based on… 17).不是…而是… not …, but rather … 18).这方面的例子有… “…, exemplified by …” 19).严格限制：impose the stringent restrictions on …; 受到这些限制：be subject to the restrictions. 20).产生这个问题的原因与… 有关：The problem arises in part from …
5.连接词与逻辑 写英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。解决的方法有： 1)句子上下要有连贯，不能让句子之间独立 常见的连接词语有, However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with other results, thus, therefore... 用好这些连接词，能够使观点表达得有层次，更加明确。 比如，如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献， 最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time. 接下来d that.. 再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC.. 如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD..
如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开 AA pput forward that... In contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary (表明前面的观点错误，如果只是表明 两种对立的观点，用in contrast)， BB.. 如果两种观点相近,可用 AA suggest Similarily, alternatively, BB.. Or Also, BB or BB allso does .. 表示因果或者前后关系，可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result, 表明递进关系，可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition, 当写完一段英文，最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用 了这些连接词。