Differences Between Chinese and Western Education
中西方差异英语作文
中西方差异英语作文In the realm of cultural differences, the contrast between Eastern and Western societies is often a topic of greatinterest and discussion. Here are some key points that couldbe included in an essay on the differences between Chineseand Western cultures:1. Family Values: In China, family is often at the center of social life, with a strong emphasis on respect for elders and maintaining family harmony. In contrast, Western culturestend to prioritize individualism, where personal freedom and self-expression are highly valued.2. Communication Styles: Chinese communication is often more indirect and nuanced, with a focus on maintaining face and avoiding confrontation. Western communication, particularlyin the United States, is typically more direct and explicit, with an emphasis on clear and open dialogue.3. Education: Chinese education is traditionally more focused on rote learning and academic achievement, with a high value placed on discipline and hard work. Western education systems, while still valuing academic success, often encourage creativity, critical thinking, and a more holistic approachto learning.4. Work Ethic: The Chinese work ethic is known for its dedication and long hours, with a strong emphasis on loyaltyand commitment to the company. Western work cultures, while still hardworking, often prioritize work-life balance and personal time.5. Food and Cuisine: Chinese cuisine is diverse and rich in flavors, with a focus on balance and harmony in meals. Western cuisine, particularly in the U.S., is known for its variety and the influence of different cultures, with a focus on individual dishes and flavors.6. Holidays and Celebrations: Chinese holidays are deeply rooted in tradition and often involve family gatherings, such as the Spring Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival. Western holidays, like Christmas and Thanksgiving, also involvefamily and friends, but the traditions and customs can vary greatly.7. Social Etiquette: In China, social etiquette is very important, with specific rules for gift-giving, seating arrangements, and table manners. Western etiquette is also important but tends to be less rigid and more focused on personal comfort and informality.8. Religion and Spirituality: China has a mix of religious beliefs, including Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, with a strong emphasis on harmony with nature and the universe. Western societies are predominantly Christian, but there is also a significant presence of other religions and a growing number of non-religious individuals.9. Time Perception: Chinese culture tends to view time ascircular and continuous, with a focus on the past and future. Western cultures often view time as linear and progressive, with an emphasis on planning for the future.10. Attitude Towards Authority: In China, there is a general respect for authority and hierarchy. In Western societies, there is often a more questioning and critical attitude towards authority figures.These points can be expanded upon to create a comprehensive essay that explores the nuances and complexities of cultural differences between China and the West.。
中西方的不同 The difference between Chinese and Western
food
3. Chinese families will prepare a lot of dishes when celebrating a festival and it is a lot to entertain guests; but Americans never extravagant when entertain guests or celebrate a festival. 4. Chinese like vegetable oil such as the soya bean oil while cooking; Americans like animal oil such as the butter.
• But the nutritionist thinks that it is more beneficial eat fruit before the meal.
11. Chinese often drink a cup of hot tea after the meal; but Americans like drinking coffee after the meal. Tea can reduce cholesterol, but coffee will improve the fat of blood and stimulate the heart.
5. Chinese often put in more salt while cooking; but the salt that Americans put in is only Chinese half. It may cause all sorts of diseases to take in too much salt.
中西文化差异四级作文
中西文化差异四级作文Title: Contrasts Between Chinese and Western Cultures.Culture plays a significant role in shaping societies and individuals. Chinese and Western cultures, while both rich and diverse, exhibit distinct differences in various aspects such as traditions, values, communication styles, and social norms.One of the fundamental differences between Chinese and Western cultures lies in their emphasis on individualism versus collectivism. Western cultures often prioritize individual achievements, personal freedoms, and self-expression, while Chinese culture tends to value harmony, family, and the collective good.Additionally, communication styles vary greatly between the two cultures. Western communication tends to be more direct and explicit, while Chinese communication often relies on implicit cues, nonverbal signals, and context. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication and collaboration.Moreover, traditions and customs differ significantly between Chinese and Western cultures. From food and festivals to social etiquette and beliefs, each culture hasits unique practices that reflect its history, values, and worldview.Despite these differences, both Chinese and Western cultures have their strengths and beauty. By appreciating and learning from each other's cultural heritage, we can foster mutual understanding, respect, and cooperation on a global scale.标题：中西方文化差异。
中西方差异的英语作文
中西方差异的英语作文The Unique Differences Between Chinese and Western Cultures。
In the vast and diverse landscape of humancivilizations, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures stand out as particularly fascinating and profound. These distinctions are deeply rooted in their respective histories, traditions, values, and ways of life, creating unique landscapes in each cultural domain.One of the most striking differences lies in the approach to social interactions. Chinese culture is knownfor its emphasis on collectivism and harmony. The Confucian philosophy, which has had a profound impact on Chinese society, advocates for the importance of family ties, respect for elders, and the maintenance of social order. This is reflected in the way Chinese people interact, often prioritizing group harmony and avoiding direct confrontation. Western cultures, on the other hand, tend tovalue individualism and self-expression. People are encouraged to voice their opinions freely, pursue their personal goals, and celebrate their differences. This independent spirit fosters a more competitive environment, where self-assertion and personal achievement are highly valued.Another significant difference is in the realm of communication styles. Chinese communication is often characterized by indirectness and subtlety. People tend to avoid direct confrontation and prefer to convey messages in a roundabout manner, often leaving room for interpretation. This is due to the importance of maintaining social harmony and avoiding embarrassment. Western communication, on the other hand, tends to be more direct and explicit. People are encouraged to express their thoughts and feelings openly, without fear of causing offense. This directness can sometimes lead to misunderstandings, but it alsofosters a culture of honesty and transparency.The differences in values and beliefs between Chinese and Western。
The differences between Chinese and Western cuiture
The differences between Chinese and Western cuiture
Wedding
In china,we prefer colourful clothes,we dress them in different places.sometime many people don't mind the places we will go and dress more formal or less formal and some people just wearing beautiful clothes don't make up. But in western countries, people dress according their visiting place,in daliy time, they often wear casual clothes ,but if they go to a formal places,they often wear suits,ladies wearing beautiful dresses,pretty hats no matter how old the ladies are.
中美文化差异,英语作文
中美文化差异,英语作文中美文化差异,英语作文篇一：中西文化差异比较(英文)The difference between chinese and western cultureWith the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows.First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have certain basic needs. Our fundamental needs for things that keep us alive.This is the physioligical need. All individuals must eat in order to survive. But what people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. No society views everything in its environment that is edible and might provide nurishment as food. Americans eat oysters but not snail. The French eat snails but not locusts. The Jews eat fish but not pork. The Hindus eat pork but not beef. The Russiand eat beef but notsnake. We all have ideas about what kinds of food are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of food are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the food that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. Dislike is not the only reason why some culture will not eat a certain food. In some clture, certain foods are taboo. Sometimes the food taboos may be so strong thrat just the thought of eating forbidden foods can cause an indivdual to feel ill. We can also find culture difference in way of bring up children treating the early, greeting each other, saying and spending money before other people do in everyday, but in some English-speaking countries, people do not agree with us. We chinese may enjoy something that is not usually consider as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we perfer to have thing hot and much emphasis on the taste. We eat from one plate when we are eating with others, and we like to seat one by one, and in the shape of a round. On the opposite, some English-speaking contries, most of the people like to seat in two rows, two people face to face. They have their own plate. On the aspect of table manners, there are many differences between chinese and English-speaking people. For example, in some Englishi-speaking countries, Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from themain plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use the knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. They should not start eating before your host does or instructs to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. When finished, place the knife and fork together at five o’clockwith the fork on the left. It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If need to take an urgent call, excuse self and go outside. Try to eat all the food you are served. But in China, the table manners are different. Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always beabove the edge of the bowl. The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank youand tap fingers on the table to show appreciation. When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect.Secondly, the way of communication. Form birth to death, communication plays an integral part in our life. There are some language problems, including the different styles of using language such as direct, indirect; expansive, succinct; argumentative, conciliatory; instrumental, harmonnizing; and so on. These different styles can lead to wrong interpretations of intent and evaluation of insincerity, aggreeiveness, deviousness, or arrogance, among other. The misinterpretation nonverbal signs and symbols such as gestures, postures, and other body movements. It is a definite communication barrier. But it is possible to learn the meanings of these observable message,usually in informal rather ways. It is more difficult tounderstand the less obvious unspoken codes of the other cultures. Language, as the carrier of culture, is created during the process of human beings’productive labor and serves as the toolof communication to convey the message between people. However, it has been endowed with magic and power in particular language acts. As the old saying goes, troubles come out of the tongue. Superstitious people think that the language itself can bring about fortune or misfortune so that taboos to restrict the use of language are created. Anyone who violates them will get punishment, whereasthose who faithfully obey the restrictions of language taboo will get protection. Furthermore, linguistic taboos change with the development of society .The paper firstly analyzes the evolution of linguistic taboo. It is indicated in the paper that linguistic taboo exists in almost every aspect of people’s life and is a universal social phenomenon in China and Britain. Both Chinese andEnglish cultures are in agreement about linguistic taboos such as pronunciation taboo, and vocabulary taboo. However, influenced by different cultural backgrounds, ideologies and the concepts of value, Chinese and English linguistic taboos also have differences, as is discussed in the paper from the aspects of taboo subjects, taboo numbers and names. At last, this paper puts forward two effective ways of avoiding taboo, that is, using euphemism and having a good knowledge of the taboo culture. And this discussion would help English learners improve their ability of cross-culturalcommunication and achieve better communicational effects. For example, During the feudal times, people were not equal tothe rulers and were suppressed by their superiors. The distinction between the upper and the lower classes was also reflected in the evaluation of the language used by them respectively. The words of upper class used were considered good and elegant while those used by the lower class were regarded as vulgar and indecent and should be avoided in the speech of ladies and gentlemen. In modern society, as a result of the development of science and technology, many natural phenomena are no longer mysterious. Human beings not only constantly improve their abilities to exploit the world where they are living through their great wisdom and knowledge, but also make efforts to explore the extraterrestrial world. Science has much more say in today’s society. Thereby, the superstitious elements in linguistic taboos decrease while those reflecting spiritual civilization increase.In short, by comparison, we can find that both Chinese and English communication reflect people’s psychology for good will, for safety and fortune and pleasantness. The Chinese and English people restrict their words and deeds through taboos, trying to keep a harmonious relationship between human and nature, or between people and society. They are a reflection of people’s pursuit offreedom and equality.The most important, the different way of family structure, family values and family education. Family structure is the big difference between east and west, traditional chinese, amony many other Asians, repect their elders and feel a deep sense of duty toward them. Children repay their parents` sacrifices by being successful and supporting them in old age. This is accepted as a natural part of life in China. In contrast, taking care of aged parents is often viewed as a tremendous burden in the English-speaking countries, where aging and family support are not honored highly. In some English-speaking countries are still extrmely family-oriented. They are dedicated to helping their children and will sacrifice greatly for their children to get an edcuation. In turn, the children are devoted to their parents, who often live nearby. Grown children who go away and leave the country for the economic reasons typically send large parts of their salary home to their parents and the rest of the family. Or in some Asia, any decisions or actions are done from family consideration, not individual desires. Peope`s behavior is judged on whether itbrings shame or pride to the family. The children are trained to rely on their families, to honor elderly people, and to fear foreigners. And many of them think that their actions in this life will influencetheir status in the next life.The way of family edcation is also the different. We all know the family education is the elementary education for children. Many serious problems have appeared in our education system in recent years. Almost everyone has realized the importance of solving these problems and many people have presented a lot of valuable suggestions. There are many types of family education in the world and each of them shows distinctive features and is closely responsive to its culture. And American family education is the most famous one among them. There are great differences in the concepts of education, methods of education and results of education between East family education and West family education. In some English-speaking countries, parents’aims are to train their children to have the ability of adapting to environmental variety and the ability of living independently.Based on this concept, most American parents emphasize more to train their children’s ability of independence once they are born. They generally believe that children’s growth must rely on their own experiences, because they think that children should form a self-supporting will and the capacity to live independently since their childhood. And the capacity comes from the training in the early age. The so-called training contains many aspects, such aswork, temper will, patience, the spirit of hard work, etc. However, the most fundamental training is the ability of adapting to hard conditions. Through the process of work, children will form the labor sense, learn some work skills and form a habit of labor. Besides, children can learn how to overcome difficulties, temper their willpower, develop their talents and skills, rich their knowledge, and form a habit of hard work and thrifty by working in hard conditions. It is just in the unconsciously process that children will obtain the independent survivability and take the responsibilities for the society. Compared with some English-speaking countries, Chinese parents have a very different concept of children’s education. Some parents in China only care about whether the children have a promising future, a good job, a good life or not. Based on these expectations, the majority of parents feel that their responsibility for their children is to create as good conditions as possible they can so that the children will not worry about anything in the future. Chinese parents would like to provide everything what they can for their children in the process of children’s growth. In short, they would like to sacrifice anything if their children can live better with their help. Therefore, in the process of children’s growth, the most important thing the parents concerning is to developing theirchildren’s intellect, except forcaring children’s daily lif e. In order to make their children have a good performance in study, become outstanding, or even become a famous person in the future, they would not let children do anything except studying. As for the children’s independence, civic awareness and their ability adapting to the society in the future, they consider little or not at all. From these aspects we can find the obvious differences of family education between America and China.When we faced with those difference between West and East, we should give some advice to solve these problems. According to the three big difference that pointed, we should find some way to deal with these problems.We can study other languages and learn to expect in nonvwebal forms and other cultural aspects. We can train ourselves to meet intercultural encounters with more attention to situation details. We can use an investigative approach rather than stereotypes and preconceptions. We can gradually expose ourselves to differences so that they become less threatening. We can even learn to lower our tension level when needed to advoid triggering defensive reactions. The overall goal should be to achieve intercultural communication competence.So the ideal solution to reduce the problems are to shareknowledge with others in communication. This is why it is easiest to communicate with other members of the same group. This is why people so often gather together socially with others who are very much like them. Since intercultural communication is communication with members of different cultual groups, and therefore, because we do not share knowledge, assumptions, values, and forms of discourse with them, we must expect thereto be problems of interpretation. We must look for these problems, anticipate where they will arise out of our differences, and then plan our aommunications to be as effective as possible. However, we have to remember that, most of the time, the different ways that are the customs of dfferent cultures are neither right nor wrong. It is simply that different people do the same tings in different manners, even though we can not understand ,we should show the respect. I believe this is the best way to make our life become more comfortable and make the world more harmonious.篇二：中美文化对比(大学英语作文)Chinese Education Is SuperiorThe born of a baby is considered as a blessing to a family, while the family education will in turn leave a brand on the baby’s future. I was born in a Chinese family with western education system. I’mwell respected. I’m growing up without any fence. But reflecting on my personal upbringing, I can tell you with certainty that Chinese Education is superior.Firstly, in a regulated Chinese family, the rules for family are the core of its education system, which could ensure children staying away from some bad habits. The rules Chua set up contributed to her children’s promising victory over long turn. But in my family, there is no such notion. At my formative year, I could stay up late enough to embrace the suise. Consequently, I always suffered from drowsiness at class. Worse still, my poor eyesight due to it has become a handicap to me. Therefore, Chinese strict rules are necessary, especially for a young child.Secondly, grade, nowadays, is an important scale to value a student’s ability. Chua never a llowed here children to get anygrade less than an A. The pressure from the parent pushed her children to absorbedly focus on their study so that they could meet withher expectation. Gradually, her children would enjoy the privilege of mastering all the subjects. By way of contrast, when I failed in my exam, my parents feigned nonchalance about the result of the exam. No blame. No punishment. I still could read my comic book like a carefree girl. Taking their infinite tolerance for granted, I didn’t even f eel sorry for my poor grades next time.Thirdly, it is common for me to complain about everything. Why there is so much homework? Why I should take the exams? Why my efforts refuse to pay off? It seemed that I couldn’t bear the whole world. But Chua said No complain, which means her children must be decisive and independent enough to push their way through all the difficulties. Traditional Chinese education tells us you fight or you die. That is the essence of life.All in all, Chinese education is superior, because it equips children with armor before the war, which has been proved to be the best way to protect them from self-defeating in the battlefield.Words count：381篇三：中美文化差异英语作文Differences Between Chinese Culture and American CultureI have been living in China for twenty years. I was born in JiangSu province, and also grew up in there. My family members were from different parts of China. My mom’s hometown is at the Huabei plain which is the north side of The Yellow River. However, my father grew up in Nanjing, the famous city which locates beside the Yangzi River.Most of people in southern China are used to have rice as their daily main food resource, but northern China mostly has wheat. But no matter which part of China, meat is not the major food for us.Chinese people always believe that rice, wheat, vegetable, fruit are the best for our health. In contrast, meat would give more troubles to our health, for example, heart attack, high blood pressure, and etc.But people in America, mostly have meat as their food resource. The most important is that they mostly have beef, chicken, shrimp, turkey, instead of pork and lamb. In restaurants, you can easily find hamburger, steak, ribs with a little rice and a piece of bread. I believe that the food style gives American people much more energy than we have. They are much stronger than us. That is the fact!I have heard of an interesting story about Yao Ming, who is one of the famous NBA player right now. During his first season in NBA, millions of people are attracted by his height and his cute smile. However, he is not strong enough to play NBA game yet! He ever told the reporter that he likes to have soup that his mom makes for him. Soup could not help him, only steak, cheese, butter could make him stronger and gives him more energy. In order to increase his competition, he has to be used to American food style!“Custom is the great guide of human life”, wrote Scottish philosopher David Hume. Knowing the customs of a country is, in effect, a guide to understanding the soul of that country and itspeople. As a foreign language leaner, we should know the culture in our target language’s country. Only in this way, wecan really learn the language well.People express their culture through traditions in food, clothing, recreation, and ceremonies; through the education system and institutions of learning, including museums and libraries; and through the arts, encompassing the visual, literary, and performing arts. As a result, we will talk about the differences from some aspects.First, I will mention the addressing. In China, we will put the family names before our given names, and then in order to express our politeness, we would like to add “sir”or “lady”or their title after the name. On contrast, in America, people would like to put their family names after their given names and first names and they will put Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms, Dr. orProf. before their names. It is foremost and first for us to know these differences so that we won’t make misunderstandings.And then we will talk about time conceptions. In America, their living beat is quite fast, so they consider time is quite precious. So, when they accept an invitation, they would try their best not to be late, but they also don’t go early to the inviters’, as this is considered to be impolite, and it seems to disturb the inviters’preparation. In China, we should also not be late for the inviters. However, in order to show our thanks and politeness, we would go to the inviters’house to help them prepare the meals and then we will have a happy time together.To open a conversation, people in different countries have different ways. In China, when people meet their friends by chance, they will say.”Where are you going?”or “have you eaten?”and then they will go on talking about other things. Butif you do this in America, you will be misunderstood that you want to invite him or her. Americans would like to say,”beautiful day, isn’t it?”to open a conversation even sometimes it is raining. It is not because the Americans can predict the weather but for the sake of customs.Let me come to the aspect of eating. Chopsticks are used for all meals in China. Food is placed at the center of the table and may include more than one type of main dish to be eaten with rice. All the food will be shared by all the persons and won’t be divided into several helps. While in America, they would use forks and knives for their meals. Every person has his own dishes and they won’t share one dish together. They think this is quite hygienic and they will enjoy their meals comfortably. However, what they eat is not so healthy, because they would like to eat a lot of meat and something with high calorie. Maybe it is good for them to obtain more fibersand keep a healthy body.Finally, I would like to mention something about the difference in marriage. Besides the ceremony for marriage has obvious difference----Americans will hold it in a church, while Chinese will hold it in a hotel inviting their relatives and friends to have dinner----their marriage notion has quite a lot of differences, too. From all these aspects, we can think of many differences in values, such as the notion of social statues, collectivism and socialism, the treatments to children and so on. In fact, we cannot say which one is right, which one is wrong, as we all know Americans and Chinese are not in the same group, people on the opposite side of the globe can never achieve the thousandth part of the group on the other side of the globe. What we should do is to learn the difference, and then we canreally learn the difference well.。
中国和西方人的文化差异英语作文
中国和西方人的文化差异英语作文Cultural Differences between Chinese and Western People。
Introduction:Culture plays a significant role in shaping people's behaviors, beliefs, and values. China and the Western world, with their distinct cultural backgrounds, showcase numerous differences. This article aims to explore the cultural disparities between Chinese and Western people, focusing on communication styles, individualism vs. collectivism, and attitudes towards time.Communication Styles:Chinese culture emphasizes indirect communication, where individuals often use non-verbal cues and context to convey their message. This approach aims to maintain harmony and avoid confrontation. On the other hand, Western culture promotes direct communication, where individuals express their thoughts and opinions openly. This directness is seen as a sign of honesty and transparency. Understanding these differences is crucial in cross-cultural interactions to prevent miscommunication and misunderstandings.Individualism vs. Collectivism:Chinese culture is deeply rooted in collectivism, emphasizing the importance of family and community. Individuals prioritize the needs of the group over personal desires and achievements. In contrast, Western culture places a stronger emphasis on individualism, valuing personal freedom, independence, and self-expression. This distinction is evident in various aspects of life, including decision-making, social interactions, and work environments. Recognizing and respecting these differences is essential for fostering effective collaboration and cooperation between individuals from different cultural backgrounds.Attitudes towards Time:Time perception also differs significantly between Chinese and Western cultures. Chinese culture tends to have a more flexible and fluid approach to time. Punctuality is not always a top priority, and schedules may be subject to change based on circumstances. In contrast, Western culture values punctuality and adheres to strict schedules. Time is seen as a limited resource, and being late is often considered disrespectful. Understanding these cultural variations in time management is crucial for avoiding misunderstandings and maintaining professional relationships.Conclusion:Cultural differences between Chinese and Western people manifest in various aspects of life, including communication styles, individualism vs. collectivism, and attitudes towards time. Recognizing and understanding these disparities is crucial for effective cross-cultural interactions and collaborations. By embracing cultural diversity and practicing cultural sensitivity, individuals can bridge the gap between different cultures, foster mutual understanding, and promote harmonious relationships.。
英语演讲：中外文化的差别
Chinese vs western
Chinese vs western
Food Wedding buildings
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Chinese vs western
Chinese vs western
Thank you!
例如在美国你总是谈论个人权利而不是将整个社会上面你自己
The Difference between chinese and western culture
Chinese vs weБайду номын сангаасtern
周丽玲 43
Chinese vs western
• Chinese Culture is a culture based on masses （民众）. People placed country and family above your own self. • Western culture is based on individualism (个人主义） rather than on mass . For instance, in the US, you always talk about individual rights, instead of placing the whole society above your own self. • 中国文化是一种基于大众文化。人们把国家和家庭超过你 自己。 • 西方文化是建立在个人主义而不是质量。例如,在美国,你 总是谈论个人权利,而不是将整个社会上面你自己。
Chinese vs western
Chinese vs western
• To resolve the relationship betwen man and nature, the chinese attempts to fuse the human and 'heaven' as one. (天人和一) • Western culture is based on science, which attempts to resolve people and nature's relationship. • 解决人与自然之间的关系,中国试图融合人 类和“天堂”。 • 西方文化是基于科学,它试图解决人与自然 的关系。
the difference between china and western中西方文化差异
China: conservative VS the West: opening
Major Traditional Chinese clothes
female Chinese
Cheongsam旗袍
The cheongsam is a dress with distinctive Chinese features and enjoys a growing popularity in the international world of high fashion.
Wide, easygoing, elegant is the basic elements of traditional Chinese costume.
In Chinese clothing culture, there some traditional and important color like red.
Western-style clothes, pattern is split apart by the mutual suture pattern and cut into clothing.
Clothing in the west often acts as a part of human art.
Chinese Tunic Suit 中山装
Chinese Tunic Suit, also called “Zhongshan Zhuang” in Chinese, is a kind of traditional male attire.
Modern clothes in China
Chinese wear pattern structure is mainly straight, few arcs and curve.
中国和西方文化礼仪的差异 The Differences between Chinese and Western Etiquette
中国和西方文化礼仪的差距摘要礼仪是人与人之间交流的规则是一种语言也是一种工具由于形成礼仪的重要根源――宗教信仰的不同使得世界上信仰不同宗教的人们遵守着各不相同的礼仪由于各国的历史和文化底蕴不同各国人民在进行礼尚交往时的习惯也有不少差异特别是中西方之间礼仪上的差异很大为了达到这种语言的共鸣中西方礼仪应该得到重视由此可见了解中西方交往的习惯差异是很有必要的往大处来说一个国家无论是在政治上还是在经济贸易中了解对方国家的礼仪习惯将有利于各国之间的交往随着中西方文化的不断发展中西方的礼仪正在相互融合西方人逐渐接受了中国文化中重情感等合理因素中国人也逐渐接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式我们得承认当今国际通行的礼仪基本上是西方礼仪为此本文探讨研究了中西方礼仪的差异为了减少中西方文化礼仪上的差距使中西方人们之间的交往更加容易本文通过对中西方各个方面文化礼仪的不同展开讨论差距是有取其精华进行中外文化礼仪上的上的交流和沟通学习关键词：礼仪差异中国的礼仪西方的礼仪AbstractEtiquette is the rules of communication between people and it is a language but also a tool Since the formation of a major source of ritual –the difference of religious beliefs what making the world believe in different religions that people follow a different liturgical As different countries with different historical and cultural heritage Needless to say there are many differences in habits when people of all countries dealing during the ceremony Particularly in the etiquette between Western and Chinese is very large in order to achieve the resonance of the language the differences should be taken seriouslyThis shows that the habit of understanding between Chinese and Western communication is necessary Look at the big run a country both in politics or in economy and trade to understand the ritual habits of the other country it will be conducive to the exchanges between the countries With the continuous development of Chinese and western culture the Chinese and western etiquette is mutual confluence and westerners gradually accepted in Chinese culture such as heavy emotion and reasonable factors and the Chinese also gradually accepted the western culture advanced civilization etiquette and communication mode We must admit that todays international etiquette is basically the etiquette of western therefore this paper studied the differences between Chinese and western etiquette In order to reduce the gap between the Chinese andwestern culture etiquette make the interaction between Chinese and western people more easily This article discusses on various aspects of differences between Chinese and western culture etiquette Athough there are many differences and we should extrct its essence we can take a tall on chinese and wester cultural ceremonial exchanges and communication and learningKey words：Etiquette Differences Chinese etiquette Western etiquetteChapter one IntroductionEtiquette is people in social interactions as it is due to historical tradition customsreligious beliefs and the trend of The Times that the formation of the influence of such factors Both for people identity and for the people had to follow For the purpose of establishing harmonious relationsand the sum of the various line with the spirit and requirements of ritual code of conduct First we must understand the different etiquette is based on their cultural roots The Concept of Etiquette and the Reasons for Studying Etiquette Etiquette is the process and means to show waht respect to each other in interpersonal relationship Etiquette can be said to be a persons external appearance of inward cultivation and quality From the aspect of communication interpersonal etiquette can be regarded as a kind of art and a method of communication It is a common respect for person and a friendly practice in interpersonal relationshipsFrom the respect of transmitting interpersonal rituals can be roughly divided into chief etiquette business etiquette service etiquette social etiquette foreign etiquette and several other major branchesAn important reason that different countries have different histories and cultures there are a lot of differences in the habit of conducts and the ceremony especially between China and the West the jokes and the mistakes caused by misunderstanding is not unusual This shows that theunderstanding of the different etiquettes between Chinese and the Westerners is absolutely necessary In the office to understand each others customer will be conductive to the exchanges between the countries A person who understands others rituals and folk customs can be seen as respecting for others and can be easier to make a good impression on the other side Along with the constant development of Chinese culture and the Western culture Chinese ritual and the Western ritual are fusions The Westerners have accepted the reasonable factors in Chinese culture and other important feelings Chinese people have gradually accepted the advanced civilization of the Western culture and etiquette style However in real life the etiquettes impact due to cultural differences between China and the West still exists The paper explores the differences between Chinese etiquette and the Western etiquette to make Chinese communicate with the Westerners more easilyThe Origin of Chinese EtiquetteIn China etiquette is equal to courtesy and ceremony The essence of etiquette is the method of dealing with people and the belief in ghosts and spirits People consider that all things are controlled by the ghosts which can not be seen Therefore the etiquette is originated from the belief in ghosts and spirits as well as a special form of belief in ghosts and spirits China is a state of ceremonies Back to five thousand years ago etiquette used to be the core of traditional culture Up to now the etiquette has been really reformed Thusit becomes rituals of modern civilization Chinese etiquette in Chinese culture plays a quasi-legal role Etiquettes origins can be traced back to the early time of human beings It should be said that at the very beginning of the history of the Chinese nation etiquette was generated along with the human activities and with a primitive religion Etiquette is the system to deal with the three relationships among the people God and the ghosts It is said that there were five ceremonies in ancient China In fact etiquette can be divided into two main parts one is politics and the other is life Chinese legal system was bred during the establishment and implementation of the protocol The essence of etiquette is the way how to deal with people and the belief in ghosts and spiritsOur group culture attaches great importance to the family friends relationship regard it as of society cells But in western countries advocating independence self-improvement and self-reliance Chinese people value their traditional favorable king-subject honestly seniority hierarchical while in Anglo-American countries elders and junior dont dispute between equal status with young boundaries friends Chinese traditional ideas always advocating "four generations" "family reunion" has a "parents not in the words ancient preceptIn the Western countries the word etiquette used to mean keep off the grass Louis XIVs 路易十四gardener noticed that the aristocrats were walking through his gardens and then he put up signs etiquetteto warn them off The dukes and duchesses walked right past these signs Due to this blatant disregard the king of Versailles decreed that no individual was to go beyond the bounds of the etiquettes The meaning of etiquette would later include the ticket to court functions that lists the instructions on which a person would stand and what was to be done Etiquette like language has evolved but it still means literally keep off the grass Until the 1960s the importance of good manners was taught without question but with the liberated 70s it came a decline in the popularity of teaching proper etiquette In 2004 a new emphasis has been placed on returning to traditional values Proper etiquette and protocol have given children and adults a vital tool that provides not only a competitive edge but a sense of confidenceTravel" While in Anglo-American countries 18 children still lives at home depend on their parents life is incredible things they must rely on our own hands to live independently Similarly older parents even lost self-care ability general wont drag childrenThe Integration between Chinese and the Western EthicsIn modern society it seems that the world is getting smaller and smaller people are very active in frequent exchanges Human decency plays the basic role of social ethics It is the part which is the most straightforward and the easiest to operate during the process of globalization It has become a code of conduct guidelines and the ceremony together with the goal of establishing a harmoniousrelationship in social intercourse The international etiquette combines ritual characteristics of various countries and people and can be understood by the people of different countries and nations International etiquette can be shared by more and more different cultures and customs because etiquette itself is a cultural phenomenon Culture includes both ideas and customs and both spiritual habits and physical habits The etiquette obviously has the cultural identity which combines ideas and customs habits of mind and bodies It reflects the sense of the organic unity of moral and ethical behaviors Therefore many countries are paying great attention to combining international etiquette with national etiquette creatively Individual Freedom and TeamworkThe Westerners cherish individual freedom and independence They are not willing to be subjected to any limitation Chinese culture mostly emphasizes on collective interests They subordinate their personal interests to advocate collective interests They advocate unity cooperation and unisonThis means that etiquette in the Western and Chinese society is in a more appropriate locationChapter two Differences in several aspectThe differences of daily communicationDaily to greet Chinese people mostly used to say Did you eat " "Where are you going "etc It reflects the interpersonal kindness But for westerners this greeting will make them feel suddenly embarrassed even unhappy because westernerswill put this friendly greeting that just for Chinese to understand the "questioned" it means they are questioned because something and they feel others in their private lives In a word the behaviour make them feel uncomfortableIn the west daily to greet they only say "Hello" or due to the time saying "good morning" "Good afternoon" and"Good night" it is ok The Englishman meet you and he would say "it is a fine day today"If you are not very busy when you meet the people who are strangeryou can say "hello" and the answer to you should also be "hello" If someone want to shake hands with you of course you should shake hands with him and the same time you must remember to refuse to shake hands is very impolite Usually by older or the woman first give the hand On the appellation in Chinese only between several best friend and very closed people can directly call " first names" But in the west the rang of people directly call" first names" is wider than it in China In the west commonly used "sir" and "madam" represent the people who is a stranger you dont know the name You can call ten or twenties woman "young lady"and married women could be called "lady" etc Between family members it can absolutely regardless of degress generally can call the name each othe In the homethey can directly call father and mothers names For all the male elders they can call "uncle"and to all female elders they can call "aunt" It is in China is no good Chinese people mustdistinguish degress young and old otherwise they will be thinked of impoliteGenerally speaking you really cant accept the invitation you can politely declined to say you cant go and explain the reason Just say "I cant go to" or "I dont go to" is not polite Say "sorry" is not enough Just say "thank you" it can make the person puzzlinghe dont know you exactly mean wether you accept the invitation or decline the invitationWhen you meet people firstly you usually shake hands In addition long-lost friends when we meet and we usually shake hands However when they met and dont shake hands with a bow slightly bow and a smileit is also very politeChinese and western languages have many different farewell laguages If you farewell to patients Chinese people will say the word of"drink more water" "put on more clothes"and "sleep early" and so on to express the carefullness to patient But westerners never say that words such as "drink more water" because this words will be thought the backseat driver For example they will say "take care" or "I hope you will soon recover" etcDining etiquette differenceChinese people have a words that called "People regard food as their heave "民以食为天thus diet in the Chinese idea ia very important so Chinese people look the daily diet as their top thing Chinese dishes are exquisitely prepared deliciousChinese peoplepay more attation to food color smell taste shape meaning sometimes more than on nutrition to pay attention toBoth we think of foods delicious and beautifuland the nutrition is always be ignored Western diet attach importance to rang in food nutritions and absorptionit is a science diet idea Westerners pay more attention to the foods nutrition and neglect of the food color fragrance taste shape meaningTheir diet is to survive and health it seems does not important to tasteIn the dining atmosphereall of the Chinese like lively mood while their have a dinner Many people sit together to eat and drinkthey are talking and laughing Everybody together to build a kind of a warmly lively dining atmosphereExpect it is in a very formal banquets Chinese people have not very special etiquette on the table While the westerners in the dinner all of them like quiet and gracful environment They think they must pay attention to manners when they are on the table and not to lose courtesy For instance when they have a meal and can not with a very unpleasant soundWhen Chinese and western host a dinner it also has its own characteristics In China most of them base on the left for honour throughout the ages When fete guests we will firstly arrange the honorest guest seat on the left positionand arrange others in turn In the west right is for honour men and women seat interval and the couple also separatly seat Female guests seats is slightly more honour than male guests seatsfor the man he ready for the chair to the woman in his right is to show his respect In addition westerners have meal must sit upright they think bend down with the mouth gather to food is very rude but this is exactly the way Chinese people usually to eat Eatting western-style food owners do not advocate drink the more alcohol in Chinas table wine is essential thing With the wine drinking sometimes in order to show respect for each other and drinking the wine upChinese table is lively western table is quiet Chinese people want to use words and deeds to advised friends to drink and eat westerners just using the words to advise In the Chinese history Wine culture is regarded as business make friends and so on the social occasions essentials In the westpeople usually drink beer wine and they dont like urge others to drink In China the banquet demands to have dishes in a tablewhile westerners think it is not health practicing separate eating When Chinese banquetsthey toast each other and dance and sing Westerner requires less noise and less action and there is many dining programsDress etiquette differenceWestern man usually wear a conservative style suit in formal social occasions they wear white shirt and tie inside They like black so they usually wear black leather shoes Western lady usually wear a dress suits in formal occasions Another custom is woman wear earrings when they go out Western countries especially in the United States people like to wear leisure clothes at ordinary times such asT-shirts with jeansTodays Chinese dress increasingly westernized more and more people change their ideasjust as traditional qipao 旗袍and ZhongShanZhuang中山装and so on have withdrawn from the stage of history Formal occasions men and womens dressing have noting difference with the west In the usual civic lifeyou can see many people wear vest shorts and slipperswhich are not keep up with etiquette In all ages dress represents a kind of social culture which embodies a persons knowledge and aesthetics it is a persons identity temperament and the inherent quality wordless recommendation In a sense the dress is an art dress can convey emotion and meaning that isnt even use words can replace In different situations dressing oneself appropriately and moderately people give a person a favourable impression and dressing inappropriately then lower the ones identity and damage his own image In a social situation appropriate dress is a polite behavior to a certain extent it directly influences the interpersonal harmonyInflunce factors of the dressing effects the important one is to have a culture and elegant aesthetic ability the so-called "Knowledge makes a gentleman"腹有诗书气自华Second it has a sports bodybuilding quality Strong and handsome body is natural condition for dressing beauty Third is to grasp ordinary knowledge of dressing dress principle and dress etiquette knowledge this is indispensable conditions that reaching the inside and outsideharmonious and unified beautyWesterners pay attention to identity they ragard the clothes as the symbolwhile Chinese pay attention to lasting appeal 韵味If the western dress culture painstakingly pursue to performance beauty and totally ignore the dress ethics so China dress culture retains some moral systems more or less because it was affected by the traditional ethical values But the most representative dress is our countrys ZhongShanZhuang and western representative outfit is suitWearing the Maosuits 中山装not only we must buckle on all the buttons but also must be fastened collar button and rolling up sleeves is not allowed When wearing the double platoon suit you must buckle on all the buttons Wear single side three tablets buckle suit only can buckle up one button or two buttons that medium and first clasp Wear single side two claps suit only buckle up one button and dont allow to buckle on single-breasted suits all the button When wearing a suit the proper wear is white shirts and a tie the standard length of the tie is its foot arrive the straps bottomGenerally speaking Clothes makes the manand saddle makes a horse 人靠衣装马靠鞍Although judging a man only by his appearance is not pleasant 以貌取人不可取but in the modern life dress become an more and more important part of etiquette and dress properly or not not only is the embodiment of the individual grade more it can become the scale ofthe consideration that people to each other a of The great British author Shakespeare had said "A mans dress which is the most true portraiture of his upbringing grade and the status" 一个人的衣着是他的教养地位品味的最真实写照So in daily work and interactions especially in the formal occasions and dress is a problem that is more and more important and we are modern people pay more attentionBackground difference between China and WesternThe eastern civilization and western civilization is boring and developing in certain social historical conditions without which is excellent or worse The history of the west it is only 200 yearsa very short history and its people from various places and they came here to immigrateso many different nationalities and races got togetherThey embrace the oath "As long as what we can dream of what we will be able to realize 只要是我们能够梦想的我们都能实现" This is the western spirit which was built by the foundation of heroism and devotion With it just 200 years history could creat the splendid civilization in humans history the productive forces it have created highly more than all the productivity that all the past generation had created this is western charm What makes different of etiquette between Chinese and western is the eastern and western culture different environment and it is the root cause It makes the people of all countries have a totally different moral standards system and valuesThe difference between Chinese and western ideasEastern culture value collective and teamly spirit peoples dependence is very strong While western culture advocating independence and individual freedom For example China focus on cultivating individual moral characterrunning the family unisonmanage the nation in orderand peace will prevail throughout the universe 修身齐家治国平天下The personality is vital and this kind of personality is built on caring about the country love the collective harmonious family interpersonal harmony and so on basic thingsWhile people in the west their concept of legal system is stronger In this premise they advocate personal freedom and dont wish to be disturb from the government the church or other organizations they all like persist themselves old ways 我行我素In the family children were taught by concept that a infusion of self-reliance Young people are always hoped themselves can independent early and try to get rid of parents bundle they dont want to rely on family and parents otherwise they will lose freedom and lose others respect for them On this point Chinese culture is differentFamily is the most attentional collective life in China Parents cherish their children more than themselves lives and extremely want to ready everything and whatever they thought of for the children When children grew up and married parents would held a big wedding feast for theirchildren when the child has their own baby who is their grandson they will sacrifice their old ages to take care of her grandson namely they give all hope on their childrenand take care of the children over care is proved their children self-dependence ability is poor even in todays China which a planned economy to a market economy In the transition state-owned company worker extremely unwilling to loss the so called "iron rice bowl" 铁饭碗the dependence is the heritage of traditional Chinese culture The cultural differences between Chinese and western ideas which result in great difference between Chinese and western etiquette and there is a big foundamental differenceChinese and western to privacy different viewsIn the conversations remembering not to talk about personal business such as age marriage income religion etc Seeing that others buy things cannot ask its price If you see others return also cannot ask where he gone or where he is from otherwise they will disgust at you usually western use the sentence of "nose come into the somebodys private life " to express their disparagement to the people who askedWhile in China people take littal attention to boundaries of privacy people would not care about others in their own lives and not take any behavior to people who want to get a general understanding But between Chinese and American people Chinese always take very common words to ask each other familys life Americans might think you violated hisprivacy having a hidden purpose and a business would probably have be killedWhen Chinese people meet we often like noding heads and shaking hands or to salute with the hands folded 拱手致礼or slightly take a bow欠身then shake hands while the Westerners think the bow seemed inferior In the West especially in European and American countries hugging ritual is very common manners when you meet and leave kissing faces and kiss the hand ritual are also very common manners among westerners Shake hands date from western human half-barbaric half civilized period Today this habit gradually is regarded as meet and leaves shaking riyual and it have been accepted by most countries in the word In our country the handshake ritual not only it is often used when people meet and leave but also it is as a common behavior in congratulations and appreciate or encourage each other and so on some occasions So it is the most widely used etiquette in social communication The etiquette of meeting and leaving grandually evolve to today is "hello" and "goodbye" two phrases If we want to give more polite behavior we will shake hands again with each other In the disease popular today this habits of shaking hands which shows to us is more concise health and decent However in western countries meet will first touch the face kissing ritual and kiss the hand ritual this let us very uncomfortable and also cannot accept itDifferences in educationEtiquette education in China is deeply influenced by cultural and moral decency in the prominent position etiquette education in China emphasizes the moral law of etiquette education and the integration of practice etiquette education in China shows characteristics of a strong state intervention While in the west the combination of Etiquette Education and Moral Education of School Ceremonies can be found in moral education of the Western countries that etiquette is the major subject of moral education On the moral lesson in many countries people often teach students the etiquette knowledge in direct way The Western countries pay attention to comprehensive permeability of moral education rather than forcefully indoctrinate Etiquette education is not accepted They are generally not allowed to insist on instilling certain values They think the values of education can not be limited to a few hours teaching in a day but they pay attention to diversifying the form of moral education in schoolsIn educational culture there are many differences in various educational level between Chinese and western developed countries and responesd in different forms Untill today higher education of the differences between two countries is more and more wide In American universities according to the individual elective subjects the students can imply credit system 学分制Different subjects its credits is different as long as a student fufill enough credits who can graduate and get diplomasand degrees Previously we can see from relevant newspapers in the United States the student obtained several degrees this is normal Now we can understand American university system is very flexible college students studying at the college can learns a few professional course and just take enough credits they would be able to obtain the professional degreeWhile in Chinese universities where just confirmed professional direction a persons life his only lifetime is engaged in a profession it is possible to ignore his potentials in other respects And some aspects of language in Chinese education also different with westerns In China there are "差学生" but in America it is not this word they think it is considered bad mannersthis is a form of discriminationIn the thinking mode the Chinese thinking are abstract westerners is more specific The Chinese way of thinking from is from large to small such as address from a national provincial municipal and county township and village etc which embodies the overall thinking of the Chinese orders namely nature and human in a whole coexsitence of human and nature 天人合一world On the contrary westerners are from small to large from point to surface they think the whole is made up by parts The same way but not the same content and results which allows us to ponder Different of religionBuddhism佛教was introduced into China for more than a thousand years people believe in that there is "the Lord Buddha" 佛祖in the world and this related to many languages suchas 借花献佛"平时不烧香急来抱佛脚" etc The influence of religion in the western society is profound it involves in political economic social and all aspects of life especially of Christian cultures influence on English countries is more deep and rooted In in many western countries especially in Britain people believe in Christianity 基督教and they always says"God help me" They always get marrige in church Chapter three Theoritical Foundations1 Important Symbol of Human CivilizationProtocol is the product of the historical development of social etiquette It has distinctive characteristics of the times People have different understanding of the content of the protocol in different ages for different ethnic awareness The definition which is the origin of the earliest civilization culture is generally not in doubt Etiquette is the standard of human civilization It is also an important part of the community A nation which has a good quality of the nation is a polite and compliant one The formation of educational attainments is a gradual process Therefore every country in the world considers doing things properly as a symbol of civilization2 The Immortal Essence of the Western CivilizationModern etiquette is evolved from the traditional rituals The ceremony combines with criteria and become immoral essence of the Western civilization Along with the development of the times the nations and the。
中国和西方的不同英语作文
The Differences between Chinese and Western Cultures: A Comparative Analysis China and the West, separated by vast distances and vast cultural differences, have each developed unique cultural identities and traditions that have shaped their respective societies. While there are similarities in some aspects, such as the quest for knowledge, the pursuit of happiness, and the respect for family values, the differences between Chinese and Western cultures are profound and wide-ranging.**Philosophy and Beliefs**Chinese culture is deeply rooted in Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, which emphasize harmony, balance, and respect for authority. These philosophies promote collectivism and a hierarchical social structure where individual goals are often subordinated to the needs of the group. In contrast, Western culture is influenced by Greek philosophy and the Judeo-Christian tradition, which emphasizes reason, individualism, and the primacy of the individual's rights and freedoms. This leads to a moreindividualistic and competitive society where personal achievements and self-realization are highly valued.**Social Structure and Relationships**In Chinese society, relationships are central to social interaction, and personal connections often precede professional or transactional relationships. The Confucian ideal of "ren" (humaneness) promotes kindness, compassion, and respect for elders and authority figures. In contrast, Western society tends to be more individualistic and transactional, with a focus on personal achievements and competitiveness. Westerners value efficiency and directness in communication, often preferring to address issues directly and objectively.**Art and Aesthetics**Chinese art and aesthetics are often characterized by simplicity, elegance, and harmony with nature. Traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy, for example, emphasize the flow of energy (qi) and the expression of the artist's inner world. Western art, on the other hand, has a longer history of representing reality and exploring the boundaries of human perception and expression. Westernartists have experimented with a wide range of techniques and media, from impressionism to abstract art, reflecting a diversity of aesthetic preferences and values.**Education and Learning**Education in China is highly valued and often focuses on memorization and mastery of subject matter. The Confucian ideal of "scholar-official" promotes the integration of learning and morality, with a focus on cultivating virtuous and capable leaders. Western education systems, on the other hand, tend to be more diverse and innovative, emphasizing critical thinking, creativity, and independent learning. Western universities, for example, often encourage students to explore different fields and pursue interdisciplinary studies.**Conclusion**The differences between Chinese and Western cultures are numerous and profound, reflecting their unique historical, geographical, and philosophical backgrounds. While there are similarities in some aspects, such as the quest for knowledge and the pursuit of happiness, the distinctive features of each culture contribute to the richdiversity of human experience and understanding. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, it is important to appreciate and respect these differences while seeking common ground and mutual understanding.**中西文化的差异：比较分析**中国和西方，尽管相隔遥远，文化差异巨大，但各自都形成了独特的文化身份和传统，塑造了各自的社会。
Differences between chinese and western table manners_共5页
Differences between Chinese and Western Table MannersAbstract: China is a nation of etiquette, whose table manners have a long history. In fact, western countries have their own peculiar dining custom. Knowing our table manners can make us polite in the public, and knowing western dining customs can let us integrate into world preferably.Key words: China, western countries, table manners, differences.摘要：中国是礼仪之邦，其餐桌礼仪源远流长。
西方餐桌礼仪也是很有讲究。
了解我们中国自己的餐桌礼仪能让我们在公众场合当中做到彬彬有礼，了解西方餐桌礼仪能让我们更好地融入世界一体化之中。
关键词：中国，西方国家，餐桌礼仪，差异。
一、IntroductionDue to the Chinese people and foreigners have different life styles, the way of thinking, cultures, the table manners between china and western countries show a big difference. Chinese table manners have a long history, which date from Zhou Dynasty, at that time table manners have a quite complete system. Those table manners gradually go to a level of mature and perfect, moreover, they took an important part in the past and still have a deep influence in the modern society. Western dining customs originate in Merovingian Dynasty, France, and in the 20 century, Italian culture came to France, table manners and menu turned to be more elegant and delicate, from that time, books of etiquette are published gradually. Today, table manners inherit in Europe. Table manners in Western countries have influence on Chinese table mannersbecause of World Integration. In order to protect our table culture, we can make the two table manners integrated, which is good for us communicating with foreigners. So, it is necessary for us to know the differences of the two table manners.二、Different table manners between China and West(1)Table settingIn China:We prefer to the round table in the Chinese banquets. If there is just a round table in the family dinner, so it has no table order. But if the banquets are held in a restaurant or a hall and there are two or over two round table, then it must have the table setting order. The rule of table setting is that the top table is the round table which is back to the restaurant or the hall and the right of which is senior and the left is inferior. If there are three round tables, then the table in the middle is senior, the right is next and the left is second. Anyway, the right is honor and the left is low, whatever how many the tables are.There are four basic ways of setting arrangement: First host should sit facing the main door, then guest of honor sit on the right of the host and deputy chief gust on the left. Second, when the banquets arrive to the scale of more than one table, every table should have a representative of host and the setting is on the same way of the host, sometimes he or she can face to the host on the main table. Third, taking the table of the host sitting as the sign, the guest on its right is honor and the left is low. Fourth, if the position of the host is inferior to the guest of honor, the host can ask guest to sit where the host should have seated and the host sit on his right. As for the dinning of less than five people, its table setting can follow those four rules: right is honor and the left is low; the middle seat is senior; the seat of facing the door is the top; flexibility arrangement.In west:In the west, the long tables are the choice in the banquet. They also think that the right is honor and the left is low. In the banquet, the host and hostess sit from each other, gentleman of honor sit near the host, his Madame sit near the hostess and the others follow them. In the informal party, it follows that women is first. If a man and awoman have a diner, the man should let the woman sit on his right and don’t let she sit near to the passageway; anyway the man ought to let the woman sit inside. When there are two couples, ladies should sit against the wall and the opposite are their husbands. When two men with a woman, men should let woman sit in the middle place. When two people have a dinner, the senior sit inside. Besides, men should remove the chairs and let women sit first.(2)dinnerwareIn China:The dinnerware we use are those: the chopsticks, small dishes, spoons, bowl and so on. In the banquet, water glass is on the left of the dishes and wineglass is on the right. Chopstick and soup spoon can be put on the special seat or in the paper sleeve. And the toothpick and ashtray is necessary.In west:They prefer to use the knife and fork, spoon, dish, glass and so on. In the way of setting, Chinese dinner is easy but western dinner is complex. The setting ways of the western dinner in the world is basically unified. The common principle is: under plate is placed in the middle; fork is on the left and knife is right, knifepoint keeps upward and knife edge inward; spoon is putted on the front of plate; main dish is left and dinnerware is right, the others are putted by circumstances. Besides, the number of wine glasses equal to the variety of wine. And the putting ways are in the order of that strong wine glass, wine glass, champagne glass, beer glass. The napkin is placed on the plate. If the guest wants to put something in the plate before the dinner, the napkin can be putted beside the plate.There is one sentence concluding their using rule: right hand with knife and left hand with fork, the whole dinnerware using is ecto-entad.(3) The order of servingIn China:The first dishes are cold dishes, beverage and wine; then the hot dishes; next staple food; at last the sweets and fruit. When the banquet has many tables, each table should be on every dish at the same time. Besides, hot dishes should be served fromthe left side opposite the seat of the guest of honor, single copies of vegetables or side dishes and snacks should be given to the guest first then the host. Plastic dishes like whole chicken, whole duck, and whole fish can’t put their heads and tails toward the host seat. In general, there are several ways of serving: First, the big dish is putted side, self-served by the people. Second, a waiter holds a dish one by one to each guest. Third, it is in full bloom with small dishes, and then each one enjoys those dishes. In the banquet, each dish like slide show, each time a dish is served.Some tips: in the wedding banquet or other red banquet, the plates on the table can be overlapped, meaning that a good thing comes again and again. While, in the White Banquet like funeral the plates cannot be overlapped, the reason, I think, you can guess.In west:Western serving steps are usually that: bread and butter, cold dishes, soup, seafood, main course, dessert, coffee and fruit. Eating the cold dishes, soup and bread at the same time. Cold dishes, also known as appetizer dish, served as the first course, usually with an aperitif. And soup includes stains soup and cream soup. The main course has fish, pork, beef, and chicken and so on. Dissert usually has ice-cream, pudding etc.(3)rules when enjoying the mealIn China:Chinese food its atmosphere is lively, people like chatting over eating. But talking and laughing loudly is not polite. While eating, the older is first, when a dish served the young can’t eat until the older eat. When a person has a cough, he or she should turn his or her back.In west:Men should move the seat for women. People always talk with their neighbors when eating, they don’t talk loudly. They do not use their own utensils for others to take their food; do not cut food on a plate after a good use of all right hand fork to eat; do not put the bones and food that don’t eat on the floor or on the tablecloth, while put them on the on the plate of iceberg. Besides, the polite way is eating out the food onyour plate.三、ConclusionIn summary, the Chinese table manners and western table manners have many similarities and differences. Understanding the western table manners is of great help to the development of Chinese civilization and the survival abroad. We should behavior ourselves in the banquet. But, my ability is limited, the inadequacy of article is not avoided, I hope the readers forgive me.Bibliography:1.邓炎昌，刘润清. 《语言与文化》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社.2.杨柳，田丹丹，宛富山.中美餐桌礼仪刍议.内江师范学院学报，2008.6.3.彭健.浅议中西餐桌礼仪差异.《新西部》，2009.12.。
Differences between Chinese and Western culture from
Differences between Chinese and Western culture from "scraping"The diversity of culture achievement the whole world culture rich and colorful. In every culture, there are distributed on the of the universal values, this value is called "cultural values". Sino American culture due to political system, ethics, historical tradition, social background, customs, geographical environment is different, the value of national and regional differences.Most film makers to cultural differences as a theme has produced a lot of wonderful film, which is known for "scraping" and "pushing hands". "Scraping" is a blend of family, culture, traditional Chinese medicine scraping therapy to produce misunderstanding as the main line, reflects the Chinese abroad because of cultural conflict and into all kinds of difficulties, the touching stories because of sincerity and love people make trouble was finally broke through the film.Each nation because of history, living environment, geographic landform formed its own unique culture, way of thinking and values, even in the same culture, sub culture, will also appear different branches, therefore, the difference between eastern and Western culture is absolute. The film p. The film protagonist Xu Datong without forethought, when a lot of people face "lessons" son of Denis, because Denis hit his boss Quinlan's son, but refused to apologize. Quinlan asked why Xu Datong hit a child, "I beat him is to give you face, respect you!" his very puzzled: "what be out of order logic?!" in China, because the child fight parents scolded, blame is normal, but parents discipline their children are thought to be left "face" to each other, but in the West advocate scientific and humanistic spirit of democracy, and small children and adult have equal rights, if the child is not wrong, it should not be criticized. Wrong, most is to teach, whatever, not when so many people not to leave the children a little dignity. They won't Chinese habits "face" blend in, they pay more attention to human nature, to respect the existence and given the respect for individual, even the children, and Chinese concept of face is ingrained.In the cognitive structure of a person in a variety of values. In the event of a conflict between a value orientation and a kind of value orientation, people often must make value preference. A, collective and individual choice. Americans emphasize personal interests, take the limited contribution to the collective attitude; and Chinese think collective interests above personal, "not because of the small family miss you", emphasizes total devotion to the collective. The film, in Jane Ning childbirth, Xu Datong because the company failed to attend the meeting, in American society is unable to accept and forgive. Two, between affection and law choice. Send father home, Xu Datong realize his father's mood, in spite of his USA law will son stole out from the Welfare Institute, in order to let father see grandson before returning to theside. In his mind, the family has been above the law, but this behavior and America respect the legal values conflict.The film is very like the focus to judge all problems with their values in the Americans, including the culture of his country, always think their country is civilized, good, some can not be accepted by the American thing as crude, vulgar. On the acceptance of foreign culture, Americans do not do well, and since the modern times American in world politics, economy, culture, science and technology related to the strong position, they created a nation psychology, this can be understood. But this has been declared open, civilized country, in dealing with the "child abuse" case has no one to take the initiative to ask the ticket scraping what, just in their own database search said: sorry, we did not find any information about scraping measles, please find a medical authority prove it. Of course, finally Quinlan saw Xu Datong father is such a kind man, think scraping may indeed have their reasons, but also to help his China friends, decided to go to the Chinese walk and see what.Of course, things finally resolved, court proceedings to revoke. The results, in addition to normal human conscience, more is due to communication and mutual understanding. Xu Datong American encountered in conflict culture conflict family on the surface of cognitive and social cognitive, deep is a huge difference between the two cultures results. Xu Datong grew up in the China social America Chinese residents, Xu is China type to the cultivation of children, education, this is be totally different with the identity America social concept of family education. Measured by America social concept of family education, Xu Datong is not a competent father, even once deprived of custody. But from the China concept of family education perspective, Xu Datong is a touching father. At the end of the movie happy endings can be said to be a cultural exchange and communication, cultural deep common over the surface result from cultural differences.In the context of globalization, China US bilateral exchanges and cooperation in various fields have become increasingly frequent, first of all we should recognize both cultures are equal, no better or worse, in some ways they can be complementary. In the intercultural communication process, we should guard against the。
The differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture 中西饮食文化对比
The differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture摘要This thesis explores the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture. In the complex world culture spin, the dietary culture plays an extremely important role in the world culture. The differences between Chinese and Western culture created the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture. Different countries have their own dietary cultural. Traditional Chinese culture is agricultural culture and land culture, while traditional western culture is animal husbandry culture and ocean culture. These two kinds of cultures reflect diverse life styles in which food is the most representative aspect. In variously cultural contexts, whether it is in concept, objects, kitchen ware, or tableware, these differences are obvious. But as development of the communication and integration of the international, Chinese and western dietary culture will be developed in common communication. This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the world.介绍introductionDiet is not only the premise of social development, but also the paramount material base for human to survive with good health condition. In the early stage of barbarism, like other animals, looking for food to survive is just the instinct for human beings. But when man began to use fire to cook food and they entered the age of civilization, especially the time of cooking with the pottery, the food became the creation made by the human own wisdom and their technology. Then there is the essential difference in diet between human beings and animals that the diet has its cultural nature. Thus the history of human diet is to be this kind of history that human adapt to nature, conquer and reform nature to survive and develop in the nature, and the human dietary culture gradually comes into being in the course of this progress. As an important part of human culture, the dietary culture has a generalized meaning and a narrowed meaning. This thesis discuss the dietary culture in this narrow sense which is the total of material wealth and spirit wealth created and accumulated in the long-term progress of food consumption, and it is the knowledge about what to eat, how to eat and why to eat, including dietary object, dietary tableware and so on.China has profound cultural heritage of dietary culture and diet play a foremost role in people’s daily life so that dietary culture take a huge proportion in Chinese culture. Facing the dietary culture from other countries, we should accept or reject them based on ourselves condition. We can’t only chase for enjoyment in taste, because it is harmful to our physical health if we eat too much foreign food which is belong to the high calories food. However, it is obvious that we shouldn’t aimlessly reject all the new objects. Under the influence of entering the WTO and globalization, the international connection has become closer and closer so that the collision and fusion in the dietary culture always happen between Chinese and westerners. Granted, it takes a long time for two different cultures to merge and coexist and there must be an aspect that both sides can’t adapt to each other. If this phenomenon occurs, we should try our best to understand, respect and tolerate another culture in right manner.A new kind of concept called Fusion Food has another name that is Global Cuisine and it has been popular in the fashionable diet circle in international cities, such as Paris, New York, London, Sydney. Now it is starting to come into China. The connotation of this Fusion Food is to merge the raw material, condiment and cooking skills together in a creative way from countries all over the world. Besides, it introduces the exoticism to the native diet by takes doctrine to discard the dross and select the essential. It is a cooking revolution flagged with fusion. Through the fusion of gourmet food, the thing it brings is not just the food, is more like the enjoyment of a variety of culture, a kind of interest and a type of art.The difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners will arouse culture misunderstanding in certain extent. For example, many Chinese think that Hamburger, KFC and McDonald’s are the typical food in American. But it is not the fact. The fact is American food is very complex and they generally eat the Mexico food, Chinese food, Thailand food and India food.Therefore, in this thesis, we discuss the difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners from dietary concept, dietary object, cooking utensil and dietary tableware. Through the study, it is beneficial for both sides to strengthen the communication in culture, and more able to eliminate the obstacles and misunderstanding when two nations are communicating, so that people can have in-depth understanding about the dietary culture from China and western countries. Tostudy both parties’ dietary culture difference from various aspects, it can not only help us to strengthen the awareness and adaption in the culture communication, but also can enhance our understanding, toleration and acception to foreign culture. Then this makes Chinese and western dietary culture can mutually develop and fuse in communication, which it plays a remarkable role in boosting the development of culture in the whole world.正文ConceptChinese dietary conceptIn Chinese dietary culture, people play more attention to pursuing the taste than to emphasizing the nutrition. They consider that the nutrition is less important if the food is delicious and good-looking enough. The reason why there is a unique dietary culture that eating is on top of the list in Chinese nation is that productivity has been always under the average level for thousands of years and people have not enough food to eat. People often say the taste is the most important in the whole of color, aroma and taste. In addition, the key of special charm in Chinese diet is nothing but its taste. Chinese think a lot of art and sensibility, so the pursuit of delicious taste is always the highest meaning in dietary. However, a part of the nutrition may lack in pursuing the deliciousness in Chinese diet. The shape of the food is the external thing while the taste is the internal thing. Emphasizing the inner and not decorating painstakingly the external, or emphasizing the taste rather than showing off the form of the dishes, is the paramount expression in Chinese dietary concept. But it does not take no count of the collocation of nutrition. The medicated food appeared in the Tang dynasty and now there is a formulation that diet therapy is better than medical treatments, which all reflect that Chinese pay attention to the collocation in dietary nutrition since ancient times. However, the traditional nutrition theory only has a vague concept without specific data analysis as westerners to figure out what kind of food is good for health with nutrition.Western dietary conceptIn western dietary culture, people play more attention to pursuing the nutrition than to emphasizing the color, aroma and taste. The western diet is a kind of rational diet so that they devote particular care to the nutrition and collocation. They treat dietary as a science with a realistic attitude to lay stress on dietary nutrition and as a result, the pursuit of nutrition becomes the highest meaning in diet. The core standard in evaluating food in westerners is whether it is reasonable in dietary nutrition and whether it accord with the scientific demand. Westerners often think that food is just a means of survival so that they pay more attention to dietary nutrition and supply condition of energy and they seldom connect dietary with spiritual enjoyment, which reflects a strong practicability and utilitarian. For westerners, the only thing they care is not what the food color, aroma, taste and shape is, is the nutrition must be guaranteed. Then they spend time on paying attention to how many calorie, vitamin, protein, etc. should be absorbed a day with neglection of color, aroma and taste. Even if the taste may be the same, even compared with Chinese food, or as dull as cardboard, but the sense push them to eat because it is nutritive. For another word, it just like refuels the machine. As to westerners, the taste is the secondary. If heating up the food will cause the loss of nutrition, they prefer to eat the half-baked, even raw food. Therefore, the western dietary can be summarized with convenience and practicability. There is a case in point that a nutritive breakfast can be simply made of a combination of some bread, jam, cheese, butter and fresh vegetables.Dietary dishesChinese dietary objectThe Chinese dietary culture mainly originates from farming culture, which decides the Chinese dietary structure that takes crops as the principal thing and meat as the auxiliary thing. What’s more, there is a plen ty of production and a lot of species in grain crop because of the vast fields, fertile soil and superior technology in planting. On the contrary, animal breeding is rare in China so much so that it is very common for people to eat the grain. Chinese dietary structure is based on vegetable food, including grain, bean, greens, fruit as well as cereal. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are the most common food; only in holidays or at the higher living standards do they have the meat. It is a very distinct line between main food and subsidiary food. The main food is the five cereal and the subsidiary food is vegetablewith a little meat. Therefore, when Chinese prepare the diet, you can see most dishes are vegetables and a few are meat. What’s m ore, rice and noodles are the principle food; tea and wine are the main drinking in their life.China is known for vast fields and various geographical environments with a long history and an abundant production as well as species of plants and animals, which offer the sufficient resources of products to the formation of Chinese dietary culture. Chinese staple food is based on rice and wheat. On the side, millet, corn, buckwheat, potato and sweet potato are also the main food people usual eat so they take a tiny place in the dietary culture. Except for the rice noodles, there are still kinds of food can be supplied for people to make their life more colorful, including the other kinds of pasta, steamed bun, deep-fired dough sticks, various porridge, cookie and ever-changing snacks. In the Chinese long history, the distribution of south rice and north wheat has formed this situation that the main raw materials are rice and wheat in Chinese staple food. Most Chinese people prefer to take vegetarian diet as the principle thing.According to a study of western zoophytologist, there are more than 600 species of vegetables in China. It is six times more than the west. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are considered as the common food, and only in holidays or at the higher living standards, the meat can be a part of the usual diet.The western dietary culture mainly originates from rear livestock culture, which decides the western dietary structure that takes meat and dairy products as the principal things and vegetarian dishes as the auxiliary thing. According to the weather, it is not suitable for western countries to plant the crop so that they give priority to animal husbandry and give second place to agriculture. In addition, another factor to give first place to animal is that the technology is quite high in the animal cultivation. As a result, there are a lot of kinds of animals and a huge production of meat in western countries. The main agriculture products are wheat, corn, and grape and so on. In the western dietary structure, the meat also takes up the excessive place in the dishes. They are mainly beef, chicken, pork, mutton as well as fish. It is obvious that what they usually eat is provided with a three-high characteristic that is high protein, high fat and high calorie. Therefore, meat has occupied and will always occupy the remarkable high proportion in western dietary. Although the proportion of planting has increased in recent years, the proportion of meat in dietary structure is always higher in the western than in Chinese. Therefore, when westerners prepare the diet,you can see most dishes are meat and a few are vegetables. What’s more, bread and meat are the principle food; coffee, wine and milk are the main drinking in their life.In the western-style food, there is no doubt that meat is the representative in raw material. Since the ancient age, the westerners have given the first place to meat as the dish. They devote particular care to the taste of different kinds of meat and the characteristic of diverse parts of meat. That is to say, no matter what method can be able to be used to process, they always hope that they can bring the aroma into full play from every kind of meat. Any variety of cheese that is worshiped by westerners is the necessary thing should be appeared on the table. On the contrary, for most customers in China, they do not think that they can take in because the peculiar smell is too strange to get used to.Condiment/seasoningThe condiment is also different between the Chinese and westerners in cooking dishes. In China, the taste plays a part as the soul in the dish so that there are seven main kinds of taste in the Chinese diet, including sour, sweet, bitter, salt, peppery, fresh and obscure. The purpose of condiment is to exert a positive effect on reaching the excellent fusion from some seasoning, which has the ability to add aroma without weird smell as well as the smell from fresh meat or fish. What’s more, it can ameliorate the color of the dishes which can draw their attention to have a try. They usually choose the ginger, scallion, garlic, soy sauce, vinegar and monosodium glutamate to be their condiments in common use. But sometimes, they will use grain wine to season.The western-style food is almost the meat, which is always processed into a piece of massive one. Thus there is a big problem in the condiment that it is difficult to saturate the massive piece with condiment used in China. In order to solve this problem, they make up with two methods that they adopt to cook sauce without anything and they have the entree with sauce. Since then, they have formed a special way in condiment in western-style dish. Based on the five used foundation of sweet, sour, bitter, salt and peppery in the west, they prefer to such effect that can make them feel a deep delicious with appetite. They usually choose the cream, butter, sauce, lemon, onion, celery and bay leaves to be their condiments in common use. In addition, spice and wine are the two important factors in cooking. Because bothvanilla and spice have the special smell, they exert an indispensable effect on the aroma of their dishes. For instance, when they cook the 杂莱汤、spaghetti及汁料、酿馅、salad, they always used a kind of mixed spice, which are used to mix together with the marjoram and oregano. In addition, thyme is also the main spice for them to add into the soup, venison and barbecue while sage is mainly used in the dishes made with pork in their daily life.Side dishThe side dish also plays a significant part in the Chinese dietary structure. The side dish indicates that they are the combination for raw material in one dish, including cold dish and hot dish, or the combination for all the dishes showed up on the table. The latter one develops based on the former one and there is no denying that the highest form is belonging to the latter one. Now we take side dish of hot dish as an example to make a compare. The side dish of hot dish is required with the quality of dish in China. It should coordinate appropriately with one or several kinds of raw materials which have been processed to the shape they need. Then a complete dish comes into being. As a chef for side dish, he must not only be proficient in 刀工, but also be familiar with the shape of the finished product. Besides, it is awfully essential for the chef to be acquainted with the cooking method for the reason that the raw material will have some changes during the cooking. In addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish, such as, the collocation of color, the collocation of shape, the collocation of aroma, the collocation of taste and the collocation of nutrition and so on. And all of these collocations prefer to concentrate on reflecting the collocation of meat and vegetables. In other words, it is the collocation of animal material and vegetarian material. However, in all the collocation of side dish, the collocation of nutrition is the most special because it not only contains the function to restrict, to eliminate or to rectify the detrimental elements in the raw material used in cooking, but also includes the theory of complementation in nutrition and balanced dietary.For the westerners, the side dish is also the indispensable part in 热菜dishes. As usual, after finishing the main food that they have already put on a dish, a smallamount of vegetables, rice or noodles processed should be put on the edge of the dish or on another dish by side. Thus a complete piece of dish completes. It is said that the food have a collocation with the main food is called side dish. A case in point is that French fries and vegetarian salad are the side dish of fried chicken or other kinds of hamburger in the KFC or McDonald’s. Thus it can be seen that there is a certain difference between Chinese diet and western diet in the form of side dish. However, the effect they exert is the same. They both own the function to complement the nutrition, to balance the dietary, to enhance the beauty and to give the aroma. In addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish. For example, all kinds of side dish are most made with different color vegetables. What’s more, the side dish is asked for being processed to the definite shape under meticulous requirement, such as条状、olive状、球状、棋子状、腰鼓状and so on. Most of the deep-frying meat and roasting meat are deserved with three side dishes which are potato and two different color vegetables. They are considered to be a set of side dish. There are a lot of cases we can illustrate. For example, it is a set of side dish that French fries is arranged with boiling pea and carrot in olive shape as well as roasting potato arranged with 黄油菜花and tomato in piece. However, the characteristic dishes usually choose one kind of side dish made with potato to keep the special aroma, such as the fish. On the side, the dishes with much汤汁is used to provide with the rice or noodles. Whereas it is rare in Italian dish, such as curry chicken with butter rice and Italian beef with macaroni.WineIn Chinese diet, there are a few kinds of wine used in cooking and they are only used with a little in the diet. The Shaoxing wine is the common people always use in their daily life. When it comes to the topic of wine, the most characteristic and the most distinguished wine is a kind of wine which is used to be named grain wine that takes grain as the material to make Shaoxing wine and white spirit. There is a piece of vast field in China, most of which are endowed with good farmland and fertile soil. It is very suitable for grain to grow up under the temperate weather so that China has become the leading power in agriculture by and by for his increasingly fast development in agriculture. Furthermore, it not only has a great deal of production,but also cultivates tremendous diversities in the five cereals so that people use a lot of grain to make the Shaoxing wine and white spirit, which are endowed with Chinese characteristic.It is another outstanding characteristic in western dish that they put different wine in diverse dishes. Owing to the characteristic of different kinds of wine they own, such as the醇厚, aroma, 甘冽、浓馥、清凉and so on, different wine should be compatible with distinct dishes. After they were put in the dish, the wine will mix with original taste, spice and aroma to make the special characteristic come out from the dish. As to the side dish, there are still some definite rules in cooking with wine. There is a case in point. In the famous French diet, clear soup is with雪莉酒 or 白葡萄酒 to bring up the taste; and seafood or aquatic product is with brandy or白葡萄酒to season. As is known to all, when it comes to the topic of wine, the most characteristic and the most distinguished wine is a kind of wine which is used to be named grape that takes grape as the material to make wine and brandy. As we know, the western countries mostly give first place to rear livestock or business and give second place to agriculture. It is not suitable for most grain to grow up because of the weather and soil. On the contrary, it is extraordinarily moderate for grape to grow up under that weather. In addition, the quality and production of grape are the first of all in the world. As a result, people can make a considerable quantity of wine with excellent quality.Kitchen wareIn China, there is a great deal of methods in cooking. Nevertheless, it is extremely surprising that kitchen ware have been the same look since one thousand years ago in China. Since our ancestors came into the age of铁器, the kitchen ware have been never changed again in their surfaces. The main kitchen wares we often use are ladle, spatula, cooker, steamer and wok. The鼎 which is a pottery in the shape of roundness is one of the most primary kitchen wares in the age of new stone. In order to exert a sufficient effect on the collocation between burdening and different kinds of food to manifest the dainty of Chinese dietary, the design of the kitchen ware plays an indispensable role in this aspect. So they try their best to design the kitchen ware toreach the purpose that it could make any kind of food mix together completely. In people’s daily life, the wok and ladle are the two most representative kitchen wares in China. The reason why the wok can be on behalf to the representative kitchen ware is that the chef can churn all food sufficiently in the wok. However, why the ladle can also stand for the representative kitchen ware is that ladle not only can be used to stir-frying the dish and to 舀 the soup, but also be able to add condiment to dish or soup. In addition to the above, the ladle could adopt to a tremendous number of condiments which are in diverse shapes with distinct sizes.What’s more, there are two types of cooking that the westerners won’t use or use later than us. They are steam and stir-frying. The formation of these two particular ways cannot separate from the usage and development of Chinese ancient kitchen ware. The cooking way of steam cannot be away from the invention of steamer. The steamer is the most common kitchen ware among the common people in ancient times. Even though in the modern times, the steamer is still a very important kind of indispensable kitchen ware in family. It is the same that the cooking way of stir-frying cannot be away from wok. And the invention of wok cannot separate from the advantageous technology of wrought iron in ancient China. China is the earliest country to invent and make use of pig iron in the world. The wok has been used in folk family since the Western Han Dynasty and it is still used now. As a result, the method of stir-frying becomes the most primary cooking way in dish. Most of them cannot deviate stir-frying or any variant way of stir-frying from the dish whether made by common people in their daily life or made as the famous dish for the aristocracy. Although the westerners are a little familiar with the steamer now, they still do not know how to put to use the skill of steam to cook the food constantly. On the contrary, we can have the delicious food made by the steamer everyday if we want to. Not only the steamed stuffed bun, but also the chicken or fish can we have. What’s more, for western ware, it is not a patch on the wok. As is known to all, we can put anything into the wok to stir-frying, even if it is in a little size with different shape and bone, which is incapable for the westerners to achieve. The reason is that they are not used to have a big piece of meat with bone. Furthermore, they are fond of the vegetables without boiling so that the vegetables are seldom to put into the pan, which has the relationship with their dietary concept and dietary habits.With the increasing fast development of science and technology, to some extent, the countries must promote the communication of culture under mutual efforts. As a result, a great number of convenient and fast household appliances start to enter into the market in China, such as microwave, electric rice cooker and oven which the westerners get used to use in their daily life. However, our main kitchen wares pass current on the ancient so that we do not break away from track in essence even though we will use the induction cooker or something else from the west to cook the food. Some people agree with the opinion that the wok is better than the pan in frying out the aroma of Chinese dish. They always said that there is something missing in the dish they make out with the usage of frying-pan. In addition, the soup boiled by the tile pot that Chinese used all the time is far more delicious than boiled by the western stew-pan made by stainless steel. Except for electric rice cooker, few Chinese families will make staple food with microwave, or oven, or any other western kitchen ware.The dietary is more perceptual than rational in expression in all times in China so that the Chinese dietary culture is full of imagination and creativity. However, the difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners must lead to the various demands of kitchen wares. In the modern city, the Chinese customers don’t reject those household appliances, such as the microwave, with the convenient and fast function. But it does not mean that it can satisfy the dietary requirements from Chinese customers. On the contrary, it can’t because of the dietary structure made from convenience and speed. The recipe based on the rice in Asian is unable to fuse very well with the effect in cooking exerted by the household appliances from westerners. Combined with the realistic situation from the differences between the both sides, we can analyze and study adequately the living style between the two nations which provide a great help to design and ameliorate the kitchen ware. Maybe it is more important for oriental nation who are facing the impact from western culture and living ways to consider comprehensively the guiding principle of the design in cultural diversity. The design of kitchen ware should be compatible with the specific environment in dietary culture. Therefore, under aiming at different environment in dietary culture, it will exert a positive effect on designing or ameliorating the kitchen ware with consciousness.Western kitchen wareIn the west, there are a lot of cooking ways, but the way of roasting, pan-frying and deep-frying are the main methods in cooking. As a result, the kitchen wares they often use in their daily life are frying-pan, stew-pan and oven, which have a very close relationship with their dietary object, cooking ways and tableware. A great deal of examples can be given. For instance, most of the westerners prefer to meat rather than vegetarian dish in their daily meal. Besides, they are used to have a meal with knife and fork so that it is more suitable to process the raw material into a big size and shape. Of course that it is the best choice to process them into a massive and thick piece without too much bones or stabs. It is quite rare for westerners to mix several kinds of food together when they are cooking. They spend most time on considering what the collocation should be made to show the beauty in vision, especially the collocation between shapes and colors. Therefore, all kinds of burdening are always put on the plate after they are cooked respectively. The pure of the taste which is the second important aspect during their cooking is the performance that how much the orient taste can be reflected from the material itself. The above customs decide that the main characteristic in western kitchen ware is the function of boiling. They will not churn the food to mix together as Chinese when they are cooking so that the bottom of frying-pan is almost flat or the pan is in the shape of bucket, which is beneficial to enhance the warming area and to enlarge the capacity of the kitchen ware.What’s more, the west is earlier than China to come into the electric age so that the invention and application of electrical equipment are also earlier than us. With their dietary concept and the increasing development of science and technology, the microwave, oven, electric rice cooker, blender and other ware come into their life step by step. A case in point is that they often use the frying-pan when they want to cook the steak or pancake with some spice or side dish. There is no doubt that the mashed potato is one of the contents in the side dish. And the mashed potato is made out by blender. It is also the fact that they like to roast something to eat, such as the toast and roasting chicken, therefore, oven is one of the necessaries in their kitchen. In addition, the westerners love the sweet food very much so they generally use oven to baking some kind of cakes or desserts which can be served as the afternoon tea with a cup of coffee or black tea. It is obvious that the coffee extractor is also indispensable in western families. The kitchen wares, including oven, microwave and so on, all。
Differences Between Chinese and Western Language论中西方语言上的差异
AbstractDue to different countries and nations have different customs, social traditions, folk customs, thus causing the differences in language. Understanding of the different cultures, so that we can understand the cultural heritage of the world better. The culture of any country in the labor creates a lifestyle of accumulation, thereby affects the different languages.The specific historical development in the formation of culture, the main content includes some allusion idiom, proverb and dialect. The differences between Chinese and western culture in language are reflected in the meaning of the words. Undering the different cultural background, people has different expressions and understanding on the same things, This article express the difference in the natural environment, customs and other aspects of the comparative study of Chinese and western language.Key words: Natural environment Customs language difference摘要由于不同国家和民族有不同的习俗，社会传统，民俗风情，从而造成语言的差异。
Differences between China and the West 中西差异
Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development. Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept and pattern.The first difference between Chinese and western food culture is about different main food. Rice and cooked wheaten food are two main staple foods in the Han nationality. The southern and northern regions cultivate rice, and rice has become the main nourishment in these areas. The northeast and northwest regions cultivate wheat and give first place to cooked wheaten food. Also, other kinds of cereals like maize, Kaoliang, grain, tuber crop have become staple food, in different areas as well as coarse cereals. The Han nationality’s staple foods have colorful and various cooking methods and has hundreds of kinds of rice and wheat products. Nowadays, the northeast regions in China still give first place to cooked wheaten food. Meat, milk and bread are the staple food in western countries. A common meal usually consists of soup, bread and butter. There are also various roasted foods besides the brown bread. Another staple food in Western countries is the potato. To westerners, potato is as important as rice to Chinese. You can often see that the British move packages of potatoes in shopping carts in the supermarket just like Chinese people buying rice. Second, let us look at the difference between Chinese and western drinks. Liquor and tea are two kinds of main drinks in Han nationality. It is known to all that China is the hometown of tea, and one of the countries which invented the earliest brew technology in the world. Wine culture and tea culture have long history in China and they have become an essential part of Han national food culture in the past thousands of years. They greatly influence other countries all over the world. While the grape wine and beer are common drink in western countries. People in some cold area even drink sherry everyday to keep themselves warm. In Britain, bars meet your eyes everywhere on the streets and become second living rooms. The British are experts in drinking and beer is their favorite drink. Normally, there are three kinds of beer which are divided by flavor: Bitter, Lager and Cider. In recent years, it has come into vogue to drink wine and the wine consumption in Britain is the greatest in the world. Simultaneously, juice is also a very popular drink in western countries. Usually people drink juice atbreakfast. Juice gets unique welcome in Britain, the annual average consumption amounts to 19.1 liters in Britain.。
中西方文化差异英语作文
Difference betweenChinese and Western culturesUndoubtedlythereare so many differences between Chinese and Western culture, such as manners, language and so many others. Maybe history is one of the major cause of it .Chinese culture is older than 5000 years, and Chinese people have developed their own music, musical instruments, painting techniques, traditional Chinese medicine, and not to forget, cooking methods as wellwhich is completely different and unique when compared to Western culture.So this time I’m going to pick some aspects and talk about it.Like what mentioned above, cooking methods of China is totally different from the westerns’.N ot like west people, we have so many ways to deal with foods.It is said that there are more than fifty ways for a Chinesecook to choose every time he dealing withthe same kind offood.No wander to be a great cook in china you have to start training from young child. ComparedwithChinese, westerns seems to be more casual when they are cooking. They usually cook food by frying or stewing. Because they would like to put emphasis on food’s nutrition not the taste of it.When it comes to the aspect of men’s behavior, there is a vast difference in the rules of behavior between Chinese and Westerns. Westerns are more willing to change the environment rather than adapting themselves to it, which is opposite to Chinese people. Affected by the ancient philosophies of China, we believe in that we must get ourselves into one certain environment. For example, once we come into a new group, we are always told to follow others so that we can become one of it. But westerners would like to make them change and teach them to work in his way.Besides the behavior of people from two distinct culture, the realization of self-worth is different for Chinese and westerns. Affected by the Confucius’s philosophy from the ancient time. We believed that we should put our countryahead of our own interests. One can be respected only by making contribution for his country, like some war heroes. But westerns do respect those who succeed in his own lives. They believe that man who achieve goals of happiness and success by working hard is worth others’ respecting. Maybe that can explains why so many millionaire inChina can’t have the equal reputation compared to those westerns’.Anyway, Westerners usuallyfind the Chinese culture complex, and hard to understand, as the Chinese culture has its own values, background and belief system.。
Etiquette differences between China and Western countries(中西方礼仪差异)
Etiquette differences between China and Western countries（中西方礼仪差异）Fairway and tea ceremonyIn addition to their own golf and a fool, love is love tea, especially tea. Because of its warm, mellow taste and color of your products. Aged Pu'er seem to be on the vicissitudes of history and ancient Mongolia. Recently, friends cry love, send two and a box of fine Pu'er Pu'er tea related books. But when to read the book. Read the book about a popular tea ceremony in Japan. The story from which the tea ceremony of the Epiphany some high reason and deep thought. To share with friends of the ball:In seventeenth Century a northern tea maker to Edo, for fear of the road is not peaceful, dressed up as the appearance of a samurai sword in the body, can give their courage, but also can deter some harbor malicious people. Unexpectedly, he worried that things happened, like a ronin the samurai proposed to fight him. Carpenter wanted to put tea personal belongings to him, and then walk away, but I want it too vexed; and to a head-on fight, and that it is not worth to die in such a way, he suddenly remembered that he had met a Kendo hall on the way to do can master to learn a few tricks to get there, so that we can have a decent and dignity in death than the sword, at least, is a first-class tea master die position. So he asked that rogues pretended to have business in the body, it must go, come back with his sword, the ronin agreed. Tea Carpenter quickly came to the fencing hall, illustrates his ideas to the master, master after listen to Hadaha laugh: my apprentice hasalways been to learn the knack of winning, you did not expect is to learn to die swordsmanship, see you with sincerity, I teach you. Since you are an excellent tea maker. I teach you the conditions for me make a pot of tea. Tea maker think this may be the last time in my life to make tea, they forget their dying things, be absorbed in swing open potential bubble tea, as if the world is the only important thing, he tea without clear. To divine, Juesu expression to normal sword was touched, and convinced that this is his life have been the best tea. So master said with emotion: in fact you need not learn what method to die, you just fine tea with seven gods, and whether any warrior will win the battle Ah! You go with the appointment of the ronin warriors, please follow the rules really calm and strict in demands to prepare to wrap the head, round belt, the waist on the open hole, finally drew up his sword...... Would you just look for tea. After tea maker thanks, who went to the ronin there, he taught his approach to master in quiet out of the duel rack, knife stand, the moment of confrontation between the two sides, the ronin suddenly saw a totally different person: definitely, without me, condensed, wei...... It is still a ronin sword, and kowtow, and go bad.Since the very love this story. I think of their favorite tea, golf suddenly want to touch the bar also has nearly three years, scores in not always, no breakthrough. Reading the story: the tea ceremony is epiphany: play fairway also needs in quiet, confident, well now focus on playing every ball if I enter the ball. The boundary is good to see more than once. The jar's words as senior master, golf is the mentality, complex technology and psychological.The tea ceremony, or fairway is the way of life, in fact, is the road connected. Life often fear and worry, the best way is to find the concentration, focus on the moment to do things, so full of confidence on the moment of life; waste time, we need passion in life, beyond the self, in no clear my realm (from scottgol.Golf EtiquetteGolf because of its leisure, fashion and other characteristics, more and more respected by many friends of the ball, and the combination of golf and business activities has become increasingly popular golf business like nature itself. Business negotiation and communication as the top priority of business Golf activities, there are some things you should know.Notice 1: put aside the purpose of sportUsually, professional golf events,Athletics is the first goal of a race. However, for business golf, competition is not its purpose, business negotiation is the first priority.Here, golf is just as a form of business activity, although for golf enthusiasts, it seems to get the original fashion, charming leisure sports lose the essence, but if for a keen Golf partner, but the business activities transferred to the golf course very satisfied.Note two: taboo "business topic" too longIf you want to talk business on the pitch, don't start talking in the first hole. "The business topic" long delay playing golf business taboo. Note that you can control the tempo and ask questions you want to know on the tee or on the green. This is to give the other team time to think and respond.The main purpose of business golf is to promote understanding among golfers and develop personal relationships rather than talking about the substance of business on the pitch. The best time for business communication is after the ball. When you know something about it, go to a restaurant or bar, order some dishes, drink a little wine, talk about business.To understand that not many people love playing ball while also thinking about work, Never mind occasionally make a point, do not look at the play when the business around the content of chatter without stop.Note three: play speed, see things, personalityPlay with a business partner, but your partner will analyze your personality through the pace of your game. Most people like to be quick and agile partners.No one likes to play with a snail. Try only one swing before each stroke, or up to 15 seconds to 25 seconds. If your ball flew into the long grass or bushes, not to rule all with five minutes allowed to find the ball. If you can't find the ball in 3 minutes, bring back a ball to hit it.Note four: ball products such as personalityPeople who like to drink often use a word: "wine, such as character.". For business golf, the ball is also like personality.Everyone has a ball fault, and if you have this kind of problem, don't get too angry, thus affecting your image in the heart of the ball friend. Cheating on the court may evolve into cheating in the business world, so be honest.Note five: putter is a plus weightIf you and your business partner are playing the best ball game with your team, maybe your skill and strength can't contribute to the group, kick off or attack the green stroke, then practice the putter in advance. For it is possible that you will receive the task of pushing the final push, even if it is less than a foot away. A key putter can add a lot of impressions to you, because when your business is working, your partner needs you to be able to give a perfect shot at the most critical timeChristian etiquette(Gospel times) since ancient times, Chinese has the reputation of a state of ceremonies. The gospel has been introduced into China for thousands of years. Does it require etiquette, etiquette and belief in the church? Is there a conflict? In worship, etiquette has nothing to do with worship Staff visited the Shenzhen times Gospel Church, to listen to the ShenzhenBaoan District city Baoan Christian Church Pastor entitled "Dongsheng leaves to Christian worship etiquette" sermons.Ancient Chinese imperial sacrifices were similar to Biblical sacrificesFirst of all, ye pastor from the "ceremony" of the traditional characters, fonts analysis. The ceremony is phonogram, is knowing the word. On the left is the picture, which shows the Chinese God in the ancient Chinese language. It is the day Chinese say. God, it's the biggest god. On the right is the up and down structure, with a gift on it, a piece of jade, and a bean like vessel below: a piece of jade on the vessel. In Chinese, the said of our ancestors to the best jade, respectfully dedicated to God, in order to respond to God's love and grace of God for us.Because he gave the sun and rain, and a bumper grain harvest. In Oracle, Li also means giving the best to heaven, to God, and to the blessings of god.The ancestors were very polite. From the beginning of Yan Emperor, to worship every time, there is a grand ceremony. Rituals include prayers, prayers, music, etc.. By the time the Tang Dynasty began, Changan had Tiantan, dedicated to God in Tiantan. The Tiantan, the altar offering sacrifices to the sky. The common people cannot sacrifice directly, but the emperor sacrifices them instead. In the Tiantan for sacrifice, live and work in peace, pray for peace and prosperity, the grain harvest.The Bible also has many places recorded in the Old Testament,when the nation of Israel created their God, the God of heaven and earth. They offered sacrifices to god. When offering sacrifices, the Israelites would only give sacrifices to the priests, and the priests would sacrifice them in accordance with ritual in the temple.Worship is the moment when God meets man and worship is ceremonialWe need to know that etiquette is important in a person's life and in human relationships, and that the relationship between the state and the state is also very important. Without etiquette, it is difficult to say, is the so-called moral righteousness, no rules, no Cheng Fangyuan. As a Christian, he is both a people of God and a citizen of China. He has dual identity. We must follow the rules of the earth and obey the rules of the heavens. That's why we need to be polite when we come to church and worship god. The beginning of the church, is generally not used to so many rituals. Most people think that week of prayer, hearing it. Pastor Ye reminded that there is no ceremony, can not become a church. We habitually call Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday......" In fact, we worship each other every day and worship our true god.The New Testament Hebrews 9: 1-6 written rules of worship, the Old Testament has also been mentioned in the week when there is outside the hospital, the sanctuary, Candlestick, bread, table, etiquette etc.. Worship in ancient Hebrew, referring to kneeling on both knees. There are many explanations for the word "worship", one of which is that worship is the moment when God meets man. This moment is very noble, holy, most valuable andmeaningful. In the holy hour, God comes to us and faces us. He listens to our prayers and praises.There are 365 days in a year, 52 weeks in a year. Do you experience the joy of being close to God and meeting each week? If you feel happy, then you really go into adoration. Like two lovers falling in love, it's not appropriate to stay one minute longer, but I can only describe it in this way. That is why it is sacred and honorable to say that God meets man. God sets up marriage on the ground, and through marriage he can understand the relationship between God and man and the feelings of people and people, to reflect the relationship between God and man. True worship is when we meet and close to the good times with humble hearts, loyal hearts, and god.On etiquette differences between China and Western countriesEtiquette is the social moral norms of human social activities followed by normal people, in mutual respect, mutual caring and friendly exchanges in the natural formation, is the objective needs of human life, is the modern people to maintain social civilization, promote the communication and development of the code of conduct.Our country is in a state of ceremonies known to the world civilization, is a typical representative of the western countries abide by the norms of etiquette. The following differences between China and Western countries on its impact on etiquette.(1) religious beliefs are differentChinese feudal dictatorship for two thousand years from the Western Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty "deposed 100, only Confucianism" to the Tang Dynasty set up the six provinces system to the light re Wen Wu, set - and the mutual supervision, financial power centralization, and the waste place three division, the prime minister, and the Qing Dynasty established symbol of imperial power to the military at the peak, means to strengthen the imperial power step by step, and gradually formed a "supreme emperor, the throne hereditary imperial supremacy" of the situation, rather than imperial theocracy, occupy the dominant position of the distant.Generally speaking, China is a non religious country, so Chinese etiquette not religious; in the west, Christianity has been dominant, in the fourth Century, Christianity as the state religion of the Empire of Rome, has become the spiritual pillar of the Western feudal system. According to statistics from the late twentieth Century, the population of the world is estimated at more than 58.9 million, with 4 billion 800 million faiths participating in more than 1500 different religious groups and religious activities. That is to say, more than 80% of the world's population is a religious believer. China, by contrast, has more than 90% people who are not religious. Therefore, western etiquette has strong religious overtones.(two) difference of sense of hierarchyChina is a hierarchy of the country, the spring and Autumn period there is a heaven, feudal literati scholar - - "this was the rank order, the ceremony also became to maintain the ratingsystem, the early Western Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty thinkers Dong Zhongshu put the Confucian etiquette specifically summarized as" Five Virtues "" it is: "the ruler guides subject, father guides son, husband and wife", which undoubtedly adds a hierarchy of chains. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, foreign envoys visit, the Qing Dynasty insisted on foreign envoys in the face of etiquette China see the emperor, three call nine worship gift, foreign insisted by Western etiquette, to the basic personality equality for the purpose of the bow, shake hands instead of. In Kangxi and Qian Long, envoys from western countries to China were forced to salute.(three) interpersonal differencesThe Chinese emphasize that "caring for others is better than caring for yourself", so people don't mindPeople's lives for their own general knowledge, therefore, to other people's greetings will probably involve the privacy of others, such as: age, marriage, family, work, income, religion and so on, in the view of Chinese, it is said that reflects the warm and friendly to others, others will win a good impression. In the west, people are very sensitive to the privacy issues in general, and when talking to Westerners, not the other party take the initiative to talk about personal privacy, not to mention, in the West where, too "enthusiasm" is undesirable. In western families, people are suspected of being too enthusiastic, and there are still instances of disgust. Also, Westerners is generally a hug, kiss, Chinese general practice handshake, ancient popular Baoquan ritual.(four) personality differencesEastern people pay attention to modesty and make no public comments, for example, in terms of social politeness and language,Often use a variety of modest appellation, in nouns to their own or with the people and things in front of the general and the particular derogatory words, such as "brother, sister, I, I, I, in my house," and so on, and when people praise yourself, to love the opposite meaning praise to reply, such as: friends praise XX food cooked delicious, XX usually said: "is not good, not good" or "where, where, in the opinion of Chinese, this is a kind of humility, while the Westerners often puzzled. Western culture advocating independence and personal freedom, similar to the "level is not high, the limited capacity of" modesty but will think this is not to regard it as right, lack of confidence. Westerners do not be shy about habits, one is one, two is two, they treated in the praise of others, often accepted, sometimes also added some examples to confirm each other's view is correct, in order to show respect.(five) gender, seniority respecting differencesIn Chinese, men often respected, mainly because of patriarchal feudal etiquette in viewRead, the early Western Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu put the Confucian etiquette specifically summarized as "Five Virtues", "three cardinal guides" is the "ruler guides subject, father guides son, husband and wife", "husband and wife" laid thefoundation of male shrouded women thought, the social status of women on the humble. In modern society, equality between men and women is achieved verbally, but in reality, women are often given reasons for their physical, physical and other reasons,Its status is still inferior to men. In western countries, such as Europe and America, respecting women is their traditional custom, and "ladies first" is one of the principles of communication among Western countries. In any public place, men take care of the ladies. "Ladies first" is also one of the criteria for measuring gentlemen's manners.In dealing with the relationship between young and old, China early in the spring and Autumn period, Mencius proposed "expand the love of the old, the true saying our children and young people", such as the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation. When the festival is celebrated, it is common sense for children to be reunited with the elderly. In the west, because parents advocate the independence of children from childhood, the children and their parents become less and less with each passing day, which makes many old people often feel lonely, and their later life has a sense of desolation.(six) the concept of justice and benefit and the difference of legal conceptIn China, due to the influence of Confucianism, the people of justice, but also light.The tendency, such as public places, littering, spitting, defecate, loud noise, red light, crossing the road at random,although most people know that this is not a good habit, but because of the mentality and the weak legal awareness of these repeated acts. And Western countries, people have a strong sense of legal system, coupled with a better sense of environmental protection, so these aspects are doing very well.The fundamental reason for the difference between Chinese and Western etiquette is the difference between Chinese and Western cultures. We should be good at grasping these differences, so as to better communicate with people in different countries. (Gospel times) since ancient times, Chinese has the reputation of a state of ceremonies. The gospel has been introduced into China for thousands of years. Does it require etiquette, etiquette and belief in the church? Is there a conflict? In worship, etiquette has nothing to do with worship Staff visited the Shenzhen times Gospel Church, to listen to the Shenzhen Baoan District city Baoan Christian Church Pastor entitled "Dongsheng leaves to Christian worship etiquette" sermons.Worship ceremony as much as Baoan hall worship ritual normsMany of the Old Testament, worship, and worship God offering sacrifices to the priest, to sacrifice without blemish; and the priest shall wash in the washing basin, and then came to the altar; sacrifice, have certain etiquette program. In the early church, believers prayed, sang, gathered, exchanged, shared, and gradually perfected church worship. Later, the church formed a sect with different sectarian rituals. As in Hongkong, the Anglican Church is the Anglican liturgy, Wesleyan Methodist Lutheran Lutheran with etiquette, etiquette, each faction etiquette is not the same, but the center is the only one --Christ centered.Actually, since the reform and opening to the outside world, the church in China has not promoted the sects and entered the post sectarian period. This is a Chinese Christian church. In the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, brothers and sisters from different parts of the country have different sectarian backgrounds. Such as Zhejiang, Fujian believers, is the main Anglican Episcopal etiquette is etiquette; if from the southeast of Guangdong, Chaozhou, Shantou or Meizhou, a Presbyterian, Lutheran, etiquette and the Council of Rhenish etiquette; if it is from Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing here, there may be Norway or northern European Lutheran etiquette; if from the Loess Plateau area of the believers may have mainland etiquette background. This is the characteristics of the faith background of the believers in the Shenzhen special economic zone.Now some brothers and sisters have settled in Baoan District, fixed in Baoan, worship in the church, and lived a life of worship here. We need to have a uniform, standard etiquette. Etiquette, however, is not arbitrary, and we must follow the principles of the apostles, the church, the Scriptures, and the rules of the Church of china. The etiquette of Baoan hall will also be standardized and make it more perfect.Every procedure and meaning of etiquetteThe New Testament, John, Chapter 4, verse 23, "those who truly worship the father should worship him in honest hearts, for the father will ask such a man to worship him.".At present, the procedure of etiquette in the Baoan Hall of Christianity is divided into four parts, containing four meanings.First, honest hearts, worship, praise. In the week, a prelude, silence, calling, singing, praying, and shall sing, etc.. Fully equipped for us to the temple of God, and prepare yourself, for our god. When the prelude begins, brothers and sisters to silent prayer, quiet, choir, officiating, pianist, conductor, preacher, came together. By the time the preparations were made, the officiating led the announcement and sang the liturgical poetry.Reverend Ye specifically mentioned the importance of prayer. What is the most important thing as a church? Prayer. The temple of God is the temple of prayer for all nations (Isaiah 56:7). What's the first thing to do in church? It is prayer, not speech, nor singing. Wait for the choir to come in and worship God together.The heart is honest and worship. We are quiet in front of God. What will the Lord ask us to do? Sing for the spirit of God in our midst, prepare our minds; and then calling, calling of purpose is that the congregation came to the throne of God, to worship him in spirit and truth; all the congregation to sing, the congregation solemnly stood before God, sing and worship praise God, Scripture should Kai; content, often associated with preaching content, relationship and preaching information; Rev should after choir. We hear God's word and answer it.In second, in the last meeting. It is important to recite the Apostles' creed, proclaim our salvation and proclaim our faith.I believe in God, father almighty...... I believe in eternal life, amen. I believe it is a very happy announcement, a sure announcement. What a sacred announcement. God hears our announcement and accepts our announcement. At the same time also will read the ten commandments, declare their worship lover standard warning.Third, respectfully listen to God's teachings. Reading the Bible has something to do with preaching. The celebrant read or read the sermon text for Taoist believers. The preacher, is listening to, listen to the first time. Preach, speak clearly of the word of God, and keep the grain on time. Believers, respectful to God's teachings, said after a Thanksgiving, to sing.Fourth, with his physical and mental devotion. Family sharing, singing, prayer and blessing, prayer, to return. This is the last part. Share the housework, the church is God's family, we're going to have the house of God with care; listen to the words of God, according to the word of God to share; after, with the Lord's prayer, blessing God; in our midst, he will bless us. In the end, sing, Amen, Amen (four stacks). After the prayer in the temple music to return, is fully equipped for, the word of God, back to our home, back to our community and to our real life.A complete worship, is from the beginning to the end of the prelude, music hall. We must prepare ourselves, and do not move about in preaching and gathering. For that moment was when Godmet us. We have to worship and praise God, because this time, God is with us, listen to my prayer, and I met.business etiquetteA suit to trimIn modern society, social activities, people generally believe in Western dress and leather shoes "is a modern man's regular occupation dress, so wear a suit in business activities, but also the most secure and appropriate, therefore, become the first choice for many business attire suits the general staff. However, wearing a suit also has a lot of stress:(1) the choice of colors. It is better to wear dark suits, grey and dark blue. They give a steady, reliable, loyal, simple and able impression.(2) the choice of fabric. Clothes made of natural fabric. The sheen and texture of artificial fabrics give people a cheap feel. Usually, unlike fabric made of natural fabric, there is a kind of attractive "sag" feeling. Moreover, this fabric often leaves a human body odor and is not easily removed. From a more subtle point of view, it's never good to connect you with an artificial person,Because it gives people a false sense of depth and lack of depth.(3) a suit should be appropriate. Thin people, if wearing a dark blue or coarse Shutiao suit, will expose the delicate, thin defects, wear beige, grey rat Nuanshaidiao, pattern selectionof lattice or herringbone suits, will become more plump and strong. The tall man, wear double breasted or three piece suit, the texture and the warm feeling of the fabrics, do not use the profile of narrow and sharp suits. When a short person wears a suit, he can use chest bags to decorate his handkerchief. In order to increase the thickness of the chest, it can also load the purse, notebook and other articles in the inner bag. Fat people can wear dark blue, dark gray, dark brown, beige, gray suit, bogey expanded color, if it is patterned suit, should use the 0.5 - 2cm bar. The suit can choose linear models of American style, it looks sharp and slim profile.In addition, double four button suit, can cover a slight stomach. Chunky people can also wear three sets, so that the body does not show the parting line, and pocket as much as possible no object. Tall and fat people should wear a suit with three buttons and a one-piece suit. The part of V is long and elegant. When wearing a one-piece suit jacket, you should wear a dark coat and a light colored trousers with the same color. This will not only cover up your shortcomings, but also make you look smart.Other men's suits:The trousers avoid short, standard length trousers trousers shoes cover;The shirt on the outer trousers bogey;Avoid shirt collar is too big, there is space between collar and neck;The color of the tie to avoid glare;Avoid tie too short, general tie length should be tie tip cover belt buckle;To avoid not buckle buckle shirt tie;The jacket sleeves should avoid long, short sleeves shirt than 1 - 2 cm;A jacket and trousers bag and avoid suit in baggy;To avoid a suit and a pair of sports shoes;The shoes and shoelaces bogey inconsistent colourTwo. Shirts should be idealShirts must be long sleeves. Some shirts have simple chains on their cuffs, giving them extra attention to detail. Shirts should be white or light blue with no design or stripes. Like suits, the best fabrics for shirts are natural fabrics. To wear those carefully sewing, professional washing, moderate (Crisp) sizing cotton shirt.Three, tie to chooseSome experts say a tie is first noticed when you shake hands with someone. It can make an expensive suit look cheap, or you can wear ordinary clothes to give a better impression. The tie。
中西差异 英语作文
中西差异英语作文The Differences Between Chinese and Western Cultures。
Culture is the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. It includes patterns of behavior, belief systems, values, and traditions. Chinese and Western cultures are two of the most influential cultures in the world, and they have many differences that are worth exploring.One of the most noticeable differences between Chinese and Western cultures is the concept of individualism versus collectivism. In Western cultures, individualism is highly valued, and people are encouraged to express their own thoughts and opinions, pursue their own goals, and assert their independence. On the other hand, Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on collectivism, where the needs of the group are prioritized over the needs of the individual. This can be seen in the importance of familyand community in Chinese society, as well as the emphasison harmony and cooperation.Another difference between Chinese and Western cultures is the concept of time. In Western cultures, time is often seen as a commodity that needs to be managed and used efficiently. Punctuality is highly valued, and people are expected to adhere to schedules and deadlines. In contrast, Chinese culture has a more flexible approach to time, and relationships and events are often prioritized over strict adherence to schedules. This can lead to misunderstandings and frustration when people from different cultures interact, as their expectations regarding time may differ significantly.Furthermore, the communication styles in Chinese and Western cultures also differ. In Western cultures, direct communication is valued, and people are encouraged to express their thoughts and feelings openly and honestly. In contrast, Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on indirect communication, where people may use nonverbal cues, gestures, and context to convey their meaning. This canlead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations when people from different cultures interact, as their communication styles may not align.In addition, the concept of hierarchy and authority differs between Chinese and Western cultures. In Western cultures, there is often a more egalitarian approach to authority, and people are encouraged to question and challenge those in positions of power. In contrast, Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on respect for authority and hierarchy, and people are expected to defer to those in positions of power. This can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts when people from different cultures interact, as their expectations regarding authority and hierarchy may differ significantly.Despite these differences, it is important to recognize that both Chinese and Western cultures have their own unique strengths and values. By understanding and appreciating the differences between these cultures, we can foster greater cross-cultural understanding andcollaboration, and build a more inclusive and harmonious global community.。
中西方饮食文化差异(中英对照)
Differences between Chinese and Western diet cultureCan you imagine the difference between the Western diet culture and the Chinese diet culture？First of all, I will introduce the general characteristics of Western diet culture.Western diet historyItaly cuisine is the originator of the Western diet culture, French cuisine is the Western diet culture king, American food is the Western diet culture upstart.Western food making skillsIn the production of the Western diet, they love the pursuit of perfection, but also attach importance to cooperation with a delicacy.Western diet varietiesThe famous dishes are Italy, French, American, German, Russian, etc. famous drinks include wine, coffee and black tea.Do you know,why there are so many differences between Chinese and Western diet culture?just like the menu,western diet is very tidy and serious,but the Chinese is multifarious.Now, you have known the difference of the menu,but do you know why diet has a strong regional character?Actually, western diet due to geographical characteristics, environment, customs, appears in cooking methods of differencesin eating habits. People in western countries like to eat pizza, while Chinese people like to eat dumplings.Differences between Chinese and Western culture makes a difference of Chinese and Western food culture.事实上，西方饮食由于地域特色、环境、风俗习惯，出现烹调方法不同程度的差异。
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Differences Between Chinese and Western Education
It is universally acknowledged that there are many differences between the Chinese and western education.
On the one hand, it is fairly easy to discover these differences in school education. In Chinese schools, the educators are more willing to teach their students the basical knowledge. In other words, they teach their students "what is it, why it will be that and how to do?". While in western schools, the educators are more likely to teach their students how to learn, and they attach importance to how to promote their students' ability of learning and creativity. On the other hand, these differences also are evident on the family education. In the Chinese family, parents for the most part ask their children to do everything well. At the same time, they are usually considered to overprotect their children.
As an outcome, the children in China look more quiet and shy especially in the social activity. What's more, Chinese students' mental heathy and creativity are not good as the children who study and live in western countries. While the western children are more active, curious and creative. Besides, they are more independent and have a stronger personality as an individual among the society.
Undoubtedly, there are diversities of factors accounting for these differences.First of all, different cultures have different values and thinking ways. Therefore, different country's educational way is also
different. Additionally, in China, it vital for students to get a good exam result, since it is relative to their admission to higher education degree.
As a Chinese student, I really hope that our education can make some genuine transform in order to make students more independent, more curious and know how to learn by themselves as soon as possible. Just in this way can our belove country has a brighter future!。