广东医学院组胚英译汉要求
医学论文汉译英技巧
医学论文汉译英技巧医学论文汉译英是医学研究领域中重要的一环，其汉译英技巧也是必备的技能。
以下是一些技巧：1.运用语法结构转换：在汉语中，往往会采用长句子和复杂结构的方式，而英语则一般偏向于简短明了的句子。
因此在翻译时需要注意将长句子拆分为简短的句子，或者采取其他合理的语法结构转换方式，以确保英文表达的清晰流畅。
2.选用专业词汇：医学研究中包含众多专业术语，正确地翻译这些术语尤为重要。
因此，翻译者必须具备扎实的医学专业知识和丰富的词汇储备能力，才能准确地表达医学领域中概念和思想。
3.注意上下文语境：论文的每一个词句都需要被准确表述，而语言及其使用模式应根据论文语境而变化。
在翻译时，需要考虑文本的整体语境，确保翻译的准确性和连贯性。
4.注意语言的精度和准确性：医学论文的翻译必须准确无误，这涉及到语言的精度和准确性。
对于关键词、病名、症状等关键信息，需要进行深入理解和分析。
翻译者还需要借助专业工具，例如医学词典等，确保市场语言的准确翻译。
5.运用简洁明了的语言和措辞：医学论文的汉译英需要遵循英语的风格和语法规则，采用简明扼要、词汇恰当的表达方式。
避免在文章中使用歧义词汇、表达不清晰的语句、以及长难句等语法瑕疵，使文本具备清晰简明、易于阅读的特点。
6.不忽视文体风格的特征：不同的医学论文在风格上各有特点，如学术论文、临床研究论文等，其表达方式各不相同，因此在翻译时需要同时关注原始文本的文体风格特征。
要恰当地处理翻译过程中的文体与语感，使翻译后的文章符合英语表达常用习惯和通常考虑到的正常写作风格。
综上所述，医学论文汉译英技巧十分重要，需要翻译者全面掌握医学知识、具备良好的英语基础、了解翻译的专业技能和道德要求，在注重原文表达理解的基础上，精准准确地表达学术研究成果。
翻译要求和要领
翻译要求和要领1. 翻译要领翻译是一项非常艰苦和细致的工作，要做好翻译要求个人的素质非常高，作好专业资料的翻译，需要有外语、母语和专业方面的雄厚的功底，还要有缜密的思维习惯和严谨的工作作风，没有做过翻译工作的同志，很难理解其中的深刻内涵，即使做了大量翻译工作的同志也未必做得很到位。
为了更好地合作，请各位兼职翻译仔细领会以下的翻译要领，这是翻译专家总结多年翻译工作经验的结晶。
（1）翻译的本质，翻译的过程可以用一句话来概括：“在透彻地理解原文意思的基础上用标准的汉语表述出来”可见这是一个学习和再加工的过程。
首先自己要准确理解原文的意思，要反复推敲，直到真正弄懂，然后再用标准的中文把思想再现出来。
（2）翻译质量有两个基本标准：第一个标准是符合原文的本来意思，就是要忠实原文，既不能随意增加原文中没有的意思，不能添枝加叶，也不能缺斤短两，随意删减，既要透过字面意思揭示出作者的本意，又要避免东拉西扯，脱离正题。
这也就是我们所说的“信”；第二个标准是符合中文的表达习惯，也就是所谓的“达”，句子要通顺流畅，不能生造词语和句子，也就是所谓的文笔。
应保证任何业内人士都能够看懂，不能象有的人翻出来后连自己都看不懂。
这两个标准也代表翻译的两个步骤，重要性上各占50%，耗费译者的时间也是各占50%。
（3）翻译界通用的质量标准是“信、达、雅”，对于技术、学术和商务资料来说，只要求“信”和“达”不要求“雅”，（因为“雅”和“华丽”主要适用于文学等材料），但是我们对前两者的要求比较高，译者应该追求“平实”和“通顺”。
这是由商务和技术类资料所具有的科学性、学术性和实用性等特点决定的。
（4）直译和意译的辨证关系。
有的句子只需直译就很明白了，如“I like cat”等比较浅显的句子，不需要变换语序就翻译得很好。
而有的句子由于语言表达习惯的差异性，在翻译时需要对原来的语序进行大幅度的调整，需要透过字面意思，用重新组织的汉语句子将原作者真正要表达的意思表述出来，这就是所谓的意译。
毕业论文外文翻译要求
毕业论文外文翻译要求
外国文献翻译是撰写毕业论文的重要环节之一，下面是一份要求700字的毕业论文外文翻译要求：
1. 翻译时间: 需在规定时间内完成翻译任务，以确保毕业论文
后续工作的顺利进行。
2. 原文准确性: 翻译必须准确无误，不得对原文进行任何删节、增补或变动。
3. 语言流畅度: 翻译应当具有良好的语言流畅度，不得过于生
硬或呆板。
4. 专业术语准确性: 翻译时要确保专业术语的准确性，避免词
义的混淆。
5. 语法错误及标点符号: 翻译应符合英文的语法规范，避免语
法错误和标点符号的错误使用。
6. 翻译风格: 翻译应当符合学术论文的要求，措辞恰当，语气
客观中立。
7. 格式要求: 翻译部分应与论文正文的格式一致，包括字体、
字号、行间距等。
8. 校对: 完成翻译后，需要进行一次仔细的校对工作，确保翻
译的正确性。
9. 原文附录: 翻译部分要同时附上原文，以便审查人员对翻译的准确性进行核对。
10. 翻译文档: 翻译文档要以电子文档的形式提交，确保方便审查人员查看。
以上要求旨在保证翻译的质量和准确性，对于撰写毕业论文非常重要。
翻译过程中，建议使用专业的翻译工具，如翻译记忆软件、专业词典等，以提高翻译的效率和准确性。
同时，积极与导师和专业领域的人进行交流和讨论，以解决翻译中的问题和困惑。
广东医学院人事处文件
临床检验
东莞附院储备人才
临床检验
博士或副高以上职称
科研单位
天然药物
科研
天然药物化学
博士/学术骨干
科研
药理学
博士/学术骨干
科研
分析化学
博士/学术骨干
科研
药物学
博士/学术骨干
实验员
仪器分析
硕士以上学历
衰老研究所
科研
生物化学与分子生物学或细胞生物学专业
博士,或在国外SCI杂志上发表论著的相关专业硕士.
广东医学院2010年人才需求计划表
单位
教研室
岗位性质
需求专业和具体要求
职称/学历要求
基础学院
组胚
教师
组胚及其相关基础医学专业
博士
寄生虫学
教辅
要求熟练掌握蛋白表达与分离纯化技术，熟悉免疫组化技术及抗凝抗栓药物开发动物实验。有相关SCI收录论文发表。
硕士研究生学历
外语
教师
英语
副高且硕士研究生
教师
日语
副高或硕士研究生
外科学
东莞附院储备人才
外科学
博士或副高以上职称
儿科学
东莞附院储备人才
儿科学
博士或副高以上职称
传染病学
东莞附院储备人才
传染病学
博士或副高以上职称
神经病学
东莞附院储备人才
神经病学
博士或副高以上职称
皮肤病学
东莞附院储备人才
皮肤病学
博士或副高以上职称
眼科学
东莞附院储备人才
眼科学
博士或副高以上职称
耳鼻喉学
东莞附院储备人才
博士、教授
护理学院
内科护理学
考研英语作文翻译要求
考研英语作文翻译要求Translation Requirements for the Postgraduate Entrance Examination in English。
With the increasing popularity of the postgraduate entrance examination, more and more students are devoting themselves to the preparation for this challenging test. Among all the subjects tested, English plays a crucial role in determining the overall performance of the candidates. To evaluate the English proficiency of the applicants, the examination includes a writing section, which requires them to translate a given passage from Chinese to English. Therefore, it is of great significance for candidates to understand the translation requirements and master the skills of translation.First and foremost, candidates should pay attention to the accuracy of the translation. The translation should faithfully convey the meaning of the original text without any distortion or omission. It is essential to grasp themain idea of the passage and accurately express it in English. In addition, candidates need to be cautious about the use of vocabulary and grammar. They should choose appropriate words and phrases to convey the meaning of the original text in a clear and concise manner. Meanwhile, they should avoid making grammatical mistakes, as accuracy in grammar is highly valued in the translation.Secondly, candidates should focus on the fluency of the translation. A good translation should read like anoriginal piece of English writing, rather than a literal translation. Therefore, candidates need to ensure the coherence and smoothness of the translated passage. They should pay attention to the logical connection between sentences and paragraphs, and use appropriate transitional words or phrases to make the translation flow naturally. Moreover, candidates should strive to maintain the appropriate tone and style of the passage. They should be aware of the cultural differences between Chinese and English and adjust their translation accordingly.Furthermore, candidates should demonstrate theircreativity and flexibility in translation. While accuracy and fluency are important, it is also necessary to add some personal touch to the translation. Candidates can use their imagination and creativity to find the most suitable expressions in English to convey the original meaning. They should avoid rigidly adhering to the original text and be willing to make necessary adjustments or adaptations. By doing so, candidates can show their language proficiencyand critical thinking ability.To meet the translation requirements for the postgraduate entrance examination in English, candidates should not only have a solid foundation in English language skills, but also develop a good understanding of thecultural and contextual aspects of both Chinese and English. They should read extensively and familiarize themselveswith various types of texts. Additionally, candidatesshould practice translation regularly, both from Chinese to English and from English to Chinese, in order to improve their translation skills and enhance their language proficiency.In conclusion, the translation requirements for the postgraduate entrance examination in English are high and demanding. Candidates need to focus on accuracy, fluency, and creativity in their translations. By mastering these skills and continuously improving their language proficiency, candidates can excel in the translation section of the examination and increase their overall chances of success.。
医学英语汉译英
Translation of aggressive intentions
Summary
imperative sentences
Detailed description
In medical English, imperative sentences are often used to give medical advice, advice, or instructions, characterized by omitting the subject and using the original form of the predicate verb. When translating, it is necessary to ensure a strong and clear tone, while paying attention to using formal and professional medical terminology.
02
Long and complex sentences often appear in medical literature, requiring mastery of sentence structure, accurate understanding, and translation.
Nominalization
Medical abbreviations
Familiar with common medical abbreviations such as ICU, HIV, DNA, etc., able to use them correctly in translation.
Roots and affixes of medical vocabulary
医学研究生招生简章英语要求
医学研究生招生简章英语要求The field of medicine is one of the most dynamic and rapidly evolving disciplines in the modern world. As the demand for skilled healthcare professionals continues to rise, the competition for admission into prestigious medical graduate programs has become increasingly fierce. One of the key requirements for aspiring medical graduate students is the ability to demonstrate proficiency in the English language. This essay will delve into the importance of English language proficiency in the context of medical graduate student admissions and explore the specific language-related requirements that applicants must meet.Firstly, it is crucial to recognize that the medical field is inherently global in nature. Advancements in medical research, clinical practices, and healthcare technologies are shared and disseminated across international borders. As such, the ability to effectively communicate in English, which is widely regarded as the lingua franca of the scientific community, is of paramount importance. Medical graduate programs often attract students from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds, and the ability to collaborate, exchange ideas, andengage in scholarly discourse in English is essential for success in these programs.Moreover, the curriculum of most medical graduate programs is heavily centered on the study and analysis of a vast array of scientific literature, much of which is published in English. Proficiency in the English language enables students to comprehend complex medical terminologies, interpret research findings, and engage in critical analysis of the latest developments in the field. This, in turn, allows them to actively participate in discussions, contribute to research projects, and ultimately, excel in their academic pursuits.Beyond the academic realm, strong English language skills are also crucial for medical graduate students in their clinical training and future professional practice. Medical professionals often work in collaborative, multidisciplinary teams, where effective communication is essential for coordinating patient care, sharing information, and ensuring the highest standards of healthcare delivery. Furthermore, many medical graduate programs may require students to complete clinical rotations or internships in healthcare settings where English is the primary language of communication.In recognition of the importance of English language proficiency, most medical graduate programs have established stringent language requirements for admission. Applicants are typicallyrequired to demonstrate their English language competency through standardized tests, such as the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) or the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). These tests assess an individual's proficiency in various aspects of the English language, including reading, writing, listening, and speaking.The specific language test score requirements can vary widely among different medical graduate programs, with some institutions setting higher thresholds than others. For instance, some programs may require a minimum TOEFL score of 100 (out of a possible 120), while others may accept a score as low as 80. Similarly, IELTS score requirements can range from 7.0 to 8.0 (out of a possible 9.0). Applicants are advised to carefully research the language requirements of the specific medical graduate programs they are interested in and ensure that they meet or exceed the established standards.In addition to standardized language tests, some medical graduate programs may also require applicants to submit samples of their written work, such as personal statements or research proposals, as a means of evaluating their English language proficiency. These written assignments not only showcase an applicant's ability to communicate effectively in English but also provide insights into their academic interests, research experience, and overall fit for the program.It is important to note that the emphasis on English language proficiency in medical graduate admissions is not merely a formality but rather a reflection of the practical realities of the field. Effective communication skills in English are essential for medical professionals to collaborate with colleagues, interpret research findings, and provide high-quality patient care. By setting rigorous language requirements, medical graduate programs aim to ensure that their students are well-equipped to navigate the linguistic demands of their academic and professional journeys.In conclusion, the importance of English language proficiency in the context of medical graduate student admissions cannot be overstated. Proficiency in English enables aspiring medical professionals to engage in scholarly discourse, access and comprehend critical medical literature, and effectively communicate with colleagues and patients. As such, medical graduate programs have established stringent language requirements to ensure that their students possess the necessary linguistic skills to thrive in their academic and future professional endeavors. By meeting these language requirements, applicants demonstrate their commitment to excellence and their readiness to contribute to the ever-evolving field of medicine.。
医学英语翻译理论与技巧
医学英语翻译的标准与原则
简洁性：避免冗长、复杂的 句子和词汇
专业性：符合医学专业规范 和标准
准确性：保证医学术语、概 念、数据的准确性
通俗性：易于理解，便于非 专业人士阅读
跨文化性：考虑不同文化背 景对医学术语的理解和接受
程度
规范性：遵循医学英语翻译 的规范和标准，如医学术语、
缩写等
医学英语翻译的难点与挑战
单击添加标题
医学英语词汇翻 译技巧
医学英语语篇翻 译技巧
医学英语翻译概 述
医学英语句子翻 译技巧
医学英语翻译实 践案例分析
医学英语翻译的定义与重要性
定义：医学英语翻译是将医 学领域的专业术语、概念、 理论等从一种语言翻译成另 一种语言的过程。
重要性：医学英语翻译是医 学研究和临床实践的重要工 具，有助于促进国际医学交 流与合作，提高医学研究和 临床实践的水平。
词义选择与确定
医学英语词汇的特点：专业性强， 词汇量大
词义确定的方法：查阅专业词典、 参考相关文献、请教专业人士
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词义选择的原则：准确、简洁、 易懂
词义选择的注意事项：避免使用 生僻词汇，注意文化差异，确保 翻译的准确性和可读性
词义引申与拓展
词义引申：根据上下文和语境，将词汇的含义进行延伸和扩展 词义拓展：根据医学专业背景和知识，将词汇的含义进行扩展和深化 词义转换：根据医学英语的特点和表达习惯，将词汇的含义进行转换和调整 词义创新：根据医学英语的发展和变化，将词汇的含义进行创新和创造
医学英语翻译实践中的常见问题与解决方法
文化差异导致误解：建议了 解目标语言国家的文化背景
语法结构复杂：建议采用拆 分、重组等方法简化句子结
医学英语 英译汉
医学英语英译汉医学英语在医学研究和临床实践中起着至关重要的作用。
作为一门专业化的语言，医学英语要求翻译者具备扎实的医学知识和良好的翻译技巧。
本文将探讨医学英语的翻译原则和技巧，帮助读者更好地进行英译汉。
一、医学英语的特点医学英语作为一门特殊的学科，具有以下特点：1. 术语严谨：医学英语中包含大量的专业术语，这些术语具有严谨的定义和规范的用法。
准确理解和使用这些术语是医学英语翻译的基础。
2. 句式复杂：医学文献中使用了大量复杂的句式结构，包括长句、从句、倒装句等。
翻译者需具备较强的句法分析和转换能力。
3. 语义多样：医学英语中的词汇有多种不同的含义和用法，取决于具体的医学上下文。
翻译者需要根据上下文准确选择合适的翻译方法。
二、医学英语的翻译原则1. 全面理解：在进行医学英语翻译时，翻译者首先要全面理解原文的意义和目的。
只有理解原文的基本内容和背景，才能准确地翻译出医学术语和句子。
2. 保持准确性：医学英语的翻译要求准确无误。
翻译者需要准确把握原文中的术语、短语和句子，避免歧义和错误的翻译。
3. 统一术语：医学英语中存在大量的术语，翻译时要统一使用标准的中文术语。
翻译者需熟悉中文医学术语和国际通用的医学术语，遵循规范的翻译标准。
4. 翻译流畅：医学英语翻译要求表达流畅，符合中文语言表达习惯和逻辑顺序。
翻译者需要注重语言的规范性、地道性和流畅性，使译文易于被读者理解和接受。
三、医学英语翻译技巧1. 理解上下文：医学英语翻译时，要注重上下文的理解和运用。
通过了解文章的背景和上下文关系，选择合适的翻译词汇和翻译方式，确保翻译的准确性和连贯性。
2. 分清核心和修饰语：医学英语中经常使用较长的修饰语来限定核心词汇，翻译时要将核心词汇和相应的修饰语分清，并在翻译中进行恰当的呼应。
3. 灵活运用翻译技巧：医学英语的翻译需要运用各种翻译技巧，如音译、意译、借译、释译等。
根据具体情况和需求，选择合适的翻译方法，以实现最佳的翻译效果。
医学英语翻译的特点与技巧分析
医学英语翻译的特点与技巧分析医学英语翻译是一项具有一定难度和专业性的工作，对于专业翻译人员来说，需要具备一定的医学知识，同时还要具备出色的语言技巧。
医学英语翻译的特点和技巧分析对于翻译工作者来说是非常重要的，本文将从医学英语翻译的特点和技巧两个方面进行分析。
一、医学英语翻译的特点1、专业性强医学英语翻译是一种高度专业化的翻译工作，需要翻译人员具备丰富的医学知识和专业术语的掌握能力。
由于医学领域的知识和专业术语繁多复杂，需要翻译人员具备一定的医学背景知识，才能准确理解和翻译原文意思。
2、严谨性医学英语翻译要求翻译人员在翻译过程中要保持严谨性，不能出现歧义或错误翻译。
由于医学领域的术语涉及病理、解剖、药理等复杂专业知识，对于翻译人员来说需要具备极高的翻译水平和严谨性。
3、精准性医学英语翻译要求翻译人员在翻译过程中要保持精准性，不能出现理解错误或翻译错误。
医学英语翻译需要对原文进行深入理解，并准确地翻译出来，确保译文贴近原意。
4、多元性医学领域的术语和文献非常广泛，覆盖了临床医学、基础医学、预防医学等多个领域。
翻译人员需要了解不同医学领域的术语和知识，才能够进行准确翻译。
1、掌握医学知识翻译人员需要具备一定的医学知识，包括解剖学、生理学、病理学、药理学等基础医学知识，以及临床医学、医学检验、医学影像学等临床医学知识。
只有具备了扎实的医学知识，才能够理解原文内容并进行准确的翻译。
2、熟悉医学术语翻译人员需要熟悉医学领域的术语，包括解剖学、病理学、药理学等专业术语。
在翻译过程中，需要准确理解原文中的医学术语，并进行准确翻译。
由于医学术语的特殊性和复杂性，翻译人员在翻译过程中还要保持谨慎和周密。
3、注重语言表达医学英语翻译需要注重语言表达，对于一些临床病例、病情描述等内容，需要使用准确、生动、通俗易懂的语言进行翻译，让受众能够轻松理解。
4、保持忠实原文医学英语翻译需要尽可能保持忠实原文，尤其是一些医学文献、学术论文等内容，需要尽可能忠实地表达原文句意，避免意思的偏差。
医学英语翻译的特点与技巧分析
医学英语翻译的特点与技巧分析【摘要】医学英语翻译在医学领域中具有重要性和挑战。
本文从医学英语翻译的特点入手，探讨了专业术语的准确性要求、语言风格的规范性要求、文化差异的处理技巧以及背景知识的要求。
在这些方面，翻译人员需要有丰富的医学知识和语言技巧，以确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。
提出了提高医学英语翻译水平的建议，包括学习不断更新的医学知识和语言技能，加强跨文化交流能力等。
总结指出，医学英语翻译不仅重要，而且需要不断提升自身水平，以确保医学信息得以准确传达，为医学交流和研究提供重要支持。
【关键词】医学英语翻译、特点、技巧、专业术语、准确性、语言风格、规范性、文化差异、背景知识、提高水平、建议、重要性1. 引言1.1 医学英语翻译的重要性医学英语翻译在医学领域中起着不可或缺的重要作用。
随着全球化进程的加速和医学研究的不断深入，医学英语翻译成为了医学专业人员必备的技能之一。
医学英语翻译的重要性主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 传播医学知识：医学领域的研究成果和临床经验往往是以英语为主要语言进行交流和传播的。
只有将这些重要信息准确翻译成其他语言，才能让更多的医疗工作者和病患受益。
2. 提升医学技术：医学英语翻译不仅仅是简单的将文字进行转换，更重要的是要理解其中涉及的专业术语和概念，只有这样才能确保翻译的准确性。
通过医学英语翻译，可以帮助不同国家和地区之间的医学技术交流和合作，推动医学研究的进步。
3. 促进国际合作：医学英语翻译也是不同国家和地区之间医学合作的桥梁。
通过翻译医学文献、研究报告等，可以促进各国医学机构之间的交流与合作，共同应对全球性的健康挑战。
医学英语翻译对于医学领域的发展和国际合作具有重要意义，只有不断提升翻译水平和技巧，才能更好地服务于医学事业的发展。
1.2 医学英语翻译的挑战医学领域的专业术语繁多且专业性强，因此在翻译过程中需要确保术语的准确性和一致性。
错误的术语翻译可能会导致严重的误解甚至危害患者的健康。
谈医学英语翻译特点与技巧
关键词:医学英语;翻译;词汇一、医学英语的翻译标准医学英语，是指从事医疗行业的相关人员在临床治疗、教学以及开展研究工作时所采用的专业性语言，无论是从使用形式还是词汇组合方面都与日常生活交流中使用的英语具有很大的区别，它的表达更为直观易懂。
英语翻译是一门艺术，受到译者所处的文化、政治环境影响，不同的译者都会有自己的翻译习惯，因此具有较强的主观性。
大众对于翻译质量的好坏也没有完全一致的评判标准。
但与文学研究不同，由于医学学科具有很强的专业性，这也决定了其英语翻译对于准确度的要求更高，遣词用句之间不仅要体现出严密的逻辑性，还要兼顾通顺易懂的特点，易于读者消化理解，也能使医疗从业人员更方便地开展科学实验探究活动。
而要提升医学英语翻译的水平，首先需要明确医学英语词汇和语法的特点。
二、医学英语的词汇特点分析(一)存在大量的缩写词汇医学英语词汇具有清晰准确、简洁等特点。
因此，在许多医学文献中，经常会看到大量的缩写词汇，这不仅是为了方便医疗行业人员开展工作和科学研究，也有利于向民众普及一般的医学常识。
在医学英语中，常见的缩略词主要有以下几种形式:(1)利用短语中的实词的各个首字母组成缩略语:例如，心肺复苏术，其英语全称是cardiopulmonaryresuscitation，简称CPＲ。
(2)截取原词中的部分字母，组成词汇:复方阿司匹林，简写为APC，其英语全称是aspirin，phenacetinandcaffeinecom-pound。
(3)采用整词+缩写+整词的组合形式组成新的短语:计算机轴向X线断层摄影扫描，简称CAT英语完整表达形式是computerizedaxialtomographyscan。
除此之外，英语缩写不但在临床医学上被广泛使用，在许多与医学研究相关的资料中，为了区分医学杂志和医疗机构，也会经常采用缩写，例如CMJ，全称为ChineseMedicalJourna，表示中华医学杂志。
(二)存在大量冠名术语在医学研究中，许多疾病、检验方法和治疗手段都会采用其发现者的名字或者发源地进行命名。
规培要求 文献翻译英译汉2
Thyroid cancer detection significance of Bcl-2[Abstract] Objective To investigate the expression of Bcl-2 in the incidence of thyroid cancer, development and prognosis.Methods immunohistochemical methods, mouse anti-human monoclonal antibodies to Bcl-2 mark 77 cases of thyroid cancer, 58 cases of thyroid adenoma and 40 cases of adjacent thyroid tissue and 28 cases of normal thyroid tissue. observe the different thyroid tissue expression of Bcl-2, and compare the positive rate of Bcl-2 positive results seen in thyroid cancer, thyroid adenoma and adjacent thyroid tissue. in thyroid carcinoma Bcl-2 positive rate was 45.5%, higher than the thyroid adenoma (22.4%) (P = 0.006), adjacent thyroid tissue (17.5%) (P = 0.003) and normal thyroid Organizations (0) (P = 0.000). anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and follicular carcinoma of the Bcl-2 positive rate was significantly higher. presence lymph node metastasis and clinical stage Ⅲ, Ⅳcases, Bcl-2 positive rate significantly increased. Conclusions Bcl-2 overexpression may be associated with the occurrence of thyroid tumors, cancer tissue expression of Bcl-2 can be used as a reference indicator of thyroid cancer prognosis.[Keywords:] Thyroid Cancer, Bcl-2 Gene, Proto-Oncogenes, Gene Expression, ImmunohistochemistryThyroid cancer is a common endocrine cancer, women with a high incidence of clinical thyroid tumors in 5% to 10% of thyroid cancer [1] which differentiated thyroid cancer accounts for 90 percent, including papillary thyroid carcinoma and follicular thyroid carcinoma , undifferentiated carcinoma are rare, its high degree of malignancy and poor prognosis. domestic data show that the incidence of thyroid cancer in a significant increase in [2] In recent years, thyroid cancer-related genes and tumor marker studies progressed very quickly. study confirmed [3,4], Bcl-2 gene is an apoptosis suppressor gene, first discovered in follicular B-cell lymphomas, and its product Bcl-2 protein inhibits apoptosis and prolong cell survival. The Studies using immunohistochemical techniques, by detecting Bcl-2 in thyroid cancer, thyroid adenoma, thyroid cancer tissue and normal thyroid tissue levels of Bcl-2 study in thyroid cancer incidence in the development process role in order to reveal the Bcl-2 and thyroid cancer biological behavior and prognosis of relationships.1 Materials And Methods1.1 MaterialsAll specimens were obtained from Peking University Shenzhen Hospital General Surgery from 2001 to 2009 cases of thyroid surgery between specimens, including: thyroid cancer, 77 cases (28 males and 8 females, mean 50 years), 58 cases of thyroid adenoma (male 22 cases, 36 females, mean 36 years), while taking 40 cases of adjacent thyroid tissue (10 males and 30 females, with an average 37 years old, had nodiagnosed by pathological examination of thyroid cancer invasion), 28 cases of normal thyroid tissue ( 9 males and females l9 cases, mean 35 years). pair of 77 cases of thyroid cancer histological classification according to WHO criteria: 55 cases of papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma l4 cases, undifferentiated carcinoma in 8 cases, according to standard clinical AJCC staging : I period of 30 cases, Ⅱ 23 cases, Ⅲ of 16 cases, Ⅳ of eight cases, of which 33 patients with lymph node metastasis, no lymph node metastasis in 44 cases. specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution, embedded in paraffin buried, routine biopsy, 60 ℃ baking sheet 2 h, 37 ℃ overnight reserve.1.2 Immunohistochemistry ReagentsBcl-2 mouse anti-human monoclonal antibody, for the United States ZYMED company's products. SP-9000 Universal kit U.S. ZYMED Company. Using known Bcl-2-positive tonsil as a positive control, with PBS instead of primary antibody as negative space controls.1.3 Test MethodsDewaxing hydration, 3% H2O2 treatment at room temperature 15 min, microwave antigen retrieval, normal goat serum incubated 30 min, dropping a resistance, 4 ℃refrigerator overnight incubation. Dropping biotinylated secondary antibody sign incubated at room temperature 30 min, dropping horseradish peroxidase-labeled streptavidin at room temperature 30 min, DAB color. dyed by hematoxylin, dehydrated, transparent, mounted.1.4 criteria Bcl-2 located in the cell membrane and cytoplasm to the cell membrane and cytoplasm appear yellow to dark yellow granules positive cells without Bcl-2 positive cells was negative, there are positive Bcl-2 positive cells in all specimens are two pathologists blinded read the piece, the results are inconsistent harmonization judge the final result.1.5 Statistical AnalysisAll data using SPSS 13.0 statistical package on a computer for statistical analysis, for χ.2 test to P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.2 Results2.1 Bcl-2 In Different Tissues Of The Thyroid Condition, Are Shown In Table 1.Bcl-2 light microscope showed positive reaction cell membrane and cytoplasm stained tan, brown granules seen as negative. Bcl-2 positive rateof thyroid cancer was 45.5%, higher than the thyroid adenoma (22.4%) (P ≤ 0.01) and adjacent thyroid tissue (17.5%) (P ≤ 0.01), while the no rmal thyroid tissue were negative. shown in Table 1.2.2 thyroid cancer Bcl-2 expression and thyroid cancer related pathological parameters, see Table 2.Bcl-2 expression levels and histological type of thyroid cancer, lymph node metastasis and clinical staging a significant relationship. Higher in malignant undifferentiated carcinoma and follicular carcinoma, Bcl-2 were significantly higher than lower grade papillary carcinoma with lymph node metastasis and clinical stage Ⅲ, Ⅳ cases, Bcl-2 was higher than the corresponding without lymph node metastasis and clinical I, Ⅱ stage cases, the differences were statistically significant (P <0.01). posted on free download 3 DiscussionApoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, regulated by genes, regulatory genes can be divided into apoptosis gene and apoptosis-promoting genes, both of the shift, the regulation of apoptosis, cells of their research will be solved The fundamental mechanism of apoptosis, but its exact mechanism of action is still not so far fully understood.bcl-2 gene family in the regulation of apoptosis plays an important role,is one of the hot. Bcl-2 gene that B-cell lymphoma / leukemia gene -2 (B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2), is Tsujimoto, etc. [ 5] in 1984 for the first time in follicular lymphoma B found thus named Bcl-2. normally located in the long arm of chromosome 18 Zone 2 a band to start is by chromosomal translocation (14,18) breaking point Molecular cloning method, from follicular lymphoma in the isolated, is believed to be human follicular lymphoma cytogenetics mark by two exons, and its gene product expression in humans cell longevity related to recent years, people discovered through extensive research, Bcl-2 gene block cell apoptosis effect, it is considered to be anti-apoptotic genes [6]. their anti-apoptotic mechanisms, previously reported general said by preventing apoptosis signaling the final common pathway and work. Through the bcl-2 and bcl-2 binding protein homologous protein research on the regulation of apoptotic bcl-2 family, the basic model has a new understanding. bcl-2 homolog proteins including bcl-2, bcl-xL, bax, bad and nematode ced-9, bcl-2, bax can form homodimers can also form heterodimers, bax homodimer formation, induction of apoptosis, bax - bcl-2 heterodimer formation, inhibition of apoptosis, and when the bcl-xs exists, preferentially form heterodimers bcl-2, bax to make free homodimer formation and induce apoptosis, therefore, sometimes bcl-2 expression does not necessarily inhibit cell apoptosis. generally believed, bcl-2 gene expression and tumor cell differentiation and proliferation related to the low degree of differentiation, proliferative ability of the tumor cells, the bcl-2 overexpression trend showed in this study, the authors systematically examined thyroid cancer, thyroid adenoma, thyroid cancer tissue and normal thyroid tissue andother thyroid tissue Bcl -2 expression, as shown in thyroid cancer tissue expression of Bcl-2 was 45.5%, significantly higher than the thyroid adenoma (22.4%, P = 0.006), thyroid cancer adjacent tissues (17.5%, P = 0.003) and normal thyroid tissue (0, P = 0.000), reveals the thyroid follicular cell adenomas bcl-2 positive staining intensity and number of positive cells compared with normal thyroid follicular epithelial cells enhanced increase in thyroid cancer has more than adenoma, suggesting bcl-2 may regulate thyroid epithelial apoptosis associated with play an important role in thyroid epithelial cells have more ability to evade apoptosis, the incidence of thyroid cancer may be associated with overexpression of bcl-2 related study showed that For thyroid cancer, tumor histological type, age, lymph node metastasis and clinical staging is to assess the prognostic indicators [7,8] in this group research results show a very low degree of differentiation of undifferentiated carcinoma and relatively low follicular carcinoma, Bcl-2 expression rates were 100% and 78.6%, significantly higher than papillary carcinoma of Bcl-2 expression rate (29.1%), the differences were statistically significant, in patients with lymph node metastasis or III, IV cases of thyroid cancer, carcinoma of Bcl-2 expression was significantly increased, the differences were statistically significant. Bcl-2 in all types of thyroid cancer were expressed, and the higher the degree of differentiation of the poorer expression, Therefore, it is reasonable that, Bcl-2-positive prompts thyroid cancer with poor prognosis, and the higher the degree of expression is also worse prognosis. cancer tissue expression of Bcl-2 high degree of differentiation of thyroid cancer, histological subtype, value invasion , lymph node metastasis and prognosis, thyroid cancer prognosis could be used as an important reference. Therefore, thyroid adenoma patients for tumor tissue Bcl-2 positive cases detected and close follow-up may have important significance.甲状腺肿瘤检测Bcl-2的意义【摘要】目的探讨Bcl-2的表达与甲状腺癌的发生、发展及预后的关系。
医学英汉互译
英文标点符号的使用
句点（Full Stop / Period，“.”） 问号（Question Mark，“？”） 感叹号（Exclamation Mark，“!”） 逗点（Comma，“,”） 冒号（Colon，“:”） 分号（Semicolon，“;”） 连字符（Hyphen，“-”） 连接号（En Dash，“–”） 破折号（Em Dash，“—”） 括号（Parentheses，小括号“( )”；中括号“[]”； 大括号“{}”） 引号（Quotation Marks，双引号“"”；单引号） 缩写及所有格符号（Apostrophe，“‘”）
Microbes can enter the lung to produce infection by hematogenous spread, by spread from a contiguous focus of infection, by inhalation aerosolized particles, or most commonly, by aspiration oropharyngeal secretions.
英汉语言的对比
词的意义方面
disorder : 杂乱、混乱 骚乱、动乱 功能的失调、紊乱、不适、病、障碍
depression： 按下、减少、降低 不景气、萧条 衰退、抑郁症
fetishism：
拜物教 盲目崇拜、迷信 恋物癖
词义选择 词义引申
primary：原发性 His mother died of difficult labor 他母亲死于难产。
Sickness\disease\disorders\illness 等词 近义
Circumstance\condition\situation\state “情况” 需根据上、下文来决定。
医学英语翻译的注意事项
医学英语翻译的注意事项医学英语翻译的注意事项随着科学技术⽔平的提⾼，国际医学学术交流逐渐增多，医学英语翻译已成为⼀门⾮常重要的学科。
医学英语翻译的需求⽇益增长。
要做好医学英语翻译⼯作，不仅要掌握医学英语专业的知识，还要具备良好的英语⽔平、翻译技能和逻辑思维能⼒。
下⾯⼩编就为⼤家介绍⼀下医学英语翻译的注意事项第⼀、医学英语翻译要求翻译与原始内容⼀致。
翻译的⼯作是将⼀种语⾔翻译成另⼀种语⾔，语⾔的含义与原始语⾔相同。
医学英语翻译和翻译基本相同，我们必须坚持⽂章内容⼀致和流畅的原则。
因此，医学英语翻译所获得的所有翻译都应准确，完整地表达原⽂的意思，不应有句⼦混淆或意识形态。
情况不明确。
医学英语翻译的注意事项医学英语翻译-400 858 0885第⼆、医学英语翻译要求语法正确，内容流畅。
为了更好地完成医学英语的翻译，在翻译过程中应避免⼀些语法错误。
只有在语法完全正确的情况下，原⽂的意思才能准确、清晰地表达出来。
因此，医学英语翻译⼈员必须具备良好的英语语法知识，并能灵活运⽤。
第三、医学英语翻译需要准确的翻译，重视专业词汇的翻译。
医学英语词汇具有独特的特点，它具有很强的专业性，许多词的意义都受到匹配词和语境的严格限制。
因此，医学英语翻译必须以语境和词语的搭配为基础，结合⽂章，给出合理准确的意义，使整个翻译能够顺利进⾏。
你不能认为每个词只有⼀个意思。
我们应该根据上下⽂进⾏推测，找出最合适的含义。
有时，为了使⽂章更容易阅读，需要对部分词性进⾏转换.这就对译者的医学英语词汇提出了更⾼的要求，应重视对词汇的理解和应⽤。
第四、在医学英语翻译中，态度必须严谨，注意翻译的句⼦结构。
医学英语翻译是⼀种科学翻译，对翻译有较⾼的要求。
为了使句⼦结构严谨，内容是合乎逻辑的，并且词语的含义被准确地翻译。
由于⼤多数医学英语⽂章强调内容的客观性，主要是叙事和推理，因此医学英语⽂章中的许多句⼦将呈现繁琐复杂的形式，如被动句和倒置句。
这要求译者要注意句⼦格式，灵活转换，不能按原句强制翻译。
组织学与胚胎学 教学要求及教学大纲(广东医学院)
《组织学与胚胎学》课程教学要求本课程的任务是在掌握正常人体解剖学知识的基础上，使学生掌握和理解人体各器官组织的微细结构，并理解与其功能的关系，熟悉人体胚胎发生过程，理解临床所出现的常见畸形。
因此完成系统解剖学的学习是进入本课程学习的必要条件。
以下针对本课程教学的各个环节提出具体要求：1．理论课教学环节：教师采用自制多媒体课件进行口头讲授与学生自学相结合，达到掌握人体组织、细胞的微细结构和与相关功能的关系的目的。
为培养学生的自主学习学能力，教师应向学生明确交待自学内容并提出明确要求，通过课堂提问加深对自学内容的理解。
通过教师的课堂教学，熟悉本学科重要的英语专业名词，以适应后续课程学习和未来工作的需要。
通过启发式教学和课堂讨论，培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。
2．实验课教学环节：采用自制多媒体课件讲解、引导学生独立观察切片标本、教师辅导和教学录像片的放映，加深对人体结构理论内容的理解。
通过实验课的学习，能够做到独立在显微镜下辨认正常人体器官、组织和细胞。
3．考试环节：理论课考试与实习课考试相结合，理论课成绩占60%，实习课成绩占30%，平时作业占10%。
《组织学与胚胎学》教学大纲（供检验、药学、护理、应用心理等专业使用）课程名称：组织学与胚胎学课程英文名称：Histology and Embryology总学时：54学时（理论课27学时，实习课27学时）开课单位：广东医学院基础学院组织学与胚胎学教研室授课对象：临床医学各专业前置课程：人体系统解剖学推荐教材：《组织学与胚胎学》（第五版）杨佩满主编，人民卫生出版社，2009年参考书：(1)《组织学与胚胎学》，邹仲之主编，人民卫生出版社，2008年（2）《组织学彩色图鉴》，成令忠主编，人民卫生出版社，2000年（3）《人体胚胎学》，刘斌、高英茂主编，人民卫生出版社，1996年（4）《现代组织学》(第三版)，成令忠等主编，上海科学技术出版社，2003年一、课程的性质与任务组织学与胚胎学是临床医学专业重要的医学基础课程。
医学英语翻译技巧
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医学英文翻译技巧（达）
6. 医学英语长句的翻译 在理解全句的前提下，经过化整为零步骤时，据此组成
的各个主句,分句和从句大多可化为简单句。（按意断句）
Among all these, with the exception of water, sugar, fat and protein account for the greater part in quantity, and therefore, they are also called the three major nutritious substances.
仔细的患者病史、体格检查以及内镜和影像学检查对于确定IBD 的严重程度是必须的。
确定IBD的严重程度，必须详细询问患者病史、进行仔细的体格 检查并结合内镜及放射影像学检查。
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医学英文翻译技巧（达）
被动语态的处理 被动语态译为主动语态
如果英文被动句的主语(即受动者)为无生命的东西，而施 动者又不十分具体时，就宜直接译为中文主动句。
Comorbidity： 伴发病 Complication：并发症
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医学英文翻译技巧（达）
正确选择词语及词性（名词动词转换）
A careful patient history, physical examination, and endoscopic and radiologic studies are necessary to determine the severity of IBD.
要素制剂和肽类肠内营养似乎与TPN同样有效且无相关的并发症， 但顺应性差限制了它的应用。
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组织学与胚胎学每章节需要掌握的英文词汇
一、绪论和上皮组织
epithelial tissue microvillus
cilium tight junction intermediate junction desmosome endothelium hemidesmosome gap junction junctional complex
plasma membrane infolding *basement membrane
二、固有结缔组织
loose connective tissue fibroblast fibrocyte macrophage plasma cell mast cell
fat cell collagenous fiber *reticular fiber elastic fiber
三、血液
plasma serum erythrocyte hemoglobin monocyte neutrophil basophil eosinophil
lymphocyte hemopoietic stem cell
*reticulocyte
四、软骨和骨
cartilage tissue osseous tissue bone lamella osteoblast osteocyte osteoclast osteoprogenitor cell *osteon
五、肌组织
muscle fiber skeletal muscle sarcomere cardiac muscle sarcoplasmic
reticulum
transverse tuble myofibril thick filment myosin troponin
triad
* intercalated
disk
六、神经组织
nervous tissue multipolar neuron
Schwann cell myelinated nerve fiber
synapse blood brain barrier neuroglial cell motor nerve ending neurofibril myelin sheath dendrite axon
* Nissl body
七、循环系统
endocardium elastic membrane sinusoid fenestrated capillary
*Purkinje fiber
八、免疫系统
thymic corpuscle splenic cord thymocyte diffuse lymphoid
tissue
lymphoid nodule blood -thymus
barrier
thymus epithelial
cell
medulla
periarterial lymphatic sheath
* splenic sinus white pulp
九、内分泌系统
follicular epithelial cell zona glomerulosa parafollicular cell zona reticularis chromaffin cell zona fasiculata pars distalis * Herring body
十、消化管
zymogenic cell absorptive cell fundic gland goblet cell parietal cell small intestinal
gland
microfold cell surface mucous
cell
intestinal villus Paneth cell mucus-bicarbonate
barrier
*intracellular secretory
canaliculus
十一、消化腺serous acinus hepatic sinusoid portal area pancreas islet
hepatic lobule bile canaliculi hepatocyte fat-storing cell Kupffer cells * perisinusoidal
space
十二、呼吸系统terminal bronchiole alveolar sac pulmonary alveoli alveolar septum respiratory
alveolar duct bronchiole
* blood-air barrier type Ⅱalveolar
cell
十三、眼与耳retina cone cell
iris ciliary body membranous
central fovea labyrinth
* spiral organ cornea
十四、皮肤epidermis keratinocyte stratum basale sebaceous gland
sweat gland keratohyalin
granule
* melanocyte
十五、泌尿系统renal corpuscle renal capsule nephron renal
glomerulus juxtaglomerular complex macula densa extraglomerular
collecting duct mesangial cell
proximal tubule distal tubule
*filtration barrier
十六、男性生殖系统seminiferous tubule spermatogonium spermatid Blood-testis barrier spermatogenesis spermioenesis
Leydig cell Sertoli cell
* acrosome
十七、女性生殖系统
oocyte menstruation
zona pellucida corona radiata ovulation endometrium menstrual cycle Primordial follicle
*corpus luteum
十八、胚胎学（一）capacitation fertilization
acrosome reaction blastomere
morula blastocyst
somite epiblast
primitive streak placenta barrier trophoblast inner cell mass notochord *implantation。