chapter1 练习卷
九年级英语下册 Chapter1《The green consumer》同步练习 牛津沈阳版
Chapter 1 The green consumer Language, writing and morepractice一、单项填空（一）1. They play all kinds of instruments and sing ____.A. alsoB. eitherC. as wellD. as well as2. Tom， ____ Jane and Rose， ____ going to the farm on foot.A. as long as；isB. as well as；areC. as long as；areD. as well as；is3. They travel at full speed by day ____ .A. and nightB. and by night as well asC. as well at nightD. as well as by night4. Mrs Black writes ____ ，if not better than，her husband.A. as well asB. so wellC. so well asD. as well5. We expect her to do the housework as well ____ after the children.A. as lookB. as lookingC. and lookD. looking6、She doesn’t speak ____ her friend，but her written work is excellent.A. as well asB. as often asC. so muchD. as good as7. Which of the following sentences is right？A. Both father and as well as mother love me.B. Father as well as mother loves me.C. Both father as well as mother loves me.D. Not only father but also mother love me.8. You feel ____ you did yesterday，don’t you？A. as good asB. as wellC. so goodD. as well as9. I’m sure I was right. It is just ____ I didn’t lend him the money.A. so wellB. as well asC. as wellD. the same as（二）1. Bob never does his homework_____ Mary. He makes lots of mistakes.A. so careful asB. as carefully asC. carefully asD. as careful as2. Now air in our town is ____ than it used to be. Something must be done to it.A. very goodB. much betterC. rather thanD. even worse3. I feel __ better than yesterday.A. moreB. veryC. theD. far4. China has a large population than __ in the world.A. all the countriesB. every countryC. any countryD. any other country5. This book is __ on the subject.A. the much bestB. much the bestC. very much bestD. very the best6. The sick boy is getting __ day by day.A. worseB. badC. badlyD. worst7. This necklace looks __ and sells__.A. well, wellB. good, niceC. nice, goodD. nice, well8. Doctor Wang ___ heart operationA. is interested onB. like doingC. does well inD. is good at9. The population of Shandong is__ than that of Sichuan.A. smallerB. largerC. lessD. large10. I didn’t go shopping yesterday. He didn’t __.A. soB. eitherC. tooD. neither11.___ delicious the food is!A. HowB. How aC. WhatD. What a12. What animal do you like ___? I like all kinds of animals.A. betterB. bestC. veryD. well13. Hainan is a very large island. It’s the second__ island in China.A. largeB. largerC. largestD. most large14. If you want to book a round –trip ticket, you’ll have to pay __ $30.A. moreB. otherC. the otherD. another15. A horse is __ than a dog.A. much heavyB. more heavierC. much heavierD. more heavy16. Which is __ season in Beijing? I think it’s spring.A. goodB. wellC. bestD. the best17. Usually Xiao Li spends __ time doing homework than Xiao Chen does.A. little B less C. few D. fewer18. I liked to play football when I was young. _______.A. So he wasB. So was heC. So did heD. So he did二、用所给词的恰当形式填空。
chapter 1 综合练习 第三课时
Chapter 1 综合练习I. 单选题。
( )1. It is not right for everyone ___________ time.A. wastingB. to wasteC. wastesD. waste( )2.---How _____ money do you have?---Only _____ dollars.A. many, a littleB. much, a fewC. much, littleD. many, a few ( )3. When I came back, the lights in my flat __________.A. was onB. were onC. is onD. are on ( )4.He eats _____ ice-cream, so he is _____ fat.A. too many, too muchB. much too, too muchC. too much, much tooD. too little, enough3. Don‟t forget to ____________ the lights when you leave the class room.A. turn onB. turn offC. turn inD. switch on4.7. I bought some fruit. Could you help me ____________.A. clean up themB. clean them upC. cleaning up themD. clean5.About ______ of the students in our class are boys.A. one-thirdsB. two-thirdsC. first thirdD. two-third11. The president ______ the reporter‟s question at once yesterday.A. repliedB. answered toC. replied toD. reply to12.Water poured ______ the sink and vanished _____ the drain.A. in, outB. into, upC. into, downD. on, down13. The girl is ____ to dress herself.A. enough oldB. old enoughC. too oldD. not old1.– How many bananas are there in the fridge?-- There are ________.A．little B. a few C. no one D. a little8. Let‟s wait _______ the rain stops.A. whileB. asC. untilD. when9. What a mess! __________ your bed before you go to school.A. Turn offB. Look aroundC. Clean upD. Clean away10. She froze when Daisy heard a voice from water. It means that ____________.A. Daisy was excited when she heard the voice.B. Daisy was happy when …C. Daisy was surprised when…D. Daisy was angry when…11. The music sounds _____.A. beautifullyB. beautifulC. beautyD. beautify12.---________ do you think of your new teacher?---I like her _______ .A. How; a lotB. How; muchC. What; a lotD. What; much13.----What‟s the low-carbon life style like?----Save ______ energy, produce _________ carbon.A. more; moreB. less; moreC. less; ;lessD. more; lessⅡ.完形填空。
chapter1-练习
5. English is spoken in many countries, A _______ Australia and Canada. A. such as C. for what to do. A. advice C. advise B. advices D. advises B. is example D. as
5. ______ you remember all the new words, C you’ll learn the text ______. A. When, good C. If, better B. If, good D. How, better
6. If ________ happens, we usually remember it well. B A. dramatic something B. something dramatic C. dramatic anything D. anything dramatic
chapter1
practice
同学们, 本章学习即将结束, 同学们 本章学习即将结束 我们一起来 回顾一下本章所学的内容吧。 回顾一下本章所学的内容吧。 重点词汇 1. ______(记忆 记忆) 记忆 3. ______(主题 主题) 主题 5. ______(奇怪的 奇怪的) 奇怪的 2. ______(大脑 大脑) 大脑 4. ______(受伤的 受伤的) 受伤的 6. ______(想象 想象) 想象
( C )11. The new bike _____ me 600
( A)12. We won’t go to the park if it ______ tomorrow. A. rains C. will rain B. rained D. would rain
语言学练习题(附答案) Chapter 1 Language
Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary either. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to describe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wo lf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the i ndividual’s feelings, emotions and personality. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending President Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenom enon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。
Chapter1,综合练习
D. 1.but 2.and 3.so 4.so 5.and 6.but 7.and
Grammar
Listening
C. 1.Brown 2.Jane 3.6 King street, London, SW3Y 4.35949825 5.13 6.student
Listening
D. 1.address 2.Penfriend 3.magazine 4.own 5.restaurant
6. What colour 7. Who does, Where does 8. How many 9. Can speak 10. What is
B 1.What is your age? 2.I like playing chess best. 3.My neighbour comes from France. 4. Jeff works as an architect in Shenzhen. 5.Judy is very interested in sports. 6.Every day I go to school on foot.
A.
Writing
1. girl, T-shirt, skirt, young, pretty/beautiful 2. glasses, on 3. saleswoman, like
B Dear friends
Writing
I’m very glad to introduce myself to you. My name is Zhang Li. I’m fifteen years old. I live in Beijing. My favourite subject is English. I’m interested in drawing. In my free time, I often go camping and enjoy bird’s singing in nature. I want to be an artist or a teacher when I grow up. Thank you.
微观经济学练习Chapter 1
Chapter 1Getting StartedCheckpoint 1.1 Definition and Questions1.1.1) ScarcityA) is the inability to satisfy all our wants.B) leads to higher prices.C) applies only to people living in poverty.D) is not something that affects very rich people.E) used to exist everywhere but has been eliminated in advanced economies.1.1.2) The study of economics is best described as a study ofA) the factors that influence the stock and bond markets.B) capitalism.C) the choices made in producing goods and services.D) coping with scarcity, and choices made as a result of scarcity in a society.E) how people earn a living.1.1.3) Scarcity requires that weA) produce efficiently.B) learn to limit our wants.C) have the most rapid economic growth possible.D) have unlimited resources.E) make choices about what goods and services to produce.1.1.4) The problem of scarcityA) is found only in the United States.B) is found only in poor countries.C) means that we must make choices.D) is the result of the fact that we have unlimited resources.E) is the result of the fact that people make choices based on their self-interest.1.1.5) Scarcity means thatA) what we can produce with our resources is greater than our material wants.B) resources are unlimited.C) wants are greater than what we can produce with out resources.D) governments must make up for shortages in resources.E) choices made in self-interest cannot be the same as those made in the social interest.1.1.6) Because human wants are insatiable and unlimited while available resources are limited, people are said to face the problem ofA) scarcity.B) why to produce.C) macroeconomics.D) microeconomics.E) social interest versus self-interest.1.1.7) Societyʹs ability to satisfy our wantsA) is limited by available productive resources.B) is accomplished by eliminating scarcity.C) is unrelated to incentives we face.D) means that only the poor face scarcity.E) means that socially interested choices must conflict with choices made inself-interest.1.1.8) Which of the following statements best describes the study of economics? Economics studies howA) to organize production so that scarcity does not occur.B) firms make profits.C) we make choices in the face of scarcity.D) to create incentives so that scarcity does not exist.E) businesses reach decisions.1.1.9) Economics is the social science that studiesA) the real reasons people buy goods and services.B) the psychology of individuals and businesses.C) whether a nation has enough natural resources.D) how people make choices to cope with scarcity.E) how choices made in the social interest could eliminate scarcity.1.1.10) Economics is defined as the social science that studiesA) how a person can get everything he or she wants.B) the reason money exists.C) the way to eliminate choices in our decisions.D) the choices that societies, and the people and institutions that make up societies, make in dealing with the issue of scarcity.E) how choices made in the social interest must conflict with choices made in the self-interest.1.1.11) The economic choices made by individuals, businesses, and governments and the interactions of those choices answer which three major economic questions?A) What?, How?, and Why?B) What?, How?, and For Whom?C) Why?, How much?, and At what price?D) At what price?, What?, and Why?E) Where?, What? and How?1.1.12) Of the three major economic questions, which of the following is the best example of a“What?” question?A) Should automobiles be produced using workers or robots?B) Should higher-income or lower-income people buy SUVs?C) Should we make faster microprocessors or pest-resistant corn?D) Should migrant workers or domestic workers be used to pick grapes?E) What should doctors be paid?1.1.13) When Ford decides to produce more hybrid cars that run on both gas and electricity, it directly answers the ________ question.B) howC) for whomD) whereE) why1.1.14) When Delta decides to quit flying to Lithuania, it directly answers the ________ question.A) whatB) whyC) for whomD) howE) when1.1.15) The United States produces large amounts of software. Based on this observation,it is possible to state that the United States has decided that ʹsoftwareʹ is part ofthe answer to which economic question?A) How are goods and services produced?B) For whom are the various goods and services produced?C) What will be the price of goods and services?D) What goods and services are produced?E) Why are particular goods and services produced?1.1.16) The question of ʹWhat goods and services get produced?ʹ most closely relatesto which of the following issues?A) the distribution of goods and services in the economyB) producing goods and services in the least costly mannerC) building a missile defense system, or putting a computer in every elementary school classroomD) obtaining specialized training to increase oneʹs incomeE) taxing high income workers to give payments to poor households1.1.17) When a home builder decides to computerize all of its production schedule, it directly answers the ________ question.A) for whomB) whatC) whereD) howE) why1.1.18) When Fresh Express Salads decides to mechanically pick all of its lettuce, it directly answers the ________ question.A) whatB) howC) for whomD) where1.1.19) When the power company decides to use manpower to bury its lines, it directly answers the ________ question.A) whatB) for whomC) howD) whyE) when1.1.20) The question of ʹHow are goods and services produced?ʹ most closely addresses which of the following issues?A) Should Ford build SUVʹs or luxury cars?B) Should Ford use expensive industrial robots or inexpensive Mexican autoworkers to produce SUV’s?C) Should contractors building residential housing or shopping malls?D) Is income distributed fairly in the United States?E) Why are Christmas trees popular only in December?Checkpoint 1.2 The Economic Way of Thinking1.2.1) A rational choice is one thatA) always turns out for the best for the decision maker.B) creates no costs for the decision maker.C) must be made with perfect information.D) uses the available resources to most effectively satisfy the wants of the person making the choice.E) is made in the social interest rather than the self-interest.1.2.2) If Salome effectively uses available resources to satisfy her wants, we say SalomeA) does not face opportunity costs.B) makes a rational choice.C) does not compare costs and benefits.D) does not respond to incentives.E) does not make a choice on the margin.1.2.3) The opportunity cost of a decision is measured in terms ofA) time.B) the price of the alternative we choose.C) the next best thing given up.D) the price of a new opportunity that arises.E) sunk cost.1.2.4) You have chosen to take a trip during Spring Break. If you had not gone, you would either have worked at a temporary job or studied for exams. The opportunity cost of your trip isA) the wages you would have earned from working.B) the lower grade earned by not studying.C) the wages you would have earned from working and the lower grade earned by not studying.D) the value of the trip.E) We cannot determine what the opportunity cost is without knowing which alternative, working or studying, you would have preferred.1.2.5) The value of the highest-valued alternative that a person must give up when making adecision is known as the ________ cost.A) directB) benefitʹsC) opportunityD) explicitE) sunk1.2.6) Ali decides to attend the one-hour review session for microeconomics instead of working athis job. His job pays him $10 per hour. Aliʹs opportunity cost of attending the reviewsession isA) the $10 he could have earned at his job.B) the value of the session minus the $10 he could have earned at his job.C) nothing, because the review session does not cost anything.D) equal to the benefit he gets from the review session.E) the one-hour review session.1.2.7) Opportunity costi. is the cost of the next best thing forgone.ii. includes all the sunk costs.iii. plays no role in making a rational choice.A) i only.B) ii only.C) iii only.D) i and ii.E) i, ii, and iii.1.2.8) In 2003, Michael Jordan decided to retire from professional basketball. Which of the following was an opportunity cost of his decision?A) the lost salary from playing one more yearB) the time he could spend with his family while retiredC) the avoidance of pain and injury from playing one more yearD) the value of new employment opportunities that would await himE) Both answers A and B are correct.1.2.9) Which of the following is an example of a sunk cost?A) after you start watching a movie, the $8 you paid for the ticketB) the $100,000 a shoe factory will pay for the leather it uses to make shoesC) the electricity purchased by a horse breederD) the $10 being spent on gasoline purchased by a traveling salespersonE) the $6,000 Tommyʹs insurance company pays him after an accident.1.2.10) A cost that is previously incurred and irreversible is known as ________ cost.A) a sunkB) a benefitʹsC) an opportunityD) an explicitE) marginal1.2.11) Suppose you paid $400 tuition for a three-credit course. After the official withdrawal date has elapsed, you decide to drop the course but you cannot get back your $400. At this time, the $400 isA) the benefit of earning three credits.B) an expenditure made on the margin.C) a sunk cost.D) the opportunity cost of the course.E) the marginal cost of the course.1.2.12) The pleasure that Sarah gets from painting is called theA) sunk benefit.B) opportunity cost.C) sunk cost.D) benefit.E) margin.1.2.13) Suppose you take a trip during Spring Break. To determine the benefit of taking the trip, youA) calculate the opportunity cost of the trip.B) measure what you are willing to give up to take the trip.C) determine the sunk cost of taking the trip.D) calculate the value of the next best alternative foregone.E) must measure what the trip is worth to you and then subtract the cost of the trip.1.2.14) In economics, the benefit derived from making a choice refers toA) what you must give up.B) the highest-valued alternative forgone.C) the return for providing labor.D) the gain or pleasure the choice brings.E) the margin.1.2.15) The cost of a one-unit increase in an activity is called theA) opportunity benefit.B) sunk cost.C) marginal cost.D) marginal benefit.E) margin.1.2.16) The opportunity cost of a one-unit increase in an activityA) is greater than the marginal benefit.B) is called sunk cost.C) decreases as you do more of it.D) is called marginal cost.E) is measured by what the person is willing to give up to get one more unit of the activity.1.2.17) The marginal cost of an activity is a measure of ________ the activity.A) what is forgone with every one unit increase inB) the total cost ofC) the benefit derived from every one unit decrease inD) the benefit derived from every one unit increase inE) sunk cost of1.2.18) The benefit of a one-unit increase in an activityA) is called marginal cost.B) is always greater than the opportunity cost of that activity.C) decreases as you do more of it.D) is measured by what you must give up.E) is called ʹsunk benefit.ʹ1.2.19) A choice made by comparing all relevant alternatives systematically and incrementally isA) an opportunity cost.B) a choice on the margin.C) a benefit.D) a sunk cost.E) a choice made in the social interest.1.2.20) Decision making on the margin involvesA) comparing the marginal cost and marginal benefits when making a decision.B) comparing the total cost and the total benefit when making a decision.C) eliminating the additional cost when making a decision.D) determining the total benefits of a decision.E) comparing the benefits from the social interest to the benefits from the personʹs self-interest.。
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认真做好每一道题，巩固好每一个知识点！
Chapter1
一、 根据要求完成下列表格。
Present Past Present perfect
1. break broke has/have broken
2. see
3. go
4. write
5. eat
6.give
7.swim
8.sweep
9.tear
10.throw
二、 根据句意或汉语提示来完成下列句子。
1. I have ________ （煮）supper for my parents.
2. My little sister has ________ （撕破）my book.
3. I am sorry, Mr. Smith is not in. will you like to leave a _________ (信息)?
4， __________（无论做什么）you do, I will support you.
5. His friends will teach him ___________(无论哪儿) he goes.
三、单项选择。
1. Maria likes singing karaoke. He ___________ every day.
A. sing B. has sung C. sang D. sings
2. The children like flying kites. They __________ kites for many years.
A. flew B. have flown C. fly D. are flying
3. ----Don’t play on the carpet. It’s dirty.
---- Don’t worry. We __________.
A. clean it B. are cleaning it
C. have already cleaned it. D. has already cleaned it.
4. You can’t watch TV. You _________ your homework yet.
A. haven’t finished B. have to finish
C. won’t finish D. didn’t finish
5. --- What’s the matter with your leg?
--- I ______________ over a dog two days ago.
A. have fallen B. has fallen C. fell D. fall
6. --- That’s a good film. Have you seen it?
认真做好每一道题，巩固好每一个知识点！
--- _____________.
A. No, not yet. B. No, I don’t. C. Yes, I do. D. No, it isn’t.
7. ---Where have you been?
--- ______________________.
A. I’m going to the park. B. I’ve been to the park.
C. I’ll go to the park. D. I go to the park.
8. --- Oh dear! What have you done to my dog?
--- He was sick. _______________________.
A. That’s nothing. B. I’m going to give him some pills（药片）.
C. I can give him some pills. D. I’ve given him some pills.
9. ---Good morning. May I speak to Mrs Lee?
--- ______________.
A. Oh, no! B. Sorry. She’s not here.
C. I’ve been to the park. D. How silly.
10. Joe is not here. He _______________ to the playground.
A. has been B. has gone C. went D. goes
四、写作。
1. What have …? drink the milk.
A: ___________________________
B: ___________________________
2. What have…? do her homework.
A: ______________________________
B: _____________________________
3. Where have …? go out.
A: ___________________________
B: ___________________________