美国文学大纲

An Outline of American Literatureby Kathryn VanSpanckerenglossaryAbolitionismActive movement to end slavery in the U.S. North before the Civil War in the 1860s.AllusionAn implied or indirect reference in a literary text to another text.BeatnikArtistic and literary rebellion against established society of the 1950s and early 1960s, associated with Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and others. "Beat" suggests holiness ("beatification") and suffering ("beaten down").Boston BrahminsInfluential and respected 19th-century New England writers who maintained the "genteel tradition"of upper- class values.CalvinismStrict theological doctrine of the French Protestant church reformer John Calvin (1509-1564) and the basis of Puritan society. Calvin held that all humans were born sinful and only God s grace (not the church) could save a person from hell.Captivity narrativeAccount of capture by Native American tribes, such as those created by writers Mary Rowlandson and John Williams in colonial times.Character writingPopular 17th- and 18th-century literary sketch of a character who represents a group or type.Civil WarThe war (1861-1865) between the northern U.S. states, which remained in the Union, and the southern states, which seceded and formed the Confederacy. The victory of the North ended slavery and preserved the Union.ConceitExtended metaphor. Term used to describe Renaissance metaphysical poetry in England and colonial poetry, such as that of Anne Bradstreet, in colonial America.DecadentsLate 19th- and early 20th-century "aesthetic" artists and writers, chiefly British and French, involved with "turn of century" ideas of endings, decay, and artificiality.DeconstructionControversial mode of textual analysis that can reveal hidden ideological assumptions. Questions hierarchical thinking in which one term is privileged over another (e.g. culture versus nature, man versus woman). Draws on thought of French theorist Jacques Derrida, who elaborated on linguist Ferdinand de Saussure s vision of language as a system of differences.DeismAn 18th-century Enlightenment religion emphasizing reason, not miracles; partly a reaction against Calvinism and religious superstition.ElectionA Puritan doctrine in which God "elects," or chooses, the individuals who will enter heaven according to His divine will.EllipsisOmission from a text of one or more words that are obviously understood but that must be supplied to make a construction gramatically correct.EnlightenmentAn 18th-century movement that focused on the ideals of good sense, benevolence, and a belief in liberty, justice, and equality as the natural rights of man.ExistentialismA philosophical movement embracing the view that the suffering individual must create meaning in an unknowable, chaotic, and seemingly empty universe.ExpressionismPost-World War I artistic movement, of German origin, that distorted appearances to communicate inner emotional states.FaustLiterary character who sells his soul to the devil in order to become all-knowing, or godlike; protagonist of plays by English Renaissance dramatist Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) and German Romantic writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832).FeminismThe view, articulated in the 19th century, that women are inherently equal to men and deserve equal rights and opportunities. More recently, a social and political movement that took hold in the United States in the late 1960s, soon spreading globally.GenreA category of literary forms (novel, lyric poem, epic, for example).Hartford WitsPatriotic but conservative late 18th-century literary circle centered at Yale College in Connecticut (also known as the Connecticut Wits).HudibrasA mock-heroic satire by English writer Samuel Butler (1612-1680). Hudibras was imitated by early revolutionary-era satirists.ImageConcrete representation of an object, or something seen.ImagistsA group of mainly American poets, including Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell, who used sharp visual images and colloquial speech; active from 1912 to 1914.IronyA meaning (often contradictory) concealed behind the apparent meaning of a word or phrase.Knickerbocker SchoolNew York City-based writers of the early 1800s who imitated English and European literary fashions. "Light" literature - Popular literature written for entertainment.McCarthy eraThe period of the Cold War (late 1940s and early 1950s) during which U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy pursued American citizens whom he and his followers suspected of being members or former members of, or sympathizers with, the Communist party. His efforts included the creation of "blacklists" in various professions -- rosters of people who were excluded from working in those jobs. McCarthy ultimately was denounced by his Senate colleagues.Metaphysical poetryIntricate type of 17th-century English poetry employing wit and unexpected images.Middle ColoniesPresent-day Atlantic or eastern U.S. states -- colonial New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and sometimes Delaware -- known for commercial activities centering on New York City and Philadelphia.MidwestThe central area of the United States, from the Ohio River to the Rocky Mountains, including the Prairie and Great Plains regions (also known as the Middle West).MillennialismSeventeenth-century Puritan belief that Jesus Christ would return to Earth and inaugurate 1,000 years of peace and prosperity, as prophesied in the New Testament.Mock-epicA parody using epic form (also known as mock-heroic).ModernismInternational cultural movement after World War I expressing disillusionment with tradition and interest in new technologies and visions.MotifA recurring element, such as an image, theme, or type of incident.MuckrakersAmerican journalists and novelists (1900-1912) whose spotlight on corruption in business and government led to social reform.MulticulturalThe creative interchange of numerous ethnic and racial subcultures.MythLegendary narrative, usually of gods and heroes, or a theme that expresses the ideology of a culture.NaturalismLate 19th- and early 20th-century literary approach of French origin that vividlydepicted social problems and viewed human beings as helpless victims of larger social and economic forces.NeoclassicismAn 18th-century artistic movement, associated with the Enlightenment, drawing on classical models and emphasizing reason, harmony, and restraint.New EnglandThe region of the United States comprising present- day Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut and noted for its early industrialization and intellectual life. Traditionally, home of the shrewd, independent, thrifty "Yankee" trader.ObjectivistMid-20th-century poetic movement, associated with William Carlos Williams, stressing images and colloquial speech.Old NorseThe ancient Norwegian language of the sagas, virtually identical to modern Icelandic.Oral traditionTransmission by word of mouth; tradition passed down through generations; verbal folk tradition.Plains RegionThe middle region of the United States that slopes eastward from the Rocky Mountains to the Prairie.Post-modernismMedia-influenced aesthetic sensibility of the late 20th century characterized by open-endedness and collage. Post-modernism questions the foundations of cultural and artistic forms through self-referential irony and the juxtaposition of elements from popular culture and electronic technology.PrairieThe level, unforested farm region of the midwestern United States.PrimitivismBelief that nature provides truer and more healthful models than does culture. Anexample is the myth of the "noble savage."ProvidenceGod s will, as expressed through events on Earth. Fate is seen as revelation.PuritansEnglish religious and political reformers who fled their native land in search of religious freedom, and settled and colonized New England in the 17th century.ReformationA northern European political and religious movement of the 15th through 17th centuries that attempted to reform Catholicism; eventually gave rise to Protestantism.ReflexiveSelf-referential. A literary work is reflexive when it refers to itself.Regional writingWriting that explores the customs and landscape of a region of the United States.Revolutionary WarThe War of Independence, 1775-1783, fought by the American colonies against Great Britain.RomanceEmotionally heightened, symbolic American novels associated with the Romantic period.RomanticismA reaction against neoclassicism. This early 19th- century movement elevated the individual, the passions, and the inner life. It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions.SagaAn ancient Scandinavian narrative of historical or mythical events.Salem Witch TrialsProceedings for alleged witchcraft held in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692. Nineteen persons were hanged and numerous others were intimidated into confessing oraccusing others of witchcraft.Self-help bookBook telling readers how to improve their lives through their own efforts. A popular American genre from the mid- 19th century to the present.SeparatistsA strict Puritan sect of the 16th and 17th centuries that preferred to separate from the Church of England rather than reform. Many of those who first settled America were separatists.Slave narrativeFirst black literary prose genre in the United States; accounts of life of African-Americans under slavery.SouthRegion of the United States including Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, West Virginia, and eastern Texas.SurrealismEuropean literary and artistic movement that uses illogical, dreamlike images and events to suggest the unconscious.Syllabic versificationPoetic meter based on the number of syllables in a line.SynthesisBlending of two senses, used by Edgar Allan Poe and others to suggest hidden correspondences and create exotic effects.Tall taleA humorous, exaggerated story common on the American frontier, often focusing on cases of superhuman strength.ThemeAbstract idea embodied in a literary work.ToryWealthy pro-English faction in America at the time of the Revolutionary War in the late 1700s.TranscendentalismA broad, philosophical movement in New England during the Romantic era (peaking between 1835 and 1845). It stressed the role of divinity in nature and the individual s intuition, and exalted feeling over reason.TricksterCunning character of tribal folk narratives (particularly those of African-Americans and Native Americans) who breaks cultural codes of behavior; often a culture hero.Vision songPoetic song which members of some Native American tribes created when purifying themselves through solitary fasting and meditation.。