毕业设计(论文)文献翻译
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R.SemenovDepartment of Economics,University of Nijmegen,Nijmegen(荷兰内梅亨大学,经济学院)这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时,我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致,并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如,相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度),在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中,企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而,经济理论表明市场摩擦,诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵,并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素,例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性,共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料(可参考,例如Fazzari(1998)、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman(1996)、Samuel(1998)).大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本,减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置(参看Levine(1997)的评论文章)。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
毕业设计英文文献翻译
机床误差分量的提取和利用统计分析误差补偿AbstractThe extraction of component errors of a machine tool’s axes is a critical step for the synthesis of 3D volumetric error mapping,which is a prerequisite to improve the machine tool accuracy by numerical Error compensation.This paper presents a method for the extraction of machine tool component errors from a statistical point of view.First,the B-Spline mathematical model is established to represent the Component error function,and the least-squares fitting method to measured data points is presented.Then,statistical analysis is used to select the B-Spline model with proper flexibility,so as to separate repeatable errors from random errors in the measured data. Finally, based on the component error extraction method, numerical error compensation experiments were conducted on the XY-plane of a High precision machine tool by using across-grid scale system.According to the statistical analysis of The experimental data,all repeatable errors except the dynamic errors caused by machine tool control system were compensated for.Key words:Machine tool accuracy, Component error ,B-Spline, Statistical analysis, Error mapping翻译:摘要机床的轴组件误差的提取是三维空间误差的映射的合成的关键一步,这是通过数值误差补偿提高机床精度一个先决条件。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译院系:财务与会计学院年级专业:201*级财务管理姓名:学号:132148***附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk,Risk management,YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
文献翻译参考
毕业设计(论文)译文及原稿译文题目一贸易能带来经济增长?原稿题目一Does Trade Cause Growth?原稿出处一Frankel J , and Romer D .Does Trade Cause Growth ? [J] . American Economic Review . 1999,89 (3): 379 -399.贸易能带来经济增长?1.构建模型A背景我们基本的想法可以表述为使用三个简单的等式模型。
首先,国家i的平均收入的函数包括:与其他国家经济交往(简称“国际贸易”),国内经济交往(“国内贸易”)和其他相关因素。
(1).这里是个人收入,是国际贸易,是国内贸易,是与收入相关的其他影响因素。
已正如大量的文献对贸易描述的那样,贸易可以通过很多途径影响收入,贸易通过比较优势,开发来自大市场的递增收益,通过交流和旅游交换思想,通过投资和开发新产品传播科技,从而使得专业分工更加显著。
因为各种因素相互作用共同促进,我们的方法不能确定具体是哪种贸易方式影响收入。
另外两个方程式包含了国际贸易和国内贸易的决定因素。
国际贸易的函数包括,是一个国家与另一个国家的接近度和其他因素。
(2)类似的,国内贸易的函数包括国家大小,和其他因素。
(3)三个等式中的剩余因素,和,很有可能相互关联。
比如说,那些拥有良好的交通系统或者政府的政策的国家,能够促进竞争并能够依赖市场分配资源,具有地理优势给他们带来大量的国际和国内贸易,贸易又给他们带来了大量的收入。
我们假设分析的关键是判定国家的地理特征(他们的和)与另外的等式(1)和(3)是没有关联的。
相似度和规模不会被收入或者其他因素影响,而政府政策可以影响收入。
我们回顾引言,除了作用于该国居民人数与外国人或者其他人之间的相互影响,我们很难想出有效的方法证明相似度和规模可以影响收入。
给出P和S与不相关联的假设。
通过变量Y,T,W,P和S,我们可以计算公式(1):P,S与T,W有关[通过公式(2)和公式 (3)] ,并且与无关(通过鉴别假设)。
毕业设计外文文献翻译范文
毕业设计外文文献翻译专业学生姓名班级学号指导教师优集学院外文资料名称:Knowledge-Based Engineeri--ng Design Methodology外文资料出处:Int.J.Engng Ed.Vol.16.No.1附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文2.外文原文基于知识工程(KBE)设计方法D. E. CALKINS1.背景复杂系统的发展需要很多工程和管理方面的知识、决策,它要满足很多竞争性的要求。
设计被认为是决定产品最终形态、成本、可靠性、市场接受程度的首要因素。
高级别的工程设计和分析过程(概念设计阶段)特别重要,因为大多数的生命周期成本和整体系统的质量都在这个阶段。
产品成本的压缩最可能发生在产品设计的最初阶段。
整个生命周期阶段大约百分之七十的成本花费在概念设计阶段结束时,缩短设计周期的关键是缩短概念设计阶段,这样同时也减少了工程的重新设计工作量。
工程权衡过程中采用良好的估计和非正式的启发进行概念设计。
传统CAD工具对概念设计阶段的支持非常有限。
有必要,进行涉及多个学科的交流合作来快速进行设计分析(包括性能,成本,可靠性等)。
最后,必须能够管理大量的特定领域的知识。
解决方案是在概念设计阶段包含进更过资源,通过消除重新设计来缩短整个产品的时间。
所有这些因素都主张采取综合设计工具和环境,以在早期的综合设计阶段提供帮助。
这种集成设计工具能够使由不同学科的工程师、设计者在面对复杂的需求和约束时能够对设计意图达成共识。
那个设计工具可以让设计团队研究在更高级别上的更多配置细节。
问题就是架构一个设计工具,以满足所有这些要求。
2.虚拟(数字)原型模型现在需要是一种代表产品设计为得到一将允许一产品的早发展和评价的真实事实上原型的过程的方式。
虚拟样机将取代传统的物理样机,并允许设计工程师,研究“假设”的情况,同时反复更新他们的设计。
真正的虚拟原型,不仅代表形状和形式,即几何形状,它也代表如重量,材料,性能和制造工艺的非几何属性。
外文文献翻译——参考格式
广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献译文及原文系部经济学部专业经济学年级 2007级班级名称 07经济学6班学号 16020706001学生姓名张瑜琴指导教师陈锶2011 年05月目录1挑战:小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1)2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2)3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4)3.1内在的单位 (4)3.2财务子公司 (5)3.3策略的同盟 (5)3.4服务公司模型 (6)4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8)5 服务的个案研究公司模型:厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)1 挑战:小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务,包括信用,储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。
整体而言,它也对小额贷款重要,因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。
如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款,他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。
资源,银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。
如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员,他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。
然而,小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。
举例来说,有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。
或,在进入小额贷款,银行之后可能移动在-上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值-或者更坏的事,退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。
这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。
在最极端的,一些开业者已经甚至宣布,”降低尺度死!”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。
在最 signific 看得到的地方,蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款,国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。
毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献翻译计算机科学与信息工程系系(院)2008 届题目企业即时通Instant Messaging for Enterprises课题类型技术开发课题来源自选学生姓名许帅专业班级 04计算机科学与技术指导老师王占中职称工程师完成日期:2008年4 月 6 日目录I NSTANT M ESSAGING FOR E NTERPRISE (1)1. Tips (1)2. Introduction (1)3. First things first (2)4.The While-Accept loop (4)5. Per-Thread class (6)6. The Client class (7)企业即时通 (9)1.提示 (9)2.简介 (9)3.首先第一件事 (10)4.监听循环 (11)5.单线程类 (13)6.用户端类 (14)Instant Messaging for Enterprise1. TipsIf Java is, in fact, yet another computer programming language, you may question why it is so important and why it is being promoted as a revolutionary step in computer programming. The answer isn’t immediately obvious if you’re coming from a tr aditional programming perspective. Although Java is very useful for solving traditional standalone programming problems, it is also important because it will solve programming problems on the World Wide Web. What is the Web?The Web can seem a bit of a mys tery at first, with all this talk of “surfing,”“presence,” and “home pages.” It’s helpful to step back and see what it really is, but to do this you must understand client/server systems, another aspect of computing that is full of confusing issues. The primary idea of a client/server system is that you have a central repository of information,some kind of data, often in a database。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译【范本模板】
南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系:机械系专业:车辆工程专业姓名:宋磊春学号:070102234外文出处:EDU_E_CAT_VBA_FF_V5R9(用外文写)附件:1。
外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文.附件1:外文资料翻译译文CATIA V5 的自动化CATIA V5的自动化和脚本:在NT 和Unix上:脚本允许你用宏指令以非常简单的方式计划CATIA。
CATIA 使用在MS –VBScript中(V5.x中在NT和UNIX3。
0 )的共用部分来使得在两个平台上运行相同的宏。
在NT 平台上:自动化允许CATIA像Word/Excel或者Visual Basic程序那样与其他外用分享目标。
ATIA 能使用Word/Excel对象就像Word/Excel能使用CATIA 对象。
在Unix 平台上:CATIA将来的版本将允许从Java分享它的对象。
这将提供在Unix 和NT 之间的一个完美兼容。
CATIA V5 自动化:介绍(仅限NT)自动化允许在几个进程之间的联系:CATIA V5 在NT 上:接口COM:Visual Basic 脚本(对宏来说),Visual Basic 为应用(适合前:Word/Excel ),Visual Basic。
COM(零部件目标模型)是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象。
Automation 是一种“微软“技术,它使用一种解释环境中的COM对象。
ActiveX 组成部分是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象,即使在解释环境里。
OLE(对象的链接与嵌入)意思是资料可以在一个其他应用OLE的资料里连结并且可以被编辑的方法(在适当的位置编辑).在VBScript,VBA和Visual Basic之间的差别:Visual Basic(VB)是全部的版本。
它能产生独立的计划,它也能建立ActiveX 和服务器。
它可以被编辑。
VB中提供了一个补充文件名为“在线丛书“(VB的5。
计算机专业毕业设计论文外文文献中英文翻译——java对象
1 . Introduction To Objects1.1The progress of abstractionAll programming languages provide abstractions. It can be argued that the complexity of the problems you’re able to solve is directly related to the kind and quality of abstraction。
By “kind” I mean,“What is it that you are abstracting?” Assembly language is a small abstraction of the underlying machine. Many so—called “imperative” languages that followed (such as FORTRAN,BASIC, and C) were abstractions of assembly language。
These languages are big improvements over assembly language,but their primary abstraction still requires you to think in terms of the structure of the computer rather than the structure of the problem you are trying to solve。
The programmer must establish the association between the machine model (in the “solution space,” which is the place where you’re modeling that problem, such as a computer) and the model of the problem that is actually being solved (in the “problem space,” which is the place where the problem exists). The effort required to perform this mapping, and the fact that it is extrinsic to the programming language,produces programs that are difficult to write and expensive to maintain,and as a side effect created the entire “programming methods” industry.The alter native to modeling the machine is to model the problem you’re trying to solve。
软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译
软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译1000字本文将就软件工程专业毕业设计的外文文献进行翻译,能够为相关考生提供一定的参考。
外文文献1: Software Engineering Practices in Industry: A Case StudyAbstractThis paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process, practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The software engineering practices were identified through a survey questionnaire and a series of interviews with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.IntroductionSoftware engineering is the discipline of designing, developing, testing, and maintaining software products. There are a number of software engineering practices that are used in industry to ensure that software products are of high quality, reliable, and maintainable. These practices include software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management. Software engineeringpractices have evolved over the years as a result of the growth of the software industry and the increasing demands for high-quality software products. The software industry has developed a number of software development models, such as the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), which provides a framework for software development organizations to improve their software development processes and practices.This paper reports a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The objective of the study was to identify the software engineering practices used by the company and to investigate how these practices contribute to the production of quality software.Research MethodologyThe case study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study was conducted over a period of six months, during which a survey questionnaire was administered to the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers. In addition, a series of interviews were conducted with the company’s software development managers, software engineers, and testers to gain a deeper understanding of the software engineering practices used by the company. The survey questionnaire and the interview questions were designed to investigate the software engineering practices used by the company in relation to software development processes, software configuration management, software testing, requirements engineering, and project management.FindingsThe research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company’s software development process consists of five levels of maturity, starting with an ad hoc process (Level 1) and progressing to a fully defined and optimized process (Level 5). The company has achieved Level 3 maturity in its software development process. The company follows a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The software engineering practices used by the company include:Software Configuration Management (SCM): The company uses SCM tools to manage software code, documentation, and other artifacts. The company follows a branching and merging strategy to manage changes to the software code.Software Testing: The company has adopted a formal testing approach that includes unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. The testing process is automated where possible, and the company uses a range of testing tools.Requirements Engineering: The company has a well-defined requirements engineering process, which includes requirements capture, analysis, specification, and validation. The company uses a range of tools, including use case modeling, to capture and analyze requirements.Project Management: The company has a well-defined project management process that includes project planning, scheduling, monitoring, and control. The company uses a range of tools to support project management, including project management software, which is used to track project progress.ConclusionThis paper has reported a case study of software engineering practices in industry. The study was conducted with a large US software development company that produces software for aerospace and medical applications. The study investigated the company’s software development process,practices, and techniques that lead to the production of quality software. The research found that the company has a well-defined software development process, which is based on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The company uses a set of software engineering practices that ensure quality, reliability, and maintainability of the software products. The findings of this study provide a valuable insight into the software engineering practices used in industry and can be used to guide software engineering education and practice in academia.外文文献2: Agile Software Development: Principles, Patterns, and PracticesAbstractAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. The Agile Manifesto represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. This paper presents an overview of agile software development, including its principles, patterns, and practices. The paper also discusses the benefits and challenges of agile software development.IntroductionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. The manifesto emphasizes the importance of individuals and interactions, working software, customer collaboration, and responding to change. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases.Agile Software Development PrinciplesAgile software development is based on a set of principles. These principles are:Customer satisfaction through early and continuous delivery of useful software.Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage.Deliver working software frequently, with a preference for the shorter timescale.Collaboration between the business stakeholders and developers throughout the project.Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment and support they need, and trust them to get the job done.The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation.Working software is the primary measure of progress.Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors, developers, and users should be able to maintain a constant pace indefinitely.Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances agility.Simplicity – the art of maximizing the amount of work not done – is essential.The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-organizing teams.Agile Software Development PatternsAgile software development patterns are reusable solutions to common software development problems. The following are some typical agile software development patterns:The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)The Open/Closed Principle (OCP)The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)The Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)The Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)The Model-View-Controller (MVC) PatternThe Observer PatternThe Strategy PatternThe Factory Method PatternAgile Software Development PracticesAgile software development practices are a set ofactivities and techniques used in agile software development. The following are some typical agile software development practices:Iterative DevelopmentTest-Driven Development (TDD)Continuous IntegrationRefactoringPair ProgrammingAgile Software Development Benefits and ChallengesAgile software development has many benefits, including:Increased customer satisfactionIncreased qualityIncreased productivityIncreased flexibilityIncreased visibilityReduced riskAgile software development also has some challenges, including:Requires discipline and trainingRequires an experienced teamRequires good communicationRequires a supportive management cultureConclusionAgile software development is a set of values, principles, and practices for developing software. Agile software development is based on the Agile Manifesto, which represents the values and principles of the agile approach. Agile software development practices include iterative development, test-driven development, continuous integration, and frequent releases. Agile software development has many benefits, including increased customer satisfaction, increased quality, increased productivity, increased flexibility, increased visibility, and reduced risk. Agile software development also has some challenges, including the requirement for discipline and training, the requirement for an experienced team, the requirement for good communication, and the requirement for a supportive management culture.。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计(论文)翻译外文原文名Agency Cost under the Restriction of Free Cash Flow中文译名自由现金流量的限制下的代理成本学院管理学院专业班级会计学3班学生姓名陈洁玉学生学号200930191100指导教师余勍讲师填写日期2015年5月11日外文原文版出处:译文成绩:指导教师(导师组长)签名:译文:自由现金流量的限制下的代理成本摘要代理成本理论是资本结构理论的一个重要分支。
自由现金流代理成本有显着的影响。
在这两个领域相结合的研究,将有助于建立和扩大理论体系。
代理成本理论基础上,本研究首先分类自由现金流以及统计方法的特点。
此外,投资自由现金流代理成本的存在证明了模型。
自由现金流代理成本理论引入限制,分析表明,它会改变代理成本,进而将影响代理成本和资本结构之间的关系,最后,都会影响到最优资本结构点,以保持平衡。
具体地说,自由现金流增加,相应地,债务比例会降低。
关键词:资本结构,现金流,代理成本,非金钱利益1、介绍代理成本理论,金融契约理论,信号模型和新的啄食顺序理论,新的资本结构理论的主要分支。
财务con-道的理论侧重于限制股东的合同行为,解决股东和债权人之间的冲突。
信令模式和新的啄食顺序理论中心解决投资者和管理者之间的冲突。
这两种类型的冲突是在商业组织中的主要冲突。
代理成本理论认为,如何达到平衡这两种类型的冲突,资本结构是如何形成的,这是比前两次在一定程度上更多的理论更全面。
……Agency Cost under the Restriction of Free Cash FlowAbstractAgency cost theory is an important branch of capital structural theory. Free cash flow has significant impact on agency cost. The combination of research on these two fields would help to build and extend the theoretical system. Based on agency cost theory, the present study firstly categorized the characteristics of free cash flow as well as the statistical methodologies. Furthermore, the existence of investing free cash flow in agency cost was proved by a model. Then free cash flow was introduced into agency cost theory as restriction, the analysis shows that it will change agency cost, in turn, will have an impact on the relationship between agency cost and capital structure, finally, will influence the optimal capital structure point to maintain the equilibrium. Concretely, with the increasing free cash flow, correspondingly, debt proportion will decrease.Keywords:Capital Structure,Free Cash Flow,Agency Cost,Non-Pecuniary Benefit1. IntroductionAgency cost theory, financial contract theory, signaling model and new pecking order theory are the main branches of new capital structure theory. Financial con-tract theory focuses on restricting stockholders’ behavior by contract and solving the conflict between stockholders and creditors. Signaling model and new pecking order theory center on solving the conflict between investors and managers. These two types of conflict are the main conflict in business organizations. Agency cost theory considers how equilibrium is reached in both types of conflict and how capital structure is formed, which is more theory is more comprehensive than the previous two to some degree.……。
毕业设计_外文文献翻译
毕业设计_外文文献翻译本科毕业设计外文文献翻译(题目:packethandlinghardwaresupport学生姓名:学院:系别:专业:班级:指导教师:二〇一四年六月packethandlinghardwaresupport参考文献:texasinstruments1101low-powersub-1ghzrftransceiver.ti.2013 the1101hasbuilt-inhardwaresupportforpacketorientedradioprotocols.intransmitmode,thepackethandlercanbeconfiguredtoaddth efollowingelementstothepacketstoredinthetxfifo:aprogrammablenumberofpreamblebytesatwobytesynchronization(sync)word.canbeduplicatedtogivea4-b ytesyncword(remended).itisnotpossibletoonlyinsertpreambleoronl yinsertasyncwordacrcchecksumputedoverthedatafield.theremendedsettingis4-bytepreambleand4-bytesyncword,exceptf or500kbauddataratewheretheremendedpreamblelengthis8bytes.in addition,thefollowingcanbeimplementedonthedatafieldandtheop tional2-bytecrcchecksum:whiteningofthedatawithapn9sequenceforwarderrorcorrection(fec)bytheuseofinterleavingandcodingo fthedata(convolutionalcoding)inreceivemode,thepackethandlingsupportwillde-constructtheda tapacketbyimplementingthefollowing(ifenabled):preambledetectionsyncworddetectioncrcputationandcrccheckonebyteaddresscheckpacketlengthcheck(lengthbytecheckedagainstaprogrammablemaxi mumlength)de-whiteningde-interleavinganddecodingoptionally,twostatusbytes(seetable27andtable28)withrssivalu e,linkqualityindication,andcrcstatuscanbeappendedintherxfif o.1.datawhiteningfromaradioperspective,theidealovertheairdataarerandomanddcf ree.thisresultsinthesmoothestpowerdistributionovertheoupied bandwidth.thisalsogivestheregulationloopsinthereceiverunifo rmoperationconditions(ondatadependencies).realdataoftencontainlongsequencesofzerosandones.inthesecase s,performancecanbeimprovedbywhiteningthedatabeforetransmitting,andde-whiteningthedatainthereceiver.with1101,thiscanbedoneautomatically.bysettingpktctrlo.white _data=1,alldata,exceptthepreambleandthesyncwordwillbexor-ed witha9-bitpseudo-random(pn9)sequencebeforebeingtransmitted. thisisshowninfigure16.atthereceiverend,thedataarexor-edwith thesamepseudorandomsequence.inthisway,thewhiteningisreverse d,andtheoriginaldataappearinthereceiver.thepn9sequenceisini tializedtoall1’s.2.packetformattheformatofthedatapacketcanbeconfiguredandconsistsofthefoll owingitems(seefigure17):preamblesynchronizationwordoptionallengthbyteoptionaladdressbytepayloadoptional2bytecrcthepreamblepatternisanalternatingsequenceof onesandzeros(10101010…).theminimumlengthofthepreambleispro grammablethroughthevalueofmdmcfg1.num_preamble.whenenabling tx,themodulatorwillstarttransmittingthepreamble.whentheprog rammednumberofpreamblebyteshasbeentransmitted,themodulatorwillsendthesyncwordandthendatafromt hetxfifoifdataisavailable.ifthetxfifoisempty,themodulatorwi llcontinuerosendpreamblebytesuntilthefirstbyteiswrittentoth etxfifo.themodulatorwillthensendthesyncwordandthenthedataby tes.thesynchronizationwordisatwo-bytevaluesetinthesync1andsync0 registers.thesyncwordprovidesbytesynchronizationoftheiningp acket.aone-bytesyncwordcanbeemulatedbysettingtheaync1valuet othepreamblepattern.itisalsopossibletoemulatea32bitsyncword bysettingmdmcfg2.sync_modeto3or7.thesyncwordwillthenberepea tedtwice.1101supportsbothconstantpacketlengthprotocolsandvariablelen gthprotocols.variableorfixedpacketlengthmodecanbeusedforpac ketsupto255bytes.forlongerpackets,infinitepacketlengthmodem ustbeused.fixedpacketlengthmodeisselectedbysettingpktctrl0.length_con fig=0.thedesiredpacketlengthissetbythepktlenregister.thisvaluemustbedifferentfrom0.invariablepacketlengthmode,pktctrl0.length_config=1,thepack etlengthisconfiguredbythefirstbyteafterthesyncword.thepacke tlengthisdefinedasthepayloaddata,excludingthelengthbyteando ptionalcrc.thepktlenregisterisusedtosetthemaximumpacketleng thallowedinrx.anypacketreceivedwithalengthbytewithavaluegre aterthanpktlenwillbediscarded.thepktlenvaluemustbedifferent from0.thebytewrittentothetxfifomustbedifferentfrom0.withpktctrl0.length_config=2,thepacketlengthissettoinfinite andtransmissionandreceptionwillcontinueuntilturnedoffmanual ly.asdescribedinthenextsection,thiscanbeusedtosupportpacket formatswithdifferentlengthconfigurationthannativelysupporte dby1101.oneshouldmakesurethattxisnotturnoffduringthetransmissionofthefirsthalfofanybyte.refertothe11012.1arbitrarylengthfieldconfigurationthepacketlengthregister,pktlen,canbereprogrammedduringrecei veandtransmit.inbinationwithfixedpacketlengthmode(pktctrl0. length_config=0),thisopensthepossibilitytohaveadifferentlen gthfieldconfigurationcansupportedforvariablelengthpackets(i nvariablepacketlengthmodethelengthbyteisthefirstbyteafterth esyncword).atthestartofreception,thepacketlengthissetalarge value.themcureadsoutenoughbytestointerpretthelengthfieldint hepacket.thenthepktlenvalueissetaordingtothisvalue.theendof packetwillourwhenthebytecounterinthepackethandlerisequaltot hepktlenregister.thus,themcumustbeabletoprogramthecorrectle ngth,beforetheinternalcounterreachesthepacketlength.2.2packetlength>255thepacketautomationcontrolregister,pktctrl0,canbereprogramm edduringtxandrx.thisopensthepossibilitytotransmitandreceive packetsthatarelongerthan256bytesandstillbeabletousethepacke thandlinghardwaresupport.atthestartofthepacket,theinfinitep acketlengthmode(pktctrl0.length_config=2)mustbeactive.onthe txside,thepktlenregisterissettomod(length,256).ontherxsidet hemcureadsoutenoughbytestointerpretthelengthfieldinthepacke tandsetsthepktlenregistertomod(length,256).whenlessthan256b ytesremainsofthepacket,themcudisablesinfinitepacketlengthmo deandactivatesfixedpacketlengthmode.whentheinternalbytecoun terreachesthepktlenvalue,thetransmissionorreceptionends(the radioentersthestatedeterminedbytxoff_modeorrxoff_mode).auto maticcrcappending/checkingcanalsobeused(bysettingpktctrl0.c rc_en=1).whenforexamplea600-bytepacketistobetransmitted,themcushould dothefollowing(seealsofigure18)setpktctrl0.length_config=2.pre-programthepktlenregistertomod(600,256)=88.transmitatleast345bytes(600-255),forexamplebyfillingthe64-b ytetxfifosixtimes(384bytestransmitted).setpktctrl0.length_config=0.thetransmissionendswhenthepacketcounterreaches88.atotalof60 0bytesaretransmitted.3packetfilteringinreceivemode1101supportsthreedifferenttypesofpacket-filtering;addressfi ltering,maximumlengthfiltering,andcrcfiltering.3.1addressingfilteringsettingpktctrl1.adr_chktoanyothervaluethanzeroenablesthepac ketaddressfilter.thepackethandlerenginewillparethedestinati onaddressbyteinthepacketwiththeprogrammednodeaddressinthead drregisterandthe0*00broadcastaddresswhenpktctrl1.adr_chk=10 orboththe0*00and0*ffbroadcastaddresseswhenpktctrl1.adr_chk= 11.ifthereceivedaddressmatchesavalidaddress,thepacketisrece ivedandwrittenintotherxfifo.iftheaddressmatchfails,thepacke tisdiscardedandreceivemoderestarted(regardlessofthemcsm1.rx off_modesetting).ifthereceivedaddressmatchesavalidaddresswhenusinginfinitepacketlengthmodeandaddressfilteringisenabled,0*ffwillbewritte nintotherxfifofollowedbytheaddressbyteandthenthepayloaddata.3.2maximumlengthfilteringinvariablepacketlengthmode,pktctrl0.length_config=1,thepktl en.packet_lengthregistervalueisusedtosetthemaximumallowedpa cketlength.ifthereceivedlengthbytehasalargervaluethanthis,t hepacketisdiscardedandreceivemoderestarted(regardlessofthem csm1.rxoff_modesetting).3.3crcfilteringthefilteringofapacketwhencrccheckfailsisenabledbysettingpkt ctrl1.crc_autoflush=1.thecrcautoflushfunctionwillflushtheen tirerxfifoifthecrccheckfails.afterautoflushingtherxfifo,the nextstatedependsonthemcsm1.rxoff_modesetting.whenusingtheautoflushfunction,themaximumpacketlengthis63byt esinvariablepacketlengthmode.notethatwhenpktctrl1append_sta tusisenabled,themaximumallowedpacketlengthisreducedbytwobyt esinordertomakeroomintherxfifoforthetwostatusbytesappendeda ttheendofthepacket.sincetheentirerxfifoisflushedwhenthecrcc heckfails,thepreviouslyreceivedpacketmustbereadoutofthefifo beforereceivingthecurrentpacket.themcumustnotreadfromthecur rentpacketuntilthecrchasbeencheckedasok.4packethandlingintr ansmitmodethepayloadthatistobetransmittedmustbewrittenintothetxfifo.t hefirstbytewrittenmustbethelengthbytewhenvariablepacketleng thisenabled.thelengthbytehasavalueequaltothepayloadofthepac ket(includingtheoptionaladdressbyte).ifaddressrecognitionisenabledonthereceiver,thesecondbytewrittentothetxfifomustbet headdressbyte.iffixedpacketlengthisenabled,thefirstbytewrittentothetxfifo shouldbetheaddress(assumingthereceiverusesaddressrecognitio n).themodulatorwillfirstsendtheprogrammednumberofpreamblebytes .ifdataisavaibleinthetxfifo,themodulatorwillsendthetwo-byte s(optionally4-byte)syncwordfollowedbythepayloadinthetxfifo.ifcrcisenabled,thec hecksumiscalculatedoverallthedatapulledfromthetxfifo,andthe resultissentastwoextrabytesfollowingthepayloaddata.ifthetxf iforunsemptybeforethepletepackethasbeentransmitted,theradiowillentertxfifo_underflowstate.theonlywaytoexitthisstateisb yissuingansftxstrobe.writingtothetxfifoafterithasbeenunderf lowedwillnotrestarttxmode.ifwhiteningisenabled,everythingfollowingthesyncwordswillbew hitened.thisisdonebeforetheoptionalfec/interleaverstage.whi teningisenabledbysettingpktctrl0.white_data=1.iffec/interleavingisenabled,everythingfollowingthesyncwords willbescrambledbytheinterleaverandfecencodedbeforebeingmodu lated.fecisenabledbysettingmdmcfg1.fec_en=1.5packethandlinginreceivemodeinreceivemode,thedemodulatorandpackethandlerwillsearchforav alidpreambleandthesyncword.whenfound,thesynchronismandwillreceivethefirstpayloadbyte.iffec/interleavingisenabled,thefecdecoderwillstarttodecodet hefirstpayloadbyte.theintrerleaverwillde-scramblethebitsbef oreanyotherprocessingisdonetothedata.ifwhiteningisenabled,thedatawillbede-whitenedatthisstage.whenvariablepacketlengthmodeisenabled,thefirstbyteistheleng thbyte.thepackethandlerstoresthisvalueasthepacketlengthandr eceivesthenumberofbytesindicatedbythelengthbyte.iffixedpack etlengthmodeisused,thepackethandlerwillaepttheprogrammednum berofbytes.next,thepackethandleroptionallycheckstheaddressandonlycontinuesthereceptioniftheaddressmatches.ifautomaticcrccheckisen abled,thepackethandlerputescrcandmatchesitwiththeappendedcr cchecksum.attheendofthepayload,thepackethandlerwilloptionallywhitetwo extrapacketstatusbytes(seetable27andtable28)thatcontaincrcs tatus,linkqualityindication,andrssivalue.6packethandlinginfirmwarewhenimplementingapacketorientedradioprotocolinfirmware,them cuneedstoknowwhenapackethasbeenreceived/transmitted.additio nally,forpacketslongerthan64bytes,therxfifoneedstoberefille dwhiteintx.thismeansthatthemcuneedstoknowthenumberofbytesth atcanbereadfromorwrittentotherxfifoandtxfiforespectively.th erearetwopossiblesolutionstogetthenecessarystatusinformation:a)interruptdrivensolutionthegdopinscanbeusedinbothrxandtxtogiveaninterruptwhenasyncw ordhasbeenreceived/transmittedorwhenapletepackethasbeenrece ived/transmittedbysettingiofgx.gdox_cfg=0*06.inaddition,the rearetwoconfigurationsfortheiocfgx.gdox_cfgregisterthatcanb eusedasaninterruptsourcetoprovideinformationonhowmanybytest hatareintherxfifoandtxfiforespectively.theiocfgx.gdox_cfg=0 *02andiocfgx.gdox_cfg=0*03configurationsareassociatedwithth etxfifo.seetable41formoreinformation.b)spipollingthepktststusregistercanbepolledatagivenratetogetinformation aboutthecurrentgdo2andgdo0valuesrespectively.therxbytesandtxbytesregisterscanbepolledatagivenratetogetinformationabout thenumberofbytesintherxfifoandtxfiforespectively.alternativ ely,thenumberofbytesintherxfifoandthetxfifocanbereadfromthe chipstatusbytereturnedonthemisolineeachtimeaheaderbyte,data byte,ormandstrobeissentonthespibus.itisremendedtoemployaninterruptdrivensolutionsincehighrates pipollingreducestherxsensitivity.furthermore,asexplainedins ection10.3andthe1101erratanotes[4],whenusingspipolling,ther eisasmall,butfinite,probabilitythatasinglereadfromregisters pkstatus,rxbytesandtxbytesisbeingcorrupt.thesameisthecasewh enreadingthechipstatusbyte.refertothetiwebsiteforswexamples([9]and[10]).数据包处理的硬件支持1101提供了对数据包导向无线协议的内置硬件支持。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
xxxx大学xxx学院毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译系部xxxx专业xxxx学生姓名xxxx 学号xxxx指导教师xxxx 职称xxxx2013年3 月Introducing the Spring FrameworkThe Spring Framework: a popular open source application framework that addresses many of the issues outlined in this book. This chapter will introduce the basic ideas of Spring and dis-cuss the central “bean factory” lightweight Inversion-of-Control (IoC) container in detail.Spring makes it particularly easy to implement lightweight, yet extensible, J2EE archi-tectures. It provides an out-of-the-box implementation of the fundamental architectural building blocks we recommend. Spring provides a consistent way of structuring your applications, and provides numerous middle tier features that can make J2EE development significantly easier and more flexible than in traditional approaches.The basic motivations for Spring are:To address areas not well served by other frameworks. There are numerous good solutions to specific areas of J2EE infrastructure: web frameworks, persistence solutions, remoting tools, and so on. However, integrating these tools into a comprehensive architecture can involve significant effort, and can become a burden. Spring aims to provide an end-to-end solution, integrating spe-cialized frameworks into a coherent overall infrastructure. Spring also addresses some areas that other frameworks don’t. For example, few frameworks address generic transaction management, data access object implementation, and gluing all those things together into an application, while still allowing for best-of-breed choice in each area. Hence we term Spring an application framework, rather than a web framework, IoC or AOP framework, or even middle tier framework.To allow for easy adoption. A framework should be cleanly layered, allowing the use of indi-vidual features without imposing a whole worldview on the application. Many Spring features, such as the JDBC abstraction layer or Hibernate integration, can be used in a library style or as part of the Spring end-to-end solution.To deliver ease of use. As we’ve noted, J2EE out of the box is relatively hard to use to solve many common problems. A good infrastructure framework should make simple tasks simple to achieve, without forcing tradeoffs for future complex requirements (like distributed transactions) on the application developer. It should allow developers to leverage J2EE services such as JTA where appropriate, but to avoid dependence on them in cases when they are unnecessarily complex.To make it easier to apply best practices. Spring aims to reduce the cost of adhering to best practices such as programming to interfaces, rather than classes, almost to zero. However, it leaves the choice of architectural style to the developer.Non-invasiveness. Application objects should have minimal dependence on the framework. If leveraging a specific Spring feature, an object should depend only on that particular feature, whether by implementing a callback interface or using the framework as a class library. IoC and AOP are the key enabling technologies for avoiding framework dependence.Consistent configuration. A good infrastructure framework should keep application configuration flexible and consistent, avoiding the need for custom singletons and factories. A single style should be applicable to all configuration needs, from the middle tier to web controllers.Ease of testing. Testing either whole applications or individual application classes in unit tests should be as easy as possible. Replacing resources or application objects with mock objects should be straightforward.To allow for extensibility. Because Spring is itself based on interfaces, rather than classes, it is easy to extend or customize it. Many Spring components use strategy interfaces, allowing easy customization.A Layered Application FrameworkChapter 6 introduced the Spring Framework as a lightweight container, competing with IoC containers such as PicoContainer. While the Spring lightweight container for JavaBeans is a core concept, this is just the foundation for a solution for all middleware layers.Basic Building Blockspring is a full-featured application framework that can be leveraged at many levels. It consists of multi-ple sub-frameworks that are fairly independent but still integrate closely into a one-stop shop, if desired. The key areas are:Bean factory. The Spring lightweight IoC container, capable of configuring and wiring up Java-Beans and most plain Java objects, removing the need for custom singletons and ad hoc configura-tion. Various out-of-the-box implementations include an XML-based bean factory. The lightweight IoC container and its Dependency Injection capabilities will be the main focus of this chapter.Application context. A Spring application context extends the bean factory concept by adding support for message sources and resource loading, and providing hooks into existing environ-ments. Various out-of-the-box implementations include standalone application contexts and an XML-based web application context.AOP framework. The Spring AOP framework provides AOP support for method interception on any class managed by a Spring lightweight container.It supports easy proxying of beans in a bean factory, seamlessly weaving in interceptors and other advice at runtime. Chapter 8 dis-cusses the Spring AOP framework in detail. The main use of the Spring AOP framework is to provide declarative enterprise services for POJOs.Auto-proxying. Spring provides a higher level of abstraction over the AOP framework and low-level services, which offers similar ease-of-use to .NET within a J2EE context. In particular, the provision of declarative enterprise services can be driven by source-level metadata.Transaction management. Spring provides a generic transaction management infrastructure, with pluggable transaction strategies (such as JTA and JDBC) and various means for demarcat-ing transactions in applications. Chapter 9 discusses its rationale and the power and flexibility that it offers.DAO abstraction. Spring defines a set of generic data access exceptions that can be used for cre-ating generic DAO interfaces that throw meaningful exceptions independent of the underlying persistence mechanism. Chapter 10 illustrates the Spring support for DAOs in more detail, examining JDBC, JDO, and Hibernate as implementation strategies.JDBC support. Spring offers two levels of JDBC abstraction that significantly ease the effort of writing JDBC-based DAOs: the org.springframework.jdbc.core package (a template/callback approach) and the org.springframework.jdbc.object package (modeling RDBMS operations as reusable objects). Using the Spring JDBC packages can deliver much greater pro-ductivity and eliminate the potential for common errors such as leaked connections, compared with direct use of JDBC. The Spring JDBC abstraction integrates with the transaction and DAO abstractions.Integration with O/R mapping tools. Spring provides support classesfor O/R Mapping tools like Hibernate, JDO, and iBATIS Database Layer to simplify resource setup, acquisition, and release, and to integrate with the overall transaction and DAO abstractions. These integration packages allow applications to dispense with custom ThreadLocal sessions and native transac-tion handling, regardless of the underlying O/R mapping approach they work with.Web MVC framework. Spring provides a clean implementation of web MVC, consistent with the JavaBean configuration approach. The Spring web framework enables web controllers to be configured within an IoC container, eliminating the need to write any custom code to access business layer services. It provides a generic DispatcherServlet and out-of-the-box controller classes for command and form handling. Request-to-controller mapping, view resolution, locale resolution and other important services are all pluggable, making the framework highly extensi-ble. The web framework is designed to work not only with JSP, but with any view technology, such as Velocity—without the need for additional bridges. Chapter 13 discusses web tier design and the Spring web MVC framework in detail.Remoting support. Spring provides a thin abstraction layer for accessing remote services without hard-coded lookups, and for exposing Spring-managed application beans as remote services. Out-of-the-box support is inc luded for RMI, Caucho’s Hessian and Burlap web service protocols, and WSDL Web Services via JAX-RPC. Chapter 11 discusses lightweight remoting.While Spring addresses areas as diverse as transaction management and web MVC, it uses a consistent approach everywhere. Once you have learned the basic configuration style, you will be able to apply it in many areas. Resources, middle tier objects, and web components are all set up using the same bean configuration mechanism. You can combine your entireconfiguration in one single bean definition file or split it by application modules or layers; the choice is up to you as the application developer. There is no need for diverse configuration files in a variety of formats, spread out across the application.Spring on J2EEAlthough many parts of Spring can be used in any kind of Java environment, it is primarily a J2EE application framework. For example, there are convenience classes for linking JNDI resources into a bean factory, such as JDBC DataSources and EJBs, and integration with JTA for distributed transaction management. In most cases, application objects do not need to work with J2EE APIs directly, improving reusability and meaning that there is no need to write verbose, hard-to-test, JNDI lookups.Thus Spring allows application code to seamlessly integrate into a J2EE environment without being unnecessarily tied to it. You can build upon J2EE services where it makes sense for your application, and choose lighter-weight solutions if there are no complex requirements. For example, you need to use JTA as transaction strategy only if you face distributed transaction requirements. For a single database, there are alternative strategies that do not depend on a J2EE container. Switching between those transac-tion strategies is merely a matter of configuration; Spring’s consistent abstraction avoids any need to change application code.Spring offers support for accessing EJBs. This is an important feature (and relevant even in a book on “J2EE without EJB”) because the u se of dynamic proxies as codeless client-side business delegates means that Spring can make using a local stateless session EJB an implementation-level, rather than a fundamen-tal architectural, choice.Thus if you want to use EJB, you can within a consistent architecture; however, you do not need to make EJB the cornerstone of your architecture. This Spring feature can make devel-oping EJB applications significantly faster, because there is no need to write custom code in service loca-tors or business delegates. Testing EJB client code is also much easier, because it only depends on the EJB’s Business Methods interface (which is not EJB-specific), not on JNDI or the EJB API.Spring also provides support for implementing EJBs, in the form of convenience superclasses for EJB implementation classes, which load a Spring lightweight container based on an environment variable specified in the ejb-jar.xml deployment descriptor. This is a powerful and convenient way of imple-menting SLSBs or MDBs that are facades for fine-grained POJOs: a best practice if you do choose to implement an EJB application. Using this Spring feature does not conflict with EJB in any way—it merely simplifies following good practice.Introducing the Spring FrameworkThe main aim of Spring is to make J2EE easier to use and promote good programming practice. It does not reinvent the wheel; thus you’ll find no logging packages in Spring, no connection pools, no distributed transaction coordinator. All these features are provided by other open source projects—such as Jakarta Commons Logging (which Spring uses for all its log output), Jakarta Commons DBCP (which can be used as local DataSource), and ObjectWeb JOTM (which can be used as transaction manager)—or by your J2EE application server. For the same reason, Spring doesn’t provide an O/R mapping layer: There are good solutions for this problem area, such as Hibernate and JDO.Spring does aim to make existing technologies easier to use. For example, although Spring is not in the business of low-level transactioncoordination, it does provide an abstraction layer over JTA or any other transaction strategy. Spring is also popular as middle tier infrastructure for Hibernate, because it provides solutions to many common issues like SessionFactory setup, ThreadLocal sessions, and exception handling. With the Spring HibernateTemplate class, implementation methods of Hibernate DAOs can be reduced to one-liners while properly participating in transactions.The Spring Framework does not aim to replace J2EE middle tier services as a whole. It is an application framework that makes accessing low-level J2EE container ser-vices easier. Furthermore, it offers lightweight alternatives for certain J2EE services in some scenarios, such as a JDBC-based transaction strategy instead of JTA when just working with a single database. Essentially, Spring enables you to write appli-cations that scale down as well as up.Spring for Web ApplicationsA typical usage of Spring in a J2EE environment is to serve as backbone for the logical middle tier of a J2EE web application. Spring provides a web application context concept, a powerful lightweight IoC container that seamlessly adapts to a web environment: It can be accessed from any kind of web tier, whether Struts, WebWork, Tapestry, JSF, Spring web MVC, or a custom solution.The following code shows a typical example of such a web application context. In a typical Spring web app, an applicationContext.xml file will reside in the WEB-INF directory, containing bean defini-tions according to the “spring-beans” DTD. In such a bean definition XML file, business objects and resources are defined, for example, a “myDataSource” bean, a “myInventoryManager” bean, and a “myProductManager” bean. Spring takes care of their configuration, their wiring up, and their lifecycle.<beans><bean id=”myDataSource” class=”org.springframework.jdbc. datasource.DriverManagerDataSource”><property name=”driverClassName”> <value>com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</value></property> <property name=”url”><value>jdbc:mysql:myds</value></property></bean><bean id=”myInventoryManager” class=”ebusiness.DefaultInventoryManager”> <property name=”dataSource”><ref bean=”myDataSource”/> </property></bean><bean id=”myProductManager” class=”ebusiness.DefaultProductManage r”><property name=”inventoryManager”><ref bean=”myInventoryManager”/> </property><property name=”retrieveCurrentStock”> <value>true</value></property></bean></beans>By default, all such beans have “singleton” scope: one instance per context. The “myInventoryManager” bean will automatically be wired up with the defined DataSource, while “myProductManager” will in turn receive a reference to the “myInventoryManager” bean. Those objects (traditionally called “beans” in Spring terminology) need to expos e only the corresponding bean properties or constructor arguments (as you’ll see later in this chapter); they do not have to perform any custom lookups.A root web application context will be loaded by a ContextLoaderListener that is defined in web.xml as follows:<web-app><listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class></listener>...</web-app>After initialization of the web app, the root web application context will be available as a ServletContext attribute to the whole web application, in the usual manner. It can be retrieved from there easily via fetching the corresponding attribute, or via a convenience method in org.springframework.web. context.support.WebApplicationContextUtils. This means that the application context will be available in any web resource with access to the ServletContext, like a Servlet, Filter, JSP, or Struts Action, as follows:WebApplicationContext wac = WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(servletContext);The Spring web MVC framework allows web controllers to be defined as JavaBeans in child application contexts, one per dispatcher servlet. Such controllers can express dependencies on beans in the root application context via simple bean references. Therefore, typical Spring web MVC applications never need to perform a manual lookup of an application context or bean factory, or do any other form of lookup.Neither do other client objects that are managed by an application context themselves: They can receive collaborating objects as bean references.The Core Bean FactoryIn the previous section, we have seen a typical usage of the Spring IoC container in a web environment: The provided convenience classes allow for seamless integration without having to worry about low-level container details. Nevertheless, it does help to look at the inner workings to understand how Spring manages the container. Therefore, we will now look at the Spring bean container in more detail, starting at the lowest building block: the bean factory. Later, we’ll continue with resource setup and details on the application context concept.One of the main incentives for a lightweight container is to dispense with the multitude of custom facto-ries and singletons often found in J2EE applications. The Spring bean factory provides one consistent way to set up any number of application objects, whether coarse-grained components or fine-grained busi-ness objects. Applying reflection and Dependency Injection, the bean factory can host components that do not need to be aware of Spring at all. Hence we call Spring a non-invasive application framework.Fundamental InterfacesThe fundamental lightweight container interface is org.springframework.beans.factory.Bean Factory. This is a simple interface, which is easy to implement directly in the unlikely case that none of the implementations provided with Spring suffices. The BeanFactory interface offers two getBean() methods for looking up bean instances by String name, with the option to check for a required type (and throw an exception if there is a type mismatch).public interface BeanFactory {Object getBean(String name) throws BeansException;Object getBean(String name, Class requiredType) throws BeansException;boolean containsBean(String name);boolean isSingleton(String name) throws NoSuchBeanDefinitionException;String[] getAliases(String name) throws NoSuchBeanDefinitionException;}The isSingleton() method allows calling code to check whether the specified name represents a sin-gleton or prototype bean definition. In the case of a singleton bean, all calls to the getBean() method will return the same object instance. In the case of a prototype bean, each call to getBean() returns an inde-pendent object instance, configured identically.The getAliases() method will return alias names defined for the given bean name, if any. This mecha-nism is used to provide more descriptive alternative names for beans than are permitted in certain bean factory storage representations, such as XML id attributes.The methods in most BeanFactory implementations are aware of a hierarchy that the implementation may be part of. If a bean is not foundin the current factory, the parent factory will be asked, up until the root factory. From the point of view of a caller, all factories in such a hierarchy will appear to be merged into one. Bean definitions in ancestor contexts are visible to descendant contexts, but not the reverse.All exceptions thrown by the BeanFactory interface and sub-interfaces extend org.springframework. beans.BeansException, and are unchecked. This reflects the fact that low-level configuration prob-lems are not usually recoverable: Hence, application developers can choose to write code to recover from such failures if they wish to, but should not be forced to write code in the majority of cases where config-uration failure is fatal.Most implementations of the BeanFactory interface do not merely provide a registry of objects by name; they provide rich support for configuring those objects using IoC. For example, they manage dependen-cies between managed objects, as well as simple properties. In the next section, we’ll look at how such configuration can be expressed in a simple and intuitive XML structure.The sub-interface org.springframework.beans.factory.ListableBeanFactory supports listing beans in a factory. It provides methods to retrieve the number of beans defined, the names of all beans, and the names of beans that are instances of a given type:public interface ListableBeanFactory extends BeanFactory {int getBeanDefinitionCount();String[] getBeanDefinitionNames();String[] getBeanDefinitionNames(Class type);boolean containsBeanDefinition(String name);Map getBeansOfType(Class type, boolean includePrototypes,boolean includeFactoryBeans) throws BeansException}The ability to obtain such information about the objects managed by a ListableBeanFactory can be used to implement objects that work with a set of other objects known only at runtime.In contrast to the BeanFactory interface, the methods in ListableBeanFactory apply to the current factory instance and do not take account of a hierarchy that the factory may be part of. The org.spring framework.beans.factory.BeanFactoryUtils class provides analogous methods that traverse an entire factory hierarchy.There are various ways to leverage a Spring bean factory, ranging from simple bean configuration to J2EE resource integration and AOP proxy generation. The bean factory is the central, consistent way of setting up any kind of application objects in Spring, whether DAOs, business objects, or web controllers. Note that application objects seldom need to work with the BeanFactory interface directly, but are usu-ally configured and wired by a factory without the need for any Spring-specific code.For standalone usage, the Spring distribution provides a tiny spring-core.jar file that can be embed-ded in any kind of application. Its only third-party dependency beyond J2SE 1.3 (plus JAXP for XML parsing) is the Jakarta Commons Logging API.The bean factory is the core of Spring and the foundation for many other services that the framework offers. Nevertheless, the bean factory can easily be used stan-dalone if no other Spring services are required.Derivative:networkSpring 框架简介Spring框架:这是一个流行的开源应用框架,它可以解决很多问题。
论文英文翻译最终版
序号(学号):040940131长春光华学院毕业设计(论文)译文Electronic technique电子技术姓名盛遵义教学院电气信息学院专业电子信息工程班级电信09401指导教师张淑艳(讲师)2013 年04 月10 日┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊Electronic techniqueFrom the world of radio in the world to a single chip, modern computer technology, industrial revolution, the world economy from the capital into the economy to knowledge economy。
Field in the electronic world, from the 20th century into the era of radio to computer technology in the 21st century as the center of the intelligent modern era of electronic systems。
The basic core of modern electronic systems are embedded computer systems (referred to as embedded systems), while the microcontroller is the most typical and most extensive and most popular embedded systems。
radio has created generations of excellence in the world Fifties and sixties in the 20th century,the most representative of the advanced electronic technology is wireless technology, including radio broadcasting, radio,wireless communications (telegraph),Amateur Radio, radio positioning,navigation and other telemetry, remote control, remote technology。
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文学生姓名:院(系):油气资源学院专业班级:物探0502指导教师:完成日期:年月日地震驱动评价与发展:以玻利维亚冲积盆地的研究为例起止页码:1099——1108出版日期:NOVEMBER 2005THE LEADING EDGE出版单位:PanYAmericanYEnergyvBuenosYAiresvYArgentinaJPYBLANGYvYBPYExplorationvYHoustonvYUSAJ.C.YCORDOVAandYE.YMARTINEZvYChacoYS.A.vYSantaYCruzvYBolivia 通过整合多种地球物理地质技术,在玻利维亚冲积盆地,我们可以减少许多与白垩纪储集层勘探有关的地质技术风险。
通过对这些远景区进行成功钻探我们可以验证我们的解释。
这些方法包括盆地模拟,联井及地震叠前同时反演,岩石性质及地震属性解释,A VO/A V A,水平地震同相轴,光谱分解。
联合解释能够得到构造和沉积模式的微笑校正。
迄今为止,在新区有七口井已经进行了成功钻探。
基质和区域地质。
Tarija/Chaco盆地的subandean 褶皱和冲断带山麓的中部和南部,部分扩展到玻利维亚的Boomerange地区经历了集中的成功的开采。
许多深大的泥盆纪气田已经被发现,目前正在生产。
另外在山麓发现的规模较小较浅的天然气和凝析气田和大的油田进行价格竞争,如果他们能产出较快的油流而且成本低。
最近发现气田就是这种情况。
接下来,我们赋予Aguja的虚假名字就是为了讲述这些油田的成功例子。
图1 Aguja油田位于玻利维亚中部Chaco盆地的西北角。
基底构造图显示了Isarzama背斜的相对位置。
地层柱状图显示了主要的储集层和源岩。
该油田在Trija和冲积盆地附近的益背斜基底上,该背斜将油田和Ben i盆地分开(图1),圈闭类型是上盘背斜,它存在于连续冲断层上,Aguja有两个主要结构:Aguja中部和Aguja Norte,通过重要的转换压缩断层将较早开发的“Sur”油田分开Yantata Centro结构是一个三路闭合对低角度逆冲断层并伴随有小的摆幅。
毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译要求
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毕业设计英文 翻译(原文)
编号:毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(原文)院(系):桂林电子科技大学专业:电子信息工程学生姓名: xx学号: xxxxxxxxxxxxx 指导教师单位:桂林电子科技大学姓名: xxxx职称: xx2014年x月xx日Timing on and off power supplyusesThe switching power supply products are widely used in industrial automation and control, military equipment, scientific equipment, LED lighting, industrial equipment,communications equipment,electrical equipment,instrumentation, medical equipment, semiconductor cooling and heating, air purifiers, electronic refrigerator, LCD monitor, LED lighting, communications equipment, audio-visual products, security, computer chassis, digital products and equipment and other fields.IntroductionWith the rapid development of power electronics technology, power electronics equipment and people's work, the relationship of life become increasingly close, and electronic equipment without reliable power, into the 1980s, computer power and the full realization of the switching power supply, the first to complete the computer Power new generation to enter the switching power supply in the 1990s have entered into a variety of electronic, electrical devices, program-controlled switchboards, communications, electronic testing equipment power control equipment, power supply, etc. have been widely used in switching power supply, but also to promote the rapid development of the switching power supply technology .Switching power supply is the use of modern power electronics technology to control the ratio of the switching transistor to turn on and off to maintain a stable output voltage power supply, switching power supply is generally controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) ICs and switching devices (MOSFET, BJT) composition. Switching power supply and linear power compared to both the cost and growth with the increase of output power, but the two different growth rates. A power point, linear power supply costs, but higher than the switching power supply. With the development of power electronics technology and innovation, making the switching power supply technology to continue to innovate, the turning points of this cost is increasingly move to the low output power side, the switching power supply provides a broad space for development.The direction of its development is the high-frequency switching power supply, high frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into a wider range of application areas, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the miniaturization of high-tech products, light of. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.classificationModern switching power supply, there are two: one is the DC switching power supply; the other is the AC switching power supply. Introduces only DC switching power supply and its function is poor power quality of the original eco-power (coarse) - such as mains power or battery power, converted to meet the equipment requirements of high-quality DC voltage (Varitronix) . The core of the DC switching power supply DC / DC converter. DC switching power supply classification is dependent on the classification of DC / DC converter. In other words, the classification of the classification of the DC switching power supply and DC/DC converter is the classification of essentially the same, the DC / DC converter is basically a classification of the DC switching power supply.DC /DC converter between the input and output electrical isolation can be divided into two categories: one is isolated called isolated DC/DC converter; the other is not isolated as non-isolated DC / DC converter.Isolated DC / DC converter can also be classified by the number of active power devices. The single tube of DC / DC converter Forward (Forward), Feedback (Feedback) two. The double-barreled double-barreled DC/ DC converter Forward (Double Transistor Forward Converter), twin-tube feedback (Double Transistor Feedback Converter), Push-Pull (Push the Pull Converter) and half-bridge (Half-Bridge Converter) four. Four DC / DC converter is the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Non-isolated DC / DC converter, according to the number of active power devices can be divided into single-tube, double pipe, and four three categories. Single tube to a total of six of the DC / DC converter, step-down (Buck) DC / DC converter, step-up (Boost) DC / DC converters, DC / DC converter, boost buck (Buck Boost) device of Cuk the DC / DC converter, the Zeta DC / DC converter and SEPIC, the DC / DC converter. DC / DC converters, the Buck and Boost type DC / DC converter is the basic buck-boost of Cuk, Zeta, SEPIC, type DC / DC converter is derived from a single tube in this six. The twin-tube cascaded double-barreled boost (buck-boost) DC / DC converter DC / DC converter. Four DC / DC converter is used, the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Isolated DC / DC converter input and output electrical isolation is usually transformer to achieve the function of the transformer has a transformer, so conducive to the expansion of the converter output range of applications, but also easy to achieve different voltage output , or a variety of the same voltage output.Power switch voltage and current rating, the converter's output power is usually proportional to the number of switch. The more the number of switch, the greater the output power of the DC / DC converter, four type than the two output power is twice as large,single-tube output power of only four 1/4.A combination of non-isolated converters and isolated converters can be a single converter does not have their own characteristics. Energy transmission points, one-way transmission and two-way transmission of two DC / DC converter. DC / DC converter with bi-directional transmission function, either side of the transmission power from the power of lateral load power from the load-lateral side of the transmission power.DC / DC converter can be divided into self-excited and separately controlled. With the positive feedback signal converter to switch to self-sustaining periodic switching converter, called self-excited converter, such as the the Luo Yeer (Royer,) converter is a typical push-pull self-oscillating converter. Controlled DC / DC converter switching device control signal is generated by specialized external control circuit.the switching power supply.People in the field of switching power supply technology side of the development of power electronic devices, while the development of the switching inverter technology, the two promote each other to promote the switching power supply annual growth rate of more than two digits toward the light, small, thin, low-noise, high reliability, the direction of development of anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, AC / AC DC / AC, such as inverters, DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardization, and has been recognized by the user, but AC / DC modular, its own characteristics make the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. Hereinafter to illustrate the structure and characteristics of the two types of switching power supply.Self-excited: no external signal source can be self-oscillation, completely self-excited to see it as feedback oscillation circuit of a transformer.Separate excitation: entirely dependent on external sustain oscillations, excited used widely in practical applications. According to the excitation signal structure classification; can be divided into pulse-width-modulated and pulse amplitude modulated two pulse width modulated control the width of the signal is frequency, pulse amplitude modulation control signal amplitude between the same effect are the oscillation frequency to maintain within a certain range to achieve the effect of voltage stability. The winding of the transformer can generally be divided into three types, one group is involved in the oscillation of the primary winding, a group of sustained oscillations in the feedback winding, there is a group of load winding. Such as Shanghai is used in household appliances art technological production of switching power supply, 220V AC bridge rectifier, changing to about 300V DC filter added tothe collector of the switch into the transformer for high frequency oscillation, the feedback winding feedback to the base to maintain the circuit oscillating load winding induction signal, the DC voltage by the rectifier, filter, regulator to provide power to the load. Load winding to provide power at the same time, take up the ability to voltage stability, the principle is the voltage output circuit connected to a voltage sampling device to monitor the output voltage changes, and timely feedback to the oscillator circuit to adjust the oscillation frequency, so as to achieve stable voltage purposes, in order to avoid the interference of the circuit, the feedback voltage back to the oscillator circuit with optocoupler isolation.technology developmentsThe high-frequency switching power supply is the direction of its development, high-frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into the broader field of application, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the development and advancement of the switching power supply, an annual more than two-digit growth rate toward the light, small, thin, low noise, high reliability, the direction of the anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, the DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardized, and has been recognized by the user, but modular AC / DC, because of its own characteristics makes the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.The switching power supply applications in power electronic devices as diodes, IGBT and MOSFET.SCR switching power supply input rectifier circuit and soft start circuit, a small amount of applications, the GTR drive difficult, low switching frequency, gradually replace the IGBT and MOSFET.Direction of development of the switching power supply is a high-frequency, high reliability, low power, low noise, jamming and modular. Small, thin, and the key technology is the high frequency switching power supply light, so foreign major switching power supply manufacturers have committed to synchronize the development of new intelligent components, in particular, is to improve the secondary rectifier loss, and the power of iron Oxygen materials to increase scientific and technological innovation in order to improve the magnetic properties of high frequency and large magnetic flux density (Bs), and capacitor miniaturization is a key technology. SMT technology allows the switching power supply has made considerable progress, the arrangement of the components in the circuit board on bothsides, to ensure that the light of the switching power supply, a small, thin. High-frequency switching power supply is bound to the traditional PWM switching technology innovation, realization of ZVS, ZCS soft-switching technology has become the mainstream technology of the switching power supply, and a substantial increase in the efficiency of the switching power supply. Indicators for high reliability, switching power supply manufacturers in the United States by reducing the operating current, reducing the junction temperature and other measures to reduce the stress of the device, greatly improve the reliability of products.Modularity is the overall trend of switching power supply, distributed power systems can be composed of modular power supply, can be designed to N +1 redundant power system, and the parallel capacity expansion. For this shortcoming of the switching power supply running noise, separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will also increase, while the use of part of the resonant converter circuit technology to achieve high frequency, in theory, but also reduce noise, but some The practical application of the resonant converter technology, there are still technical problems, it is still a lot of work in this field, so that the technology to be practical.Power electronics technology innovation, switching power supply industry has broad prospects for development. To accelerate the pace of development of the switching power supply industry in China, it must take the road of technological innovation, out of joint production and research development path with Chinese characteristics and contribute to the rapid development of China's national economy.Developments and trends of the switching power supply1955 U.S. Royer (Roger) invented the self-oscillating push-pull transistor single-transformer DC-DC converter is the beginning of the high-frequency conversion control circuit 1957 check race Jen, Sen, invented a self-oscillating push-pull dual transformers, 1964, U.S. scientists canceled frequency transformer in series the idea of switching power supply, the power supply to the size and weight of the decline in a fundamental way. 1969 increased due to the pressure of the high-power silicon transistor, diode reverse recovery time shortened and other components to improve, and finally made a 25-kHz switching power supply.At present, the switching power supply to the small, lightweight and high efficiency characteristics are widely used in a variety of computer-oriented terminal equipment, communications equipment, etc. Almost all electronic equipment is indispensable for a rapid development of today's electronic information industry power mode. Bipolar transistor made of 100kHz, 500kHz power MOS-FET made, though already the practical switching power supply is currently available on the market, but its frequency to be further improved. Toimprove the switching frequency, it is necessary to reduce the switching losses, and to reduce the switching losses, the need for high-speed switch components. However, the switching speed will be affected by the distribution of the charge stored in the inductance and capacitance, or diode circuit to produce a surge or noise. This will not only affect the surrounding electronic equipment, but also greatly reduce the reliability of the power supply itself. Which, in order to prevent the switching Kai - closed the voltage surge, RC or LC buffers can be used, and the current surge can be caused by the diode stored charge of amorphous and other core made of magnetic buffer . However, the high frequency more than 1MHz, the resonant circuit to make the switch on the voltage or current through the switch was a sine wave, which can reduce switching losses, but also to control the occurrence of surges. This switch is called the resonant switch. Of this switching power supply is active, you can, in theory, because in this way do not need to greatly improve the switching speed of the switching losses reduced to zero, and the noise is expected to become one of the high-frequency switching power supply The main ways. At present, many countries in the world are committed to several trillion Hz converter utility.the principle of IntroductionThe switching power supply of the process is quite easy to understand, linear power supplies, power transistors operating in the linear mode and linear power, the PWM switching power supply to the power transistor turns on and off state, in both states, on the power transistor V - security product is very small (conduction, low voltage, large current; shutdown, voltage, current) V oltammetric product / power device is power semiconductor devices on the loss.Compared with the linear power supply, the PWM switching power supply more efficient process is achieved by "chopping", that is cut into the amplitude of the input DC voltage equal to the input voltage amplitude of the pulse voltage. The pulse duty cycle is adjusted by the switching power supply controller. Once the input voltage is cut into the AC square wave, its amplitude through the transformer to raise or lower. Number of groups of output voltage can be increased by increasing the number of primary and secondary windings of the transformer. After the last AC waveform after the rectifier filter the DC output voltage.The main purpose of the controller is to maintain the stability of the output voltage, the course of their work is very similar to the linear form of the controller. That is the function blocks of the controller, the voltage reference and error amplifier can be designed the same as the linear regulator. Their difference lies in the error amplifier output (error voltage) in the drive before the power tube to go through a voltage / pulse-width conversion unit.Switching power supply There are two main ways of working: Forward transformand boost transformation. Although they are all part of the layout difference is small, but the course of their work vary greatly, have advantages in specific applications.the circuit schematicThe so-called switching power supply, as the name implies, is a door, a door power through a closed power to stop by, then what is the door, the switching power supply using SCR, some switch, these two component performance is similar, are relying on the base switch control pole (SCR), coupled with the pulse signal to complete the on and off, the pulse signal is half attentive to control the pole voltage increases, the switch or transistor conduction, the filter output voltage of 300V, 220V rectifier conduction, transmitted through the switching transformer secondary through the transformer to the voltage increase or decrease for each circuit work. Oscillation pulse of negative semi-attentive to the power regulator, base, or SCR control voltage lower than the original set voltage power regulator cut-off, 300V power is off, switch the transformer secondary no voltage, then each circuit The required operating voltage, depends on this secondary road rectifier filter capacitor discharge to maintain. Repeat the process until the next pulse cycle is a half weeks when the signal arrival. This switch transformer is called the high-frequency transformer, because the operating frequency is higher than the 50HZ low frequency. Then promote the pulse of the switch or SCR, which requires the oscillator circuit, we know, the transistor has a characteristic, is the base-emitter voltage is 0.65-0.7V is the zoom state, 0.7V These are the saturated hydraulic conductivity state-0.1V-0.3V in the oscillatory state, then the operating point after a good tune, to rely on the deep negative feedback to generate a negative pressure, so that the oscillating tube onset, the frequency of the oscillating tube capacitor charging and discharging of the length of time from the base to determine the oscillation frequency of the output pulse amplitude, and vice versa on the small, which determines the size of the output voltage of the power regulator. Transformer secondary output voltage regulator, usually switching transformer, single around a set of coils, the voltage at its upper end, as the reference voltage after the rectifier filter, then through the optocoupler, this benchmark voltage return to the base of the oscillating tube pole to adjust the level of the oscillation frequency, if the transformer secondary voltage is increased, the sampling coil output voltage increases, the positive feedback voltage obtained through the optocoupler is also increased, this voltage is applied oscillating tube base, so that oscillation frequency is reduced, played a stable secondary output voltage stability, too small do not have to go into detail, nor it is necessary to understand the fine, such a high-power voltage transformer by switching transmission, separated and after the class returned by sampling the voltage from the opto-coupler pass separated after class, so before the mains voltage, and after the classseparation, which is called cold plate, it is safe, transformers before power is independent, which is called switching power supply.the DC / DC conversionDC / DC converter is a fixed DC voltage transformation into a variable DC voltage, also known as the DC chopper. There are two ways of working chopper, one Ts constant pulse width modulation mode, change the ton (General), the second is the frequency modulation, the same ton to change the Ts, (easy to produce interference). Circuit by the following categories:Buck circuit - the step-down chopper, the average output voltage U0 is less than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Boost Circuit - step-up chopper, the average output voltage switching power supply schematic U0 is greater than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Buck-Boost circuit - buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, the inductance transmission.Cuk circuit - a buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, capacitance transmission.The above-mentioned non-isolated circuit, the isolation circuit forward circuits, feedback circuit, the half-bridge circuit, the full bridge circuit, push-pull circuit. Today's soft-switching technology makes a qualitative leap in the DC / DC the U.S. VICOR company design and manufacture a variety of ECI soft-switching DC / DC converter, the maximum output power 300W, 600W, 800W, etc., the corresponding power density (6.2 , 10,17) W/cm3 efficiency (80-90)%. A the Japanese Nemic Lambda latest using soft-switching technology, high frequency switching power supply module RM Series, its switching frequency (200 to 300) kHz, power density has reached 27W/cm3 with synchronous rectifier (MOSFETs instead of Schottky diodes ), so that the whole circuit efficiency by up to 90%.AC / DC conversionAC / DC conversion will transform AC to DC, the power flow can be bi-directional power flow by the power flow to load known as the "rectification", referred to as "active inverter power flow returned by the load power. AC / DC converter input 50/60Hz AC due must be rectified, filtered, so the volume is relatively large filter capacitor is essential, while experiencing safety standards (such as UL, CCEE, etc.) and EMC Directive restrictions (such as IEC, FCC, CSA) in the AC input side must be added to the EMC filter and use meets the safety standards of the components, thus limiting the miniaturization of the volume of AC / DC power, In addition, due to internal frequency, high voltage, current switching, making the problem difficult to solve EMC also high demands on the internal high-density mountingcircuit design, for the same reason, the high voltage, high current switch makes power supply loss increases, limiting the AC / DC converter modular process, and therefore must be used to power system optimal design method to make it work efficiency to reach a certain level of satisfaction.AC / DC conversion circuit wiring can be divided into half-wave circuit, full-wave circuit. Press the power phase can be divided into single-phase three-phase, multiphase. Can be divided into a quadrant, two quadrant, three quadrants, four-quadrant circuit work quadrant.he selection of the switching power supplySwitching power supply input on the anti-jamming performance, compared to its circuit structure characteristics (multi-level series), the input disturbances, such as surge voltage is difficult to pass on the stability of the output voltage of the technical indicators and linear power have greater advantages, the output voltage stability up to (0.5)%. Switching power supply module as an integrated power electronic devices should be selected。
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重庆理工大学文献翻译二级学院电子信息及自动化学院班级 108070404学生姓名李显伟学号10807040412基于FPGA新型步进电机控制器硬件实现Daniel Carrica, Senior Member, IEEE, Marcos A. Funes, and Sergio A. González, Member, IEEE 摘要:本文提出了一种新颖的基于现场可编程门阵列的步进电机控制器,这种控制器呈现出了显著的优势。
该系统提供了一种新型算法和可编程逻辑的组合,以达到硬件工作既高速又精确。
关键字:现场可编程门阵列(FPGA),运动控制,步进电机。
Ⅰ.引言在高精度步进电机应用中,使用小步距电动机是非常必要的,其尺寸是由实际需求决定的。
另一个可供选择的技术是微步技术,其电机步长通过控制进一步的减小。
由于微步与很小的位移有关,因此必须由大量微步求得总位移。
而总位移必须在可接受的时间内执行。
因此,微步之间的时间差应该尽量减小。
当以微步的运作方式分度时,控制器和驱动器之间的高速数据传输是必须的。
此外,开环编码器比那些闭环编码器要便宜的多,如果选择开环系统,则必须使用速度分布图,以避免失去步进功能的后果。
图1显示了一台步进电机的基本构成。
它有三个部分:1)速度分布图生成器;2)分度器;3)电流驱动装置。
(1)和(2)被置在了我们称之为控制器的里面。
在速度分布图生成以后,必须由分度器把他们转变为成脉冲时间间隔。
每个分度脉冲意味着电机在一个步进中转子的位置必须增加的量,因此命名其为分度器。
这个模块的功能就是完成从速度到时间的转化。
这个模块可以看作是对电机动作增加量的的控制,而其他类型的电机只可以通过应用速度分布图以电流或电压的形式控制[1],[2]。
图.1.完整控制系统图1中的控制器的实施有两个不同的选择:离线或上线配置。
A离线:在离线配置中,微步的时间比动作[3]和[4]先计算出来了。
速度分布和脉冲之间的时间跨度被计算出来后,存放在一些记忆媒介的硬件中,例如ROM 甚至硬盘。
这些配置有一个缺点,就是它们对组成记忆器和记时器得硬件容量有很严格的要求,这个容量要与电机的数量以及位移的范围与精确度相适应。
B 上线:智能系统通过时间滞后序列产生的算法来执行计算分度器脉冲的操作。
在图2中可以看到一个基本配置的流程图。
这个流程图包含两个主要模块:)(k r V 部分表示速度分布图的建立和)(k t ∆的计算、当前的步骤和接下来一步之间的时间的计算。
也就是,)(k r V 是速度分布图发生器,)(k t ∆是分度器。
因为是用一个单一的方程计算速度分布图和)(k t ∆,因此有一个共同的模块是共享的。
例如,(1)和(2)为梯形分布图[5]表达了一个典型的算法。
a N V a k N V t k )1(2)1(222max 2max )(--+---=∆ (1))()(1k k t step V ∆= (2) 这儿)(k V 是最终速度,max V 是电机的最高速度,N 是微步的总数,a 是梯形分布图的加速度,)(k t ∆是第k 步的时间。
这些配置以及离线的配置为了获得脉冲分度而利用了计时器。
因此每台电机配置一台计时器是很有必要的,但当必须由一个处理器来控制多台电机的时候,这种方法就往往不令人满意了。
另一个很严重的缺点是计算(1)时需要计算时间c T ,而c T 对速度有影响。
此外,不仅c T 影响(3)中的最大速度,而且计时器分辨率r T 也影响着(3)中的最大速度。
cr T T V +=1max (3) 当计时器的分辨率足够小时,以至于可以摒弃方程中的r T 。
因此,(3)转变为了(4)。
图.2.上线算法cT V 1max ≅ (4) 当速度很高时,标准算法将失效,这主要是因为要计算时间c T 。
为了解决速度max V 的问题,下面提供一个更有效的没有计时器的步进发生程序的新算法。
Ⅱ.算法的提出本节所提出的算法可以解释如下:为了估计时间)(k t ∆,假设)(k t ∆是k n 倍的c T ,则这是一个不使用计时器的测量时间的精确的方法。
因此,在每一次迭代中,所提出的算法要做好以下步骤:1) 使1=k n2)假设c k k T n t ⋅=∆)( (5)其中,k n 是一个正整数。
3)检验:如果假设)(k t ∆允许期望)(k V 。
则,这意味着)()(1k k r t V ∆= (6)其中,)(k r V 是在第k 步进时的速度。
图.3.算法流程图4)如果第三步检验通过,那么执行新的步进。
否则,增加k n 并且重复这一过程。
(2,3和4)1+=k k n n (7)从(5)可以看出,)(k t ∆的分辨率是c T 。
(6)中的等式因为这个分辨率而不可能成立,等式(6)相应的变成了(8))()(1k k r t V ∆≥ (8) 消除(8)中的则必须减少迭代时间。
因此,一个简单的缩写式(9)就成了首选。
1)()(≥∆⋅k k r t V (9)新算法是基于(5)、(7)和(9)之上的,(5)中的c T 与(4)中的c T 有相同的意义,但是相关的数量更少,因此此处的计算是很简单。
实验表明此种方法计算c T 比传统的算法要小10倍。
图.4.预期速度分布图总括来说,该算法基本上是一定时期的累计直到达到预期速度。
图3.表示了执行(5)、(7)和(9)的一个系统的流程图。
速度分布图模块在之前就已经执行了。
通过(5)可以得到, k n 是一个整数,则新算法的)(k t ∆的分辨率是c T 。
新算法中)(k t ∆分辨率出现了一个速度量化问题,因为在(6)中速度与)(k t ∆是成反比的。
由于)(k t ∆是c T 的整数倍,而且1≥k n ,结果表明,该速度指令有以下特点⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧====⋅=∆=K n n n K V V V T n t V k k k c k k n k 21,,,2max 11max max )( (10)下面举一个例子,图.4显示了从min V 开始到有一个最大速度max V 的梯形分布图。
为了保持预期速度的轨道(在间断线),该系统定义初始值7=k n 。
这个速度7/max V 最接近预期的初速度min V 。
在1t 时刻,k n 变到6,作为一个结论,我们知道会产生更高的速度6/max V 。
在2t 时刻,5=k n产生一个指令速度5/max V 。
然后在6t 时刻,指令速度为max V ,与期望速度分布相等。
当在速度比较高时,)(k t ∆比c T 小,量化的影响更显著。
影响效果也可以解释为中间的速度不能发生在max V 与2/max V 、2/max V 与3/max V 以及3/max V 与4/max V 之间等等。
图.5. 基于FPGA 的控制系统因此,这个算法既不需要计时器,也不需要查找表,并且可以在很高的速度下应用。
它的缺点是量化会产生一定的影响,这个量化取决于c T 的数量。
由目前的DSP 技术,最小6=c T 微妙。
这个c T 的数量在速度大约为15000步进/每秒产生的量化水平为2000步进,这表明了问题的严重性。
Ⅲ. 硬件实现为了减少计算的时间,硬件的实现问题被提了出来。
第二节提出的算法由传统的硬件就很容易实现。
硬件允许多个任务并行执行,因此,可以提供一个有效的并行执行的方法,这个方法可以大大减少计算时间。
例如:分布图发生器、乘法器以及分度器可以分别由不同的模块彼此独立的执行。
这时方程(5)和(9)为(11)所取代,虽然,这意味着算法没有发生改变,但它使得两个乘数变为一个,这就使得高效率的硬件实现起来没有缺点。
在图5.中表示了(5)和(9)的硬件实现,框图表示的是控制器。
计c T 时钟周期的计数器描绘了(5)的执行。
(11)的硬件实现是由乘法器和比较器实现的。
ck R T n V 1≥⋅ (11) 当不等式成立时,产生一个新的步进。
信号随之被传输到驱动程序接口,从而控制脉冲给电机的每个相位驱动。
图5.显示了一个四相位电机。
该硬件实现的时钟周期c T ,等于软件执行第二节中的算法的时间。
该时钟周期c T 决定了控制器的时间分辨率。
因为在硬件实现中,c T 可以在很大程度上得以降低,因此,量化对速度的影响可以忽略不计。
标准的乘法器的执行是由一个组合结构完成的。
这种做法非常好的考虑了c T 时间,因为它提出了一种由逻辑门产生的最小延迟,但它占用了大量的逻辑资源,从而增加了乘数字长度的比例。
例如,一个16×16位的乘积需要占用一个由10000逻辑门组成的FPGA [6],[7]的 90%的逻辑资源。
为了克服FPGA 领域的问题,在[8]和[9]中为乘数按序排出序列。
这种做法可以让一个有效范围减图.6.基于FPGA 系统的位置和速度分布图少10倍,但是却有更大的c T ,如一个16位的乘数就需要配置16个时钟脉冲。
不过对一个40 MHz的时钟来说,c T 时间只有400纳秒了,对于系统仍然可以忽略不记。
作为一个结论,采用连续乘数时,在一个FPGA 系统中,算法的实现有6000个逻辑门。
生成梯形分布图时也会生成几个参数,如加速度,最小速度和最大速度,以及步进数量。
控制器决定基于这些参数分布图,并生成一个参考分布来驱动步进电机。
于是基于新算法的一个新的控制器的硬件实现提出来了。
新系统提供了一个在简洁的硬件上就可以实现既高速度又高精度的方案。
此外,由于具有弹性和FPGA 实现能减少计算时间的特点,这个控制器可以很容易的实现全步模式、半步模式和微步模式驱动。
Ⅳ. 实验结果为了评价系统的绩效,在一个Xilinx FPGA XC4006-3里执行了提出的算法。
这个装置拥有6000个逻辑门,可以在同步系统时钟频率高达80 MHz 时运行。
实验中使用了一个混合式步进电机。
该电机特点:400步进/转,惯性力矩为13·10-7kg ·m 2,71033-⋅=et T N ·m 。
再没有额外的相联系的工作负荷了。
位置测量的获得是通过增量光学编码器ELAP-E521获得的,ELAP-E521有一个1024脉冲/转的分辨率,其惯性力矩为2.5·10-6kg ·m 2。
这是通过一个惯性力矩为2.3·10-6kg ·m 2的HELICAL-WA25相互联系在一起的。
位置曲线是通过译码器读高分辨率的计时器信号获得的。
通过离线状态的位置来获得速度分布图。
乘数器以一个40 MHz 的时钟率工作,产生一个400纳秒的时间。
800=c T 纳秒是可以接受的,在相应的电机速度里,仍然是可以忽略不计的。
在生成梯形分布图后,步进电机必须建立12000步进位移,该梯形分布图有以下特征:500min =V 步进/s ,6000max =V 步进/s 和最大加速度4200max =a 步进/s 2。