MEDICO LEGAL INFO
尸体解剖
前言本技术规范根据刑事诉讼法、民事诉讼法及司法部《司法鉴定程序通则》有关规定，运用法医病理学的理论和技术，结合法医病理学鉴定的实践经验而制定，为法医学尸体检验、死亡原因鉴定提供科学依据和统一标准。
本技术规范参考了《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》、《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》、卫生部《尸体解剖规则》和欧盟部长委员会提案《法医学尸体解剖协调规则》、美国法医协会《法医学尸体解剖执行标准》。
本技术规范按照GB/T 1.1-2009 给出的规则起草。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所提出。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定管理局归口。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所、中国医科大学负责起草。
本技术规范主要起草人：陈忆九、官大威、秦志强、张国华、刘宁国、张建华、黄平、邹冬华、李正东、邵煜。
SF/Z JD0101002——2015II引言现阶段我国在法医学尸体检验方面已建立了多项行业技术标准、规范，并按不同的死亡原因规定了相关尸体检验的重点内容和方法。
然而，上述标准、规范中均未系统地规定法医学尸体检验的总体原则、一般注意事项以及现场勘验、尸体解剖程序和要求、尸体解剖报告格式及特殊尸体的检验方案等。
鉴于此，有必要借鉴国内外法医学领域新的研究进展与应用技术成果，并结合当前我国法医学鉴定工作的实际现状，制订一项全面、系统、可操作性强，且具有指导意义的法医学尸体解剖规范，该技术规范有助于各级专业技术人员在进行法医学尸体检验、鉴定过程中形成一整套完善的工作程序，有助于法医学重新鉴定工作的开展，能为相关学术交流提供技术支持。
本技术规范规定了法医学尸体检验的一般原则、条件和作业程序。
本技术规范的内容包括现场尸体勘验、尸表检验的一般程序原则以及法医学尸体解剖操作规范等。
由于法医学鉴定个案复杂多变，鉴定实践中基于求同存异的原则，在具体操作中本技术规范的各部分内容均可酌情独立使用。
本技术规范适用于各类法医学鉴定的尸体检验。
SF/Z JD0101002——20151法医学尸体解剖规范1 范围本技术规范规定了法医学尸体解剖的一般程序及规则。
尸体解剖
前言本技术规范根据刑事诉讼法、民事诉讼法及司法部《司法鉴定程序通则》有关规定，运用法医病理学的理论和技术，结合法医病理学鉴定的实践经验而制定，为法医学尸体检验、死亡原因鉴定提供科学依据和统一标准。
本技术规范参考了《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》、《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》、卫生部《尸体解剖规则》和欧盟部长委员会提案《法医学尸体解剖协调规则》、美国法医协会《法医学尸体解剖执行标准》。
本技术规范按照GB/T 1.1-2009 给出的规则起草。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所提出。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定管理局归口。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所、中国医科大学负责起草。
本技术规范主要起草人：陈忆九、官大威、秦志强、张国华、刘宁国、张建华、黄平、邹冬华、李正东、邵煜。
SF/Z JD0101002——2015II引言现阶段我国在法医学尸体检验方面已建立了多项行业技术标准、规范，并按不同的死亡原因规定了相关尸体检验的重点内容和方法。
然而，上述标准、规范中均未系统地规定法医学尸体检验的总体原则、一般注意事项以及现场勘验、尸体解剖程序和要求、尸体解剖报告格式及特殊尸体的检验方案等。
鉴于此，有必要借鉴国内外法医学领域新的研究进展与应用技术成果，并结合当前我国法医学鉴定工作的实际现状，制订一项全面、系统、可操作性强，且具有指导意义的法医学尸体解剖规范，该技术规范有助于各级专业技术人员在进行法医学尸体检验、鉴定过程中形成一整套完善的工作程序，有助于法医学重新鉴定工作的开展，能为相关学术交流提供技术支持。
本技术规范规定了法医学尸体检验的一般原则、条件和作业程序。
本技术规范的内容包括现场尸体勘验、尸表检验的一般程序原则以及法医学尸体解剖操作规范等。
由于法医学鉴定个案复杂多变，鉴定实践中基于求同存异的原则，在具体操作中本技术规范的各部分内容均可酌情独立使用。
本技术规范适用于各类法医学鉴定的尸体检验。
SF/Z JD0101002——20151法医学尸体解剖规范1 范围本技术规范规定了法医学尸体解剖的一般程序及规则。
DMF指南中文版
药品管理档案(DMF)指南药物评价和研究中心美国卫生部1989年9月若需关于本指南的更多信息，请联系：美国食品药物管理局药物评价和研究中心药物评价（I）办公室（HFD-100）费希尔巷5600号美国马里兰州罗克维尔市，20857，301-827-7310注：本指南是由亚瑟 肖博士撰写的，它在1994年3月药物评价和研究中心的一门职业进修课程中使用过。
本指南在内容上与其打印版本没有差别。
但是对其进行了重新排版，以减少其总页数。
新的分页方式见指南目录。
指南对旧的分页方式作了注解。
目录I. 导言II. 定义III.药品管理档案(DMF)的类型IV. 药品管理档案(DMF)的申报A. 传输信件1. 首次申报文书2. 修正B. 管理信息1. 首次申报文书2. 修正C. 药品管理档案(DMF)内容1. 药品管理档案(DMF)的类型a.第一类：生产地点、厂房设施、操作步骤和人员b.第二类：原料药、原料药中间体、生产前述物质使用的原材料，或药品c.第三类：包装物料d.第四类：赋形剂、着色剂、香料、香精，或生产这些物质的原材料e.第五类：FDA一般认可的参考信息2.一般性知识和建议a.环境评价b.稳定性D.格式、装订和邮递V. 查阅药品管理档案(DMF)的授权A. 给FDA的授权信函B. 给申请者、开发商和其他持有者的副本VI.药品管理档案(DMF)处理和审查政策A.与药品管理档案(DMF)相关的政策B.药品管理档案(DMF)审查VII.持有者义务A. 药品管理档案(DMF)应注明各种改变B. 有权查阅药品管理档案(DMF)的人员的名单C.文件的年度更新D.代理商的委任E.所有权转移IX. 药品管理档案(DMF)的终止药品管理档案(DMF)指南I.导言药品管理档案(DMF)是提交给FDA的文书，它可以用来提供有关一种或一种以上人药的制造、加工、包装和贮存中使用的设施、工艺方法和物品的详细秘密信息。
法律和FDA的规章对药品管理档案(DMF)的提交没有必需要求。
遗传学英文词汇
Genetics 20101Genetics Glossaries Week 1 Heredity 遗传 Variation 变异 Preformation 先成论 Epigenesist 后生说 Mendel’s law 孟德尔定律 Law of segregation 分离定律 Law of independent assortment 自由组合定律Inheritance 遗传特征 Trait 特征Full/Constrict 饱满/收缩 Pod 荚Axial/Terminal 轴生/顶生 Stem 茎Monohybrid cross 单基因杂交 Postulate 假说Dominance/Recessiveness 显性/隐形 Gamete 配子 Likelihood 可能性Punnett square 旁那特方格/棋盘法Genetype 基因型 Allele 等位基因Homozygote/ Heterozygous 纯合子/杂合子 Phenotype 表现型 Test cross 测交Dihybrid cross 双因子杂交 Chi-square test 卡方测验 Week 2 Pedigree 系谱Huntington disease 亨廷顿舞蹈症Cystic fibrosis 囊性纤维化（胰腺病）Vertical inheritance 垂直遗传特性Horizontal inheritance 水平遗传特性Incomplete dominance 不完全显性Semidominance 半显性 Codominance 共显性Multiple alleles 复等位基因 Self-incompatibility 自交不亲和Pleiotropy 基因多效性 Lethal gene 致死基因 Cytogenetics 细胞遗传学 Chromatin 染色质 Chromosome 染色体 Haploid 单倍体 Diploid 二倍体 Karyotype 核型Sex chromosome/Autosome 性/常染色体 Moths 蛾 Alligator 短吻鳄 Parental 亲本的Maternal 母系的 Subsequent 随后的 Meiosis 减数分裂 Drosophila 果蝇Drosophila melanogaster 黑腹果蝇Fruit fly 果蝇 Prolific 多产的 Nomenclature 命名法 Hemizygous 半合子的 Color-blindnenss 色盲 Descendant 后代 Hormone 荷尔蒙Pattern baldness 模型斑秃 Week 3Mitosis 有丝分裂 Complement 互补 Cytokinesis 胞质分裂 Ongoing 持续的 Synthesis 合成 Telophase 末期 Anaphase 后期 Aligned 对齐的 Metaphase 中期 Prophase 前期 Duplicated 复制的 Duplication 复制 Centrosome 中心体Meiosis I/II 减数分裂I/II 期 Nondisjunction 不分离Genetics 20102Red-green colorblindness 红绿色盲Sex-linked 伴性的 Hemophilia 血友病 Hypophosphatemia 低磷血症 Deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸（DNA ） Nuclei 核 Principle 组分Ultracentrifugation 超速离心法 Predominance 优势 Phage 噬菌体Host cell well 宿主细胞壁 Double helix 双螺旋Complementary pairing 互补配对 Central dogma 中心法则 Prokaryote 原核生物 Eukaryote 真核生物 Week 4Nucleotide 核苷酸 Phosphate 磷酸盐 Quagga 斑驴 Skull 颅骨Neanderthal 穴居人的 Uracil 尿嘧啶 Thymine 胸腺嘧啶 Adenine 腺嘌呤 Guanine 鸟嘌呤 Cytosine 胞嘧啶Ribonucleotide 核糖核苷酸Tobacco mosaic virus 烟草花叶病毒（TMV ）Semiconservative 半保留的 Methylate 使甲基化 Splicing 剪接Alternative splicing 选择性剪接 Reverse transcription 反转录 Retrovirus 逆转录病毒 Immunodeficiency 免疫缺陷 Matrix 基质Bilipid outer layer 双脂质外层 Viral particle 病毒颗粒 Disintegrate 破裂 Week 5Correlation 相关性 Polarity 极性Nonoverlapping 不重叠的 Degenerate 简并的 Incorporation 编入 Nickel hydride 镍氢 Wobble rule 摆动法则 Peptidyl 肽基 Aminoacyl 氨酰基 Polyribosome 多核糖体 Elongation 延长 Termination 终止Multimeric protein 多亚基蛋白质Posttranslational 翻译后 Prion 阮病毒Spongiform encephalopathy 海绵状脑病Spongy 海绵似的 Proteinaceous 蛋白质的 Deposit 沉淀物 Incubation 潜伏期 Progressive 渐进的Neurodegeneration 神经性退行性病变Infectious 传染的Forward/reverse mutation 正向/反向突变Rearrangement 重排Spontaneous mutation 自发突变 Haploid 单倍体 Susceptibility 敏感性 Mutagen 诱变剂 Bactericide 杀菌剂 Fluctuation 波动 Polymerase 聚合酶 Proofreading 校对 Crossing-over 互换 Transposon 转座子 Base analog 碱基类似物 Intercalator 插入剂 Alkyltransferase 烷基 Homology-dependent 同源依赖 Excision 切除 Methyl 甲基 Mismatch 错配Genetics 20103Error-prone 易错的Nonhomologous end-joining 非同源末端接合Xeroderma pigmentosum 着色性干皮病Alkaptonuria 尿黑酸症 Hypothesis 假说 Neurospora 脉胞菌 Mold 霉菌Nutritional mutant 营养突变体 Auxotroph 营养缺陷型 Prototroph 原养型 Modulate 调节 Perception 感觉 Week 6-7Transgenic 转基因 Recombinant 重组的 Donor 供体Restriction enzyme 限制性内切酶Fragment 碎片 Vector 载体 Transformation 转导 Amplification 扩增 Endonuclease 核酸内切酶 Cornerstone 基础 Degrade 降解 Palindrome 回文 Overhang 悬突体 Isoschizomer 同切酶Isocaudarner 同尾酶Gel electrophoresis 凝胶电泳 Partial digestion 部分消化 Infer 推断Selectable marker 可选标记 Drug resistance 抗药性 Ligation 连接反应 Ligase 连接酶 Sticky end 粘性末端 Blunt end 平整末端 Cosmid 粘性质粒YAC 酵母人工染色体（yeast artificial chromosome ） Autonomous 自主的 Subcloning 亚克隆化β-galactosidase β半乳糖苷酶 Gal 标准编号 Blue dye 蓝色染料 Plaque 噬菌斑Shuttle vector 穿梭载体 Intron 内含子 Probing 探测Southern blotting DNA 印迹 Reverse genetics 反向遗传学 Transgenic [t ræns'd ʒɛn ɪk] 转基因的Metabolity 代谢物 Gene knockout 基因敲除 Ectopic expression 异位表达 Week 8Embryo 胚胎Genetic linkage 遗传连锁 Chiasmata 复交叉Chromosome breakage 染色体断裂 Cytological 细胞学的 Abnormality 异常Keep track of 与……保持联系 Genetic marker 遗传标记 Progeny 子代Discontinuity 不连续的 Parental class 亲本 Assort 分配 Tracing 追踪 Correction 修正Chromosomal interference 染色体干扰 Orient 定向Homologous chromosome 同源染色体Coefficient of coincidence 并发系数Linkage group 连锁群 Interchangeable 相互可交换 Week 9HGP (Human Genome Project) 人类基因组计划 Proposed 被提议 Draft 草稿 Skepticism 怀疑论Computational biology 计算生物学Genetics 20104Ethics 伦理学 Legislation 法律Arabidopsis thaliana 拟南芥 Facilitate 促进 Manipulation 操作 -omics 各种组学Transcriptomics 转录组学 Proteomics 蛋白质组学 Phenomics 表型组学 Accuracy 精确性 Polymorphism 多态性Heterochromatic DNA 异染色DNA Hybridization 杂种 Identifying 标记Estimating error 估计误差 SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) 单核苷酸多态性 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) 简单重复序列Microsatellite 微卫星 Genomewide 全基因组 Constellation 构象 Span 跨度 Counterpart 副本Bottom-up approach 自下而上模式STS (Sequence Tagged Site) 标志序列位点Top-down approach 自上而下模式 Fluorescent 荧光的In situ hybridization 原位杂交Loci (locus 复数) 位点 Resolution 分辨率Hierarchical shotgun approach 分层散弹枪策略 Shearing 剪切Throughput 吞吐量/生产量 Distinct 不同的Lateral transfer 横向迁移 Complexity 复杂性 Shuffling 慢慢移动 Module 模块Paralogs 种内同源基因 Pseudogene 假基因 Duplication 重复 Telomere 端粒Orthologous gene 种间/直系同源基因Paralogous gene 种内/旁系同源基因 Week 10Organelle 细胞器Saccharomyces cerevisiae 酿酒酵母Preserve 保护 Integrity 完整性 Shortening 缩短 Fusion 融合 Degradation 降解 Germ-line cell 生殖细胞 Somatic cell 体细胞 Histone 组蛋白Heterogeneous 不均匀的，多样的 Uneven 不均匀 Supercoiling 超螺旋 Radial loop 桡箕/反箕 Scaffold 支架结构 Heterochromatin 异染色质 Staining 着色 Transcription 转录 Inactive 失活 Constitutive 组成性的 Facultative 兼性的 Euchromatin 常染色质 Condense 浓缩Dosage compensation 剂量补偿 Barr body 巴氏小体/X 染色质 Deletion 删除 Inversion 倒位 Translocation 易位 Transposition 转置 Polytene 多线型Giant chromosome 巨染色体 Salivary gland cell 唾液腺细胞 Inversion loop 倒位环 Chromatid 染色单体 Centromere 着丝点Suppressor 抑制物/抑制基因 Disruption 分裂 Speciation 物种形成Transposable element 转位因子 Retroposon 反转录子Genetics 20105LINE （Long interspersed element ） 长散在序列SINE （short interspersed element ） 短散在序列 Relocate 迁移 Euploid 整倍体 Aneuploid 非整倍体 Monosomy 单倍体 Trisomy 三倍体 Tetrasomy 四倍体 Polyploidy 多倍体 Colchicines 秋水仙碱 Down's syndrome 唐氏综合征 Inactivation 失活 Mosaic 嵌合体 Diploid 二倍体 Vigor 活力 Sterile 不育的 Odd-number 奇数Allopolyploid 异源多倍体 Raphanobrassica 萝卜属 Week 11Prokaryotic 原核的 Proliferating 增生的ORF (open reading frame) 阅读框架Operon 操纵子 Spontaneous 自发的 Transformation 转化 Conjugation 结合Transduction 转导 Recipient 接受者 Hfr 高频重组 Integrate 融入 Excision 切除 Reverting 回复Non-Mendelian 非孟德尔式 Four-o-clock 紫茉莉 Mitochondria 线粒体Polypeptide-encoding 多肽编码 Compact 压缩 Intron 内含子 Liverwort 地钱 Protozoan 原生动物 Parasite 寄生虫 Apparatus 组织/器官 Exception 例外 mtDNA 线粒体DNA Chloroplast 叶绿体 cpDNA 胞质DNA Responsive 回应的 Heteroplasmic 异质的 Homoplasmic 同质的 Bioreactor 生物反应器 Week 12Developmental genetics 发育遗传学Manipulation 操纵Species-specific 特种异性的 Cell formation 细胞形成Mutant 突变体Loss-of-function 功能性缺失 Null 失效的Hypomorphic 亚效等位基因 Dominant-negative 显性失活的 Gain-of-function 功能性获得 Overexpression 超量表达 Ectopic expression 异位表达 Null mutation 无效突变 Leaky 有漏洞的Permissive temp 允许温度 Restrictive temp 限制温度 Haploinsufficiency 单倍剂量不足Subcellular localization 亚细胞定位Epistasis 上位/异位显性 Sepal 萼片 Petal 花瓣 Stamen 雄蕊 Carpel 心皮EMS (Ethylmethane Sulphonate) 乙基甲磺酸 Irradiation 放射 T-DNA 转运DNA siRNA 小干扰RNAmiRNA = microRNA 微小RNA Functional genomics 功能基因组学Adenosine deaminase 腺苷脱氨酶 Embryonic 胚胎的Genetics 20106Totipotent （细胞）全能的 Pluripotent 多能性的 Blastocyst 胚泡 Multipotent 多能干细胞 Hematopoietic 造血的 Bone marrow 骨髓 Week 13Anterior-posterior 后前位的 Syncytium 多核体 Cortex 皮层 Pole cell 极细胞 Blastoderm 胎盘 Fertilization 受精 Segmentation gene 分节基因 Homeotic gene 同源框基因 Cellularization 细胞化 Gastrulation 原肠胚形成 Germ layer 胚层 Mesoderm 中胚叶 Endoderm 内胚层 Ectoderm 外胚层 Maternal gene 母体基因 Gap gene 裂隙基因Pair-rule gene 成对规则基因 Segment-polarity 体节极性基因 Maternal-effect 母体影响bicoid (bcd) 果蝇中控制头胸发育的一个关键母体基因 Morphogen 成形素 Repressor 阻遏物Zygotic gene 合子基因 Hierarchy 层次结构 Promoter 启动子 Affinity 亲和力 Regulating 调节 Subdivide 细分 Mirror-image 镜像 Intra-segmental 节内的 Patterning 图样 Ligand 配合体Transcription factor 转录因子 Regulatory cascade 级联调节系统Gene cluster 基因群 Biothorax complex Homeodomain 同源域 Penetrance 外显率 Expressivity 表现度 Imprinting 印迹 Insulin-like 胰岛素样 Epigenetic 表观遗传的 Methylation 甲基化作用 Prader-Willi syndrome 普拉德-威利综合征Angelman syndrome 天使综合征 Haig hypothesis 海格假说 Down-regulation 减量调节 Sequential 连续的 Asymmetric 不对称的 Intrinsic 固有的Juxtacrine 邻分泌 Paracrine 旁分泌 Mediated 介导的 Week 14Population genetics 种群遗传学 Gene pool 基因库 Microevolution 微观进化 Macroevolution 宏观进化 Hardy-Weinberg law 哈代-温伯格定律Infinite number 无穷 Migration 迁移 Equilibrium 平衡 Correlate 相关 Albino 白化病者 Genetic drift 遗传漂变 Nonrandom mating 选择性交配 Fitness 适合度Natural selection 自然选择 Artificial selection 人工选择 Antibiotic 抗生素 Preexisting 预成 Viability 生存能力 Counteract 抵消 Confer 授予 Persist 保持Heterozygous advantage 杂种优势Eugenics 优生学Geographically 地理学上的Genetics 20107Fluctuation 波动Founder effect 创建者效应 Pathogen 病菌 Insecticide 杀虫剂 Inbreeding 近亲交配 Self-fertilization 自体受精 Hybrid vigor 杂种优势 Deleterious 有害的 Overdominance 超显性 Week 15Pre-existing 之前就存在的 Chimpanzee 黑猩猩 Subtle 微妙的 Complexity 复杂度 Transposition 转置 Diversification 多样化 Divergence 分歧Fibrinopeptide 血纤维蛋白肽 Phylogeny tree 系统树 遗传学相关词汇英汉对照 2009-6-1 17:29 【大 中 小】 遗传学 genetics 细胞遗传学 cytogenetics 细胞的遗传学 cell genetics 体细胞遗传学 somatic cell genetics发育遗传学 developmental genetics 又称“发生遗传学”。
恶性黑色素瘤：流行病学诊断和治疗方法概述(上)
恶性黑色素瘤：流行病学诊断和治疗方法概述（上）在浅色皮肤的人群中黑色素瘤的发生率正在迅速增长。
除环境因素（暴露于UV ）外，观察到的“黑色素瘤流行” 其他原因也有待探讨。
对于典型的组织病理诊断过程，需要联合免疫组化以及最新的分子技术。
在数年寻求新药失败后，目前有效的新型治疗方案能够延长疾病/发展进程和增加总体生存率。
No.1 流行病学黑色素瘤是皮肤肿瘤中最重要的肿瘤。
虽然其发生率比上皮皮肤癌低10 倍，但由于其具有早期转移能力且在年轻人群中高发，其对年轻患者产生重大的疾病负担。
据报道，过去几十年，浅色皮肤人群中的黑色素瘤的发生率迅速增长。
发病率的数据显示，在1935 年，患有黑色素瘤的终生风险为1：1,500，在1987 年为1：120，而现今该风险约为1：55。
这表明，黑色素瘤的增长速度比其它类型的肿瘤更快，并且引发了对黑色素瘤的流行病的讨论。
经多个研究评估，每年黑色素瘤的增长率为2~7 %，这意味着大约每隔10 年，患病率就会增加 1 倍。
由于黑色素瘤的致病因素具有遗传易感性，内源性因素和环境因素都已得到充分证实，过去几十年间，浅色皮肤个体黑色素瘤发病率全球性增长，这可归因于对日光浴看法的改变。
已经明确发现，儿童时期间歇性的日光照射（即晒伤），已被公认是发展为黑色素瘤的一个重要风险因素。
但是，关于UV 辐射对黑色素瘤发生的作用，仍然存在很多不确定性因素。
然而，由于黑色素瘤患者的死亡率很稳定，如果黑色素瘤的流行性是一个真实存在的现象，那么在一些亚组中，其死亡率下降就具争议性。
本文提供了一些参数，来解释黑色素瘤发病率急剧增加的原因：尽管黑色素瘤不是一种好发于老年的恶性肿瘤，但是平均寿命升高导致终生风险的增加。
在老年人群中，晒伤皮肤处发病率最高，且生长较慢，通常在检测时都很浅表。
因此，对黑色素瘤早期诊断提高了其发病率，而不是死亡率。
这种发病率随着年龄增长而升高在所有人类疾病中均可观察到，而与“流行病”无关。
PYMS小儿约克希尔营养不良评分信息和用户指南说明书
PYMS Paediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition ScoreInformation and User’s Guide2009© Nutrition Tool Steering Group, Women and Children’s Directorate, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, 2009.The content of this booklet is provided for general information only and should not be relied upon. Whilst we use all reasonable efforts to ensure that the information contained in the booklet is current, accurate and complete at the date of publication, no representations or warranties are made (express or implied) as to the reliability, accuracy or completeness of such information. Greater Glasgow Health Board cannot therefore be held liable for any loss arising directly or indirectly from the use of, or any action taken in reliance on, any information appearing in the booklet.The information in this booklet is designed to comply with the laws and regulations of the United Kingdom. Although accessible by users from other countries, it and its content is intended for access and use by residents of the United Kingdom only. Disclaimer:- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be copied, modified, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any material form or by any means (whether electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise and whether or not incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.ContentsPage Introduction (3)Development of the Paediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS) (5)Validation of the Paediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS) (5)PYMS User’s Guide (6)The PYMS Form Explained (13)PYMS Form (15)Nurse’s Quick Reference Guide (17)Quick Guides for Measuring Heights/Lengths and Weights (19)References (23)“Freedom from…malnutrition is a basic human right”(World Health Organisation, 20081).IntroductionThe Paediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS) has been developed to assist nursing staff and other health professionals identify hospitalised children, between the ages of 1-16 years, who are at risk of malnutrition and offer them appropriate care. The following explanatory notes offer an overview of malnutrition and provide information on the development and use of PYMS.MalnutritionIdentification of children at risk of malnutrition is essential in treating disease-related malnutrition and optimising the health of all hospitalised patients. Malnutrition is: “the state of nutrition in which a deficiency or excess (or imbalance) of energy, protein, and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue/body function and clinical outcome”2. The term malnutrition refers to both over-nutrition and under-nutrition but, for the purposes of this document it only refers to energy/protein under-nutrition.Malnutrition continues to be a significant health issue in developed countries, with an estimated cost in the UK of approximately £13 billion3. Despite this malnutrition continues to be largely unrecognised and under treated4. It has been estimated that up to 30%5-10 of hospitalised patients are at risk of malnutrition and this figure can be as high as 60% in some paediatric patient groups11,12.Why is Malnutrition Important?Malnutrition is undesirable, not only because it leads to weight loss, but also because it is a recognised risk factor for the development of complications of disease. These include increased morbidity and mortality, longer duration of hospitalisation and increased health care costs13. In children, there are additional concerns as malnutrition can potentially lead to long-term effects on brain development, linear growth and bone health that impact on health later in life14.Failure to consider nutritional status may also have medico-legal consequences, with an increasing number of cases of nutritional neglect being pursued within the judicial system15.In the general population approximately 2.5% of children have a body weight which is below the reference range for their age and gender. However, a much larger proportion (16%) of children attending hospital are underweight and malnutrition remains largely undiagnosed and untreated amongst hospitalised children9-10. This is mainly due to a lack of nutritional training and awareness amongst staff and can also be attributed to a lack of established protocols for screening, assessment and action15.Introduction to Nutritional ScreeningFood and water are essential elements of care and failure to detect malnutrition or the risk of becoming malnourished has the potential to cause patients considerable harm. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Conduct requires all nursing staff to ‘protect and promote the health and well being of those their care’16. This responsibility is detailed in NHS Quality Improvement Scotland Guidelines (2003) which state that because high quality nutritional care is crucial for the well being of patients, all patients should be screened using a validated tool that is appropriate to the patient population17. Such screening should be carried out on admission and regularly during a patient’s hospital stay. Nutritional screening provides a means of ensuring that patients, who following screening appear to be at high risk, will be assessed by dietetic staff and managed appropriately.Screening tools validated in adult patients18-19 areinappropriate for use in children, as malnutrition presentsdifferently within the paediatric population. Thus far,nutritional screening in paediatrics has been hindered due toa lack of a valid generic paediatric screening tool15.Development of the Paediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS)A multidisciplinary healthcare team from the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow and Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley, both part of the Women and Children’s Directorate NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, was assigned to develop a local paediatric malnutrition screening tool. The project team consisted of senior nursing, dietetic, research, academic and medical staff.The primary purpose of the project team was to develop and validate a tool that would be simple, quick to use, user and patient friendly and would detect the majority of children at risk of malnutrition. The tool would be used by nursing staff to screen patients on admission and at intervals during their hospital stay. The tool was developed for use in children aged 1-16 years. A separate tool was considered necessary to assess neonates and infants under the age of 1 year, due to their rapid growth during the first year of life and complex issues surrounding prematurity.A preliminary malnutrition screening tool was developed based on the guidelines for nutritional screening from the European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism15. The PYMS was designed to incorporate questions/measurements to address the following four principles:1. The current nutritional status2. The stability of nutritional status3. The recent changes to nutritional status4. The likelihood of the acute disease condition to affect the nutritional statusadversely.Validation of the Paediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS)Following the development of the tool a 4 month validation study was undertaken, within 4 paediatric wards (3 medical, 1 surgical) of a tertiary paediatric hospital and the general paediatric ward of a district general hospital. The diagnostic accuracy and performance of PYMS was evaluated through a four stage validation study, the results of which have been presented20-22 and are expected to be published in due course.PYMS User’s GuideDescription of the PYMS FormThe PYMS form is presented as a simple structured questionnaire, consisting of four questions (steps) which are strong predictors/symptoms of malnutrition. Each of these steps bears a score from 0 to 2 and an overall nutritional risk score (step 5) is calculated based on the sum of the results of steps 1-4. An action plan follows according to the overall nutrition score. The four steps are outlined below:Step 1: Body Mass Index (BMI)•BMI is a useful measure of nutritional risk and is based on height and weight.•Height and weight should be obtained according to local hospital guidelines.•Weight must be repeated each time PYMS is carried out and it is recommended that for long term admissions, height/length should be recorded monthly for infants and three-monthly for older children.(N.B. please follow local hospital policy).Instructions outlining the correct procedure for obtaining weights and heights/lengths are included in this information & users guide (page 21-24) (N.B. please follow local hospital guidelines). Once measurements have been correctly obtained, they should be recorded in the appropriate boxes on the PYMS form. After that, the Body Mass Index (BMI) for the patient can be calculated using a BMI calculation wheel.The BMI calculation wheel consists of two wheels (see figure 1).To use:•Locate the weight (kilograms) of the patient on the outer wheel and the height/length (centimetres) of the patient on the inner wheel.•Rotate the inner wheel until child’s weight and height are aligned.•The BMI value is displayed in the window by the red arrow, record the value obtained in the appropriate box on the PYMS form.Figure 1: BMI Calculation Wheel(Produced with permission from Blundell Harling Ltd.)Normal BMI values vary according to age and gender and therefore a scoring guide located on the back of the PYMS form, gives the minimum acceptable BMI values. The age of the child should not be rounded up when referring to this scoring guide. A BMI below the minimum acceptable value indicates a possible risk factor for malnutrition. The following scoring should be used for step 1:i. Score 0 if BMI value is greater than that shown for age and gender according to the scoring guide.ii. Score 2 if BMI value is below that shown for the age and gender according to the scoring guide.NB : If it is NOT POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN A HEIGHT, a member of medical staff should be asked to plot the patient’s weight on a growth chart. If the weight is below the 2nd centile, a SCORE of 2 should be entered for step 1.The reason why a height could not be obtained should be documented in the comments table on the back of the form.STEP 2: Recent Weight LossUnintentional weight loss may indicate that a child is at nutritional risk. Ask parents/guardians if they have noticed any recent weight loss, or compare current weight with previously documented weights. These should be recorded in the patient’s notes or parent hand held record.If the child is under 2 years of age, parents/guardians should be asked if they have any concerns about the child’s weight gain recently. Failure to gain weight may also be an indication of nutritional risk in very young children (<2 years).i. Score 0 if:a. Weight is increasingb. Weight is static and child is more than 2 years oldc. Weight loss is intentional as the child has been or is overweight andis on a calorie restricted diet.ii. Score 1 if:a. Unintentional weight loss noticed by the child/carers or has beenidentified after comparing with previously documented weightsb. Weight static in a child less than 2 years oldc. Clothes have become more ill fitting due to noted weight lossd. Intentional weight loss because of eating disorderse.g. if the childsuffers from anorexia nervosa.STEP 3: Assess Recent Change in Diet/Nutritional Support (for at least the last week)A decreased nutritional intake may increase the risk of developing malnutrition. Ask carers/child about food intake for at least the last week. If the child is usually on any artificial feeds (enteral feeds, dietary supplements or parenteral nutrition) then ask whether there has been any change in the amount taken and/or tolerated.i. Score 0 if:a. There has been no change to normal diet or enteralnutrition, dietary supplements or parenteral nutritionii. Score 1 if:a. There has been a decrease in usual dietary intake, enteralfeeds, dietary supplements or parenteral nutrition for a minimum of thelast 7 days (unless health professional instructed decrease to restrictcalorie intake).iii. Score 2 if:a. There has been no or minimal intake over the last week, includingintake from oral feeds, enteral nutrition, dietary supplements orparenteral nutrition.N.B. If there is very minimal intake (only a few sips of feed per day) this should be counted as no intake (score 2).STEP 4: Acute Admission/Condition Effect on Nutrition (at least the next week) Some patients may be at risk of becoming undernourished during their hospital admission or soon after their discharge, because of the effect of the medical condition on their nutritional status. This may be due to decreased intake, increased gut losses and increased energy requirements.i. Score 0 if:a. The patient’s nutritional status is unlikely to be unchanged duringthis admission or soon after their discharge.ii. Score 1 if at least one or more of the following is expected over at least the next week:a. Decreased intake from oral, enteral or parenteral nutrition(e.g. orofacial disease or trauma, severe nausea)b. Increased gut losses (e.g. significant ongoing diarrhoea or vomiting,large stoma losses)c. Increased energy requirements (e.g. major trauma, burns, sepsis,pyrexia).iii. Score 2 if for the next week:a. No or minimal intake is expected from oral, enteral orparenteral nutrition (e.g. major abdominal surgery).N.B. If there is very minimal intake (only a few sips of feed per day) this should be counted as no intake (score 2).STEP 5: Total Nutrition Risk Score and Action PlanOnce all the above scores have been entered onto the PYMS form add them together to provide a total score (step 5). A total score of 2 or more reflects significant nutritional risk.i. If the score is 2 or more, a request for dietetic review should bemade according to the established hospital request system andthe medical/surgical team should also be informed. PYMSshould be repeated weekly.ii. If the score is 1, then the child should be observed for any further deterioration of intake. The quantity and type of food andfluid consumed should be recorded. PYMS should be repeatedin 3 days and medical staff informed.iii. If the score is 0, then no further action is required at this time but PYMS should be repeated weekly.N.B.If there are clinical concerns about a patient’s nutritional status, a dietetic review MUST be requested and medical staff informed even if the child has scored less than 2.Local policies and clinical judgement are not replaced by this scoring system and children should be managed following local guidelines for nutrition management. This should include plotting of height and weight on a growth chart and any additional nutritional concerns discussed with the medical/surgical team and a request made to dietetics if deemed necessary (e.g. food allergies, special diets etc).PYMS is designed to detect children at risk of energy/protein under-nutrition (malnutrition) only, and will therefore not detect children with vitamin and/or mineral deficiencies. It is not designed to detect children at risk of over-nutrition (obesity).The PYMS Form ExplainedLocal hospital policy may require that 2 peoplecheck weight and height measurementsObtain each time PYMS is calculatedRecord calculated BMI here- obtain using BMI wheel.Age required to calculate BMI and compare against cut off valueMeasure length/ height monthly in infants and 3 monthly in older childrene.g; • Major trauma• Major burns • Sepsis • Pyrexiae.g;• Persistent diarrhoea • Persistent vomitinge.g;• orofacial disease/ trauma • severe nauseaUnless a health professional hasinstructed reduction in calorie intake.Use BMIscoring guide overleafStanding Height MeasurementFeet straight together with soles touching the boardBare feet, legs togetherHeels, calves, buttocks, shoulder, head touching theback plateReference List1. World Health Organisation (WHO) (2008) Nutrition for health and development. [online] http://www.who.int/nutrition/nhd/en/index.html Accessed 28th April 2008.2. Elia M, Ljungqvist O and Dowsett J (2005) Principal of Clinical Nutrition: Contrasting the Practice of Nutrition in Health and Disease. Oxford, Blackwell Science Ltd.3. Bapen (2009) Combating Malnutrition Recommendations for Action. Executive summary. Redditch, British Association of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (BAPEN) [online] /pdfs/reports/advisory_group_report.pdf Accessed 15th July 2009.4. McWhirter JP and Pennington CR (1994) Incidence and recognition of malnutrition in hospital. British Medical Journal 308 945-948.5. Hendricks KM, Duggan C, Gallacher L, Carlin AC, Richardson DS, Collier SB, Simpson W and Lo C (1995) Malnutrition in hospitalized paediatric patients: current prevalence. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 149 (10) 1118-1122.6. Joosten KFM, Zwart H, Hop WC and Hulst JM (2009) National malnutrition screening days in hospitalized children in the Netherlands. Archives of Diseases in Childhood[published online 3 May 2009] doi:10.1136/adc.2008.157255.7. Edington J, Boorman J, Durrant ER, Perkins A, Giffin CV, James R, Thomson JM, Oldroyd JC, Smith JC, Torrance AD, Blackshaw V, Green S, Hill CJ, Berry C, McKenzie C, Vicca N, Ward JE and Coles SJ (2000) Prevalence of malnutrition on admission to four hospitals in England. The Malnutrition Prevalence Group. Clinical Nutrition 19 191-195.8. Moy RJD, Smallman S and Booth IW (1990) Malnutrition in a UK children’s hospital. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 9 93-100.9. Pawelleck I, Dokoupil K and Koletzko B. (2008) Prevalence of malnutrition in paediatric hospital patients. Clinical Nutrition 27 72-76.10. Hendriske WH, Reilly JJ and Weaver LT (1997) Malnutrition in a children’s hospital. Clinical Nutrition 16 13-18.11. Cameron JW, Rosenthal A and Olson AD (1995) Malnutrition in hospitalised children with congenital heart disease. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 149 (10) 1098-1102.12. De Staebel O (2000) Malnutrition in Belgian children with congenital heart disease on admission to hospital. Journal of Clinical Nursing 9 (5) 784-791.13. Correia MI and Waitzberg DL. (2003) The impact of malnutrition on morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and costs evaluated through a multivariate model analysis. Clinical Nutrition 22 235-9.14. Lucas A, Morley R and Cole TJ (1998) Randomised trial of early diet in preterm babies and later intelligence quotient. British Medical Journal 317 1481-1487.15. Kondrupt J, Allison SP, Elia M, Vellas B and Plauth M. (2003) ESPEN Guidelines for Nutrition Screening 2002. Clinical Nutrition 22 415-421.16. Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The Code. Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives. London, Nursing and Midwifery Council.17. NHS Quality Improvement Scotland (QIS) (2003) Food, fluid and nutritional care in hospitals. Edinburgh, NHS QIS.18. Gerasimidis K, Drongitis P, Murray, L, Young D and McKee R (2007) A local nutritional screening tool compared to malnutrition universal screening tool. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61 916-921.19. Green SM and Watson R (2005) Nutritional screening and assessment tools for use by nurses: literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 50 (1) 69-83.20. Gerasimidis K, Macleod I, McGrogan P, Maclean A, Buchanan E, McAuley M, Stewart G, Wright C and Flynn D (2009) Development and Performance of a New Paediatric Nutritional Screening Tool in a Tertiary and District General Hospital. The PYMS Project. British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (BSPGHAN) winter meeting (Sheffield), oral presentation.21. Gerasimidis K, Keane O, Macleod I, Buchanan E, Maclean A, McGrogan P, Stewart G, McAuley M, Flynn D and Wright C (2009) Criterion validity and inter-rater reliability of the Paediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score. European Society of Paediatic Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) annual meeting (Budapest), oral presentation, abstract in press.22. Macleod I, Gerasimidis K, Purcell O, Mohammed T, Swinbank I, Wright C, FlynnD and McAuley M (2009) Implementing a novel paediatric nutritional screening tool (Paediatirc Yorkhill Malnutrition Score) in nursing practice.Challenges and impact in paediatric nursing practice. European Society of Paediatic Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) annual meeting (Budapest), poster presentation, abstract in press.NotesProduced by The Nutrition Tool Steering Group,Women and Children’s Directorate,NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde.Medical Illustration, Job No. 20584727。
08法医物证学2015(文字)
1、肉眼检查
肉眼检查主要观察血痕的数量、分布、位
置、大小、形状、范围、色泽、它们的相互关
系以及它们与现场其他物品的相互关系。
目的：推断死亡时间、死亡原因以及案件
发生经过等等。
部位：1.室外：泥土、草丛 2.室内：地面、墙壁、家俱、被褥、蚊帐 3.嫌疑人身体
4.嫌疑人衣帽
5.可疑凶器
斧锤类
剪刀类 缝隙处： 折叠式刀类 头发间
DNA序列多态性
SNP, mtDNA
DNA长度多态性
VNTR, STR
七、精液（斑）检验
（一）精液及精斑收集方法
① 被害人 阴道内--由外向内直至后穹隆部位--分三段-纱布提取（阴道拭子） 体表--肛门、会阴、腹壁、大腿内侧--蒸馏水 浸纱布取 ② 现场 坚硬且不宜移动的载体--擦取或刮取 柔软或易于移动的载体--剪取或整块提取
2. 如果是血痕，是人血还是动物血。
3. 若是人血，则测定遗传标记进行个人识别。
4. 同时进行其他诸如出血量、出血时间及出血
部位推断等问题。
（二）血痕检验的步骤
1. 肉眼检查 2. 预试验 3. 确证试验
4. 种属鉴定
5. 血痕的个人识别（遗传标记测定以及性别鉴定）
6. 其他检验（出血部位、出血量、血痕陈旧度等）
第一节 概 述
一、概念
物证（material evidence）：对案件的真实情况有 证明作用的物品或痕迹。
法医物证：主要指与人体有关的生物性检材。包 括人体组织与器官、体液、分泌物、排泄物及由 它们形成的斑痕，如血液、精液、唾液、骨骼、 牙齿、毛发、肌肉、皮肤、粘膜等。
物证检验（examination of material evidence）： 为了侦破或审理案件，对与案件有关的物证进行 检验鉴定的过程。
肺功能英文
Airflow Obstruction
Before Bronchodilator Post Bronchodilator
•Patient is obstructed
•Patient less obstructed
Normal loop
Spirometry vs Peak Flow
Similar PEF Asthma well controlled
Spirometry and GP Asthma Initiative: the 3+ Visit Plan
GP Asthma Initiative: the 3+ Visit Plan
The GP Asthma Initiative: the 3+ Visit Plan, introduced by the Federal Government, financially supports GPs to better manage their patients with moderate to severe asthma. – The measurement of Spirometry is recommended to diagnose and assess patient progress. (Asthma Management Handbook 2002) – Spirometry will probably be mandatory some time this year.
May be a prelude to further investigations
How do we Perform Spirometry?
American Thoracic Society (ATS) Spirometry Guidelines
遗传学相关词汇中英对照
遗传学相关词汇中英对照一：细胞遗传学 cytogenetics细胞的遗传学 cell genetics体细胞遗传学 somatic cell genetics发育遗传学 developmental genetics又称“发生遗传学”。
微生物遗传学 microbial genetics细菌遗传学 bacterial genetics生化遗传学 biochemical genetics分子遗传学 molecular genetics生物工程 biotechnology分子细胞遗传学 molecular cytogenetics植物遗传学 plant genetics动物遗传学 animal genetics生统遗传学 biometrical genetics统计遗传学 statistical genetics数量遗传学 quantitative genetics群体遗传学 population genetics进化遗传学 evolutionary genetics人类遗传学 human genetics医学遗传学 medical genetics临床遗传学 clinical genetics法医遗传学 medico-legal genetics, forensic genetics病理遗传学 pathogenetics药物遗传学 pharmacogenetics生理遗传学 physiological genetics免疫遗传学 immunogenetics, immunological genetics行为遗传学 behavioral genetics核遗传学 karyogenetics辐射遗传学 radiation genetics毒理遗传学 toxicological genetics生态遗传学 ecological genetics, ecogenetics群落遗传学 syngenetics优生学 eugenics优型学 euphenics优境学 euthenics染色体学 chromosomology, chromosomics染色体工程 chromosome engineering核学 karyology, caryology核形态学 karyomorphology核型分类学 karyotaxonomy基因学说 gene theory多基因学说 polygenic theory孟德尔遗传定律 Mendel's law of inheritance, Mendel's laws分离定律 law of segregation独立分配定律 law of independent assortment又称“自由组合定律”。
cGMP认证介绍
业 执
继 师 药
育 教 续
1.cGMP现场检查的前提条件-相关常识
2).欧盟-欧盟药事法规 第一层面：法令(directives)和法规(regulations)，由欧 盟议会和欧盟理事会颁布，少部分由欧盟委员会颁布实施 。法令是欧盟用于建立统一药事法规的法律框架，各成员 国需要立法将其转化为本国的法规后施行。（这一级别的 文件相当于我国的《药品管理法》和《药品管理法实施条 例》） 第二层面：由欧盟委员会根据法令和法规颁布实施的药品 注册监督管理程序和GMP指南 第三个层面：EMEA颁布实施的一些技术性指南和对法规 条款所作出的技术注释(Notes)。
业 执
继 师 药
育 教 续
1.cGMP现场检查的前提条件-相关常识
1).美国-NDA与ANDA申报区别 IND（Investigation New Drug Application）新药研究 申请 NDA（New Drug Application）新药申请 ANDA（Abbreviated New Drug Application）简略新 药申请或仿制药申请 普药/仿制药（Generics)，即我们所说的普药 SNDA( Supplemental New Drug Application ) 补充新 药申请 OEM(Original Equipment Manufacturer)贴牌生产， 即委托生产。指的是在工厂符合相关GMP条件下为其它 药品生产企业生产药品。
业 执
继 师 药
育 教 续
1.cGMP现场检查的前提条件-相关常识
1).美国－DMF（Drug Master File）药物档案 是呈交给FDA存档代审资料，免费备案。 呈交目的是支持用户向FDA提交的各种药品申请，而同时又 不愿将保密资料抄报用户。 呈交后得到的DMF号仅仅是备案编号，不要误认为通过了 FDA审批。只有当用户向FDA申报制剂药品申请后，FDA 才开始审查有关的DMF资料，是因用户的药品申报而引起 的关联性“审查”，因此DMF资料本身不存在“批准”与 “不批准”的问题。 FDA在审查中如发现DMF存在问题，会向持有者发函，指 出欠缺之处，也会通知药品申请者所参阅的DMF有欠缺。 持有者应每年通过驻美代理人向FDA递交一份DMF年度报 告，否则会被FDA将DMF列入“不活跃类”，甚至根据程 序将其DMF关闭。
尸体解剖
前言本技术规范根据刑事诉讼法、民事诉讼法及司法部《司法鉴定程序通则》有关规定，运用法医病理学的理论和技术，结合法医病理学鉴定的实践经验而制定，为法医学尸体检验、死亡原因鉴定提供科学依据和统一标准。
本技术规范参考了《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》、《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》、卫生部《尸体解剖规则》和欧盟部长委员会提案《法医学尸体解剖协调规则》、美国法医协会《法医学尸体解剖执行标准》。
本技术规范按照GB/T 1.1-2009 给出的规则起草。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所提出。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定管理局归口。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所、中国医科大学负责起草。
本技术规范主要起草人：陈忆九、官大威、秦志强、张国华、刘宁国、张建华、黄平、邹冬华、李正东、邵煜。
SF/Z JD0101002——2015II引言现阶段我国在法医学尸体检验方面已建立了多项行业技术标准、规范，并按不同的死亡原因规定了相关尸体检验的重点内容和方法。
然而，上述标准、规范中均未系统地规定法医学尸体检验的总体原则、一般注意事项以及现场勘验、尸体解剖程序和要求、尸体解剖报告格式及特殊尸体的检验方案等。
鉴于此，有必要借鉴国内外法医学领域新的研究进展与应用技术成果，并结合当前我国法医学鉴定工作的实际现状，制订一项全面、系统、可操作性强，且具有指导意义的法医学尸体解剖规范，该技术规范有助于各级专业技术人员在进行法医学尸体检验、鉴定过程中形成一整套完善的工作程序，有助于法医学重新鉴定工作的开展，能为相关学术交流提供技术支持。
本技术规范规定了法医学尸体检验的一般原则、条件和作业程序。
本技术规范的内容包括现场尸体勘验、尸表检验的一般程序原则以及法医学尸体解剖操作规范等。
由于法医学鉴定个案复杂多变，鉴定实践中基于求同存异的原则，在具体操作中本技术规范的各部分内容均可酌情独立使用。
本技术规范适用于各类法医学鉴定的尸体检验。
SF/Z JD0101002——20151法医学尸体解剖规范1 范围本技术规范规定了法医学尸体解剖的一般程序及规则。
《法医学尸体解剖规范》SFZ JD0101002-2015
2015-11-20实施法医学尸体解剖规范司法鉴定技术规范SF/Z JD0101002——20152015-11-20发布中华人民共和国司法部司法鉴定管理局发布目次前言 (I)引言 (II)1范围 (1)2规范性引用文件 (1)3术语和定义 (1)4法医学尸体解剖程序及技术要求 (2)5尸体解剖记录 (6)6尸体解剖报告 (7)7常见案例检查方案 (8)前言本技术规范根据刑事诉讼法、民事诉讼法及司法部《司法鉴定程序通则》有关规定，运用法医病理学的理论和技术，结合法医病理学鉴定的实践经验而制定，为法医学尸体检验、死亡原因鉴定提供科学依据和统一标准。
本技术规范参考了《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》、《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》、卫生部《尸体解剖规则》和欧盟部长委员会提案《法医学尸体解剖协调规则》、美国法医协会《法医学尸体解剖执行标准》。
本技术规范按照GB/T1.1-2009给出的规则起草。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所提出。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定管理局归口。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所、中国医科大学负责起草。
本技术规范主要起草人：陈忆九、官大威、秦志强、张国华、刘宁国、张建华、黄平、邹冬华、李正东、邵煜。
引言现阶段我国在法医学尸体检验方面已建立了多项行业技术标准、规范，并按不同的死亡原因规定了相关尸体检验的重点内容和方法。
然而，上述标准、规范中均未系统地规定法医学尸体检验的总体原则、一般注意事项以及现场勘验、尸体解剖程序和要求、尸体解剖报告格式及特殊尸体的检验方案等。
鉴于此，有必要借鉴国内外法医学领域新的研究进展与应用技术成果，并结合当前我国法医学鉴定工作的实际现状，制订一项全面、系统、可操作性强，且具有指导意义的法医学尸体解剖规范，该技术规范有助于各级专业技术人员在进行法医学尸体检验、鉴定过程中形成一整套完善的工作程序，有助于法医学重新鉴定工作的开展，能为相关学术交流提供技术支持。
尸体解剖
前言本技术规范根据刑事诉讼法、民事诉讼法及司法部《司法鉴定程序通则》有关规定，运用法医病理学的理论和技术，结合法医病理学鉴定的实践经验而制定，为法医学尸体检验、死亡原因鉴定提供科学依据和统一标准。
本技术规范参考了《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》、《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》、卫生部《尸体解剖规则》和欧盟部长委员会提案《法医学尸体解剖协调规则》、美国法医协会《法医学尸体解剖执行标准》。
本技术规范按照GB/T 1.1-2009 给出的规则起草。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所提出。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定管理局归口。
本技术规范由司法部司法鉴定科学技术研究所、中国医科大学负责起草。
本技术规范主要起草人：陈忆九、官大威、秦志强、张国华、刘宁国、张建华、黄平、邹冬华、李正东、邵煜。
SF/Z JD0101002——2015II引言现阶段我国在法医学尸体检验方面已建立了多项行业技术标准、规范，并按不同的死亡原因规定了相关尸体检验的重点内容和方法。
然而，上述标准、规范中均未系统地规定法医学尸体检验的总体原则、一般注意事项以及现场勘验、尸体解剖程序和要求、尸体解剖报告格式及特殊尸体的检验方案等。
鉴于此，有必要借鉴国内外法医学领域新的研究进展与应用技术成果，并结合当前我国法医学鉴定工作的实际现状，制订一项全面、系统、可操作性强，且具有指导意义的法医学尸体解剖规范，该技术规范有助于各级专业技术人员在进行法医学尸体检验、鉴定过程中形成一整套完善的工作程序，有助于法医学重新鉴定工作的开展，能为相关学术交流提供技术支持。
本技术规范规定了法医学尸体检验的一般原则、条件和作业程序。
本技术规范的内容包括现场尸体勘验、尸表检验的一般程序原则以及法医学尸体解剖操作规范等。
由于法医学鉴定个案复杂多变，鉴定实践中基于求同存异的原则，在具体操作中本技术规范的各部分内容均可酌情独立使用。
本技术规范适用于各类法医学鉴定的尸体检验。
SF/Z JD0101002——20151法医学尸体解剖规范1 范围本技术规范规定了法医学尸体解剖的一般程序及规则。
国际药物注册英语词汇教学文案
国际药物注册英语词汇国际药物注册英语词汇互译FDA（food and drug adminisration）：（美国）食品药品监督管理局 NDA（new drug application）：新药申请ANDA（abbreviated new drug application）：简化新药申请EP（export application）：出口药申请（申请出口不被批准在美国销售的药品）treatment IND：研究中的新药用于治疗abbreviated（new）drug：简化申请的新药DMF（drug master file）：药物主文件（持有者为谨慎起见而准备的保密资料，可以包括一个或多个人用药物在制备、加工、包装和贮存过程中所涉及的设备、生产过程或物品。
只有在DMF持有者或授权代表以授权书的形式授权给FDA，FDA在审查IND、NDA、ANDA时才能参考其内容）holder：DMF持有者CFR（code of federal regulation）：（美国）联邦法规PANEL：专家小组batch production：批量生产；分批生产batch production records：生产批号记录post or pre-market surveillance：销售前或销售后监督informed consent：知情同意（患者对治疗或受试者对医疗试验了解后表示同意接受治疗或试验）prescription drug：处方药OTC drug（over—the—counter drug）：非处方药U.S. public health service：美国卫生福利部NIH（national institute of health）：（美国）全国卫生研究所 animal trail：动物试验accelerated approval：加速批准standard drug：标准药物investigator ：研究人员；调研人员preparing and submitting：起草和申报submission：申报；递交benefit(s)：受益risk（s）：受害drug product：药物产品drug substance：原料药established name：确定的名称generic name：非专利名称proprietary name：专有名称；INN（international nonproprietary name）：国际非专有名称 narrative summary: 记叙体概要adverse effect：副作用adverse reaction：不良反应protocol：方案archival copy：存档用副本review copy：审查用副本official compendium：法定药典（主要指USP、 NF）．USP（the united state pharmacopeia）：美国药典（现已和NF合并一起出版）NF（national formulary）：（美国）国家药品集official＝pharmacopeial = compendial：药典的；法定的；官方的agency：审理部门（指FDA）sponsor：主办者（指负责并着手临床研究者）identity：真伪；鉴别；特性strength：规格；规格含量（每一剂量单位所含有效成分的量）labeled amount：标示量regulatory specification：质量管理规格标准（NDA提供）regulatory methodology：质量管理方法（FDA用于考核原料药或药物产品是否符合批准了的质量管理规格标准的整套步骤）regulatory methods validation：管理用分析方法的验证（FDA对NDA 提供的方法进行验证）Dietary supplement：食用补充品ICH（International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use)人用药物注册技术要求国际协调会议ICH：Quality-质量Q1A(R2): Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products (SecondRevision)新原料药和制剂的稳定性试验（第二版）Q1B: Photostability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products 新原料药和制剂的光稳定性试验Q1C: Stability Testing for New Dosage Forms新制剂的稳定性试验Q1D: Bracketing and Matrixing Designs for Stability Testing of Drug Substances and Drug Products原料药和制剂稳定性试验的交叉和矩阵设计Q1E: Evaluation of Stability Data对稳定性数据的评估处理Q1F: Stability Data Package for Registration Applications in Climatic Zones III and IV在气候带III和IV，药物注册申请所提供的稳定性数据Q2A: Text on Validation of Analytical Procedures分析程序的验证Q2B: Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology 分析程序的验证：方法学Q3A(R): Impurities in New Drug Substances (Revised Guideline) 新原料药中的杂质（修订版）Q3B(R): Impurities in New Drug Products (Revised Guideline) 新制剂中的杂质（修订版）Q3C: Impurities: Guideline for Residual Solvents杂质：残留溶剂指南Q3C(M): Impurities: Guideline for Residual Solvents (Maintenance) 杂质：残留溶剂指南（修改内容）Q4: Pharmacopoeias药典Q4A: Pharmacopoeial Harmonisation 药典的协调Q4B: Regulatory Acceptance of Pharmacopoeial Interchangeability 药典互替在法规上的可接受性Q5A: Viral Safety Evaluation of Biotechnology Products Derived from CellLines of Human or Animal Origin来源于人或者动物细胞系的生物技术产品的病毒安全性评估Q5B: Quality of Biotechnological Products: Analysis of the ExpressionConstruct in Cells Used for Production of r-DNA Derived Protein Products生物技术产品的质量：源于重组DNA的蛋白质产品的生产中所用的细胞中的表达构建分析Q5C: Quality of Biotechnological Products: Stability Testing ofBiotechnological/Biological Products生物技术产品的质量：生物技术/生物产品的稳定性试验Q5D: Derivation and Characterisation of Cell Substrates Used forProduction of Biotechnological/Biological Products用于生产生物技术/生物产品的细胞底物的起源和特征描述Q5E: Comparability of Biotechnological/Biological Products Subject toChanges in Their Manufacturing Process基于不同生产工艺的生物技术产品/生物产品的可比较性Q6: Specifications for New Drug Substances and Products 新原料药和制剂的质量规格Q6A: Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for New DrugSubstances and New Drug Products: Chemical Substances 质量规格：新原料药和新制剂的检验程序和可接收标准：化学物质Q6B: Specifications: Test Procedures and Acceptance Criteria forBiotechnological/Biological Products质量规格：生物技术/生物产品的检验程序和可接收标准Q7: Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceutical Ingredients 活性药物成份的GMPQ7A: Good Manufacturing Practice Guide for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients活性药物成份的GMP指南Q8: Pharmaceutical Development药物研发Q9: Quality Risk Management质量风险管理ICH：Safety-安全S1A: Guideline on the Need for Carcinogenicity Studies of Pharmaceuticals药物致癌性研究需要的指南S1B: Testing for Carcinogenicity of Pharmaceuticals药物致癌性的检验S1C: Dose Selection for Carcinogenicity Studies of Pharmaceuticals 药物致癌性研究之剂量选择S1C(R): Addendum: Addition of a Limit Dose and Related Notes 附录：极限剂量和有关注释的的补充S2A: Guidance on Specific Aspects of Regulatory Genotoxicity Tests forPharmaceuticals受法规管辖的药物基因毒性检验的特定方面的指南S2B: Genotoxicity: A Standard Battery for Genotoxicity Testing for Pharmaceuticals基因毒性：药物基因毒性检验的标准S3A: Note for Guidance on Toxicokinetics: The Assessment of SystemicExposure in Toxicity Studies毒物代谢动力学指南的注释：毒性研究中的全身性暴露量的评估S3B: Pharmacokinetics: Guidance for Repeated Dose Tissue DistributionStudies药物代谢动力学：重复剂量的组织分布研究指南S4: Single Dose Toxicity Tests单剂量毒性检验S4A: Duration of Chronic Toxicity Testing in Animals (Rodent and Non-Rodent Toxicity Testing)动物体内慢性毒性持续时间的检验（啮齿动物和非啮齿动物毒性检验） S5A: Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products 药物对生殖发育的毒性的检验S5B(M): Maintenance of the ICH Guideline on Toxicity to Male Fertility:An Addendum to the Guideline on Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction forMedicinal Products对男性生殖能力的毒性的指南的变动：药物对生殖发育的毒性的检验指南增加了一个附录S6: Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Biotechnology-Derived Pharmaceuticals生物技术生产的药物的临床前安全评价S7A: Safety Pharmacology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals 人用药的安全药理学研究S7B: The Nonclinical Evaluation of the Potential for Delayed VentricularRepolarization(QT Interval Prolongation) By Human Pharmaceuticals 药物延迟心室复极化（QT间期）潜在作用的非临床评价S8: Immunotoxicology Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals 人用药免疫毒理学研究M3(M): Maintenance of the ICH Guideline on Non-Clinical Safety Studies forthe Conduct of Human Clinical Trials for Pharmaceuticals 药物的对人临床试验的非临床安全研究指南的变动E-Efficacy（有效）E1: The Extent of Population Exposure to Assess Clinical Safety for DrugsIntended for Long-Term Treatment of Non-Life-Threatening Conditions对用于无生命危险情况下长期治疗的药物进行临床安全评估的族群暴露量范围E2A: Clinical Safety Data Management: Definitions and Standards for Expedited Reporting临床安全数据管理：速报制度的定义和标准E2B(R): Revision of the E2B(M) ICH Guideline on Clinical Safety Data Management Data Elements for Transmission of Individual Case SafetyReports个案安全报告送交的临床安全数据管理的数据要素指南（E2B（M））的修订版E2B (M): Maintenance of the Clinical Safety Data Management including:Data Elements for Transmission of Individual Case Safety Reports 临床安全数据管理的变动包括：个案安全报告送交的数据要素E2B(M): Maintenance of the Clinical Safety Data Management includingQuestions and Answers临床安全数据管理的变动，包括问答E2C: Clinical Safety Data Management: Periodic Safety Update Reports forMarketed Drugs临床安全数据管理：已上市药品的周期性安全数据更新报告Addendum to E2C: Periodic Safety Update Reports for Marketed DrugsE2C的附录：已上市药品的周期性安全数据更新报告E2D: Post-Approval Safety Data Management: Definitions and Standards forExpedited Reporting批准后的安全数据管理：速报制度的定义和标准E2E: Pharmacovigilance Planning药物警戒计划E3: Structure and Content of Clinical Study Reports临床研究报告的结构和内容E4: Dose-Response Information to Support Drug Registration 支持药品注册的剂量－效应资料E5: Ethnic Factors in the Acceptability of Foreign Clinical Data 引入海外临床数据时要考虑的人种因素E6: Good Clinical Practice: Consolidated GuidelineGCP：良好的临床规范：统一的指南E7: Studies in Support of Special Populations: Geriatrics 对特定族群的支持的研究：老人病学E8: General Considerations for Clinical Trials对临床试验的总的考虑E9: Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials临床试验的统计原则E10: Choice of Control Group and Related Issues in Clinical Trials 临床试验中控制组和有关课题的选择E11: Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the PediatricPopulation小儿科药物的临床调查E12A: Principles for Clinical Evaluation of New Antihypertensive Drugs新抗高血压药物的临床评价原则E14: The Clinical Evaluation of QT/QTc Interval Prolongation andProarrhythmic Potential for Non-Antiarrhythmic Drugs非抗心率失常药物的QT/QTc 间期和致心率失常潜在作用的临床评价Multidisciplinary Guidelines 多学科兼容的指南M1: Medical Terminology医学术语M2: Electronic Standards for Transmission of Regulatory Information (ESTRI)药政信息传递之电子标准M3: Timing of Pre-clinical Studies in Relation to Clinical Trials (See Safety Topics)有关临床试验的临床前研究的时间安排M4: The Common Technical Document (See CTD section for complete Status ofthe guidelines)通用技术文件（见有关CTD章节）M5: Data Elements and Standards for Drug Dictionaries 药物词典的数据要素和标准临床试验常用的英文缩略语TTP： time-to-progression 疾病进展时间SAE： severity Adverse Event 严重不良事件AE： Adverse Event 不良事件SOP： Standard Operating Procedure 标准操作规程CRF： Case Report form 病例报告表DLT：剂量限制毒性MTD：最大耐受剂量KPS： Karnofsky Performance Status行为状态评分CR： complete response完全缓解PR： partial response部分缓解SD：病情稳定PD： progressive disease病情进展CTC：常用药物毒性标准IEC： independent ethics committee 独立伦理委员会IRB ： institutional review board 伦理委员会CRA：临床研究助理CRO： Contract Research Organization 合同研究组织DFS： Disease Free Survival 无病生存期OS：（Overall Survival）总生存时间IC： Informed consent 知情同意ADR： Adverse Drug Reaction 不良反应GAP：Good Agricultural Practice 中药材种植管理规范GCP：Good Clinical Practice 药物临床试验质量管理规范GLP：Good Laboratory Practice 药品实验室管理规范GMP：Good Manufacturing Practice 药品生产质量管理规范GSP：Good Supply Practice 药品经营质量管理规范GUP：Good Use Practice 药品使用质量管理规范PI ：Principal investigator 主要研究者CI： Co-inveatigator 合作研究者SI ：Sub-investigator 助理研究者COI ：Coordinating investigtor 协调研究者DGMP：医疗器械生产质量管理规范ICF： Informed consent form 知情同意书RCT ： randomized controlled trial, 随机对照试验NRCCT： non-randomized concurrent controlled trial, 非随机同期对照试验EBM： evidence-based medicine 循证医学RCD： randomized cross-over disgn 随机交叉对照试验HCT： historial control trial, 历史对照研究RECIST： Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors. 实体瘤疗效反应的评价标准QC： Quality Control质量控制UADR： Unexpected Adverse Drug Reaction，非预期药物不良反应。
想成为一位法医和理由英语作文
想成为一位法医和理由英语作文英文回答：From a tender age, I have always been fascinated by the intricate workings of the human body and the mysteries surrounding death. This fascination has led me to pursue a career as a forensic pathologist, a field that combines my scientific curiosity with a passion for justice.Forensic pathology is a branch of medicine that deals with the examination of deceased individuals to determine the cause and manner of death. It plays a crucial role in criminal investigations, medico-legal cases, and public health. As a forensic pathologist, I would have the opportunity to use my medical knowledge and investigative skills to solve crimes, identify unknown individuals, and assist in wrongful death cases.The complex and challenging nature of forensic pathology is what draws me to it. Each case presents aunique puzzle that requires a meticulous examination of physical evidence, medical records, and witness statements. By piecing together these fragments of information, I would be able to provide vital insights into the circumstances surrounding a person's death.Moreover, forensic pathology offers a profound opportunity to make a tangible difference in the lives of others. By determining the cause of death in cases of homicide or suspicious circumstances, I could help bring closure to grieving families and ensure that justice is served. In cases of missing persons, I could use my skills to identify the remains and bring closure to their loved ones.Additionally, forensic pathology has important implications for public health. By studying the patterns of disease and injury in the population, I could contribute to the development of preventive measures and improve public health policies.The path to becoming a forensic pathologist is long andarduous, but it is a journey that I am eager to embark on. It requires a strong foundation in medical sciences, including anatomy, pathology, and toxicology. Additionally, forensic pathologists must possess excellent communication and interpersonal skills, as they often work closely with law enforcement agencies and the legal system.I am confident that I have the necessary intellectual curiosity, analytical abilities, and determination to succeed in this demanding field. I am eager to contribute my knowledge and skills to the advancement of justice and the well-being of society.中文回答：从很小的时候起，我就一直对人体复杂的运作和围绕死亡的谜团着迷。
术中冰冻检查标准
术中冰冻检查标准Standard for Intraoperative Freezing AssessmentIntroduction:Intraoperative freezing assessment refers to the evaluation of nerve conduction during surgical procedures requiring general or regional anesthesia. It is essential for monitoring and ensuring the success of various surgical interventions, such as orthopedic or neurosurgical procedures, that involve manipulation or resection of nerves or muscles. This standard outlines the criteria and methods for accurate and reliable intraoperative freezing assessment.1. Patient Preparation:Before the procedure, the patient must be informed about the freezing assessment and its importance for their safety and the success of the surgery. Written consent should be obtained, and any questions or concerns addressed. Furthermore, the patient's medical history and current medications must be reviewed to identify potential factors that may interfere with freezing assessment or its interpretation.2. Equipment:The freezing assessment requires specialized equipment, including a nerve stimulator, electromyography (EMG) machine, and associated monitoring devices. These devices should be checked for accuracy and calibration before the procedure to ensure reliable measurements.3. Technique:a. Nerve Stimulation: Nerve stimulation is performed using a nerve stimulator, which delivers low-intensity electrical impulses to the target nerve. The distance between the stimulating electrode and the nerve should be constant and documented for future reference. Sensory and motor responses to stimulation should be assessed and recorded.b. Electromyography (EMG): EMG is used to record the electrical activity of muscles innervated by the stimulated nerve. This allows for quantitative assessment of nerve function during freezing. The EMG electrodes are placed on the muscle belly, preferably in a bipolar configuration, and connected to the EMG machine.c. Baseline Measurements: Baseline measurements of nerve conductionand muscle response are obtained before any surgical manipulation. This provides a comparison for assessing changes during the procedure.d. Freeze Assessment: During the surgical procedure, freezing assessment is performed intermittently at predetermined time intervals. The same stimulation parameters used for baseline measurements should be employed. Muscle response amplitudes, motor threshold, and latency are recorded. Any changes from baseline should be immediately reported to the surgeon.4. Quality Control:a. Data Interpretation: The freezing assessment results should be analyzed based on established baseline measurements and normal values specific to the nerve and surgical procedure. Any deviations from expected values should be noted and communicated to the surgical team.b. Documentation: All freezing assessment data, including stimulation parameters, muscle responses, and changes from baseline, should be recorded accurately and legibly. This documentation is crucial for ensuring continuity of care, analyzing outcomes, and addressing anypotential medico-legal concerns.Conclusion:Intraoperative freezing assessment is a critical component of surgeries involving nerve or muscle manipulation. This standard provides guidelines for patient preparation, equipment, technique, and quality control. Following these standards ensures the reliable evaluation of nerve conduction during surgical procedures, optimizing patient safety and surgical outcomes.术中冰冻检查标准简介：术中冰冻检查是指针对需要全身或局部麻醉的外科手术过程中对神经传导进行评估。
墨西哥医疗器械法规变化及市场前景分析
法规变化历程及最新动态
近年来，墨西哥对医疗器械法规进行了多次修订和更新，加强了对医疗器械的监管力度。
最新动态包括：对部分医疗器械实施新的分类规则、加强医疗器械注册和许可的审核标准、 加大对违规行为的处罚力度等。
未来趋势方面，墨西哥将继续完善医疗器械法规体系，提高监管效率和透明度，促进医疗器 械市场的健康发展。同时，随着医疗技术的不断进步和市场需求的变化，墨西哥医疗器械法 规也将不断适应和调整。
03
墨西哥医疗器械市场现状
Chapter
市场规模和增长趋势
墨西哥医疗器械市场规模逐年增 长，预计未来几年将保持稳定增
墨西哥医疗器械法规变化及市场前 景分析
目录
• 引言 • 墨西哥医疗器械法规概述 • 墨西哥医疗器械市场现状 • 法规变化对市场的影响分析 • 墨西哥医疗器械市场前景预测 • 针对墨西哥市场的策略建议
01
引言
Chapter
目的和背景
分析墨西哥医疗器械市场的法规变化，以及这些变化对 市场的影响。 探讨墨西哥医疗器械市场的未来发展趋势和前景。
Chapter
了解并遵守当地法规要求
1 2 3
深入研究墨西哥医疗器械法规
全面了解墨西哥医疗器械的注册、监管、税收等 方面的法规，确保企业在当地市场的合规性。
关注法规变化动态
密切关注墨西哥医疗器械法规的变化动态，及时 调整企业战略和市场策略，以适应新的法规环境 。
建立合规团队和流程
组建专业的合规团队，建立合规审查流程，确保 企业在墨西哥市场的所有活动均符合当地法规要 求。
消费者需求和购买行为
消费者对医疗器械的安全性和 有效性要求较高，注重品牌和 产品质量。
医学博士词汇
医学博士词汇i n t e r p r e t a t i o n n．解释，阐明；翻译i n t e r r o g a t i v e a．疑问的；讯问的；质问的i n t e r s p e r s e v．散布；点缀i n t e r v e n e v．干涉，干预；介入i n t e s t i n e n．肠i n t i m a t e a．亲密的，密切的n．熟友i n t o l e r a n t a．不容忍的；不耐(性)的i n t r a m u s c u l a r a．肌内的i n t r a v a s c u l a r a．血管内的i n t r a v e n o u s a．静脉内的；静脉注射的i n t r i n s i c a．固有的；本质的；内部的;体内的i n t r u d e v．侵入；闯入，打扰i n t u i t i o n n．直觉；直观i n v a d e v．侵入；侵略；侵害i n v a l i d a．有病的；病弱的；伤残的n．病人；伤病员i n v a l i d a．无效的；无效力的i n v a s i o n n．入侵；侵犯；疾病;发作i n v e s t v．披盖；授予；包围；投资i n v e s t m e n t n．投资，投资额；覆盖;包围；授职(仪式)i n v i g o r a t e v．使精力充沛天天向上 1i n v i t a t i o n n．请柬；邀请，招待；请求；引起i n v i t e v．邀请，招待i n v o k e v．恳求；乞求；引起，产生i n v o l u n t a r y a．非故意的，偶然的；非自愿的；不随意的i o d i n e n．碘i o n n．离子i r o n i c(a l)n．讽刺的；挖苦的i r r a d i a t i o n a．照射；辐射，阐明；放射；扩散i r r a t i o n a l a．不合理的；荒谬的i r r e l e v a n t a．不相干的i r r e s i s t i b l e a．不可抵抗的；不能压制的i r r e v e r s i b l e a．不可逆的，不可倒置的i r r i g a t e v．灌溉；进行灌溉；冲洗(伤口)i r r i g a t i o n n．灌溉；水利；冲洗法i r r i t a t e v．激怒，恼火；刺激；使发炎；使兴奋i s c h e m i a n．局部缺血i s o t o p e n．同位素i t c h n．痒；疥疮;渴望v.发痒;渴望i t e m n．条，项目;条款;一则(新闻)i v o r y n．象牙a．象牙制成的；象牙色的j a c k n．[J-]普通人；千斤顶v.用起重器举(或顶)j a d e n．玉；绿玉色j a u n d i c e n.黄疸;妒忌;厌恶;偏见天天向上2j a w n.颌,颚j e a l o u s a．妒忌的；猜疑的j e a l o u s y n．妒忌；猜忌j e j u n u m n．空肠j e l l y n．肉冻；果子冻；胶状物v．(使)成胶状j e o p a r d i z e v．使受危险；危害j e r k n．／v．急拉，猛推；痉挛；颠簸J e w n．犹太人j e w e l n．宝石；宝石饰物v．用宝石装饰j i g s a w n．竖锯，线锯v．使互相交错搭接j i n g l e v．叮当响n．叮当声j o g v．慢跑j o l l y a．高兴的；快活的；令人高兴的j o t n．一点儿；(最)小额；(最)少量v．草草记下j o u r n a l i s t n．记者，新闻工作者j u d i c i o u s a．明断的；明智的；审慎的；有见识的j u i c e n.汁,液j u m b l e v．搞乱；混杂；使混乱j u n c t i o n n．连接，接合；接合点；交叉点j u n c t u r e n．接合；接合点；交界处;时机；关头j u n g l e n．丛林，密林j u r y n．陪审团天天向上 3j u s t i c e n．公道，公平；正义；审判，司法j u s t i f y v．为…提供法律依据；证明正当j u v e n i l e a．青少年的；适合于青少年的；幼稚的n．青少年k a n g a r o o n．袋鼠k e e n a．锋利，尖锐的；敏捷的;敏锐的；热心的，渴望的k e n n．认识范围的，知识范围;(盗贼、乞丐等的)窝k e r n e l n．核，仁；核心；中心k e r o s e n e n．煤油k e t t l e n．水壶k i n n．家族，门第;亲属关系a.有亲属关系的k i n d e r g a r t e n n．幼儿园k i n e s i a t r i c s n．运动疗法k i n e t i c s n．动力学k i t n．用具包(袋)；工具箱k n i g h t n．骑士，武士；爵士k n i t v．编织；结合(折骨等);使紧密结合k n i t w e a r n．针织品k n o b n．门把，拉手；球形突出物;疖，瘤k n o t n．结；节疤；难题；海里v.打结k n u c k l e n．指(关)节；(猪等动物的)膝关节l a b e l n．标签，签条；标记，符号；称号，绰号v．用签标明l a b i u m n．唇l a c e n．花边；带子，鞋带v．系带，扎带天天向上4l a c e r a t e v．撕碎，割碎；伤害(感情)l a c h r y m a l a．泪的n．(p1．)泪腺l a c t a t e v．分泌乳汁；喂奶l a c t o s e n．乳糖l a d n．男孩，少年，青年男子,小伙子；家伙，伙伴l a d e n a．装满了的；充满了的;负了重担的；苦恼的l a g v．／n．落后；滞后l a m b n．羔羊，小羊；羔羊肉l a m e a．跛；瘸的v．使跛，跛行l a m e n t n．／v．悲痛；哀悼n．挽歌；悼词l a n c e t n．刺血针；柳叶刀l a n d s c a p e n．界标；里程碑l a n d s c a p e n．风景，景色l a n e n．小路，小巷；行车道l a n g u i s h v．变得衰弱无力；失去活力l a n t e r n n．灯，灯笼l a p n．(跑道的)一圈；(衣服的)下摆；(人坐着时)腰以下及大腿的前部l a p o r o t o m y n．剖腹术l a p s e n．失检；小错；跌落，下降；失检，偏离；流逝，间隔v．失检，背离；终止；失效l a r d n．猪油v．涂油于；润色(文章)天天向上 5l a r v a n．幼虫(昆虫)，蚴(蠕虫)l a r y n g o l o g y n．喉科学l a r y n x n．喉l a s h n．鞭打；严厉的批评;眼睫毛l a s s i t u d e n．疲乏；无精打采l a t e n c y n．潜伏；潜伏期；隐伏l a t e r a l a．(外)侧的；旁边的l a u n c h v．发射；使(船)下水；开展；发起；开办n．发射；(船)下水l a v a t o r y n．盥洗室；厕所l a v i s h a．过分大方的；浪费的；慷慨的；过分丰富的；大量的l a x a t i v e n．轻泻药a．轻泻的l a y e r n.层l a y m a n n.俗人;门外汉，外行l a y o u t n.布局;陈设；安排；设计l e a f l e t n．小叶；传单l e a g u e n．同盟，联盟v．结盟l e a k n．漏洞v．渗漏，泄漏l e a k a g e n．漏，泄漏；泄漏物；漏出量l e a n v．倾斜；屈身；倚，靠；依赖a．瘦的；无脂肪的l e a p n．跳跃；飞跃v．跳，跃，跃过l e a s e n．租约；租赁期限；租赁权l e a t h e r n．皮革；皮革制品v．用皮革包天天向上6l e g a l a．合法的；正当的；法律的n．法定权利l e g i b l e a．易读的；字迹清楚的l e g i s l a t i o n n．立法；法规；立法机构审议事项l e g i t i m a t e a．合法的；正当的；合理的v．使合法；证明…有理l e m e n n．柠檬l e p r o s y n.麻风(病)l e s i o n n.损害，损伤l e s t c o n j．唯恐，以免，免得l e t h a l a．致死的，致命的l e u k e m i a n.白血病l e u k o c y t e n.白细胞l e u k o c y t o s i s n.白细胞增多l i a b i l i t y n.责任,义务;倾向;(复数)债务l i a b l e a．有…倾向的，易于…;对…有义务的l i a r n.说谎的人l i b e r a t e v.解放；释放l i b e r a t i o n n.解放；释放l i b e r t y n.自由l i b r a r i a n n.图书馆员l i b r a r y n．图书馆；藏书l i c e n s e n．执照，许可证v.准许;许可证给…l i c k n．／v.舔天天向上7l i d n．盖；眼睑l i f t n．电梯，升降机v.提起;举起；(云雾)消散l i g a m e n t n．韧带l i m e n．石灰v．用石灰处理l i n e a r a．线的；直线的；长度的；线性的；长条形的l i n e n n．亚麻布；亚麻布制品a.用亚麻纺成的l i n g e r v．逗留，徘徊；拖延l i n i n g n.衬里;衬料l i n k n．环；链；链环v．连结,联系l i p a s e n．脂(肪)酶l i p i d n．脂l i p o i d n．a．类脂(的)；脂质(的)l i q u o r n．液；汁；液剂；酒v．把…浸于水中l i t e r a l a．文字上的;字面的；确确实实的l i t e r a r y a．文学的；精通文学的；从事写作的l i t e r a t u r e n.文学;文学作品；文献l i t h i a s i s n.结石病l i t t e r n.四下乱丢的东西;废物,废纸;轿;担架;一胎生下的小动物v.乱丢;产仔l i z a r d n．蜥蜴l o a f n．一条面包，一只面包l o b b y n．前厅；议会走廊；议会休息厅v．对议员进行疏通活动l o b e n．叶天天向上8l o b u l e n．小叶l o c o m o t i v e n．机车；火车头a．运动的；机动的l o c u s t n．蝗虫l o d g e v．住宿,投宿n．门房，传达室l o d g i n g n．寄宿；住所l o f t y a．高耸的；崇高的l o n g e v i t y n．长寿；资历l o o p n．环，圈l o o s e a．松的；宽大的；松散的v.释放；松开l o o s e n v．解开；松开l o r d n．主人；长官；君主;贵族;(L-)上帝；基督l o r r y n．运货汽车，卡车l o t i o n n．洗液；洗剂l o t u s n．莲，荷l o u d s p e a k e r n．扬声器,喇叭l o u n g e n．休息室;起居事;闲荡v.闲荡l o u s e n．虱l o y a l a.忠诚的；忠贞的l o y a l t y n.忠诚，忠心l u b r i c a t e v.使润滑；加润滑油l u c i d a.神志清醒的；清楚的;易懂的l u e k y a．梅毒的；传染病的l u l l v．使安静，哄(小孩)睡觉；变平静n．间歇，暂停天天向上9l u m b a r a．腰的l u m b e r n．木材，木料v．以破旧东西堆满；伐木；笨重移动l u m e n n．腔l u m i n o u s a．发光的，发亮的；光明的；明白易懂的；有启发的l u n a r a．月亮的；似月的l u n c h e o n n．午餐；午餐会l u n g n．肺l u s t y a．强壮的；精力充沛的;强烈的l u x u r y n.奢侈；奢侈品a．奢华的l y m p h n.淋巴；淋巴液l y m p h o c y t e n.淋巴细胞l y s e v.溶解，溶化l y s i s n.溶解；消散；(疾病)渐退m a c r o s c o p i c a l a．宏观的；肉眼可见的m a c u l a n．(尤指皮肤上的)斑点m a c u l a r a．斑(点)的m a g i c n．魔术;戏法a．魔术的；有魔力的m a g n e s i u m n．镁m a g n e t n．磁铁;磁体；有吸引力的人(物)m a g n e t i c a．磁性的；有吸引力的m a g n i f i c e n t a．壮丽的；宏伟的；豪华的m a g n i f i e r n．放大镜；放大器m a g n i f y v．放大；扩大天天向上10m a g n i t u d e n．大小；数量；重要性；巨大m a i d n．侍女；女仆；少女；处女m a i d e n n．处女；少女；未婚女子m a i n t e n a n c e n．维持；保养m a j e s t i c a．雄伟的，壮丽的；庄严的；威严的；崇高的m a j e s t y n．威严，尊严；(M-)陛下m a j o r i t y n．多数，过半数m a l a i s e n．不适，欠安m a l a r i a n．疟疾m a l f o r m a t i o n n．畸形，变形m a l f u n c t i o n n．故障；功能碍障m a l i c i o u s a．恶意的；蓄意的m a l i g n a n t a．恶性的；有害的m a l n u t r i t i o n n．营养不良m a m m a l n．哺乳动物m a n a g e r i a l a．经理的；管理人的；管理上的，经营上的m a n d a t o r y a．强制的；委托的m a n e u v e r n．手法，操作法m a n i f e s t v．表明；证明；显示a.明白的；明显的m a n i p u l a t e v．操作；处理；使用；操纵m a n o m e t e r n．压力计；血压计m a n s i o n n．大厦，大楼天天向上11m a n u a l a．手的；用手的；手工做的；体力的n．手册，指南m a n u s c r i p t n．手稿；原稿；打字稿m a r b l e n．大理石m a r c h v．／n．前进；进行；行军m a r g i n n．页边空白；边缘；余地；幅度v．加边于m a r i n e a．海的；海生的；航海的m a r r o w n．骨髓；精华；活力m a r s h n．沼泽地m a r s h a l n．元帅m a r t y r n．烈士；(因疾病等)长期受痛苦的人m a r v e l n．惊奇；奇观;奇迹v.惊奇;惊异m a r v e l o u s a．惊人的；奇迹般的;了不起的M a r x i s m n．马克思主义M a r x i s t n．马克思主义者m a s c u l i n e a．男性的；男子气概的n.阳性；阳性词m a s k n.面具;口罩v.遮盖;戴面具m a s s n．团，块，堆；众多，大量v．集聚n．(或M-)弥撒n．(p1．)群众，民众m a s s a g e n．按摩，推拿v．按摩，推拿m a s s i v e a．粗大的，大而重的；大规模的，巨大的m a s t e r p i e c e n．杰作；名著m a s t e r y n．控制；统治;优势;优胜;掌握，精通m a t n．席子；垫子;地席;v.铺上垫子天天向上12m a t e r n a l a．母亲的；母系的m a t e r n i t y n．母性；产科医院；怀孕m a t r o n n．护士长；女总管；总干事m a t u r a t e v．成熟；化脓m a t u r e a．成熟的；周到的v.成熟,成长m a x i m n．格言，箴言m a x i m a l a．最大的，最高的；最带总括性的m a x i m i z e v．把…增加到最大限度；充分重视；作尽量广义的解释m a x i m u m n．最大量；最高点；顶点；极限a．最大的，最高的115m a z e n.迷惑；混乱v.使迷惑;使困惑m e a d o w n．草地；牧草地m e a s l e s n.麻疹m e c h a n i s m n.机制,机理;机械装置;手法；途径m e d d l e v．干涉，干预m e d i a n a．中央的，当中的n．中部;中线；中值m e d i c a r e n．医疗照顾方案／项目m e d i c a t i o n n．药疗法，药物处理；药物;药剂m e d i c i n a l a．药的；药用的；治疗的m e d i c o-a t h l e t i c s n．医疗体育m e d i c o-l e g a l a．法医学的m e d i t a t e v．沉思，冥思；反省；考虑;策划M e d i t e r r a n e a n n．／a．地中海(的)天天向上13m e d i u m a.中等的，适中的n．中间,适中；媒介；媒介物；传导体m e d u l l a n．髓(质)m e l a n i n n．黑(色)素m e l o d y n．旋律，曲调；歌曲m e l o n n．瓜；甜瓜m e m b r a n e n．膜m e m o r a b l e a．值得纪念的；难忘的m e m o r a n d u m n．备忘录m e m o r i z e v．记住；熟记；记录；存储m e n a c e v．／n．威胁；恐吓m e n d v．修补，修理，缝补；改正;改进n．修补；好转m e n i n g i t i s n．脑(脊)膜炎m e n s t r u a l a．月经的；每月一次的m e n t a l a．思想的，精神的；智力的,脑力的m e r c h a n d i s e n．商品；货物v．经商；推销m e r c h a n t n．商人；零售商m e r c u r y n．汞，水银m e r c y n．仁慈；怜悯；宽恕m e r g e v．使(企业等)合并；使结合；吞没；并吞m e r i t n．价值；优点；功绩v.值得；应得m e r r y a．欢乐的，兴高采烈的m e s h n．网眼；网络；网状结构天天向上14m e s s n．混乱，混杂；脏乱v.弄糟；弄乱；妨碍m e t a b o l i s m n．(新陈)代谢m e t a l l i c a．金属的；金属制的；含金属的；产金属的；像金属的m e t a s t a s i s n．转移；转移灶；转移瘤m e t e o r o l o g y n．气象学m e t h o d o l o g y n．方法论；(某一学科)一套方法m e t i c u l o u s a．过细的，细致的m e t r o p o l i t a n a．大城市的，大都会的；宗主国的n．大城市人；大都市派头的人m i c r o b e n．微生物；细菌m i c r o b i o l o g y n．微生物学m i c r o f i l m n．缩微胶卷；缩微照片v.用缩微法拍摄m i c r o o r g a n i s m n．微生物m i d s t n．中部，中间m i g r a t e v．迁移；移居m i l d a．温暖的，暖和的；温和的；温柔的；(烟、酒)味淡的m i l i t a r y a．军队的；军事的；军用的m i l l n．磨坊；磨粉机；制造厂，工厂v．碾磨m i l l i o n a i r e n．百万富翁m i m i c a．模仿的；摹拟的m i n c e v．切碎；绞碎n．肉馅m i n g l e v．混合，相混合m i n i a t u r e n．小画像；小型物天天向上15m i n i b u s n．小型公共汽车m i n i s t e r n．部长；大臣；牧师v．伺候，照顾(t o)m i n i s t r y n．部m i n o r a．较小的；较少的；较次要的n．兼修学科v．兼修(i n)m i n o r i t y n．少数；少数派；少数民族m i n t n．薄荷m i n u s a．减去的；负的p r e p．减(去)n．减号，负号；负数，负量m i n u t e a．微细的，微小的；详细的；精密的m i r a c l e n．奇迹；令人惊奇的人(或事)m i s b i r t h n．堕胎；流产m i s c a r r i a g e n．失败；误投；小产；流产;堕胎m i s e r a b l e a.悲惨的；痛苦的m i s e r y n.痛苦；悲惨；不幸m i s m a t c h v．／n．配错；配合不当m i s s i l e n．导弹；发射物m i s s i o n n．使节；代表团；使命,任务；v．派遣m i s t n．薄雾，霭v．下薄雾；模糊m i t i g a t e v.缓和；镇静；安慰m i t r a l a.僧帽形的；二尖瓣的m o a n n．呻吟声；悲叹声v．呻吟,悲叹m o b i l e a．运动的；活动的；易变的；流动的，机动的；活动装置的n．运动物体天天向上16m o b i l i z e v．动员；活动m o c k v．嘲弄，嘲笑a.假的,虚幻的m o d e r a t e a.中等的,适度的;温和的;稳健的n.温和主义者v.变(使)和缓m o d e s t a．端庄的,朴素的；谦虚的,羞怯的m o d e s t y n．谦逊，虚心；端庄，稳重;羞怯;朴素m o d i f i c a t i o n n．缓和;减轻;更改，修改m o d i f y v．改变,改变;修饰；减轻；缓和m o d u l a t e v．调整；调节m o i s t a．湿润的，潮湿的m o i s t u r e n．潮湿；湿气；湿度m o l a r n．磨牙，臼齿a．克分子的m o l d同m o u l dm o l e n．胎块；痣；克分子m o l e c u l a r a．分子的；克分子的m o l e c u l e n．分子；克分子；微小颗粒m o l t e n a．熔化的；熔融的m o m e n t n．片刻，瞬间，时刻；重大，重要m o n e t a r y a.钱的；货币的；金融的m o n i t o r n.班长；监听员；监听器;监视器；(病人)监护仪v.监视，监听；监护m o n o c y t e n．单核细胞m o n o t o n o u s a．单调的；一成不变的天天向上17m o n s t e r n.怪物;妖怪a.异乎寻常地大的(只作定语)m o o d n.心境；情绪；语气m o r a l a．道德的；道义的；有道德的n．寓意；道德上的教训m o r a l i t y n．道德，美德；教训，寓意m o r b i d a．病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的m o r b i d i t y n.发病率m o r p h i n e n．吗啡m o r p h o l o g y n．形态学；结构；词法m o r t a l a．致命的；终有一死的；人世间的，凡人的n．凡人m o a q u i t o n．蚊子m o s s n．苔藓，地衣v．长苔藓m o t e l n．汽车旅客旅馆m o t h n．蛾；蛀虫m o t h b a l l n．卫生球；樟脑球m o t t o n．箴言；格言；警句m o u l d n．模子，模型，铸模；霉；霉菌v．造型，浇铸；发霉m o u n t v．登上，爬上，骑上；增长；固定；镶嵌n．登上，骑马，支架；底座，底板m o u r n v．哀悼，悲悼m o u s e n．鼠；耗子v．捕鼠m u c o s a n．粘膜m u c u s n．粘液天天向上18m u l t i p l e a.复合的；多样的；多重的；多倍的；复杂的；并联的n．m u l t i p l i c a t i o n n．增加，增多，倍增；增殖，繁殖；乘法m u l t i p l y v．乘；增加；繁殖m u l t i t u d e n．大批；大群；大量m u m p s n．流行性腮腺炎m u n i c i p a l a．市的；市政的；市立的m u r m u r n．咕哝；(心脏)杂音m u s h r o o m n．蘑菇m u s k n．麝香m u s t a r d n.芥末m u t a t e变异；突变m u t t e r v．／n．轻声低语；咕哝：抱怨m u t t o n n．羊肉m u t u a l a．相互的;共同的m y c o l o g y n．真菌学m y o p i a n．近视m y s t e r i o u s a．神秘的；可疑的；难理解的m y s t e r y n．神秘；神秘之事；神秘小说；侦探小说n a i l n．钉；指甲；爪v．钉,钉住n a i v e a．天真的；朴素的n a k e d a．裸体的；毫无遮掩的n a p k i n n．餐巾(纸)n a p r a p a t h y n．推拿疗法；矫正疗法天天向上19n a r c o t h e r a p y n．麻醉疗法；睡眠疗法n a r c o t i c a．麻醉的n a r r a t e v．讲(故事)；叙述n a r r a t i o n n．讲述；故事；记叙体n a r r a t i v e a．叙述的n．记事；叙述;记叙文n a r r o w a．狭的，狭窄的；狭隘的v．弄窄n a s a l a．鼻的；鼻音的n a s t y a.龌龊的；极脏的；令人作呕的n a u g h t n．零；无n a u g h t y a．顽皮的；淘气的n a u s e a n．恶心；晕船n a v a l a．海军的；军舰的n a v i g a t i o n n．航行；航海；航海术;导航；领航；海上交通n a v y n．海军n e c e s s i t a t e v．使成为必需；迫使(常用被动语态)n e c e s s i t y n．必要性；必然性；必需品n e c r o p s y n．尸体剖解；验尸n e c r o s i s n．坏死n e g l i g e n c e n．疏忽；玩忽；粗心大意n e g l i g e n t a．疏忽的；玩忽的；粗心大意的n e g l i g i b l e a．可以忽略的；微不足道的n e g o t i a t e v．谈判；协商天天向上20n e g o t i a t i o n n．谈判；协商n e o n a t e n．不满一个月的婴儿n e o p l a s t i c a．新生物的；赘生的;(肿)瘤的n e p h e w n．侄子；外甥n e p h r i t i s n．肾炎n e u r a l a．神经的n e u r a l g i a n．神经痛n e u r o l o g y n．神经病学n e u r o n n．神经元，神经细胞n i b n．钢笔尖；尖头n i c k l e n．镍；五分镍币v.镀镍n i c o t i n e n．尼古丁n i e c e n．侄女；外甥女n i g g a r d a．／n．小气的(人);吝啬的(人)n i g h t w a l k e r n．梦游病患者n i l n．无，零n i p v.夹,钳,咬;剪断,夹断n i p p e r n．钳子；镊子；螯n i p p l e n．乳头；乳头状隆起n i t r o g e n n．氮n o b l e a．高尚的；贵族的n．贵族n o c t u r i a n．夜尿n o c t u r n a l a．夜间的；夜发的天天向上21n o d e n．节；结；瘤；中心点n o d u l e n．小结节，小瘤n o m e n c l a t u r e n．名称；术语；命名(法),术语集n o m i n a t e v.提名；指定；任命n o m i n a t i o n n．提名；任命n o n r e v e r s i b l e a．不可逆的n o n s e n s e n.胡说；废话n o n s i g n i f i c a n t a．无足轻重的,无意义的n o n s p e c i f i c a．非特异性的n o s t r i l n．鼻孔n o t a b l e a.值得注意的;著名的;显著的n.名人n o t a r y n．公证人，公证员n o t i c e a b l e a．显而易见的；值得注意的;重要的n o t i o n n．概念；想法；打算，意图n o t o r i o u s a．臭名昭著的；声名狼藉的n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g p r e p．尽管a d．尽管，还是c o n j．虽然；尽管n o u g h t n．／a．无，零n o u r i s h v．施肥于；提供养分；养育n o u r i s h m e n t n．食物，滋养品n o v e l a．新颖的；新奇的n．长篇小说n o v e l t y n.新奇;新颖n o x i o u s a．有害的；不卫生的；有毒的天天向上22n u c l e a r a．核的；核心的；原子核的n u c l e u s n．核；核心；原子核；细胞核n u d e n．裸体的；光秃的；肉色的n u i s a n c e n．麻烦事；讨厌的人(或事)n u m b a．麻木的；失去感觉的n u m b e r i c a l a．数字的，用数字表示的，数值的n u m e r o u s a．众多的，大批的，无数的n u r s e r y n．托儿所，保育室;苗圃;繁殖场n u r t u r e n．营养物，食物；培育;养育；教养n u t r i e n t n．营养品a．营养的；滋养的n u t r i o l o g y n．营养学n y c t a l o p i a n．夜盲症n y l o n n．尼龙o a f n.畸形儿；痴儿；笨汉o a k n.橡树，橡木a．橡木制的o a r n.桨，橹v．划船，划行o a t n.燕麦o a t h n.誓约；誓言o a t m e a l n.燕麦片；燕麦粥o b e s i t y n.肥胖症o b l i g a t i o n n.义务,责任o b l i g e v.迫使;责成;使感激，施恩天天向上23o b l i t e r a t e v．擦去；涂抹；去掉…痕迹；消失；除去o b l i v i o u s a．忘却的；健忘的o b s c u r e a．暗的；朦胧的；模糊的;不清楚的；偏僻的v．使暗,使黑暗；遮掩；使失色o b s e r v a t i o n n．观察；监视；言论，意见o b s e r v e v．遵守；奉行；观察，注意到；看到；说，评述o b s e r v e r n．遵守者；观察员，观察家；评述者o b s e s s v．使着迷；迷(缠)着;使烦扰o b s t a c l e n．障碍；妨碍o b s t e t r i c s n．产科学；助产术o b s t i n a t e a．固执的；顽强的o b s t r u c t v．阻塞，堵塞；阻挡，,阻止;设置障碍o b s t r u c t i o n n．阻塞，堵塞；障碍物o c c a s i o n n．场合，时节；时刻v．引起o c c a s i o n a l a．偶然的；不时的v.闭塞的；堵塞；(牙齿)咬合o c c u l t a．隐(伏)的；潜隐性的；秘密的o c u l a r a．眼的；视觉的;目击的o d d s n．不平等；差异;差距;可能性o d o(u)r n．气味；香气；臭气o f f e n c e(-s e)n．犯法；犯规，过错；冒犯;触怒；进攻o f f e n d v．冒犯；触犯；得罪;使不快；使恼火o f f e n s i v e a．冒犯的，攻击的n．攻势;进攻天天向上24o f f i c i n a l a．药房现成有售的；依据药典配制的；药用的n．成药；药用植物o f f i c i o u s a．过分殷勤的；好管闲事的；非官方(正式)的o f f s e t n．／v．分支；抵消；补偿o m e n n．预兆，兆头o m i n o u s a．不祥的，不吉的；预兆的，预示的o n c o l o g y n．肿瘤学o n i o n n.洋葱o p a q u e a．不透光的；不反光的,不传导的；晦涩的o p e r a n．歌剧o p h t h a l m o l o g y n．眼科学o p i a t e n．鸦片制剂o p i u m n．鸦片；麻醉剂o p p o n e n t n．对手；敌手a.对立的;反对的o p p o r t u n i t y n．机会o p p r e s s v．压迫；压制；压抑o p p r e s s i o n n．压迫，压制；压制物;沉闷；压抑o p t v．抉择，选择o p t i c a l a．眼的，视力的;视觉的;光学的o p t i c s n．(用作单或复)光学o p t i m a l a．最适宜的；最理想的;最令人满意的o p t i m i s m n．乐观；乐观主义o p t i m i s t i c a．乐观的；乐观主义的天天向上25o p t i m i z e v．使尽可能完善；(表示)乐o p t i m i z e v．使尽可能完善；(表示)乐观o p t i m u m n．最佳；最适条件；最适当的食物量o p t i o n n．选择；选择权；选择自由o p t i o n a l a．可任意选择的；非强制的o p t o m e t r i s t n．配镜师o r b i t n．眼眶，眼窝；轨道v.作轨道运行o r c h a r d n．果园o r c h e s t r a n．管弦乐队o r d e a l n．严峻；考验；折磨o r g a n n．器官；风琴o r g a n e l l e n．细胞器；小器官o r g a n i c a．器官的；有机的o r g a n i s m n．有机体；生物o r i e n t n．东方v．定位o r i e n t a l a．东方的n．东方人o r i f i c e n．孔，口o r i g i n a l i t y n．创造力；独创性；创见，创举o r i g i n a l l y a d．最初地；有独创性地o r i g i n a t e v．起源，发生；首创；创始o r n a m e n t n．装饰，装饰品v．装饰o r n a m e n t a l a．装饰的；作装饰用的n．装饰品；观赏植物天天向上26o r p h a n n．孤儿a．无父母的；无父(或母)的；孤儿的o r t h o p e d i c s n．矫形外科学o s m o s i s n．渗透(作用)o s t e o m a n．骨瘤o s t r i c h n．鸵鸟o t i t i s n．耳炎o t o r h i n o l a r y n g o l o g y(o t o l a r y n g o l o g y)n．耳鼻喉科学o u t p a t i e n t n．门诊病人o u t r a g e o u s a．蛮横的；残暴的；无耻的o u t s k i r t s n．郊区o v a l a．卵形的；椭圆形的n.卵形物o v a r y n．卵巢o v e n n．炉，灶；烘箱o v e r a c t i v i t y n．活动过度；过度活跃o v e r a l l a．全面的；综合的n．工作服；罩衫；(p l．)工作裤o v e r c a s t n．阴天a．阴暗的；郁闷的o v e r f l o w v．使涨满；溢出；流出；漫出o v e r s l e e v e n．袖套o v e r t a．公开的；明显的o v e r t h r o w v．／n．推翻；颠覆o v e r w h e l m v．压倒；制服o v u m n．卵细胞o x i d e n．氧化物天天向上27o y s t e r n.牡蛎o z o n e n.臭氧p a d n．垫，衬垫；便笺本v．填塞p a d d l e n．桨v．用桨划p a g o d a n．塔p a i l n．提桶p a i n s t a k i n g a．苦干的；艰苦的,费力的;刻苦的p a l n．好朋友，伙伴v.成伙伴p a l a t e n．腭p a l l i a t e v．减轻；缓和p a l l i a t i v e a.姑息的；治标的p a l l o r a.苍白；灰白p a l m n.手掌；棕榈p a l p a t i o n n.触诊p a l p i t a t e v.悸动；急速地跳动p a l s y n．瘫痪；中风，痉挛p a m p h l e t n．小册子p a n c a k e n．薄煎饼p a n c r e a s n．胰(腺)p a n d e m i c a.流行的；传染的n．传染病p a n e l n．专门小组；面；板；控制板，操纵盘p a n i c n.恐慌;惊慌a.恐慌的;惊慌的p a n t n．v．气喘；心跳天天向上28p a n t s n．裤子p a p n．软食；半流质食物p a p u l a n．丘疹；小突起p a r a c h u t e n．降落伞v．用降落伞降落p a r a d e n．游行；检阅v．游行p a r a d i s e n．天堂p a r a g r a p h n．段落，节；短讯；短评p a r a l l e l a．平行的，与…平行的n.平行线，纬线；对比p a r a l y s e v．使麻痹，使瘫痪p a r a l y s i s n．麻痹，瘫痪p a r a l y z e v．使麻痹，使瘫痪p a r a p h r a s e n．释义；意译v．将…释义(意译)p a r a s i t e n．寄生虫；寄生菌；食客p a r c e l n．小包，包裹；(土地的)一块p a r e n t e r a l l y a d．不经肠道p a r i s h n．教区p a r l i a m e n t n.国会；议会p a r l i a m e n t a r y a．议会的；国会的p a r l o(u)r n．客厅；休息室p a r o x y s m n．阵发；突发p a r r o t n．鹦鹉p a r t i a l a．部分的，局部的；偏爱的，不公平的天天向上29p a r t i c i p a n t n．参加者；参与者a．参与的p a r t i c i p a t e v．参与；参加；分享；分担p a r t i c i p a t i o n n.参与；参加；分享p a r t i c l e n.粒子；微粒；小品词；虚词p a r t i t i o n n．分开；隔开物；隔开部分p a s s i o n n．热情，激情；爱好；激怒；大怒p a s s i o n a t e a．热情的；热烈的；激昂的；易动情的；易怒的；性情暴躁的p a s s i v e a.被动的；消极的p a s t e n.浆糊,糊状物v.粘,贴p a t c h n．小片；小块；补钉;膏药;斑v．补，修补p a t e n t a．专利的；特许的n．专利；专利权v．给予…专利权；获得…专利权p a t h o g e n n．病原体p a t h o l o g y n．病理学p a t h o p h s i o l o g y n．病理生理学p a t i e n c e n．耐心；忍耐p a t i e n t a．有耐心的；能忍耐的n.病人，患者p a t r i o t n．爱国者p a t r i o t i c a．爱国的p a t r o l n．巡逻；巡逻队v．巡逻p a t t e r n n．模式；式样；图案；花样v．仿制；模仿天天向上30p a v e v.铺砌；铺路p a v e m e n t n.人行道p a v i l i o n n.亭子p e a r l n．珍珠v．呈珍珠状;用珍珠装饰p e c k v．／n．啄p e c u l i a r a．特殊的；独特的；古怪的p e c u l i a r i t y n．独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖p e d a g o g y n．教育学；教学法p e d a l a．足的；脚踏的n.脚踏v.骑自行车p e d e s t r i a n n．行人a．步行的p e d i a t r i c s n．儿科学p e e l v．削皮，剥皮n．果皮p e e p v．／n．偷看；窥看p e e r v．盯，窥，凝视n．同事;前辈p e g n．木(或金属)钉；衣夹v.钉木钉p e l v i s n．骨盆p e n a l t y n．罚；惩罚p e n d u l u m n．摆；钟摆p e n e t r a t e v．穿透；渗入；看穿p e n e t r a t i o n n．穿透；穿人；渗透p e n i n s u l a n．半岛p e n i n s u l a r a．半岛的；半岛状的p e n n y n．便士；一分天天向上31p e n s i o n n．抚恤金；养老金；年金v．给予…养老金(抚恤金等)p e p p e r n．胡椒粉；胡椒；辛辣(或富于刺激性)的事物v．撒胡椒粉于p e p s i n n．胃蛋白酶p e p t i c a．消化性的；助消化的；消化液的p e r c e i v e v．察觉，发觉；理解；领悟p e r c e p t i b l e a．感觉得到的；看得出的；可理解的p e r c e p t i o n n．感觉；概念；理解力p e r c e p t i v e a．知觉的；感觉灵敏的;有察觉力的；有理解力的p e r c u s s v．叩诊；震动；敲打p e r c u t a n e o u s a．经皮的p e r f o r a t e v．穿孔；贯穿p e r f o r m v．做，施行；完成；表演；演出p e r f o r m a n c e n.表演；演出；执行；完成p e r f o r m e r n.表演者；执行者p e r f u m e n.香水；香料v．撒香水p e r f u s e v.洒；灌注；使充满p e r i l n．严重危险v．置…于危险中p e r i o d i c n．期间；周期；时期；时代；句号(p l．)月经期p e r i o d i c a．周期的；定期的；间歇的；循环的p e r i o d i c a l a.定期的；周期的；期刊的n.期刊，杂志p e r i p h e r a l a.末梢的；周围的天天向上32p e r m a n e n c e n.永久(性)；持久(性)p e r m a n e n t a.永久的；持久的p e r m e a b l e a.可渗透的；具渗透性的p e r m e a t e v.渗入；透过；弥漫；充满p e r n i c i o u s a．有害的，有毒的；恶性的;致命的p e r p e t u a l a．永久的；永恒的p e r p l e x v．困惑；难住；使复杂化p e r s e c u t e v.迫害p e r s e c u t i o n n.迫害p e r s e v e r e v.坚持；不屈不挠p e r s o n i f y v．拟(某物)为人;使人格化；表现；体现p e r s o n n e l n．全体人员；全体职员；人事部门p e r s p e c t i v e n．前景；前途；观点；看法a.透视的p e r s p i r e v.排汗p e r t a i n v．(t o)附属，从属；关于；有关；适合，相称p e r t i n e n t a．恰当的；贴切的；中肯的；有关的；相干的p e r t u r b v.使不安;烦扰;扰乱;使紊乱p e r t u r b a t i o n n.不安,烦扰;扰乱;紊乱p e r t u s s i s n.百日咳p e r v a d e v.弥漫,渗透;充满,遍及p e s s i m i s m n.悲观；悲观主义；厌世p e s s i m i s t n.悲观者；悲观主义者；厌世p e s s i m i s t i c a.悲观的;悲观主义的天天向上33p e s t i c i d e n.杀虫剂；农药p e t i t i o n n.／v．请愿，申请，祈求p e t r o l n．汽油p e t r o l e u m n．石油p e t t y a．细小的,次要的;渺小的p h a r m a c e u t i c a l a．药学的;药物的；药用的;药剂师的p h a r m a c o l o g y n．药理学；药物学p h a r m a c y n．药学；制药；药店,药房p h a r y n g i t i s n.咽炎p h a r y n g o s c o p e n．咽镜p h a r y n x n.咽p h i l o s o p h e r n.哲学家;哲人p h i l o s o p h i c a l a.哲学家的;哲学上的;达观的p h i l o s o p h y n.哲学,哲学体系p h o n e t i c a.语音(学)的p h o s p h a t e n.磷酸盐p h o s p h o r u s n.磷p h o t o g r a p h y n.摄影术p h y s i o l o g i c a l a．生理学的；生理的p h y s i o l o g y n．生理学p i c k v．挖；拾，采,摘;挑选n.镐p i c k e t n．桩，尖桩v．派去放哨;用栅子围上天天向上34p i c k l e n．腌制品；泡菜p i c t o r i a l a．绘画的；图片的n．画报p i c t u r e s q u e a．景色似画的；别致的p i e r c e v．穿透p i g e o n n．鸽子p i g s t y n．猪圈p i l l a r n．柱，支柱；柱形物p i l o t n．驾驶员，飞行员；领港员；引水员v．领港；驾驶(飞机等) p i n n．大头针;别针;徽章;销,栓v．钉住,别住p i n c h v．／n．拧，捏,夹(痛);挤压p i n e n．松树v．憔悴;消瘦;渴望p i n k n．桃红色;粉红色a.粉红色的p i n k e y e n．火眼p i s t o l n．手枪p i s t o n n．活塞p i t n．坑；窖；小凹陷p i t c h n．沥青p i t i a b l e a．引人怜悯的；可怜的p i t i f u l a．令人怜悯的；可怜的p i t u i t a r y a．垂体的；粘液的n.垂体,垂体前后叶制剂p i t y n．怜悯；惋惜；可惜的事,憾事p l a c e b o n．安慰剂；宽慰话p l a c e n t a n.胎盘天天向上35p l a g u e n.瘟疫;鼠疫;灾祸;天灾v.染瘟疫p l a n e t a r y a.行星的,有轨道的p l a n t a t i o n n.种植园;栽植p l a q u e n.班,血小板;噬菌区p l a s m a n.血浆p l a s t e r n.灰泥;膏药v.涂灰泥;敷贴膏药;减轻p l a t e a u n.高原;平稳时期;停滞时期p l a t e l e t n．血小板p l e a n．抗辩；诉讼；托词；请愿；请求p l e a d v．恳求；为…辩护，辩解p l e d g e n．誓约；保证v．发誓；保证p l e n a r y a．完全的；绝对的；全体出席的p l e u r a n．胸膜p l e x u s n．(血管，淋巴管，神经等的)丛p l i g h t n.境况；困境，苦境v．保证p l o t n.一块地；计划，阴谋,情节v.策划p l u m b e r n．管子工；铅管工p l u m p a．丰满的；饱满的p l u n d e r v．／n．掠夺；抢劫p l u n g e v.跳入;(使)投入;(使)入;猛冲p l u r a l n./a.复数(的)天天向上36p l u s p r e p.加n.加号;正号a.正的p n e u m o n i a n．肺炎p o k e v.戳，刺，捅，插；触碰；伸(头)p o l a r a．地极的；南极的；北极的p o l a r i z a t i o n n．(电)极化；极化强度；偏振；两极分化p o l a r i z e v．极化；偏振；使两极分化p o l e n．柱，杆；地极；磁极v．用杆撑p o l i c y n.政策,方针p o l i s h v.擦亮,抛光n.擦亮剂p o l l n.投票;投票数;民意测验v.投票;对…进行民意测验p o l y m e r n.聚合物；聚合体p o l y p n．息肉p o l y t e c h n i c a．多种工艺的；多种科技的p o n d n．池塘p o n d e r v．考虑；沉思p o r c e l a i n n．瓷；瓷器p o r c h n．门廊p o r e n．毛孔；气孔；细孔v.凝视p o r k n．猪肉p o r r i d g e n．粥p o r t n．港口p o r t a b l e a．轻便的；手提(式)的天天向上37p o r t a l a．肝门的；门静脉的；p o r t e r n．搬运工人；守门人p o r t i o n n．部分；一份p o r t r a i t n．肖像，画像p o s i t i v e a．确定的，肯定的；积极的；正面的；阳性的n．明确；实在；正面p o s s e s s v．拥有，占有p o s s e s s i o n n．所有物；拥有，占有p o s s e s s i v e a．占有的；所有的n．(t h e-)所有格p o s t a g e n．邮费；邮资p o s t a l a．邮政的，邮局的n.明信片p o s t d o c t o r a l a．博士后的p o s t e r n．招贴；标语；广告(画)p o s t e r i o r a．后面的p o s t m o r t e m a.死后的;验尸的n．尸体解剖；验尸p o s t s c r i p t n．又及；附言；再者p o t a s s i u m n．钾p o t e n t a．有力的；有效力的；有势力的；烈性的p o t e n t i a l a．潜在的；可能的n．潜力p o t e n t i a l i t y n．潜在性；可能性；(p l．)潜力p o t e n t i a t e v．加强；使更有效力(尤指药物)p o t t e r y n.陶器类；陶器制造(术)p o u l t r y n.家禽天天向上38p o w d e r n．粉末，药粉p o x n．痘，疹；脓疱p r a c t i t i o n e r n.开业者；实践者131p r e c a u t i o n n.预防,谨慎;警惕v.预先,警告p r e c a u t i o u s a.有防备的；戒备的；警惕的p r e c e d e v.在先，在前；优于p r e c e d e n c e n.领先；在前；优先；上座p r e c e d e n t n.先例，前例a．在前的，优先的p r e c i o u s a.珍贵的，贵重的p r e c i p i t a t i o n n.沉淀；加速；促进；降雨量p r e c i s e a.精确的，准确的p r e c i s i o n n.精确(性);精密a.精确的，精密的p r e c u r s o r n.先驱者；前辈；前任；预兆；先兆p r e d e c e s s o r n.前辈；前任者p r e d i s p o s e v.使易感染；预先安排p r e d i s p o s i t i o n n.倾向；素质；易罹病的素质p r e d o m i n a n t a.占优势的；主要的；流行的；显著的p r e f e r e n c e n.偏爱；喜爱；优先p r e g n a n c y n.怀孕；怀孕期p r e g n a n t a.怀孕的；孕育着的p r e j u d i c e n.偏见,成见;侵害,损害,歧视v.使抱偏见,不利于p r e l i m i n a r y a.预备的,初步的n.预考,初试天天向上39p r e l u d e n.序言；预兆p r e m a t u r e a.早熟的；不到期的n.早产的婴儿p r e m e d(p r e m e d i c a l)a.医科大学预科的p r e m i e r n.总理,首相a．首要的,首位的p r e m i s e n.前提;(p l.)房屋(及其附属建筑,基地等)v.提出…为前提p r e o c c u p y v.先占,使全神贯注;迷着;吸引p r e p o n d e r a n c e n.优越,优势p r e r e q u i s i t e a.必须先具备的；先决条件的p r e s c r i b e v.处(方)，开(药)；规定；指示；命令p r e s c r i p t i o n n.药方，处方；命令；指示；规定p r e s c r i p t i v e a.规定的，指示的；约定俗成的p r e s i d e v.主持p r e s i d e n c y n.总统的职位；管辖p r e s s v.压，挤，按；逼迫，催促n.报刊，出版界；压榨机，印刷机p r e s t i g e n.威望，声望p r e s u m e v.推测；假定p r e s u m p t i o n n.假定，推测;专横,冒昧p r e t e n d v.假装；假托p r e v a i l v.取胜；占优势；流行,盛行p r e v a l e n c e n.流行，盛行天天向上40p r e v a l e n t a.流行的，盛行的p r e v i o u s a.先的，前的，以前的p r e v i o u s l y a d.以前地p r e y n.被捕食的动物；捕食v.捕食；掠夺；折磨p r i c k v.刺(穿)；戳(穿)；刺痛p r i e s t n.教士；神父；牧师p r i m a r y a.首要的，主要的；基本的；最初的；初级的；原始的；原发的p r i m e a.主要的，首位的；最好的，头等的n．全盛时期；青壮年时期p r i m i t i v e a.原始的，早期的；简单的；粗糙的n．原始人(事物)p r i n c e n.王子；亲王p r i n c e s s n.公主；王妃p r i o r i t y n.优先；重点；优先权,先,前p r i s m n.棱镜；棱柱(体),角柱(体)p r i v a c y n.隐居，隐退；秘密，私下；隐私p r i v a t e a.私人的；私有的；私立的；秘密的；私下的p r i v i l e g e n.优惠；特许；特权v．给予优惠；给予特权p r o b a t i o n n.检验；验证；试用；见习p r o b e n.探针；探查；探测器v．用探针探查；探查；查究p r o c a i n e n.普鲁卡因p r o c e d u r e n.程序；步骤；过程p r o c e s s i o n n.队伍；行列；行进天天向上41p r o c e s s o r n.加工者,处理者,信息处理机p r o c l a i m v.宣布,声明p r o c l a m a t i o n n.宣布,公布,声明,公告;宣告p r o d r o m e n.前驱症状；序论p r o d u c t i v i t y n.生产率；生产能力p r o f i c i e n c y n.熟练；精通p r o f i c i e n t a.熟练的，精通的p r o f i l e n.侧面(像)；外形，轮廓v.描…的轮廓p r o f o u n d a.深刻的；渊博的；深远的；深切的p r o f u s e a.极其丰富的；过多的p r o g n o s i s n.预后p r o g r e s s n./v.前进；进步；进展p r o g r e s s i o n n.前进；进步；接续p r o g r e s s i v e a.进步的；前进的；渐进酡：进行性的p r o h i b i t v.禁止；阻止p r o h i b i t i o n n.禁止；禁令p r o j e c t n.计划；方案；工程；项目v.设计，规划；投射，放映,凸出p r o j e c t i o n n.设计，规划；发射，喷射,投影，投影图；凸出p r o j e c t o r n.计划人；放映机；幻灯；发射装置p r o l a p s e n.脱垂；下垂p r o m i n e n t a.突出的，杰出的；凸起的,突起的；显著的p r o m o t e v.提升，晋升；促进，增进,助长天天向上42。
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Disclaimer:The Medico Legal Information provided here is obtained from various sources without any legal binding upon us. It is offered as a value addition service without any cost. You may verify the same with appropriate authority about the same. We shall not be responsible for any consequences or lapse based on it.MEDICO LEGAL INFORMATION NO.1:Sub: Applicability of Value Added Tax on Medicine @ 4% on Maximum RetailPrice.Ref: Clarificatory circular of S.T.Department in the matter of Taxation of Medicines under the Maharashtra Value Added Tax Act 2002 (Mah. IX of 2005)-Special provisions regarding taxation of medicines.A trade circular No: VAT-2005/Act/VD-1/1T of 2005 issued by Sales Tax department dated 1st April 2005 has been received by us, according to which they have elaborated the special provisions regarding taxation of medicines. The same are as follows:1.VAT will be applicable on MRP for sale of Medicines as perSection 2, clause (25), explanation-IV of MVAT Act & Rules.2.Tax on MRP for sale of Medicines at first point only(Manufacturer/Importer).3.For Wholesalers, Distributors, Stockists, second seller etc.a)Turnover of sales & purchase relating to medicines not to beshown in periodic returns.b)Second Sales of Medicines by Wholesalers, Distributors,Stockist, Semi-wholesalers and retailers would not attract thelevy of tax.c)The Wholesalers, Distributors, Stockists, Retailers etc. willnot get set-off on their prior purchases & stocks of 31stMarch 2005.d)For sales of other than medicines, normal VAT rules applyi.e. schedule rates should be charged, shown separately andfile regular returns. Normal set-off for closing stocks will beeligible for it.4.There is an option for composition scheme for retail chemists.5.They will have to show turnover of medicines separately in theirreturns and pay composition tax on difference between sales & purchase relating to other than medicines.MEDICO LEGAL INFORMATION NO.2:Sub: Guidelines in the matter of dealing with medicines falling under Narcotics and Psychotropic Substance Act.TAKE EXTRA CARE WHILE DEALING WITH MEDICINES CONTAINING NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES (N D P S ): The purchase and sale of drugs that are marked as “NRx”; Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Morphine based analgesics and other anti-depressants are covered under Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs Act. As per the provision in the Rules you should keep the record of sale and purchase for all such drugs. So be cautious while dealing not only in following medicines but other Sedative, Hypnotics, Neuro-Muscular relaxants (as per the list attached).All the sales and purchases of such drugs are covered not only under Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1945, but, also under Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs Act 1985. Since these drugs are found to be habit forming and having adverse effects if taken without care, hence it is advisable to be extra cautious while purchasing, storing and selling it. All our staff should be instructed to follow the necessary guidelines given below and comply with the rules.GUIDELINES FOR DEALING IN NDPS-DRUGS1. Insist for valid prescription for all Narcotic & Psychotropic Substances(NDPS) containing medicines.2. DON’T sell without proper/valid prescription.3. While preparing bill/invoice, please write name & address of doctorand patient.4. Endorse the prescription stating the dose/quantity dispensed anddate when drug is issued.5. Do not give more than prescribed quantity.6. DON’T sell it in large quantity to any unauthorised person.7. Maintain proper records of sales and purchases of NDPS medicines.8. Store safely all the NDPS medicines under the supervision ofqualified Pharmacist.9. If possible, mark each medicine with different colour label (bar code)and put suitable warning for your staff while handling thesemedicines.10. Purchase minimum quantity possible.MEDICO LEGAL INFORMATION NO 3:Ref: Reduction in VAT from 12.5% to 4% on products from which non-alcoholic beverages and soups are prepared with effect from 1-2-2006:Sales Tax Department vide their notification no 1505 / CR 382 / Taxation-1, dated 21st January 2006 has made an amendments in entry 107 (11) (g) of Schedule C and the same has been made effective from 1st February 2006.Accordingly, all such products in the form of Powders, tablets, cubes, crystals and other solids or liquids from which non-alcoholic beverages and soups are prepared shall be taxed @ 4% on sale/trade price with effect from 1st February 2006 (these products were hitherto were taxed @ 12.5% on sale/trade price)You are therefore requested to make immediate change and charge at 4% rate on trade/sale price while supplying in trade.+ M E D C I N E S + INSTRUCTIONS TO CUSTOMERSPHARMACYName of Patient: ________________________________Tel____________________ Address:______________________________________________________________ Name of Doctor:________________________________ Tel____________________ Address:_____________________________________________________________ Cash Memo No:__________________________________Dt___________________Medicines Dispensed Dosage Date for Refill_______________________ __________________ _____________________ _______________________ __________________ _____________________ _______________________ __________________ _____________________ _______________________ __________________ _____________________ _______________________ __________________ _____________________ _______________________ __________________ _____________________ _______________________ __________________ _____________________ _______________________ __________________ _____________________ IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS TO PERSON ADMINISTERING DRUGS∙Please confirm the medicines with your doctor before administering medicines ∙If medicines are to be taken on empty stomach, then take it 1 hour before or two hours after meal. If stomach upset occurs than take it with food but avoid food, which may cause interaction.∙Read carefully directions and warnings printed on the labels.∙Don’t mix medicine into hot drink/food. Take medicine with a glass of water.∙Never open capsule or dilute the dosage it may alter its composition.∙Never take alcoholic drinks with any of the medicines.(PLEASE READ THE INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN OVERLEAF)。