翻译专有名词ppt

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专有名词的翻译

专有名词的翻译
专有名词（proper names),主要包括人名, 地名,组织机构,作品名,商标品名,地名最主要的一种方法。 • 直译或意译法：报纸,杂志,机关,团体等含有明显意义的名称易用意译法。 • 半音半译法：既含有英文的音又含有中文的意。
翻译的原则
英美主要报纸
• • • • • • •
Times 美时代周刊 The Times 英泰晤士报 The Daily Mail 每日邮报 The Daily Express 每日快报 New York Post 纽约邮报 New Weekly 新闻周刊 Reader’s Digest 读者文摘
半音半译译法
约定俗成（名字名称）
• 英美人姓名的汉译应尊重他们的传统习俗，先名后姓。选字时应该用“洋名 ” 避免“汉化” • Eden艾登不译伊登 • Shelly 雪莱不译谢利
约定俗成（名字名称）
• 中国人姓名的英译一般应遵守先姓后名的原则。 • 如：外交部长唐家璇译写为 • Tang Jiaxuan ,Minister of Foreign Affairs. • 已为国内外译者和学者所认可和接受的译名，应尊重历史加以沿用。 • 如：孔子-Confucius； • 孙中山-Sun Yat-sen
• 名从主人：专有名词的音译和转写按照专有名词指称对象所属国家或民族的读音和写法。 • 约定俗成：使用范围较广的专有名词应使用人民已经普遍接受的译名。 • 按实求名：根据专有名词指称对象的具体内容来确定名称。
音译
• 在保持原发音的同时，具有某种含义，与产品发生联系。 • 1.名从主人：Johnson 强生 • 2.标准读音：Portland 波特兰； Shakespeare 莎士比亚； Washington华盛顿；Nike耐克

专有名词汉译英

专有名词英文翻译保险业The insurance industry保证重点支出Ensure funding for priority areas被兼并或挤掉annexed or forced out of business补发拖欠的养老金Clear up pension payments in arrears不良贷款Non—performing loan层层转包和违法分保Multi-level contracting and illegal subcontracting产值output value城乡信用社Credit Cooperative in both urban and rural areas城镇居民最低生活保障A minimum standard of living for city residents城镇职工医疗保险制度The system of medical insurance for urban workers抽样调查data from the sample survey出口信贷Export credit初步建立社会主义计划商品经济新体制。

to establish at a preliminary level a new system of socialist planned commodity economy.贷款质量Loan quality贷款质量五级分类办法The five-category assets classification for bank loans第二产业secondary industry第三产业tertiary industry第一产业primary industry独资企业wholly foreign owned/funded enterprise发电量electric energy production发挥市场的调节作用to give play to the regulatory role of the market发展过快excessive growth防范和化解金融风险Take precautions against and reduce financial risks防洪工程Flood-prevention project非法外汇交易Illegal foreign exchange transaction非公有成分non-public sectors非贸易收汇Foreign exchange earnings through non trade channels非银行金融机构Non-bank financial institutions费改税Transform administrative fees into taxes分配形式forms of distribution风险资金risk funds副业sideline production改革是社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展。

专有名词的翻译

Sound and Fury: 《声音与愤怒》、《喧哗与骚动》
3. 文化内涵的传达
Bridges Of Madison County: 《麦迪逊县的桥》、《廊桥遗梦》
中国意念词
上火 excessive internal heat 姻缘 prefixed fate of marriage 宣纸 rice paper 三纲 three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son， husband guides wife
新闻周刊
每日电讯报每日邮报
读者文摘
好管家
三、商标的翻译
商标的翻译既要保留原文的精华，又要符合消费者的商标心理。这就需要运用语言，营销以及美学方面的综合知识。在翻译的过程中可通过音译与意译相结合的方法，注意选择音色与意义都与原文较为贴近的字词以达到满意的效果。
NIKE：英文原意指希腊胜利女神。NIKE是全球著名的体育用品品牌，中文译为耐克。但若按音译为“奈姬”或是“娜基’’之类，就会产生误解。 Sprite(饮料) ：音译 “斯必莱特”(拗口) 直译“妖精”(不吉利)，译成“雪碧”，用意如出一辙。 Colgate：高露洁(牙膏)
英，美主要报纸
Times The Times The Daily Mail The Daily Express The Daily Telegraph New York Post News Weekly 英泰晤士报
美时代周刊
纽约邮报
每日快报
Reader’s Digest Good Manager
凯迪拉克
Rolls-Royce劳斯莱斯

商务英语翻译专有名词

.unfavorablebalanceoftrade贸易逆差bankportfolio银行资产housingmortgages住房按揭bartertrade易货贸易billsandforms单据和表格fiscalyear财政年度cargoinsurance货物保险carryingvessel装货船只cleanpaymentcredit光票付款信用证clearancesale清仓减价销售accountingsystem会计制度comparativeadvantage比拟优势economicincentives经济动机financialstatements财务报表billsofexchange汇票captionedgoods上述商品floatingpolicy统保单Internationalspeciallzation国际分工StraightB/L记名提单underseparatecover另函irrevocableletterofcredit不可撤销信用证付现提货'.CIF到岸价FOB离岸价Turnover营业额foreignexchange外汇barter易货贸易capitalgoods资本货物layoff裁员joblessrate失业率profitmargin利润newgrowthindustry新兴行业marketing营销estimatedtimeofdeparture预计离开时间estimatedtimeofarrival预计到达时间bottomprice最低价average海损trialorder试订单cantonfair广交会discountforcash贴现commissionsale代售CIFnet到岸净价actualprice实价beatthepricedown压价'.declineanoffer拒绝发盘initialpayment首期付款accessoryrisk附加险cargoindrum桶装balepackaging打包masterpackage外包装shippingadvice装船通知overshipment溢装partialsshipment分批装运demandbill即期汇票aggregateamount总金额advisingbank通知行amountinfigures小写金额circularcredit循环信用证activedemand畅销acceptancesampling抽样认可advancesheet样本bargainsale大减价businessreport商业报告clearancesale清仓价销售commercialworld商界depressedmarket萧条的市场'.end-product成品directsales直接售creditman信用cornerthemarket断市consumerpriceindex消者物价指数customoftrade易例dealdirect直接交易developnewmarkets拓展新市domesticprice国内价格expressairmail特快急件CommercialL/C商信用absoluteacceptance承aftersight票付款authoritytopay授付款onblankcheck空白支票documentagainstacceptance承交firstofexchange票正本foreigncurrency外foreignexchangerate外率inone’sfavour以⋯受益人Inlandbill国内票Freightpayableatdestination运到付'.Shortshipment短装Linesteamer班轮Billoflading提单Cleanbilloflading清洁提单Businesscorrespondence公函Insideaddress封内地址Printedmatter印刷品Agencyendorsement代理背书Commissionagent佣金代理商Volumeofsales销售量Differentspecification规格不符Incompletepacking包装不全Counter-claim反索赔Malafideclaim骗赔Non-shipment漏装Short-landing短卸Negotiatingbank议付行Notifyingbank通知行今日は休みで町で接在体言后表〞在〞今日は休みで、勉強しませんから、出掛けます'.今日は休みで、午前から勉強しますMastercredit主信用证Confirmingbank保兑行Transitletterofcredit转口信用证Tenderguarantee投标保证书Packingcredit打包信用证SightL/C即期信用证Adversebalanceoftrade贸易逆差Articlesoftrade商品Brandedgoods名牌货Chineseexportcommoditiesfair中国出口商品交易会Dealoncredit信用交易Diversifiedenterprise多样化经营的企业Spotinvestigation现场调查Tradecreation贸易开拓Wholesaledealer批发商Bottomprice最低价Commoditiesleaflet商品宣传单Lowestpricelimit最低限价Potentialdemand潜在需求Apportionedcharges分摊费用Buyingcost购入本钱'.Buyingonmargin边际购置Capitalintrade贸易本钱Customsclearingcharges结关费CIF&W本钱保险费运费加战争险Floatingexchangerate浮动汇率Salesconfirmation销售确认书Quotation报价Externaldebt外债Hardcurrency硬通货Invisibletrade无形贸易Visibletrade有形贸易Portofshipment装运港Portofdischarge卸货港Countertrade对销贸易Macroeconomy宏观经济Financialstatement财政报表Incometax个人所得税Charteringagent租船代理Shippingadvice装船通知Shippingdocuments装船单据Documentarycredit跟单信用证Debtornations债务国'.Instrumentofpledge抵押契据Instrumentofratification 批准证书Straightbilloflading记名提单Directbilloflading直达提单Cleancredit光票信用证Packinglist装箱单Inspectioncertification检验证书Openpolicy预约保单Forcemajeure不可抗力Propertyrights知识产权Royalty提成费Trimmingcharges平仓费Insurancepolicy保险单Coverage险别Premium保险费Underwriter保险人Establishment开证Counteroffer还盘Countersuggestion反还盘Bid递盘Surcharges附加费Proformainvoice形式发票'.Termsofpayment付款方式Documentsagainstpayment付款交单Weightmemo重量单Certificateofquality质量证书Certificateofquantity数量证书Cashondelivery货到付款Grossweight毛重Netweight净重Certificateoforigin原产地证明Productlifecycle产品生命周期Securitycheck安检Liquidfunds流动资金Fixedassets固定资产Registeredassets注册资金Exportvolume出口量Salesfigures销售数字Operatingprofits运营利润Workforce劳动力Bills汇票Multinationalcorporation 跨国公司GATT关贸总协定Turnkeyprojects交钥匙工程'.Directinvestment直接投资Portfolioinvestment证券投资Laydays装卸天数Loadingcapacity载荷能力Portofdestination目的港Deposits订金Issuingbank开证行Payingbank支付行Quota配额Covernotes暂保单Downpayment首付Earnestmoney定金Balancesheet资产负债表Moneymarket金融市场Drawatsight见票即付'.。

专有名词翻译

1.四大发明the four great inventions of ancient China2.火药gunpowder3.印刷术printing4.造纸术paper-making5.指南针the compass6.四书the four books7.中国画traditional Chinese painting8.书法calligraphy9.水墨画Chinese brush painting ,ink and wash painting10.工笔traditional Chinese realistic painting11.孙子兵法The Art of War12.汉字Chinese characters13.华夏祖先the Chinese ancestors14.中国武术kung fu15.武术门派styles or schools of martial art16.习武健身practice martial art for fitness17.气功qigong, deep breathing exercises18.拳击boxing19.中国文学Chinese literature20.重要文化遗产major cultural heritage21.优秀民间艺术outstanding folk arts22.文物cultural relics23.中国结Chinese knot24.旗袍cheongsam25.朝廷使者royal court envoy26.文人men of letters27.雅士refined scholars28.表演艺术performing art29.工艺，手艺workmanship/craftsmanship30.阳历solar calendar31.阴历lunar calendar32.闰年leap year33.二十四节气the twenty-four solar terms34.十二生肖zodiac35.传统节日traditional holidays36.春节Spring Festival37.元宵节Lantern Festival38.清明节Qingming Festival39.端午节Dragon Boat Festival40.中秋Mid-Autumn Festival41.重阳节Double ninth Day/the Aged Day42.秦始皇帝Emperor Qinshihuang,China`s first emperor43.才子佳人gifted scholars and beautiful ladies44.文明摇篮cradle of civilization。

专有名词翻译及名词解释

1.厌氧-缺氧-好氧A2/O A-anaerobic--厌氧A-anoxic—缺氧O-oxic—好氧2.BAF—曝气生物滤池B-biological A—aerated F—filter3.MBR—膜生物反应器Membrane Bio-Reactor4.质量单位，NG-纳克1千克=1000克1克=1000毫克1毫克=1000微克1微克=1000纳克1纳克=1000皮克1皮克=1000飞克1飞克=1000啊克5.SBR是序列间歇式活性污泥法（Sequencing Batch Reactor Activated Sludge Process）的简称，是一种按间歇曝气方式来运行的活性污泥污水处理技术，又称序批式活性污泥法。

是用来驯化活性污泥的。

6.MLSS（mixed liquid suspended solids）、SVI（污泥体积指数）7.“aerobic–anoxic–anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic” 好氧-缺氧-厌氧-缺氧-好氧厌氧、缺氧、好氧本质差别：厌氧：无分子氧，无具备氧化性的化合态氧（H2O例外，下同），<0.2mg/L释放磷，进行部分有机物的氨化，同时也降解了COD，缺氧：无分子氧，<0.5mg/L有具备氧化性的化合态氧（如硝酸根、亚硝酸根离子等），反硝化生成N2脱氮；好氧：分子氧和化合态氧都可以有，但至少要有分子氧。

COD降解，氨氮硝化成硝酸盐氮，聚磷菌过度吸收磷。

厌氧是厌氧菌参与的生化处理过程，厌氧环境中绝大多数细菌是严格厌氧的，氧气的存在抑制它们的生存和活性，因此要求系统内溶解氧接近于零同时厌氧环境中也有１％左右的兼性厌氧菌，它们能保护甲烷菌这样的严格厌氧菌免受氧的损害与抑制，这是最大的特点，另外，厌氧反应需要较高、较稳定的温度，厌氧反应需要严格控制pH值。

0.2和0.5的区别，是控制操作上的经验区别，并不是区分厌氧、缺氧工艺不同的指标。

实际工程中远远达不到理论上的要求，故溶解氧小于0.2即可认为达到厌氧，溶解氧小于0.5即可达到缺氧。

专有名词翻译

1.科学发展观the Outlook of Scientific Development2.倡导公正、合理的新秩序观call for the establishment of a new just and equitable order3.以平等互利为核心的新发展观new thinking on development based on equality and mutual benefit4.推动树立以互信、互利、平等和协作为主要内容的新安全观foster a new thinking on security featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination5.主张形成以尊重多样性为特点的新文明观foster a new thinking on civilization that respects diversity6.新能源观new thinking on energy development有关先进文化的词汇1.古为今用、洋为中用旧译let the ancient serve the present, let the foreign serve the national 现译draw from past and foreign achievements2.文艺工作cultural and art work; work in the cultural field3.牢牢把握先进文化的前进方向firmly keep to the direction of an advanced culture/cultural advancement4.文化与经济和政治互相交融interaction between cultural work, and economic and political activitiescultural elements/factors intermingle with economic and political factors5.民族的科学的大众的社会主义文化a socialist culture that is distinctly Chinese, pro-science and people-oriented6.弘扬主旋律，提倡多样化promote mainstream values and uphold cultural diversity7.以科学的理论武装人，以正确的舆论引导人，以崇高的精神塑造人，以优秀的作品鼓舞人Equip/empower people with scientific theories, guide them with correct opinions/ convey to them right messages/provide them with correct media guidance, imbue them with a noble spirit and inspire them with excellent/fine works8.具有中国气派的社会主义文化Chinese-style socialist culture; socialist culture with Chineseappeal9.越是民族的，越是世界的The pride of a nation is also the pride of the world.What's unique for a nation is also precious for the world.When you are unique, the world comes to you.10.文艺应当贴近群众，贴近生活，贴近实际。

MTI翻译硕士翻译专有名词

MTI翻译专有名词NAFTA 北美自由贸易区= North American Free Trade Agreement of Canada, Mexico and the U.S.EFTA/AFTA 欧洲自由贸易区/东盟自由贸易区APEC 亚太经济合作组织=Asia-Pacific Economic CooperationASEAN 东南亚国家联盟=Association of South East Asian NationsNATO 北大西洋公约组织=North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationInternational Monetary Fund 国际货币基金组织European Free Trade Association 欧洲自由贸易联盟International Atomic Energy Agency 国际原子能机构WWF 世界自然基金会=World Wildlife FundICC 国际商务委员会（美洲国际）= The Interstate Commerce Commission of U.S.A.WTO 世界贸易组织/世界旅游组织= World Trade Organization/ World Tourism Organization= Warsaw Treaty Organization 华沙条约组织WHO 世界卫生组织= World Health OrganizationUNSECO 联合国教科文组织=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UN = Unites Nations 联合国Security Council 安理会World Bank 世界银行NASA 美国国家航天局=National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationA@ at 每a.a.r against all risks 全险acc acceptance;accepted 承兑;已承兑a.g.b a good brand 任何名牌ao account of 记入...帐目a.p. additional premium 附加保险a.r. all risks 全险AS;accs account sales 售货清单av;AV average 平均数BBB bill book 出纳簿BD bank draft 银行汇票bd. bond 债券bds. boards 董事会BE bill of exchange 汇票bk. bank book 帐簿bkg. banking 银行业BL bill of lading 提货单B.P.B bank post bill 银行汇票BR bank rate 银行贴现率BR;b.r. bill receivable 应收票据B.S;b.s. balance sheet 资产负债表bt bought 购入CC currency,coupon 现金,息单CA capital account 资本帐户CAD cash against document 凭单付款canclg. cancelling 取消cat. catalogue 目录CB cash book 现金簿CD cash dividend 现金折扣c.d. cum dividend 付股息报关单C and D collection and delivery 收款发货cert. certificate 证明CF carried forward 转下页cge. carriage 运费CH custom house 海关ch.ppd charges prepaid 预付费cl certificate insurance 保险证明书c&l cost and insurance 保险费在内价CIF cost,insurance and freight 到岸价格CO cash order 现金汇票C.O.t. change over to 转入COD cash on delivery 货到付款com. commercialcommission 商业;佣金cr. credit 货方ctge cartage 车费cur. current 本月;现付CWO cash with order 订货即付款cy. currency 货币DDC. deviation 贴现dd. delivered 交付de. deferred 延期deg. degree 等级dft. draft 汇票div dividend;division 红利;部门DN debit note 欠单;借项清单dols. dollars 美元DP documents against payment 付款交单dr. debtor drawer 债务人,借方d.r. dock receipt 存款收条DW deposit warrant 码头仓单dely. delivery 交付Eea. each 每e.d. ex dividend 股息除外eq. equivalent 等值exd. examined 已检查exs. expenses 费用Ff.i.t. free of income tax 免所得税FOB free on board 离岸价格FO for order 准备出售f.p;FP fully paid 付讫frt. freight 运费Ggrs.wt gross weight 毛重g.t.c. good till cancelled 未注销前有效H-Z1HHp horse power 马力h.p.n. horse power nominal 标称马力IIB invoice book 发票簿ib ibidem(in the same place) 同前;出处同上id idem(the same) 同上i.e. id est(that is) 即,就是IL import licence 进口许可证int. interest 利息inv. invoice 发票IOU I owe you 借据,欠条JJA joint account 共同帐户LLC letter of credit 信用证led. ledger 总帐簿LIP life insurance policy 人寿保险单LS locus sigil(place of seal) 盖印处MMA my account 本人帐户MC marginal credit 限界信贷MD memorandum of deposit 存款单min minimum,minute 最低额;分钟mks. marks 商标Mo money order 邮汇mos. months 月NNE;ne no effects 无存款ND no dated 未注明日期nf.n.f no funds 无款NM no mark 无商标;无标志NP notary public 公证人OOA on account of 因为od on demand 见票即付PPA private account 私人帐户PC price current 时价表pc. prices;piece 价格;个p.c.b petty cash book 零用现金簿PO postal order 汇票POB post office box 邮政信箱ppd. prepaid 预付pref. preference or preferred 优先prox. proximo(of the next month) 下月(拉) P.T.O. please turn over 转下页Qq.v. quod vide(which see) 请查阅q.y. query 查核RRD refer to drawer(banking) 请与出票接洽re. with referece to 关于recd. received 收到r.i. reinsurance 再保险r.l receipt for a loan 借据;欠条RSVP reply please 候复sect. section 部分sgd signed 已签署shr. share 股份std. standard 标准,本价stk. stock 存货,股票TTMO telegraph 电汇票TT;TT telegraphic transfers 电汇汇票VV;VS versus(against) 对,相反vid vide(see) 参阅viz. videlicet(namely) 即v.i vending list 售货清单Ww.r.t. with regard to 关于1 C&F(cost&freight)成本加运费价2 TT(telegraphic transfer)电汇3 DP(document against payment)付款交单4 DA (document against acceptance)承兑交单6 G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制7 CTNCTNS(cartoncartons)纸箱8 PCEPCS(piecepieces)只、个、支等9 DLDLS(dollardollars)美元10 DOZDZ(dozen)一打11 PKG(package)一包,一捆,一扎,一件等12 WT(weight)重量13 G.W.(gross weight)毛重14 N.W.(net weight)净重15 CD (customs declaration)报关单16 EA(each)每个,各17 W (with)具有18 wo(without)没有19 FAC(facsimile)传真20 IMP(import)进口21 EXP(export)出口22 MAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的23 MIN (minimum)最小的,最低限度24 M 或MED (medium)中等,中级的25 MV(merchant vessel)商船26 S.S(steamship)船运27 MT或MT(metric ton)公吨28 DOC (document)文件、单据29 INT(international)国际的30 PL (packing list)装箱单、明细表31 INV (invoice)发票32 PCT (percent)百分比33 REF (reference)参考、查价34 EMS (express mail special)特快传递35 STL.(style)式样、款式、类型36 T或LTX或TX(telex)电传37 RMB(renminbi)人民币38 SM (shipping marks)装船标记39 PR或PRC(price) 价格40 PUR (purchase)购买、购货41 SC(sales contract)销售确认书42 LC (letter of credit)信用证43 BL (bill of lading)提单44 FOB (free on board)离岸价45 CIF (cost,insurance&freight)成本、保险加运费价补充:CR=credit贷方,债主DR=debt借贷方(注意:国外常说的debt card,就是银行卡,credit card就是信誉卡。

中国专有名词翻译

1、中国意念词（Chinesenesses）八卦trigram阴、阳yin, yang道Dao（cf. logo）江湖（世界）the jianghu World （the traits’world）e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’world. (人在江湖，身不由己)道Daoism（Taoism）上火excessive internal heat儒学Confucianism红学（《红楼梦》研究）redology世外桃源Shangri-la or Arcadia开放kaifang （Chinese openness to the outside world）大锅饭getting an equal share regardless of the work done伤痕文学scar literature or the literature of the wounded不搞一刀切no imposing uniformity on …合乎国情，顺乎民意to conform with the national conditions and the will of the peopl-e 乱摊派，乱收费imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge铁交椅iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post脱贫to shake off poverty; anti-poverty治则兴，乱则衰Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline2 、中华民族的喜庆节日（Chinese Festivial）国庆节National Day中秋节Mid-Autumn Day/Festival 春节Spring Festival元宵节Lantern Festival儿童节Children’s Day端午节Dragon Boat Festival妇女节Women’s Day泼水节Water-Splashing Day教师节Teachers’Day五四青年节Youth Day。

英汉互译简明教程(第二版)课件14 第四篇专有名词的翻译

3. 机构名称的翻译 3.1 音译
世界著名企业名称和品牌通常都有约定俗成的译法，其中很多采用的是音译，如： • Nike 耐克 • Michelin 米其林 • Cadillac 凯迪拉克 • Phillips 飞利浦 • Maxwell 麦斯威尔
专有名词英译汉
3. 机构名称的翻译 3.2 意译
• 如：中国北京清华大学28号楼502室，应翻译为Room 502, Dormitory Building 28, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China。
• 中文地址翻译成英文的顺序是：X室、X号、X路/街、X区 /县、X市、X省，然后是中国。
3.中文地址的英译
其汉英对照如下：
1. 汉语地名的翻译方法
汉语地名翻译通常采用汉语拼音加直译的方法。 1.1 一般专名加通名构成汉语地名的翻译
这类情况通常将专名译作汉语拼音，然后再意译通名，例如： • 珠海市 Zhuhai City • 王府井商业街 Wangfujing Shopping Mall • 青藏高原 the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau • 四川盆地 the Sichuan Basin • 京杭运河 the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal
香山 Xiangshan Hill, 象鼻山 the Elephant Hill • Peak （山峰）
莲花峰 the Lotus Peak, 独秀峰 the Singular Beauty Peak
1. 汉语地名的翻译方法
1.5 通名为不同汉字的同一种译法与前面相反，不同的汉字在很多情况下可英译为同一个单词。譬如“江、河、水、溪”都统一英译为river，如：
• 长江 the Yangtze River • 黄河 the Yellow River • 珠江 the Pearl River • 古田溪 the Gutian River

考研英语翻译专有名词总结

考研英语翻译专有名词总结Clinton克林顿Galileo伽利略Greeks希腊人Old Continent旧大陆Socratic苏格拉底Darwin达尔文Darwinism达尔文主义Beethoven贝多芬Atlantic大西洋Pearson皮尔森Tylor泰勒Whorf沃夫Allen艾伦Georgia乔治亚州Maine缅因州David Graddol大卫·葛拉多尔Boas包艾斯（博阿斯）Sapir萨皮尔Joshua Greenberg约书亚格林伯格Chomsky乔姆斯基Greenbergarian格林伯加语Ted Ning宁泰德Boulder agency博尔德代理商Google谷歌Silicon Valley硅谷Britain英国Australia澳大利亚Broadway百老汇Nobel winner诺贝尔奖获得者Plato 柏拉图Picasso 毕加索Dumas 大仲马Goethe 歌德Hegel 黑格尔Curie 居里Mark Twain 马克·吐温Shakespeare 莎士比亚Aristotle 亚里士多德Hugo 雨果Zola 左拉England 英格兰Scotland 苏格兰Edinburgh 爱丁堡Wales 威尔士Ireland 爱尔兰Sydney 悉尼South Australia 南澳大利亚州Victoria 维多利亚州Ottawa 渥太华Victoria 维多利亚Vancouver 温哥华Washington 华盛顿New York 纽约Boston 波士顿Atlanta 亚特兰大Seattle 西雅图Los Angeles/LA 洛杉矶Chicago 芝加哥。

第十三讲：专有名词的翻译

第十三讲：专有名词的翻译专有名词（proper name）主要具备指称意义和信息功能，但有些专有名词仍然具有语用意义、美感功能或祈使功能，专有名词的翻译与历史、国情、语言和民族习惯等都有关系。

－、姓名的翻译汉语姓名的排列顺序不同于英语，不是名字在前，教名居中，姓在后，而是姓在前，名字在后。

汉语的人名充分体现了汉语是表意文字的特点。

它能反映性别、出生时间、地点、取名人的心愿、取名人的文化素养和时代特征等。

如：芳、兰、玉、香、芬、丽、茜、瑜、瑾、薇、英等多为女子名；刚、强、凯、坚、忠、伟等多为男子名；鄂生（籍贯可能是湖北）、湘生（出生地可能是湖南）、张京（出生地可能在北京）、秋宝（可能生于秋天）、冬生（可能生于冬季）。

松鹤与遐龄在汉语中均意为“长寿”，取名人在取名时祝愿孩子健康长寿；“祜”意为“福”，取名人希望孩子在成长过程中福星高照，“祜”为书面语，在现代汉语中用得不多，选用此名反映了取名人的文化素养较高。

著名学者钱钟书的名字来由更有趣。

当时中国有“抓周”这一风俗，即孩子一周岁时在他（她）面前放各种物件，孩子抓到的物件便代表他（她）的秉性或将要从事的职业。

周岁的钱先生抓到的是书，身为学者的父亲断定这孩子会钟爱书本，于是为他取名“钟书”。

有的兄弟姊妹除了同姓，还在双名中同一字，如曾宪玉，曾宪梅、曾宪明等。

有的父母愿意反传统，让孩子随母亲的姓；有的父母则让孩子同时姓父母的姓，以示男女平等。

还有的人名带有强烈的时代标志，如：四新（扫四旧，立四新，“文化大革命”的口号之一），文革（“文化大革命”的简称），红卫（“文化大革命”中的红卫兵）。

由于语言的语用意义因人而异，人们选择同一名字时用意不一定相同。

用社会符号学研究汉民族的人名有助于了解汉民族的历史文化，但翻译人名时一般只译出指称意义，不译语用意义。

现在通用的方法是根据《汉语拼音方案》音译（transliteration）。

《汉语拼音方案》于1958年通过郑重的法律程序在全国推行。

科技翻译专有名词

A-frame A形架 C-clamp C形夹 O-ring O形环 S-wrench S形扳手 T-joint T形接头 U-nut U形螺母 V-gear V型齿轮 X-tube X形管 Y-alloy Y 合金 Y-connection Y形连接 Z-axis Z轴 Z-crank Z形曲轴
The cheongsam( known in China as qipao ), which enjoyed initial prosperity in the 1920s, was first designed by Shanghai people, combining the style of Manchu women’s traditional gowns with the style of clothing in southern China and of European evening dresses. It is close-fitting and sleeveless, has a high neck and slit skirt, worn with matching permed hair, high heeled shoes, nylon stockings and brooches, to fully display a woman’s graceful curves, elegant carriage and dignified manner.
形译法
AT-cut P-region N-region Q-band
L-electron P-n-p junction Ｑ-meter Ｘ-ray Ｙ-ray
AT切片（切割方向与光轴成35度角） P区（电子不足区） N区（电子剩余区） Q波段（8毫米波段，频率为34-46 千兆赫） L层电子（原子核外第二层电子） p-n-p结Ｑ表Ｘ光 Y 射线？

专有名词翻译

翻译研究词语 1.表情功能expressive function 2.词类转换conversion of word classes 3.词义空缺semantic zero 4.词义相符semantic correspondence 5.词义相异semantic non-correspondence 6词语层面word level 7达expressiveness 8段落层面paragraph level 9对应correspondence 10 翻译，笔译translation 11翻译标准translation criteria 12翻译策略translation strategy 13翻译腔translationese 14翻译学translation studies/translatology 15翻译原则principles of translation 16分析性analytic 17符际翻译intersemiotic translation 18惯用法意识sense of good usage 19归化domestication 20含义implicature/implied meaning 21呼唤功能vocative function 22化境sublimation 23话语discourse 24回指anaphoric 25加注法annotation 26减省法omission 27句法syntax 28句子层面sentence level 29科技文本text of science and technology 30可读性readability 31可译性translatability 32口译interpretation/interpreting 33口译译员interpreter 34跨文化交际cross-cultural communication 35连贯coherence 36连贯意识sense of coherence 37逻辑思维logical thinking 38美感功能aesthetic function 39目的性intentionality 40内指endophoric 41篇章层面discourse level 42情景语境context of situation 43认知功能cognitive function 44上下文co-text 45社会学符号sociosemiotics 46神似similarity in spirit47省略ellipsis 48释义法paraphrase 49述位rheme 50 体裁genre 51外指exophoric 52文本/语篇text 53文本类型text type 54 文化语境context of culture 55文化意识sense of culture 56文体/风格style 57衔接cohesion 58衔接结cohesive tie 59显性overtness 60校核proofreading 61信faithfulness/fidelity 62信息功能informative function 63形合hypotaxis 64形似similarity in form 65形象思维figurative thinking 66修辞层面rhetorical level 67雅elegance 68异化foreignization /alienation 69译文target text 70译文读者target-text readers 71译者translator 72意合parataxis 73意境ideorealm 74意译liberal translation 75音译transliteration 76隐性covertness 77语法意识sense of grammar 78语际翻译interlingual translation 79语境context 80语内翻译intralingual translation 81语文学philology 82语言学linguistics 83语义学semantics 84语音层面phonetic level 85语用学pragmatics 86语域register 87翻译语言的功能metalingual function88原文sourcetext/original text 89原文读者source-text readers90蕴含意义connotation91増词amplification/addition 92照应anaphora 93直译literal translation 94指称意义denotation 95主体性subjectivity 96主位theme 97转换transformation/transfer98综合性synthetic 99作者writer/author中国文化特色词语英译1.拜年pay a New Yearcall 2.财运luck inmaking money 3.禅宗Chan Sect/Zen Sect 4.出家人ascetic 5.祠堂memorial temple 6.倒春寒an unusually cold spellin an otherwise warmearly spring 7.道教Taoism 8.道士Taoistpriest 9.法师Master 10.方丈Buddhist abbot 11.佛教Buddhism 12.恭喜发财May you beprosperous!/Wish you allthe best! 13.和尚Buddhist monk 14.红包red envelope containingmoney as a gift;(贬义用法)bribe/kickback 15.红运good luck 16.华表ornamental column/cloudpillar/stele 17.华盖canopy 18.回教Islam 19.慧根the organ of wisdom20.基督教Christianity 21.甲骨文inscriptions onoracle bones 22.江南水乡the south of the lowerreaches of the Y angtzeRiver 23.戒precept/discipline 24.金刚经Diamond Sutra 25.京剧票友Peking Operafan 26.京剧人物脸谱types of facial make-up inPeking Opera 27.景泰蓝cloisonné28.旧教/天主教Catholicism 29.坎儿井karez 30.空emptiness31.喇嘛Lama 32.老字号an old and famousshop/enterprise 33.尼姑Buddhist nun 34.涅槃Nirvana 35.旗袍cheongsam 36.三藏经Triptaka 37.三教（儒、释、道）Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism 38.时运luck/fortune 39.四大皆空all spacedirections being valid 40.新教,耶稣教Protestantism 41.真人Taoist pure man 42.族人clansman 43.坐禅sittingin meditation节假日 1.春节SpringFestival 2.党的生日Party’s Birthday 3.端午节Dragon-Boat Festival4.国庆节National Day5.建军节Army Day 6.教师节Teachers’Day 7.清明节Pure Brightness Day 8.国际儿童节InternationalChildren’s Day 9.三八妇女节InternationalWorking Women’s Day10.五一InternationalLabor Day 11.元旦NewYear’s Day 12.元宵节Lantern Festival 13.中秋节Mid-Autumn Festival14.重阳节Double-NinthFestival政治经济活动1遵纪守法to observe disciplineand abide by the law 2.走共同致富的道路to takethe road to commonprosperity 3.自留地individual farm plots 4自负盈亏to be responsiblefor one’s own profit andloss 5专业户specializedhousehold 6重复建设tobuild redundant project 7治理整顿to improve theeconomic environmentand rectify the economicorder 8治理三乱to put toa stop/eliminateindiscriminate fines，charges and levies 9政企分开to separategovernment functionsfrom enterprisemanagement 10宰人rip-off 11有经济头脑的人commercially mindedpeople 12优生优育topromote good prenataland postnatal care 13以权谋私to abuse powerfor personal gains 14移风易俗to transformoutmoded habit andcustom 15依法治国torule the country inaccordance with law 16一切向钱看money-mania 17一国两制one country，twosystems 18一刀切sweeping approach 19严防死守life-and-deathdefense 20严打to crackdown on crimes andsocial evils 21亚运村Asian Games Village 22姓社姓资问题distinctionof what is socialism andwhat is capitalism 23 星火计划Spark Program24信息高速公路information highway 25小商品市场smalls fair26小康生活to lead arelatively comfortable life27乡镇企业townshipenterprise 28下硬功夫to make intensive efforts29下海to take the plungeinto private business 30下岗人员the laid-off 31物质文明materialprogress 32五讲四美运动the movement of “fivestresses and four points ofbeauty”：to promotecivility，courtesy，tidiness，orderliness andintegrity 33五讲四美三热爱five stresses，fourpoints of beauty and threeaspects of love 34五好家庭five-virtue family 35温饱问题the problem ofinadequate food andclothing 36晚婚晚育late marriage andpostponement ofchildbearing 37歪风邪气unhealthy practices andevil phenomena 38脱贫to shake off poverty 39退居二线to leave theleading post 40四有公民citizens who have highideals，moral integrity，a good education and astrong sense of discipline41十年规划和“八五”计划纲要the guidelinesof the Ten-YearProgramme and theEighth Five-Year Plan 42十年动乱the ten chaoticyears 43涉外婚姻Chinese marriage withforeign nationals 44扫黄anti-pornography drive45三资企业enterprisesin the “three forms ofventures”：Sino-foreignjoint ventures，cooperative businessesand exclusivelyforeign-ownedenterprises 46三峡工程Three Gorges Straits 47三通three direct links oftrade，mail and air andshipping services acrossthe Taiwan Straits 48三角债debt chains 49权力下放to delegate 50全民所有制public ownership51勤俭建国to build thecountry with industry andthrift 52农转非agricultural people to begiven non-agriculturalstatus 53南水北调工程projects to divert waterfrom the south to thenorth 54 磨洋工todawdle along 55民工out-of-town laborer 56乱涨价unauthorized pricerise 57 乱摊派indiscriminate levies 58龙头to play a leadingrole in 59 领导班子leading body 60廉政建设construction of aclean government 61 亏损企业enterprisesrunning in the red 62跨世纪工程a trans-centuryproject 63可持续发展sustainable development64科教兴国战略thestrategy of developing thecountry by relying onscience and education 65科技是第一生产力Science and technologyconstitute a primaryproductive force 66康居工程the AffordableHousing Project 67开展扫黄打非斗争to crackdown on pornographyand other illegalpublications 68军转民military conversion 69九年义务教育nine-yearcompulsory education 70纠正不正之风to rectifyunhealthy tendencies andmalpractices 71纠风办State Council Office forRectification 72精神文明建设to promotecultural and ethicalprogress 73精简机构tostreamline governmentorgans 74经济特区special economic zone 75经济开发区economicdevelopment zone 76戒急用忍to overcomeimpetuosity and exercisepatience 77解放生产力to emancipate theproductive forces 78讲学习，讲政治，讲正气的党性党风教育toeducate the cadres in theParty spirit and stylethrough the promotion ofthe three emphases ontheoretical studies，political awareness andintegrity 79讲文明礼貌to promote civilizedbehavior 80减员增效，下岗分流to cut downthe size of workforce forefficiency and get thelayoffs re-employedelsewhere 81坚持两个文明一起抓to ensure thatefforts are made to builda society that is advancedboth materially andculturally andideologically 82假日经济holiday economy 83计划生育familyplanning 84集体主义community spirit 85基本国情fundamentalrealities of the country 86火炬计划Torch Program（a plan to develop newand high technology）87灰色收入income frommoonlighting 88户主head of a household 89户口管理制度domicilesystem 90户口簿residence booklet 91红筹股red-chip shares；redchips 92黑社会Mafia-styleorganizations；gangland93黑店gangster inn 94黑客hacker 95和平演变peaceful evolutiontowards capitalism 96和平统一，一国两制的方针the policy of peacefulreunification and theprinciple of “onecountry，two systems”97和平共处五项原则the Five Principles ofPeaceful Coexistence 98国有大中型企业largeand medium-sizedstate-owned enterprises99长期国库券treasurybonds 100官倒officialprofiteering 101挂靠tobe attached or affiliatedto 102公款吃喝banquetat public expense 103公费医疗medical servicesat state expense 104 革命老根据地the oldrevolutionary base areas105搞活经济toinvigorate the economy106 搞活国营大中型企业to invigorate largeand medium-sizedstate-owned enterprises107 高新技术产业开发区high and newtechnological industrydevelopment zone 108港人治港Hong Kongpeople governing HongKong 109改革开放reform and opening to theoutside world 110改革开放政策the reform andopen policy 111福利分房welfare-orientedpublic housingdistribution system 112扶贫poverty alleviation113房管real estatemanagement 114防洪工程flood-preventionproject 115发展是硬道理Development is ofoverriding importance116第三产业tertiaryindustry 117第二职业second employment 118倒爷profiteer 119党性one’s Party morale 120党群关系Party-massesrelationship 121待业job-waiting 122大腕topnotch（singer etc.）123大排档sidewalk snackbooth 124大路货staplegoods 125打破僵局tobreak the deadlock 126打假to crack down oncounterfeit goods 127打白条to issue IOUs 128磁悬浮列车magneticsuspension 129春运（passenger）transportation during theSpring Festival 130传销pyramid selling 131吃皇粮to receive salaries，subsidies，or othersupported from thegovernment 132吃大锅饭the egalitarian practiceof“everybody eating fromthe same big pot”133超计划生育to have morechildren than what isplanned 134参政议政意识the awareness of theneed to participate in thediscussion andadministration of stateaffairs 135菜篮子工程the shopping basketproject 136部优产品Ministry-recognizedquality goods 137不正之风unhealthy practice（tendency）138不良风气unhealthy ways andcustoms 139不合理收费，集资和摊牌toimpose charges andquotas and collect moneywithout authorization 140不顾条件，一哄而起torush into action indisregard of objectiveconditions 141拨乱反正to set things right 142 变相涨价disguisedinflation 143本位主义departmentalism 144保重点，不撒胡椒面Resources must bechanneled to priorityprojects and not spreadthinly everywhere 145包干到户work contractedto households 146半拉子工程uncompleted project147摆门面to put up animpressive front 148百年不遇once-in-a-century149百花齐放，百家争鸣Let a hundred flowersblossom and a hundredschools of thoughtcontend 150把已经确定的方针政策措施落到实处to get the setprinciples，policies andmeasures implemented151把眼光放远一些tohave a broad view 152把握正确的舆论导向toproperly guide the publicopinion 153按劳分配distribution according toone’s performance 154安居工程HousingProject for low-incomefamilies 155“一条龙”服务coordinated-processservice 156“豆腐渣”工程jerry-built project 157“达标”活动“targethitting”activities节气1大寒Greater Cold2小寒Lesser Cold 3冬至the Winter Solstice 4大雪Greater Snow 5小雪Lesser Snow 6立冬theBeginning of Winter 7霜降Frost’s Descent 8秋分the Autumnal Equinox9白露White Dew 10处暑the Limit of Heat 11立秋the Beginning ofAutumn 12大暑GreatHeat 13小暑Slight Heat14夏至the SummerSolstice 15芒种Grain inEar 16小满Grain Full 17立夏the Beginning ofSummer 18谷雨GrainRain 19清明PureBrightness 20春分theSpring Equinox 21惊蛰the Waking of Insects 22雨水Rain Water 23立春the Beginning of Spring24寒露Cold Dew 25二十四节气thetwenty-four solar terms。

专有名词翻译

世界贸易组织（简称“世贸组织”，World Trade Organization -- WTO）总部设在瑞士日内瓦莱蒙湖畔国际奥林匹克委员会(International Olympic Committee -- IOC) 简称“国际奥委会” 总部设在瑞士洛桑欧洲联盟（简称欧盟，European Union -- EU）总部设在比利时首都布鲁塞尔北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization -- NATO），简称北约, 总部设在比利时布鲁塞尔石油输出国组织(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries -- OPEC) ，简称“欧佩克”，欧佩克总部设在维也纳东南亚国家联盟（简称东盟，Association of Southeast Asian Nations -- ASEAN），东盟秘书处（无总部称呼）设在印尼首都雅加达。

美洲国家组织(Organization of American States -- OAS；Organizacion de los Estados Americanos -- OEA) 总部设在美国华盛顿非洲联盟（African Union -- AU，简称“非盟”）总部设在埃塞俄比亚首都亚的斯亚贝巴阿拉伯国家联盟简称“阿盟” (League of Arab States -- LAS) 总部位于埃及开罗FDA Food and Drug Administration 美国食品及药物管理局CE or COE Council of Europe 欧洲理事会GRAS Generally Recognized as Safe 一般认为安全ADI Acceptable Daily Intake 日允许摄入量ADB Asian Development Bank 亚洲开发银行ADB African Development Bank 非洲开发银行APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经济合作组织ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations 东南亚国家联盟公约BFA Boao Forum for Asia 博鳌亚洲论坛BIE Bureau of International Expositions 国际展览局BIS Bank for International Settlements 国际清算银行CSD Commission on Sustainable Development 联合国可持续发展委员会G 8 Summit Group of Eight Summit 八国集团首脑会议FBI---FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION 联邦调查局NBA---National Basketball Association （美国）国家篮球协会CIA---CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 中央情报局FIFA 国际足球联合会International Federation of Association FootballIRC 国际红十字会International Red CrossISO 国际标准化组织International Organization for StandardizationOECD 经济合作与发展组织Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOPEC 石油输出成员国Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesUNCITRAL 联合国国际贸易法委员会United Nations Commission on International Trade LawUNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNDP 联合国开发计划署United Nations Development ProgramUNEP 联合国环境规划署United Nations Environment ProgramUNESCO 联合国教科文组织United Nations Commission on International TradeUNIDO 联合国工业发展组织United Nations Industrial DevelopmentWEC 世界能源理事会World Energy CouncilWFC 世界粮食理事会World Food CouncilWFDSA 世界直销协会联盟World Direct Selling AssociationsWFP 世界粮食计划署World Food ProgramWIPO 世界知识产权组织World Intellectual Property OrganizationWTCA 世界贸易中心协会World Trade Centers AssociationWTO-OMT 世界旅游组织World Tourism OrganizationWWF 世界自然基金会 World Wide Fund for NatureSix-party talks on the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue （六方会谈）Non-Aligned Movement -- NAM （不结盟运动）FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)?(联合国)粮食及农业组织?UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)?联合国教科文组织?UNCF(United Nations Children's Fund,其前身是United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund)?联合国儿童基金会? UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization)联合国工业发展组织?EEC (European Economic Communities)?欧洲经济共同体?ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross)?红十字国际委员会UNFCCC（United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change）联合国气候变化框架公约Kyoto Protocol 京都议定书UN Climate Change Conference 联合国世界气候大会。

专有名词翻译及名词解释

是用来驯化活性污泥的。

6.MLSS（mixed liquid suspended solids）、SVI（污泥体积指数）7.“aerobic–anoxic–anaerobic–anoxic–aerobic”好氧-缺氧-厌氧-缺氧-好氧厌氧、缺氧、好氧本质差别：厌氧：无分子氧，无具备氧化性的化合态氧（H2O例外，下同），<0.2mg/L释放磷，进行部分有机物的氨化，同时也降解了COD，缺氧：无分子氧，<0.5mg/L有具备氧化性的化合态氧（如硝酸根、亚硝酸根离子等），反硝化生成N2脱氮；好氧：分子氧和化合态氧都可以有，但至少要有分子氧。

COD降解，氨氮硝化成硝酸盐氮，聚磷菌过度吸收磷。

0.2和0.5的区别，是控制操作上的经验区别，并不是区分厌氧、缺氧工艺不同的指标。

实际工程中远远达不到理论上的要求，故溶解氧小于0.2即可认为达到厌氧，溶解氧小于0.5即可达到缺氧。

专有名词翻译

1、月份（month）一月January (Jan.) ；二月February(Feb.) ；三月March(Mar.)四月April(Apr.) ；五月May ；六月June(Jun.)七月July(Jul.) ；八月August(Aug.) ；九月September(Sept.) 十月October(Oct.) ；十一月November(Nov.) ；十二月December(Dec.)2、季节[Season]春天spring；夏天summer；秋天autumn; fall；冬天winter3. 星期[Week]星期日Sunday；星期一Monday；星期二Tuesday；星期三Wednesday 星期四Thursday；星期五Friday；星期六Saturday4、七大洲（Seven greatest continent）、四大洋（Four oceans）亚洲Asia；欧洲Europe；非洲Africa；北美洲North America；南美洲South America；大洋洲Oceania；南极洲Antarctica ；北极Arctic 太平洋Pacific；大西洋Atlantic；印度洋the Indian Ocean；北冰洋the Arctic Ocean5、数字（figure）1.one ；2.two ；3.three ；4.four ；5.five ；6.six ；7.seven ；8.eight ；9.nine ；10.ten ；11.eleven ；12.twelve ；13.thirteen ；20.twenty ；21.twenty-one ；30.thirty；31.thirty-one一百one hundred；一千one thousand；一万ten thousand；十万one hundred thousand；百万million；千万millions and millions；亿a hundred million；十亿one billion6、学科（subject）社会学sociology；历史学history；哲学Philosophy；逻辑学Logic；伦理学Ethics；美学Aesthetics；宗教学Science of Religion；经济学Economics；法学Law / Science of Law/ Legal Science；政治学Political Science；政治制度Political Institution；外交学Diplomacy；人口学Demography；人类学Anthropology；海洋科学Marine Sciences；教育学Education/ Education Science；心理学Psychology；文学Literature；管理学Management Science；数学Mathematics；声学Acoustics；光学Optics；化学Chemistry；天文学Astronomy；气象学Meteorology；地质学Geology；生物学Biology；生理学Physiology；生态学Ecology；医学Medicine；通用前缀：比较－comparative ；应用－applied；临床－clinic；后－post相关：广义general 狭义restricted/ special辩证法/辩证法的，辩证的dialectic悖论paradox 谬论fallacy边缘学科/交叉学科interdisciplinary 跨学科cross-disciplinary实地研究/现场研究field study 理论研究theoretical study文献研究literary study/research评论criticism方法论methodology女权主义feminism现代主义modernism 后现代主义post-modernism现实主义realism 唯物主义materialism 唯心主义idealism （有时为理想主义）内涵connotation(文化内蕴)/ intension 外延denotation（字面意义）/extension归纳induction 演绎deductionhumanism 人本主义，人文主义humanitarianism 人道主义，博爱主义relativism 相对主义(注意不等于物理学中的“相对论”！) 这学名词A theory that conceptions of truth and moral values are not absolute but are relative to the persons or groups holding them.相对主义：认为真理的概念及道德价值不是绝对的而是相对于持有它们的人或集团的理论relativity 相对论（物理学名词）Encyclopedia 百科全书Renaissance 文艺复兴（时期的）。

翻译专有名词

✧妈妈姓马，她要我姓了她的姓，给我取名一个“力”字。

妈说她盼我永远有力量，去争一口气。

____________________________________________________✧按当时的风俗，越是娇惯的孩子，取名时越要下贱，据说这样能长命，不至夭折。

司马公自然遵守此俗，给儿子取名叫“狗儿”。

___________________________________________________________________✧I am no Hamlet.______________________________________________________✧His income derived from illicit activities–bookmaking, gambling, shylocking,and questionableunion activities.✧___________________________________________________________________✧He is a kindly fagin who harbors a nest of adolescent thieves.✧____________________________________________________________________✧My own fear is that the present Micawberism will leave us wide open to a humiliating series ofdefeats.✧____________________________________________________________________✧He is a real Jekyll and Hyde: at home he’s kind and loving, but in business he’s completely withoutprinciples.✧____________________________________________________________________✧He launches into a philippic against the yahoos who desecrate picnic sites.✧____________________________________________________________________✧This is the opinion of some Rip Van Winkle.✧____________________________________________________________________✧Instrumental and orchestra music had for too long been Cinderella of Welsh music.✧____________________________________________________________________✧With these statements we enter Simon’s World, where he is Humpty-Dumpty and we are Aliceswho must wait upon him to tell us what words mean.✧___________________________________________________________________✧I’m Peter Darwin. Everyone asks, so I may as well say at once that no, I’m not related to Charles.____________________________________________________✧庙旁住着一家乡宦，姓甄，名费，字士隐。

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