17世纪英国文学
英国启蒙时期文学
英国启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）2010-01-11 21:14 第四个阶段，启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。
18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope, 1688-1744）是新古典主义诗歌的代表，他模仿罗马诗人，诗风精巧隽俏，内容以说教与讽刺为主，形式多用英雄双韵体，但缺乏深厚感情。
18世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。
理查德•斯梯尔（Richard Steele, 1672-1729）与约瑟夫•艾迪生（Joseph Addison, 1672-1719）创办《闲谈者》（Tatler）与《观察者》（Spectator）刊物，发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章，他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。
乔纳森•斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745）是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家，他的文风纯朴平易而有力。
斯威夫特的杰作《格列佛游记》是一部极具魅力的儿童故事，同时包含着深刻的思想内容。
作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写，以理性为尺度，极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。
塞缪尔•约翰逊（Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784）是18世纪英国人文主义文学批评的巨擘，《莎士比亚戏剧集序言》（The Preface to Shakespeare）和《诗人传》（Lives of the Poets）是他对文学批评作出的突出贡献。
他从常识出发，在某些方面突破了新古典主义的框框，不乏真知灼见。
约翰逊的散文风格自成一家，集拉丁散文的典雅、气势与英语散文的雄健、朴素于一体。
英国启蒙文学的主要成就
英国启蒙文学的主要成就
英国启蒙文学是17世纪末至18世纪中叶的一段文学时期，其主要成就包括：
1.理性和启蒙思想的推崇：启蒙文学强调理性、科学和人文主义，倡导通过理性思考和知识追求真理。
这种理性主义的思想影响了文学、哲学和社会。
2.政治讽刺文学的兴起：启蒙文学的作家通过政治讽刺和批判社会不公正的手法，表达对当时政治体制和社会问题的关切。
其中，作家如乔纳森·斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift）的《格列佛游记》就是一部以政治讽刺为特色的杰作。
3.小说的兴盛：启蒙时期是英国小说兴起的时代，小说逐渐成为一种广泛流行的文学形式。
代表作包括丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe）的《鲁宾逊漂流记》和塞缪尔·理查德森（Samuel Richardson）的《潘帕斯之恋》。
4.哲学和文学的交融：启蒙时期的作家同时也是思想家，他们的作品中融入了哲学思考。
约翰·洛克（John Locke）的政治哲学影响深远，而大卫·休谟（David Hume）则对人类认识论进行了重要探讨。
5.文学批评的发展：启蒙时期见证了文学批评的发展，其中亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）的《诗意的批评》是一部标志性的文学批评作品，对文学规范和审美标准进行了深入的探讨。
这些成就共同构成了英国启蒙文学的特色，为后来的文学和思想运动奠定了基础。
17世纪英国文学史
17世纪英国文学史17世纪是英国文学史上一个重要的时期，也是文学作品丰富多样的时期。
本文将从该时期的背景、主要作家和作品以及文学风格等方面进行介绍，以展现17世纪英国文学的独特魅力。
17世纪英国文学的背景可以追溯到文艺复兴时期。
在这个时期，人们开始对古典文化进行研究和借鉴，对人类思维和艺术创作进行了探索。
同时，英国也经历了政治、宗教和社会的剧烈变革，这些变革对文学创作产生了深远影响。
在17世纪的英国文学史上，有许多重要的作家和作品。
其中最著名的是威廉·莎士比亚。
莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的作品包括许多经典的戏剧作品，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
莎士比亚的作品不仅在英国广受欢迎，也被世界各地的观众所喜爱。
除了莎士比亚，还有其他许多重要的作家和作品出现在17世纪的英国文学史上。
其中包括约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》，这是一部描写亚当和夏娃失乐园经历的作品，同时也反映了米尔顿对政治和宗教自由的关注。
还有埃德蒙·斯宾塞的长诗《仙后》，这是一部描写骑士精神和爱情的作品，被认为是英国史诗的巅峰之作。
17世纪的英国文学也涌现出一批女性作家，她们在当时的男性主导的文学界中取得了一定的突破。
玛格丽特·卡文迪什是其中一位重要的女性作家，她的作品《新亚特兰蒂斯》被认为是科幻小说的先驱之一。
17世纪的英国文学风格丰富多样。
除了戏剧和史诗，还涌现出许多其他类型的文学作品。
例如，约翰·唐纳的散文作品《新科学》对科学发展和实验方法进行了探讨；罗伯特·伯顿的《解剖学》则是一部关于人类心理学和行为学的重要著作。
总的来说，17世纪是英国文学史上一个繁荣的时期，这个时期的作家们不仅在戏剧、史诗和散文等领域取得了重要成就，也为后世的文学发展奠定了基础。
他们的作品不仅具有艺术上的价值，也反映了当时社会和政治背景下的人类思考和情感表达。
通过对这些作品的研究和欣赏，我们可以更好地了解17世纪英国文学的独特之处，以及它对后世文学的重要影响。
英国文学史发展历程
英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。
在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。
下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。
故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。
公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowu lf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。
《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。
这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。
因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。
诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。
这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。
王守仁《英国文学选读》（第4版）配套题库-章节题库-第4、5单元【圣才出品】
王守仁《英国⽂学选读》（第4版）配套题库-章节题库-第4、5单元【圣才出品】第4单元17世纪英国诗⼈Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. In the Revolution Period _____ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer towers over the Medieval Period.【答案】John Milton【解析】在英国资产阶级⾰命期间，约翰·弥尔顿可与伊丽莎⽩时代的莎⼠⽐亚和中世纪的乔叟相媲美。
2. The poems of John Donne belong to two categories: the _____ and the later _____. 【答案】youthful love lyrics；sacred verses【解析】受⽣活经历的影响，约翰·多恩的诗歌可分为两部分：年轻有活⼒的爱情诗和庄严的宗教诗。
3. In 1637 Milton wrote the finest pastoral elegy in English, _____, to memorize the tragic death of a Cambridge friend.【答案】Lycidas【解析】Lycidas是英国诗⼈⽶尔顿年轻时为溺海夭亡的剑桥同学⾦（Edward King）写的⼀⾸悼诗。
4. About the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called “ _____” by Samuel Johnson, the 18th century writer.【答案】Metaphysicals【解析】⾸先⽤“⽞学派”这名词的是18世纪英国诗⼈、批评家德莱顿。
英国文学 17世纪
Part ThreeThe Seventeenth Century(1640-1688)Chapter 1: Revolution and Restoration一、Social BackgroundThe 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. Conflicts and clashes appeared between the King and the Parliament, which represented the bourgeois class.In 1642, a civil war (English revolution) broke out between Charles I and the parliament. At last, the royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658). In 1649 Charles I (1600–1625–1649) was beheaded, and England was declared to be a commonwealth.After the death of Cromwell, the parliament recalled Charles II (1630–1660–1685) to England in 1660 and monarchy was restored, and then followed the Restoration Period.In 1688, the bourgeoisie invite William, prince of Orange (1650–1689–1702) from Holland to be king of England. This is called the “Glorious Revolution”. This bloodless event completed the bourgeoisie revolution and modern England was firmly established.二、The English Revolution and PuritanismThe English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak. So, English revolution also called the Puritan revolution. The Puritan Movement aimed to make man honest and to make man free.Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during this period. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work, but with very little extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor. Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful. This was precisely the outlook needed by the bourgeoisie for the accumulation of capital. So in the triumph of Puritanism under Cromwell, severe laws were passed, many simple pleasures were forbidden and an austere standard of living was forced upon an unwilling people. The London theaters were closed in 1642.The criticism is made that the wild outbreak of immortality which followed the Restoration was partly due to the unnatural restriction of the Puritan era. The criticism was just but we must not forget the whole spirit of the movement. Puritans fought for liberty and justice overthrew despotism and made men’s life and property safe from the tyranny of rulers.三、Literature of the 17th centuryEnglish literature of the revolution and restoration was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time.1. Literature of the Revolution PeriodGeneral characteristics①The Revolution Period was one of confusion in literature due to the breaking up of the old ideals. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry written in the previous period. Literature was as divided in spirit as were the struggling parties.②Literature in the Puritan Age expressed age and sadness. Even its brightest hours were followed by gloom and pessimism.③Romantic ardor can not be found in literature of the Puritan period.④John Milton (1608-1674), whose work would glorify any age and people, and in his work the indomitable revolutionary spirit found its noblest expression. For this reason, this period is also called Age of Milton．⑤The main literary form of the period was poetry．Besides Milton, there were two other groups of poets, the Metaphysical Poets and the Cavalier Poets.1) Metaphysical PoetsThe Metaphysical Poets appeared in England at about the beginning of the 17th century. They sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new world and new poetry. With a rebellious spirit, they favored in poetry a more colloquial language, a singleminded working of one theme. Besides, they tended to logically reason the things, esp. emotions, psychologically analyze the emotions of love and religion, love the novelty and the shocking, use the metaphysical conceits, and ignore the conventional devices. The works of these poets are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.2) Cavalier PoetsAnother school of poetry prevailing in the period was the Cavalier Poets. Most of these poets were courtiers and soldiers. They sided with the king to fight against the revolution. The representatives of this school are Sir John Suckling(1609-1642), Richard Lovelace(1618-1657), Thomas Carew (1595-1639), and Robert Herrick (1591-1674).2. Literature of the RestorationRestoration literature is deeply influenced by French classical taste. It is a period of French influence.General characteristics①The tendency to vulgar realism in the drama. Restoration writers sought to paint realistic pictures of a corrupt society.② A general formalism. They produced coarse, low plays without interest or moral significance.③The development of a simpler and more direct prose style.④The prevalence of the heroic couplet (two iambic pentameter lines which rime together) in poetry.Chapter 2: Writers in this period一、John Milton (1608-1674)1. Life and literary careerMilton was born in London in1608. His education began at St. Paul's school, then he went on to distinguish himself at Cambridge University, where he graduated B. A. in 1629, and M. A. in 1632. His first work is an ode On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity（1629）.After leaving Cambridge, he retired for nearly six years to his father's country house in Horton, where he devoted his time chiefly to further mastery of the whole range of languages, literature, science, theology, and music. During this period, Milton wrote L’Allegro (1632), Il Penseroso (1632), Lycidas (1638), Comus (1634).In 1638 he left England to complete his education with two years of travel in Europe, France, Switzerland and Italy. When he returned home in 1639, England was on the verge of a civil war. Hesoon plunged himself into the struggle and gave all his energies to the writing of pamphlets dedicated to the people’s liberty.Milton was married to Mary Powell in June 1642, but the marriage proved to an unhappy one. So for several years Milton issued pamphlets in which he argued that all Englishmen should have the right to get a divorce. In 1644, he published Areopagitica, as a declaration of people’s freedom from press.After the Revolution succeeded, Milton became Latin Secretary to the council of Foreign Affairs in 1649. He wrote a number of pamphlets defending the English revolution, such as Defence of the English People(1651), and Second Defence of the English People(1654). Until the end of the Commonwealth, there were two leaders in England, Cromwell the man of action, and Milton the man of thought.Milton went blind in 1652, doubtlessly due to the severe eyestrain brought on by ceaseless reading and Latin composition. With the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Milton not only was confronted, but also was imprisoned and threatened with execution. Through the intervention of some friends who carried some influence with the new royal government, Milton was let off with a fine and some loss of property. Shortly afterward, living in blindness and virtual seclusion from all but the members of his immediate family, Milton began his masterpiece Paradise Lost. Before his death Milton published two other works on a grand scale, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Both appeared in 1671; neither is as successful as Paradise Lost. Milton died in 1674.2. Major WorksOn the Morning of Christ’s Nativity《基督诞生晨颂》（1629）L’Allegro《快乐的人》(1632)Il Penseroso《沉思的人》(1632)Comus《科玛斯》(1634)Lycidas《利西达斯》(1638)Areopagitica《论出版自由》（1644）Defence of the English People《为英国人民辩护》(1651)Second Defence of the English People《为英国人民再辩护》(1654)Paradise Lost 《失乐园》（1665）Paradise Regained 《复乐园》（1671）Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》（1671）3. About Paradise Lost1) Brief SurveyParadise Lost is Milton's masterpiece, and the greatest English epic. It is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels; their defeat and expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satan's temptation of Eve; the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden; and the possible salvation.2) Theme and CharacterizationThe poem, on the surface, was "to justify the ways of God to man", i. e. to preach submission to the Almighty. But under the surface, the main idea of the poem is the heroic revolt against God's authority.In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot. It has been noted by many critics that the picture of God surrounded by his angels resembles the court of an absolute monarch. While the rebel Satan who rises against God and, though defeated, still seeks for revenge. Satan and his followers who freely discuss all issues in council bear close resemblance to a republican Parliament. This epic expresses the reactionary forces of his time and shows passionate appeal for freedom.The theme is also about the fall of Men: man’s disobedience and the loss of Paradise. But having done it, Adam and Eve get freedom. They embody Milton's belief in the powers of man. Their craving for knowledge denied them by God, as Milton stresses, adds a particular significance to their character. It is this longing for knowledge that opens before mankind a wide road to an intelligent and active life.What makes Paradise Lost a powerful poem is precisely the way in which the Biblical past is pulled into the present in an intriguing way. Running through the poem are the key political questions offreedom and choice. From the perspective of Satan and his followers, rebellion against God was inevitable. The revolt may have failed, but it has left them their freedom. The final image of the poem is profoundly forward-looking, an image of gain through loss. As Adam and Eve go hand in hand out of Eden, the loss of Paradise is seen as the gain of a future for humanity on earth.3) The Image of SatanThe finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and Satan is the real hero of the poem. As a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. It is always from him that deep counsels, unlooked-for resources and courageous deeds proceed. It is he who, passing through the guarded gates of hell and boundless chaos, amid so many dangers, and overcoming so many obstacles, makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails, since he has won from God the third part of his angels, and almost all the sons of Adam. Though feebler, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility, and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty and a joy. To Milton, the proud and somber Satan represented the spirit of rebellion against an unjust authority. By using Satan as his mouthpiece, Milton is uttering his intense hatred of tyranny in the capacity of the Revolutionary. 2. About Paradise RegainedIt explores the theme of temptation and fall and shows how humankind, in the person of Christ, withstands the tempter and is established once more in the divine favor.3. About Samson AgonistesS amson Agonistes is a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedy. The story was taken from the Old Testament. Samson was an athlete of the Israelites. He stood as their champion, fighting for the freedom of his country. But he was betrayed by his wife and blinded by his enemi es the Philistines . One day he was summoned to provide amusement for his enemies by feats of strength in a temple. There he wreaked his vengeance upon his enemies by pulling down the temple upon them and upon himself in a common ruin.In this poetical drama, Milton is telling us his own story. Like Samson, he has been betrayed by his wife. He has suffered from blindness and been scorned by his enemies, and yet he has struggled heroically against his enemies. So the whole poem strongly suggests Milton's passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. Samson isMilton.4. Features of Milton's Poetry (or Milton’s contribution)①Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He is also an outstanding political pamphleteer of the Revolution period. He made a strong influence on the later progressive English poets.②Milton is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. That is because he made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature.③Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous.④Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong influence o later English poetry.⑤His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.二、John Bunyan (1628-1688)1. LifeIn the field of prose writing of the Puritan Age, John Bunyan occupies the most important place. We know about Bunyan's life primarily from his autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners.John Bunyan was born in 1628. He received only the simplest education. Bunyan had a sensitive imagination. The religious fanaticism of the time made a tremendous impression upon his brain.In 1644, his father married the second time; therefore Bunyan ran away and became a soldier in the Parliamentary army. In about 1649, he served during the decisive battle of Naseby. In a few months, Bunyan returned home and married a girl as poor as himself. The real reformation of his life began. The only dowry of his wife, two books –The Plain Man’s Pathway to Heaven and The Practice of Piety– gave fire to his imagination.Bunyan lived at a time when political struggles adopted the form of religious struggles. He joined a Baptist society of Bedford and began to preach among the villagers with powerful effect. Hepreached the truth as he saw it and directed his attacks against social abuses and the oppressors of the poor, the court and the bourgeoisie.After the Restoration, he was imprisoned for refusing to obey the law prohibiting religious meetings. Although he remained in jail for twelve years, Bunyan continued to preach to his fellow prisoners and to write religious books. He was released and allowed to become the pastor of a Nonconformist church in Bedford, but in 1675 he was imprisoned again. It was during this second imprisonment that he wrote his most important work, The Pilgrim's Progress.The two great forces at work in Bunyan’s life are vivid imagination and the spiritual ferment of the age. Bunyan’s life is an epitome o f that astonishing religious individualism which marked the close of the English Reformation.2. About The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Pilgrim's Progress is a religious allegory, a narrative in which general concepts such as sin, despair, and faith are re presented as people or as aspects of the natural world. The world’s literature has three great allegories: The Faerie Queene,Dante’s Divine Comedy and Pilgrim’s Progress. The first appeals to the poets, the second to the scholars, and the third to the common religious people of every age and condition.The Pilgrim's Progres s tells of a religious man’s search for salvation, and gives a truthful picture of English society. The basis of the allegorical narrative is the idea of a journey. The traveler's name is Christian, and he represents every Christian in human world. The figures and places Christian encounters on his journey stand for the various experiences every Christian must go through in the quest for salvation.The whole book falls into two parts. Part 1 tells of the religious conversion of Christian and his religious life in this world. Part 2 describes the subsequent conversion of his wife and their children. Part One mainly describes his pilgrimage through the Slough of Despond, Vanity Fair, Doubting Castle, the Valley of Humiliation, and the Valley of the Shadow of Death. On the way he overcomes many obstacles and encounters various allegorical personages, such as Mr Worldly Wiseman,Faithful, Hopeful, Giant Despair, the foul fiend Apollyon and some others. Finally he accomplishes his journey and arrives at the Celestial City. The “pioneer pilgrims” – Christian and his associates –belong to the Puritan sect, who was undergoing persecution in the reign of Charles II, especially during the earlier years of Restoration.Though an allegory, its characters impress the reader like real persons. The places are English scenes and the conversations that enliven his narratives vividly repeat the language of his time.One of the most remarkable passages is that in which Vanity Fair and the persecution of Christian and his friend Faithful are described. Christian, the hero, and his companion, Faithful, are passing through a town called Vanity during the season of the local fair. On the Vanity Fair, honors, titles, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures and lives can be sold or bought, and cheating, roguery, murder and adultery are normal phenomena.Bunyan cherished a deeply hatred of both the king and his government. This section gives the bitterest satire, which is invariably directed at the ruling class. In the descriptions of the Vanity Fair, Bunyan not only gives us a symbolic picture of London at the time of the Restoration but of the whole bourgeois society.3. T he chief qualities of Bunyan’s styleBunyan’s prose is noted for his simple, biblical style. He uses idiomatic expressions naturally. His biblical language enables him to narrate stories and reveal his ideas in a direct way.The secret of the success of The Pilgrim’s Progress is probably simple. Its predominant metaphor –life as a journey – is simple and familiar. Throughout the allegory a spiritual significance is added to the commonplace details.三、John Dryden (1631-1700)1. Brief SurveyDryden is the most notable representative of English classicism in the Restoration period. He is the greatest poet between Milton and Pope. He is “the lock by which the waters of English poetry were let down from t he mountains of Shakespeare and Milton to the plain of Pope.” He stands betweentwo very different ages, and serves as a transition from one to another. His works, which consist of his poems, his plays and his critical essays, reflect both good and evil tendencies of his age. In English literature, the Restoration period is traditionally called the "Age of Dryden".Dryden was brought in the strict puritan faith, and was sent first to the famous Westminster school, and then to Cambridge. He made an excellent use of his opportunities and studied eagerly. He had remarkable literary taste, but he showed little evidence of his literary ability up to the age of thirty. In the political affairs, he was quite changeable in attitude. Under the government of the puritans, he supported Cromwell, and wrote a poem upon Cromwell’s death. When the Restoration period began, he turned to the Royalists, and wrote a poem celebrating the return of Charles II.Dryden's long poetic career spanned the four decades from the Restoration in 1660 to the end of the seventeenth century. He wrote in most of the literary forms that were popular during that time. To make a living he wrote nearly thirty plays, and did a series of distinguished translations of Virgil and other classical authors. The most famous play is All for Love, a tragedy dealing with the same story as Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. His finest works were his long poems in heroic couplets on political, religious, and literary themes. Dryden's best poetry was often inspired by some particular occasion like the great fire of London in 1660 or a plot against King Charles II in 1681. For almost twenty years Dryden was England’s poet laureate, but he had to resign in 1688 when James II was expelled and Catholics were deprived of public office.Dryden had superb gifts in verse satire. As he himself wrote, the great art of the satirist is to do his job elegantly rather than crudely.2. Dryden’s influence①In poetry Dryden set an enduring style with his neat "heroic couplets" and established it as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.②In prose, Dryden established the neoclassical standards of order, balance, and harmony. He is regar ded as “the Father of English Prose”, for he clarified English prose and made it precise, concise and flexible. He is also the forerunner of the English neoclassical school of literature in the next century. (Develop the direct and precise style)③He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems．He raised English literary criticism to a new level. His greatest work of literary criticism is An Essay of Dramatic Poesy, in which appears his famous appreciation of Shakespeare.3. Selected works1) PoemHeroic Stanzas on the Death of Oliver Cromwell《奥利弗·克伦威尔之死》（英雄诗辩）1659 Astraea Redux《伸张正义》1660Annus Mirabilis《神奇的年代》1667Absalom and Achitophel《押沙龙与阿齐托菲尔》1681MacFlecknoe《麦克·弗莱克诺》1682Religio Laici《俗人的宗教观》1682The Hind and the Panther《牝鹿与豹》1687Alexander's Feast《亚历山大的宴会》1697Fables, Ancient and Modern《古代和现代寓言集》17002) Comedy and other playsThe Wild Gallant《狂热骑士》1663The Enchanted Island《紫山魔岛》1667An Evening's Love《一夜之恋》1668Marriage à la mode《时尚婚姻》（现代婚姻）1672The Assignation, or Love in a Nunnery《幽会》（尼姑庵之恋情）1672The Mistaken Husband《糊涂的丈夫》1674King Arthur《亚瑟王》1691Amboyna (or the Cruelties of the Dutch to the English Merchants) 《安波亚娜》1673Oedipus (heroic drama)《俄狄浦斯》16793) Five Serials of Heroic Play(tragedy)The Indian Emperour《印第安女皇帝》1665The Maiden Queen (or Secret Love)《印第安女女王》1667Tyrannick Love《残酷的爱情》1669The Conquest of Granada《格拉纳达的征服》1670All for Love《一切为了爱情》16784) Essays and othersAn Essay of Dramatick Poesie 《论剧诗》The Art of Satire 《讽刺艺术》。
17世纪三大文学现象的基本成就
17世纪三大文学现象的基本成就
17世纪欧洲文学的主要成就：英国资产阶级革命文学(清教徒文学)、法国古典主义文学、巴洛克文学。
法国古典主义文学
17世纪的古典主义文学最早出现于法国，是流行于西欧，特别是法国的一种带有浓厚封建色彩的资产阶级文学思潮。
因为它在文艺理论和创作实践上以古希腊古罗马文学为典范，故称“古典主义”。
高乃依，法国剧作家，古典主义的创始者，代表作有《熙德》。
莫里哀，法国古典主义喜剧家，代表作有《伪君子》《唐璜》《贵人迷》和《吝啬鬼》。
《吝啬鬼》塑造了著名的吝啬鬼典型阿巴贡。
英国清教徒文学
17世纪的英国文学以体现清教徒思想的作品最为出色，这是英国资产阶级革命的产物，被称为英国清教徒文学。
这场革命是在宗教的外衣下进行的，斗争主要在保王的国教与革命的清教之间展开。
17世纪，新兴资产阶级主张纯洁教会，清除国教中天主教的影响，因而其有“清教徒”之称。
他们以《圣经》作为斗争的思想武器，主要代表人物为约翰·弥尔顿和约翰·班扬。
约翰·弥尔顿，英国诗人，恩格斯称其为“第一个为弑君辩护的人”，是文艺复兴运动和18世纪启蒙思想运动的桥梁，代表作有《失乐园》。
巴洛克文学
巴洛克文学特指17世纪在欧洲各国广泛流行的一种贵族形式主
义的文学，它是由封建制度的危机引起的。
巴洛克文学起源于意大利、西班牙，兴盛于法国。
在艺术形式上涉及了诗歌、戏剧、小说等各种体裁。
卡尔德隆，西班牙作家，代表作有《人生如梦》。
英国文学7个时期 各自特点介绍
英国文学7个时期英国文学发端于中世纪，经历了古英语、中古英语、文艺复兴、17世纪、18世纪、19世纪、20 世纪文学 7 个时期，取得了举世瞩目的成就。
古英语文学英国在10世纪以前属于古英语时期，早期的凯尔特等部族及 5 世纪入侵的盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特人，起初都没有留下书面文学。
6世纪末到7世纪末，由于肯特国王阿瑟尔伯特皈依基督教，该教僧侣开始以拉丁文著书写诗，其中以比德所著《英国人民宗教史》最有历史和文学价值。
9世纪，威塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德为振兴文化，组织人力将各种拉丁文著作译成英语，并倡导以英语撰写《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》，其中包括有关盎格鲁-撒克逊和朱特人的英雄史诗《贝奥武甫》和《朱迪斯》，以及一些抒情诗、方言诗、谜语和宗教诗、宗教记述文、布道词。
中古英语文学 11世纪，随着诺曼人入侵，古英语渐渐演化为中古英语，文学上开始流行模仿法国的韵文体骑士传奇，其中以《高文骑士与绿衣骑士》最有艺术价值。
14世纪后半叶是中古英语发展的高峰，出现了似受古英语诗影响的口头韵体诗，最有名的长诗《农夫彼尔斯的幻想》，一般认为是教会人员朗兰德所写，以中世纪梦幻故事的形式探讨人间善恶，讽刺社会丑行，表达对贫苦农民的深切同情。
此时期国王查理第二当政，宫廷开始用盎格鲁-诺曼法语，王室贵族兴起赞助文人之风。
英国文学史上出现的第一位大诗人乔叟以其诗体短篇小说集《坎特伯雷故事集》和其他长短诗集成为英国文学的重要奠基人。
15世纪，有民间歌谣抄本流传至今，最有名的是关于绿林好汉罗宾汉的传说；马洛礼的散文小说《亚瑟王之死》为英国小说的雏形。
文艺复兴时期文学 16世纪中叶至17世纪初主要是伊丽莎白女王时代，英国开始文艺复兴运动。
学者纷纷翻译意大利和法国学术、文学名著并自行著述，以托马斯 ·莫尔（1477～1535)的《乌托邦》最有价值。
英国文艺复兴文学最突出的是诗歌和戏剧。
西德尼( 1554～1586 )的十四行诗、斯宾塞的《仙后》都是诗歌方面的代表作。
十七世纪文学
高乃依
• 高乃依（1606— 1684） 法国古典主义悲剧创始人， 出身律师家庭，长 期从事 律师事务。1629年开始创 作。 • 代表悲剧《熙德》 （1636），其他重要悲剧 《贺拉斯》、《西拿》、 《波利厄克特》。作品充 满 爱国主义和英雄主义热 情。 悲剧调子是理性战胜 情感。 人物多采用罗马史 上的英 雄。气势悲壮激越。
古典史诗的终结
• 弥尔顿的两部史诗，特别是《失乐园》， 是古典史诗的最后一部杰作。西方古典史 诗从荷马史诗开 始，形成了写英雄史诗的 传统。《失乐园》直接继承 了荷马史诗和 维吉尔史诗的传统。它不仅是宗教史 诗， 也是一部心理叙事诗，探索精神道德。它 标志着 英雄史诗的结束。 • 黑格尔在《美学》中总结史诗，提出史诗 在18世纪被小说替代。 • 西方史诗自弥尔顿之后让位于小说。欧美 小说继承了史诗传统，成为近代资产阶级 的史诗。
2、弥尔顿
• 弥尔顿（1608—1674） 英国诗人，政论家，英国 资产阶级革命活动家和革 命文学的代表， 生于富 裕的清教徒家庭。他在政 治上是激进派，宗教上属 于独立派。革命期间，他 写了很多政论文，批驳国 内外反对派对革命的污蔑 和攻击。40多岁双目失 明，由他口述，女儿记录， 写出了他一生的三部杰作， 史诗《失乐园》、《复乐 园》，悲剧《力士参孙》。
《天路历程》
• 《天路历程》（1678，1684）是班扬的 代表作，梦幻寓言小说。小说主人公的名 字叫基督徒 正在读一本书 ，知道了自己 居住的城市将遭天火焚毁，惊恐不已。他 从故乡“毁灭的城市”逃出，开始了他的 天路历程。他弃绝罪过，坚持真理，排除 万难，最后达到幸福的天堂。基督徒是个 具有寓言 性质的通名，是正直人类的代表， 象征人类对美好 未来的追求。小说结构有 流浪汉小说的特点，通过 旅途见闻反映英 国复辟时期的社会生活，讽刺贵族 阶级的 腐败现象。班扬在语言和小说技巧方面为 18 世纪斯威夫特和笛福的小说铺平了道 路。
英国文学 各个时期介绍
二、文艺复兴时期文学 作品
? 托马斯·莫尔《乌托邦》（Utopia）
? 开空想现实主义小说之先河 ? 埃德蒙·斯宾塞的长诗《仙后》 ? 塑造一个能实现12种美德的完美绅士。宣
扬人文主义思想，创造“斯宾塞诗体”。
弗兰西斯·培根Francis Bacon
? 《论说文集》（Essays） ? 58篇 ? 现代科学之父 ? 《Of Study （论读书）》 ? STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for
二、文艺复兴时期文学 背景
? 中世纪结束后遍及欧洲许多国家的文化和 思想运动。以复兴希腊罗马古典文化为契 机，推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新 思想，具有强烈反封建反教会倾向。核心 是人文主义 humanism
? 普遍认为文艺复兴发端于14世纪的意大利 ，15世纪后期起，扩展到西欧各国，16世 纪达到鼎盛。
一、中世纪文学 作品
? 英国文学最初同其他国家一样，是口头的 。
? 《贝奥武甫》（Boewulf），是英国8世纪 的一部英雄史诗，该诗长达千余行，用古 典语写成。
? 公元10世纪，浪漫传奇 ? 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》 ? Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ? 以亚瑟王和圆桌骑士为题材
英国文学
? 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） ? Old and Medieval English Literature ? 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） ? The Renaissance Period ? 三、17世纪文学 ? 四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期） ? The Enlightenment Period ? 五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） ? The Romantic Period ? 六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代-1918） ? 七、现代主义文学时期（1918-1945） ? 八、当代文学（1945— ）
17世纪英国文学概况
4、玄学派诗人（Metaphysical Poets）：17世纪初英国出现一批诗人，他们才智过人。喜欢使用“玄学奇喻”被称为玄学派诗人。
玄学奇喻（Conceit）：A suprising metapher，comparing two very dissimilar things，to startle his reader。It is used in John Donne’s poems。
玄学派的主要代表人物有约翰*多恩（John Donne），乔治*赫伯特（George Herbert），理查德*克拉肖（Richard Crashaw），亨利*沃恩（Henrry Vangham），安德鲁*马维尔（Andrew Mawell）。
The Metaphysical Poet's leader is John Donne .George Herbert was a saint of God.Andrew Mawell's best well known work is <<To His Coy Mistress>>(致他的羞涩女郎）。
（二）、The 16th-18th century english literature’s masters are Donne，Milton and Deyden。With the back ground of conflict between royalist and puritans Donne appeared。Milton was appeared during the Revolution.And Dryden was appeared during the Restroration.
17世纪英国文学的主要成就及特点。
17世纪的英国文学是文艺复兴的延续和发展，我们称这个时期为传统和理性的时代。
这个时期的文学大多模仿古希腊罗马和当时法国的著作，追求理性，艺术形式的完美。
人文主义是当时的文学主流，它在思想上反对神权，封建制度，宣扬人性，赞美现世生活。
著名人物代表玛丽我司通克拉夫特就是当时的你才行政论家，作家和思想家。
她提出的女性并非天生低贱于男性，只有当她们取法足够的教育是才会显露出这一点引发了很多人的思考。
随着资本主义稳定发展，浪漫主义文学开始崛起。
这个时期的文学作品大多表达内心情感，反映普通生活。
华兹华斯的诗是这个时期文学的顶峰之作。
他认为诗必须含有强烈的情感，用平常而真实的语言写成。
接下来的维多利亚时期，散文诗逐渐退出文学界，小说紧接着成为了这个时期最受欢迎的文学类型。
弗兰肯斯坦是当时非常著名的一部小说小说不仅刻画了人类与科技进步只见存在的冲突，也揭示了人类无所顾忌，自我奋斗的丑陋行为和对社会构成的巨大危害。
最后，在现代主义时期文学中，各种文学作品和流派纷纷涌入。
有现实主义的，荒诞派的，还有意识流。
我们最熟悉的剧作就是哈利波特。
作者罗琳采用了多重写作手法是的故事更加的扑朔迷离，吸引读者的兴趣。
在第一部中，作者就塑造了很多令人反感的角色，展现了哈利与斯内普的冲突。
但是直到故事的最后才表达出斯内普对哈利的保护和爱。
这样的反差形成了鲜明的对比。
17世纪英国文学的特点与群体形态
17世纪英国文学的特点与群体形态17世纪是英国文学历史上一个非常重要的时期，这个时期的文学作品以诗歌和戏剧为主，而且主要的创作群体是贵族和富商。
在这个时期，英国文学厚重而且充满文化自信，与此同时，17世纪的文学也是受政治、宗教、哲学等因素影响很大的一个时期。
本文将围绕这个主题展开，让我们一起来了解一下17世纪英国文学的特点与群体形态。
一.严格的诗歌规范与17世纪其他欧洲国家相比，英国的诗歌表现得更加严谨、精细。
英国文学史上著名的文学家约翰·米尔顿就是在这个时期崭露头角的。
米尔顿是英国文学史上一位非常重要的诗人和政治家，他的《失乐园》等作品具有深刻的叙事技巧和诗歌形式，而且在文学创作上对规范和严谨性的要求十分高。
此外，17世纪英国文学的诗歌体裁也相当多样化，不仅有典雅的爱情诗，还有英雄史诗以及抒情诗等多种形式。
二.富有叙事性和哲学深度的戏剧在英国文学的发展过程中，戏剧一直是不可忽视的一部分。
17世纪的戏剧文学除了在形式上有所创新外，还着重强调戏剧具备的叙事性和哲学深度，以此来探讨人性问题和社会现实。
经典的伊丽莎白·安·R——尤作品《麦克白》就是18世纪文学史上著名的戏剧作品之一。
这部作品不仅描写了人性的复杂性和政治权力的腐败，而且也通过戏剧形式展现了人性中所存在的善与恶的斗争。
三.主要创作群体为贵族和富商在17世纪的英国社会，贵族和富商是文学创作的主要群体。
相比其他欧洲国家，英国的贵族和富商有着更高的文化修养和更为广泛的阅读经验，这也使得17世纪的英国文学更加成熟、丰富多彩。
其中，著名的文学家约翰·德莱顿就是来自贵族群体的代表人物。
德莱顿是17世纪英国文学中非常著名的政治家，同时也是一位具有重要影响力的诗人，他努力地将政治、哲学思想与文学创作融为一体。
另外，英国富商也是17世纪英国文学中不可忽视的一部分，他们的支持和赞助使得许多优秀的文学作品得以问世。
总结在17世纪的英国文学中，古典主义成为了一种显著的倡导和风格，文学作品呈现出严谨、精密的特点。
17世纪的英国文学对语言发展的影响
17世纪的英国文学对语言发展的影响一、概述17世纪英国文学的重要性17世纪是英国文学史上一个重要的世纪，这一时期的文学作品对英国语言和文学发展产生了深远的影响。
在这一时期，英国文学经历了文艺复兴和启蒙两大浪潮，涌现出了许多杰出的作家和作品，这些作品不仅丰富了英国文学的内涵，也对英语语言的发展起到了重要的推动作用。
二、诗歌的发展与影响1. 17世纪的英国诗歌在17世纪，英国诗歌经历了从文艺复兴时期的优美诗歌到启蒙时期的现实主义诗歌的转变。
约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》和约翰·德蔡尔的《耶鲁撒冷释放》等作品不仅体现了作者对政治和宗教的关注，也在诗歌语言和风格上具有了革新性的突破。
这些作品丰富了英语诗歌的形式和内涵，同时也对英语的韵律和表达方式产生了深远的影响。
2. 诗歌对英语语言的影响17世纪的英国诗歌在形式和内容上都对英语语言的发展产生了重要影响。
诗歌的形式多样化和丰富化，例如使用了更多的修辞手法和象征意义，这些变化丰富了英语的表达方式，使得英语更加富有表现力。
诗歌作品的内容也对英语词汇和语法产生了推动作用，使得英语逐渐发展成为了一种更加丰富和灵活的语言。
三、戏剧的兴盛与影响1. 17世纪的英国戏剧在17世纪，英国戏剧取得了巨大的发展，这一时期涌现了许多重要的戏剧作家，如威廉·莎士比亚、本·琼生和约翰·福斯特等。
这些作家创作的戏剧作品以其生动的语言和深刻的思想感染了整个英国社会，成为了英国文学史上的经典之作。
这些戏剧作品不仅在戏剧表演上有着丰富的表现形式，也对英语语言的发展产生了深远的影响。
2. 戏剧对英语语言的影响17世纪的英国戏剧对英语语言的影响主要体现在语言的活跃和生动上。
戏剧作品中丰富多彩的语言形式，如对话、独白和嘎嘎语的运用，使得英语语言变得更加生动和近乎真实。
这些戏剧作品也通过对社会和政治的关注，丰富了英语语言的词汇和表达方式，使得英语成为了更加适合表现各种情感和思想的语言。
十七世纪英国清教徒文学
十七世纪英国清教徒文学17世纪英国的清教徒文学被认为是新出现文学派别的领头者，拥有很强的文化影响力。
清教徒文学以宗教文化为主体，横跨了心理学、文学哲学等众多领域，极大地影响了17世纪英国以及西方文学的发展。
一、清教徒文学运动的起源清教徒文学运动的起源可以追溯到16世纪晚期的现象学改革运动，也被称为“威尔士教改运动”，此教改运动十分强烈，主张摆脱教堂的约束、把实际行为和信仰结合在一起。
二、清教徒文学的影响1、宗教文化的影响清教徒文学的核心理念是，宗教信仰应该超越社会当下的道德规范，强调传统社会中雕刻深远的基督教观点和其主要价值观，以表达真正的宗教信仰。
在宗教文学中，辩证关系得到深入考量，使宗教文学融合了神学思想和现实社会实践，成为英国宗教最重要的思想形式之一。
2、文化和精神影响清教徒文学运动不仅影响了17世纪的文学，也影响了精神和文化。
它主要体现在17世纪文学的浪漫主义，因为它不仅是对英国宗教改革的赞赏，也是对17世纪宗教浪漫主义文学的赞赏。
清教徒文学的浪漫主义更强调个人的消极和关怀，反映出一种主观感受，在诗歌、剧本等文学表现中表现出来。
三、清教徒文学代表人物17世纪清教徒文学的代表人物非常多，有艾米丽·皮布尔（Emily Pitter）、肯尼斯·布朗（Kenneth Brown）等，他们被誉为17世纪清教徒文学运动的伟大，他们的文学创作既展示了清教徒的宗教信仰，又展示了当时的文化传统和实际社会问题。
四、清教徒文学的现代意义清教徒文学对17世纪英国文学产生了极大的影响，并且今天仍然受到人们的关注。
它不仅为我们提供了对17世纪英国文学发展的重要参照，同时也提供了我们更深入地了解17世纪清教徒社会理念的机会。
它提供了丰富的思想内容和现实启示，让每一个人都能够从中受益。
第九讲 十七世纪英国文学
3、 演绎推理式意 象组合
西方叙事诗传统； 不列颠民族心理；
如果我们的世界够大，时间够多， 小姐，这样的羞怯就算不上罪过。 我们会坐下来，想想该上哪边 去散步，度过我们漫漫的爱情天。 你会在印度的恒河河畔 寻得红宝石：我则咕隆抱怨， 傍著洪泊湾的潮汐。我会在 诺亚洪水前十年就将你爱， 你如果高兴，可以一直说不要， 直到犹太人改信别的宗教。 我植物般的爱情会不断生长， 比帝国还要辽阔，还要缓慢； …… 但是在我背后我总听见 时间带翼的马车急急追赶； 而横陈在我们眼前的 却是无垠永恒的荒漠。 …… （安德鲁〃马韦尔：《致羞涩的情人》）
二、清教对英国的影响
新教：16C初德国马丁〃路德改革后为新教，后逐渐指既非天主教
又非东正教的基督教教徒
国教：英国国教，路德教的变种，英国教会独立于罗马教廷而形成。
1534，英国用法令形式规定了国教
清教：加尔文教在英国形成教派，认为伊莉莎白的宗教和解没有彻
底解决与罗马天主教的决裂，因而自称为清教徒，希望清洗涤除英 国教会中一切天主教仪式、教规
加尔文教在英国形成教派认为伊莉莎白的宗教和解没有彻底解决与罗马天主教的决裂因而自称为清教徒希望清洗涤除英国教会中一切天主教仪式教规马丁路德伊莉莎白女王积极的人生观充分肯定现世生活肯定人的价值能力政治上主张共和制保证人的天赋人权肯定财富主张努力工作节俭生活反对无节制的个人享乐共和理想1648年克伦威尔按照洛克自然权力为理论基础提出共和政体斯图亚特取代了伊莉莎白后人们开始从封建王权保护转为分权限权的要求要求权力保护公民自由体现了人文主义的理想充分展现了近代资产阶级的精神追求和理性精神克伦威尔文学创作
主题：描写时事，贯
穿始终的是争取自由 的意志和清教主义的 宗教情感
风格：激越、豪迈
十七世纪早期英国文学作品的特点
十七世纪早期英国文学作品的特点
17世纪早期英国文学作品的特点，主要反映了当时英国社会的历史、宗教、政治、经济等方面。
首先，17世纪早期英国文学作品强调了人与自然之间的关系，着重强调自然界的美丽与神秘。
例如，莎士比亚的作品中经常描写大自然的美景，展示出自然与人类之间的和谐共存，强调自然的不可抗拒力量。
其次，17世纪早期英国文学作品具有浓厚的宗教色彩，强调宗教的重要性，并将宗教内涵融入其作品中。
例如，莎士比亚的作品中经常出现宗教意象，用以表达对宗教的尊重和崇敬，并把宗教作为作品写作的灵感源泉。
此外，17世纪早期英国文学作品还具有强烈的政治色彩，着重表达当时社会现实中的种种不公正现象和政治矛盾，并以此呼吁改革。
例如，莎士比亚的作品中经常出现政治性的叙事，以此表达对当时社会的反对和抗议，以此呼吁社会的变革。
总的来说，17世纪早期英国文学作品在内容上涉及了英国社会历史、宗教、政治、经济等多个方面，深刻地反映了当时英国社会现实情况。
它凸显了自然的伟大，强调宗教的重要性，表达政治矛盾及不公正现象，以此来呼吁社会的变革。
十七世纪早期英国文学作品的特点
十七世纪早期英国文学作品的特点
17世纪早期的英国文学作品多以宗教和道德为题材，既有积极的鼓励，又有责难的谴责。
作品大多以非常庄重的笔调写成，语言朴实而又流畅，结构严谨，逻辑严密。
许多作品都带有宗教和政治色彩，例如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》等。
由于17世纪早期英国社会正处于宗教改革和政治变革的时期，因此文学作品中常常会有政治和宗教议题的提及。
例如，英格兰文学家约翰·比兹尔的作品《荣耀之歌》描述了他所支持的宗教改革的理想，以及他对传统宗教结构的反对。
另外，17世纪英国文学作品中还有很多写关于社会状况的作品，如乔治·洛克的《社会契约论》，它深刻揭示了当时英国社会的痛苦和贫困。
17世纪英国文学作品重视抒情，作家们以简洁而有力的语言表达自己的思想，表达自己的情感。
莎士比亚的作品尤其出色，他以细腻的语言描绘出悲剧和喜剧的人物形象，抒发出爱情、友谊和正义的主题。
17世纪的英国文学作品也有很多有趣的童话故事。
英国籍童话作家约翰·博洛尼的作品《灰姑娘》和《白雪公主》就是典型的代表。
这些故事大多反映了当时英国社会的道德和传统价值观，并以幽默、热情和灵活的语言来表达这些道德观念。
总之，17世纪早期英国文学作品以宗教和道德为题材，语言朴实而又流畅，结构严谨，逻辑严密，重视抒情，充满了政治和宗教议题，有趣的童话故事也是文学作品中不可或缺的重要部分。
17世纪后期英国最有影响力的诗人、文论家和剧作家。
17世纪后期英国最有影响力的诗人、文论家和剧作家。
英国和法国文学代表了17世纪欧洲文学的最高成就。
在17世纪初期，英国人文主义文学继续发展。
莎士比亚，创作了他最优秀的作品，培根的大部分散文，本·琼生的主要戏剧、诗歌也创作或出版于这一时期。
20年代之后，人文主义文学发展的势头逐渐削弱。
在17世纪初期的英国诗坛，出现了骑士派和玄学派两个诗歌流派。
骑士派是指在本·琼生影响下产生的一群诗人。
他们大多出身于贵族家庭，追求骑士生活方式，有古典风范。
他们以写爱情诗见长，宣扬及时行乐的思想。
诗歌短小、流畅、优美。
玄学派指的是约翰·多恩及其追随者，用玄学这个名词代表约翰·多恩，是因为他在诗歌中精妙的运用"奇喻"的比喻手法而蜚声文坛。
玄学派诗歌的哲学基础是宇宙万物井然有序、相互对应的观念，诗歌说理和论辩气息浓厚，喜欢炫弄"巧智"，其诗还富有戏剧性，语言流畅、格律严谨。
文学史家常常把它归为巴洛克风格在英国的主要代表。
英国清教革命时期，围绕政治、宗教问题展开的争论异常激烈，因而政论文和小册子十分流行，涌现出一批清教徒革命作家。
其中最重要的是约翰·弥尔顿。
约翰·弥尔顿是英国17世纪后期最有影响力的诗人、文论家和戏剧家。
他出生于伦敦一个富裕的清教徒家庭。
由于家庭的熏陶，和新思想的引导，他开始用拉丁文写作诗歌和演说辞。
1632年6月弥尔顿获得文学硕士学位以后，不愿与日趋反动的英国国会同流合污。
回到了父亲在霍顿的别墅，在那里读书写作，在此后的六年时间里面，弥尔顿潜心苦修。
钻研文艺复兴时期的文学与哲学。
他的代表作有《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《斗士参孙》。
古典主义是法国17世纪文学的主潮，一戏剧成就最为突出。
产生了高乃依、拉辛、莫里哀等杰出的剧作家。
古典主义诗歌方面，寓言诗人拉封丹一枝独秀。
法国古典主义全盛时期的代表剧作家是莫里哀和拉辛，拉辛继高乃依之后，将古典主义悲剧推向顶峰，他的代表作有《安德洛玛刻》、《费德尔》等。
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Major works
Songs and Sonnets 《歌与十四行诗》 the Elegies 《挽歌》 The First and Second Anniversaries 《一周年与二周年》 Holy Sonnets 《圣十四行诗》 Devotions upon Emergent Occasions 《突发事件的祷告》
就算我们是分开的两个人, 也要像一副圆规的两端； 你的灵魂是我的定脚, 分离注定与我们无缘。 另一只腿一移动, 他也一定就跟着转。 虽然他是我们的中心, 可是当另一个远离他乡, 他就侧倾了身躯,梦魂绕牵, 只有离别的人儿归来,他才能够当下心安。 你就是我的另一半, 侧倾了身躯随着我转, 你的坚定不移使我一生美满, 使我能将此生画一个满圆。
John Milton 约翰· 弥尔顿 （1608 ～1674）
John Milton
• English poet, critic, a fighter for democracy(民主斗士) • A Puritan（清教）literary representation • His all life to the bourgeois democratic movement • He is often considered the greatest English poet after Shakespeare.
John Bunyan
John Bunyan (1628 - 1688)
• A famous British writer, evangelist(布道家). • He was born in Bedford County（贝 德福德郡）in eastern area of English. • The youth had been conscripted into（征入）the revolution of the parliamentary army ,in after， engaged in missionary activity in his hometown.
谢谢大家观赏！
Literature in the 17th Century
组员：苗中杰 魏亚楠 孙鲁锋
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Historical Background
The seventeenth century was an eventful period in the history of England. 1) The economic conflict between the Parliament and the king (the power of monarch). 2) The religious conflict between the Puritans and the Anglican Church. 3) political conflicts. From 1642 to 1688, England was full of political conflicts.
约翰· 邓恩（1572~1631 ）
The representative of metaphysical poets The life of John Donne can be divided into two stages: *In the first stage he was Donne the courtier, the lover, and the soldier. *In the second stage he was Dr. John Donne, Dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral.
• The influence of his poetic style was widely felt in the seventeenth century. He tangibly influenced Andrew Marvell, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan and others, and is deemed the greatest of what John Dryden and Samuel Johnson called the “metaphysical poets.”
• In 1660，the restoration of the Stuart, the authorities in order to he without permission to preach as an excuse to arrest him in prison two times, respectively to twelve years in prison, and six months. • In prison writing Pilgrim‘s progress (天堂历程), telling the story of Christian and his wife has to find heaven experience, language plain, known as the" English literature 's most famous fables".
步道辞
A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 《临别慰语：莫悲伤》——约翰· 邓恩
• • • • • • • • • • • • If they be two, they are two so， As stiff twin compasses are two; Thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no show, To move, but doth, if th’other do. And though it in the center sit, Yet when the other far doth roam , It leans and hearkens after it And grows erect, as that comes home. Such wilt thou be to me, who must Like th’other foot, obliquely run; Thy firmness makes my circle just And makes me end where I begun.”
名言
• 一个处身罪恶中的人指望将来的幸福，犹 如一个播种瞿麦的人指望将来在他的谷仓 里要堆满小麦或者大麦。 ——约翰· 班扬 • 母猪长得越肥，就越喜欢在泥沼里打滚； 公牛长得越肥，它就越勇敢地朝屠夫走去； 贪婪的人越健壮，就越倾向邪恶。 • ——约翰· 班扬
John Donne
John Dunne
John Milton
• Major works: Paradise Lost 失乐园 Paradise Regained 复乐园 Samson 力士参孙
One of the three major Western Poetry
（失乐园、荷马史诗、神曲）
Motto
• “必然”和“偶然”不能接近我，我意志所 决定的就是命运。 ——约翰· 弥尔顿 • 多数人都只叹赏美德而不能照其实行。 • ——约翰· 弥尔顿 • 弥尔顿！你现在活着该有多好。 • ——华兹华斯