英国文学之三：17世纪文学
17世纪英国文学的特点与群体形态
17世纪英国文学的特点与群体形态17世纪是英国文学历史上一个非常重要的时期，这个时期的文学作品以诗歌和戏剧为主，而且主要的创作群体是贵族和富商。
在这个时期，英国文学厚重而且充满文化自信，与此同时，17世纪的文学也是受政治、宗教、哲学等因素影响很大的一个时期。
本文将围绕这个主题展开，让我们一起来了解一下17世纪英国文学的特点与群体形态。
一.严格的诗歌规范与17世纪其他欧洲国家相比，英国的诗歌表现得更加严谨、精细。
英国文学史上著名的文学家约翰·米尔顿就是在这个时期崭露头角的。
米尔顿是英国文学史上一位非常重要的诗人和政治家，他的《失乐园》等作品具有深刻的叙事技巧和诗歌形式，而且在文学创作上对规范和严谨性的要求十分高。
此外，17世纪英国文学的诗歌体裁也相当多样化，不仅有典雅的爱情诗，还有英雄史诗以及抒情诗等多种形式。
二.富有叙事性和哲学深度的戏剧在英国文学的发展过程中，戏剧一直是不可忽视的一部分。
17世纪的戏剧文学除了在形式上有所创新外，还着重强调戏剧具备的叙事性和哲学深度，以此来探讨人性问题和社会现实。
经典的伊丽莎白·安·R——尤作品《麦克白》就是18世纪文学史上著名的戏剧作品之一。
这部作品不仅描写了人性的复杂性和政治权力的腐败，而且也通过戏剧形式展现了人性中所存在的善与恶的斗争。
三.主要创作群体为贵族和富商在17世纪的英国社会，贵族和富商是文学创作的主要群体。
相比其他欧洲国家，英国的贵族和富商有着更高的文化修养和更为广泛的阅读经验，这也使得17世纪的英国文学更加成熟、丰富多彩。
其中，著名的文学家约翰·德莱顿就是来自贵族群体的代表人物。
德莱顿是17世纪英国文学中非常著名的政治家，同时也是一位具有重要影响力的诗人，他努力地将政治、哲学思想与文学创作融为一体。
另外，英国富商也是17世纪英国文学中不可忽视的一部分，他们的支持和赞助使得许多优秀的文学作品得以问世。
总结在17世纪的英国文学中，古典主义成为了一种显著的倡导和风格，文学作品呈现出严谨、精密的特点。
英国文学——精选推荐
英国⽂学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。
在这个过程中，⽂学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、⽂化的⼒量对⽂学发⽣着影响，⽂学内部遵循⾃⾝规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、⽂艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。
下⾯对英国⽂学的发展过程作⼀概述。
⼀、中世纪⽂学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的⽂学同其他国家最初的⽂学⼀样，不是书⾯的，⽽是⼝头的。
故事与传说⼝头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加⼯、扩展，最后才有写本。
公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个⽇⽿曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰⼀带地区迁⼊不列颠。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语⽂学作品中，最重要的⼀部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。
《贝奥武甫》讲述主⼈公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与⽕龙搏⽃的故事，具有神话传奇⾊彩。
这部作品取材于⽇⽿曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊⼈⼊侵传⼊今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗⼈写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教⽂化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。
因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的⽣活风貌，呈现出新旧⽣活⽅式的混合，兼有⽒族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了⾮基督教⽇⽿曼⽂化和基督教⽂化两种不同的传统。
公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底⼈在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。
诺曼底⼈占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国⽂化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语⾔。
这⼀时期风⾏⼀时的⽂学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最⼴的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑⼠的故事。
《⾼⽂爵⼠和绿⾐骑⼠》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑⼠为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之⼀。
传奇⽂学专门描写⾼贵的骑⼠所经历的冒险⽣活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段⼀种社会理想的体现。
17世纪的英国文学对语言发展的影响
17世纪的英国文学对语言发展的影响一、概述17世纪英国文学的重要性17世纪是英国文学史上一个重要的世纪，这一时期的文学作品对英国语言和文学发展产生了深远的影响。
在这一时期，英国文学经历了文艺复兴和启蒙两大浪潮，涌现出了许多杰出的作家和作品，这些作品不仅丰富了英国文学的内涵，也对英语语言的发展起到了重要的推动作用。
二、诗歌的发展与影响1. 17世纪的英国诗歌在17世纪，英国诗歌经历了从文艺复兴时期的优美诗歌到启蒙时期的现实主义诗歌的转变。
约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》和约翰·德蔡尔的《耶鲁撒冷释放》等作品不仅体现了作者对政治和宗教的关注，也在诗歌语言和风格上具有了革新性的突破。
这些作品丰富了英语诗歌的形式和内涵，同时也对英语的韵律和表达方式产生了深远的影响。
2. 诗歌对英语语言的影响17世纪的英国诗歌在形式和内容上都对英语语言的发展产生了重要影响。
诗歌的形式多样化和丰富化，例如使用了更多的修辞手法和象征意义，这些变化丰富了英语的表达方式，使得英语更加富有表现力。
诗歌作品的内容也对英语词汇和语法产生了推动作用，使得英语逐渐发展成为了一种更加丰富和灵活的语言。
三、戏剧的兴盛与影响1. 17世纪的英国戏剧在17世纪，英国戏剧取得了巨大的发展，这一时期涌现了许多重要的戏剧作家，如威廉·莎士比亚、本·琼生和约翰·福斯特等。
这些作家创作的戏剧作品以其生动的语言和深刻的思想感染了整个英国社会，成为了英国文学史上的经典之作。
这些戏剧作品不仅在戏剧表演上有着丰富的表现形式，也对英语语言的发展产生了深远的影响。
2. 戏剧对英语语言的影响17世纪的英国戏剧对英语语言的影响主要体现在语言的活跃和生动上。
戏剧作品中丰富多彩的语言形式，如对话、独白和嘎嘎语的运用，使得英语语言变得更加生动和近乎真实。
这些戏剧作品也通过对社会和政治的关注，丰富了英语语言的词汇和表达方式，使得英语成为了更加适合表现各种情感和思想的语言。
17世纪英国文学史
17世纪英国文学史17世纪是英国文学史上一个重要的时期，也是文学作品丰富多样的时期。
本文将从该时期的背景、主要作家和作品以及文学风格等方面进行介绍，以展现17世纪英国文学的独特魅力。
17世纪英国文学的背景可以追溯到文艺复兴时期。
在这个时期，人们开始对古典文化进行研究和借鉴，对人类思维和艺术创作进行了探索。
同时，英国也经历了政治、宗教和社会的剧烈变革，这些变革对文学创作产生了深远影响。
在17世纪的英国文学史上，有许多重要的作家和作品。
其中最著名的是威廉·莎士比亚。
莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的作品包括许多经典的戏剧作品，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
莎士比亚的作品不仅在英国广受欢迎，也被世界各地的观众所喜爱。
除了莎士比亚，还有其他许多重要的作家和作品出现在17世纪的英国文学史上。
其中包括约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》，这是一部描写亚当和夏娃失乐园经历的作品，同时也反映了米尔顿对政治和宗教自由的关注。
还有埃德蒙·斯宾塞的长诗《仙后》，这是一部描写骑士精神和爱情的作品，被认为是英国史诗的巅峰之作。
17世纪的英国文学也涌现出一批女性作家，她们在当时的男性主导的文学界中取得了一定的突破。
玛格丽特·卡文迪什是其中一位重要的女性作家，她的作品《新亚特兰蒂斯》被认为是科幻小说的先驱之一。
17世纪的英国文学风格丰富多样。
除了戏剧和史诗，还涌现出许多其他类型的文学作品。
例如，约翰·唐纳的散文作品《新科学》对科学发展和实验方法进行了探讨；罗伯特·伯顿的《解剖学》则是一部关于人类心理学和行为学的重要著作。
总的来说，17世纪是英国文学史上一个繁荣的时期，这个时期的作家们不仅在戏剧、史诗和散文等领域取得了重要成就，也为后世的文学发展奠定了基础。
他们的作品不仅具有艺术上的价值，也反映了当时社会和政治背景下的人类思考和情感表达。
通过对这些作品的研究和欣赏，我们可以更好地了解17世纪英国文学的独特之处，以及它对后世文学的重要影响。
新编英国文学入门选读(上册)翻译
新编英国文学入门选读(上册)翻译简介新编英国文学入门选读(上册)是一本介绍英国文学的入门教材。
本书分为多个单元，涵盖了英国文学的不同时期和流派。
通过阅读这本书，读者可以了解英国文学的发展历程和重要作品。
结构本书共分为八个单元，每个单元介绍一个特定的时期或流派。
单元标题分别为：1. 古英国文学2. 文艺复兴时期文学3. 17世纪文学：清教文学和文艺复兴戏剧4. 18世纪文学：启蒙主义文学和浪漫主义文学5. 维多利亚时期文学：十九世纪中叶的小说与诗歌6. 现代主义文学：20世纪初的实验性文学7. 后现代主义文学：20世纪后期的文学8. 当代英国文学每个单元都包括多篇经典文学作品的摘录，并附有详细的注释和解读。
通过这些文学作品的阅读，读者可以更好地理解和欣赏英国文学的特点和风格。
适用对象本书适用于对英国文学感兴趣的读者，尤其是作为英国文学入门教材或研究参考书。
无论是文学专业学生还是对英国文学产生兴趣的非专业读者，都可以通过阅读本书来扩展自己的知识和了解英国文学的魅力。
目标本书的目标是帮助读者对英国文学有一个全面而系统的了解。
通过阅读本书，读者可以：- 了解英国文学的发展历程和重要作品；- 熟悉英国文学不同时期和流派的特点和主题；- 研究欣赏和解读经典英国文学作品；- 拓宽自己的文学素养和知识面。
通过达成这些目标，读者可以在研究和研究英国文学方面取得良好的基础，并能更好地欣赏和理解英国文学的独特之处。
总结新编英国文学入门选读(上册)是一本权威的英国文学入门教材，通过精选的文学作品和详细的注释，帮助读者全面了解英国文学的发展和特点。
无论是学习英国文学还是对英国文学感兴趣的非专业读者，都可以通过阅读本书来拓宽自己的知识和文学素养。
17世纪英国文学
1.2 Cavalier Poets
• The Cavalier Poets（骑士派诗人）: a group of English gentlemen poets loyal to Charles I (1625–49) during the English Civil Wars, they were known for their light and amorous verse.
Famous prose writers and their works
• John Bunyan (1628-1688): The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》
• Izaak Walton (1593-1683) – The Compleat Angler, 1653《垂钓大全》
3.1 Restoration Drama
• 从1642 年清教徒关闭剧院到复辟后3 个月剧院开演，英国 剧坛沉寂了18 年。 • 复辟时期的悲剧作家除德莱顿以外，著名的还有纳撒 尼· 李（Nathaniel Lee，1653-1692）、托马斯· 奥特维 （Thomas Otway，1652-1685），他们受法国古典主义戏 剧很大的影响。李的《争宠的王后》（The Rival Queens, 1677）和奥特维的《保全了威尼斯》，都写了爱情与荣誉、 责任之间的冲突，后一部戏常被推为英国古典主义悲剧的 代表作。 • 复辟时期的喜剧相当出色。它们不同于伊丽莎白时代的浪 漫喜剧，而是讽刺性的风俗喜剧，讽刺对象是当时的英国 上流社会。但是它们的讽刺并不深刻，以轻松的心情和偷 快的反讽来表现生活，俏皮幽默的对话为突出特点。喜剧 最常见的主题是上流社会男女之间爱的纠纷，反映出宫廷 环境中轻浮放荡的时尚。
– 1) the diction is simple and echoes the words and cadences[节奏] of common speech; – 2) the imagery is drawn from the actual life yet subtle, the extended metaphors for such images are typically called “metaphysical conceits”; – 3) the form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself.
英国文学史发展历程
英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。
在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。
下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。
故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。
公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowu lf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。
《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。
这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。
因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。
诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。
这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。
英国文学的发展及其代表作品
英国文学的发展及其代表作品引言英国文学是世界文学中一个极其重要的组成部分，具有悠久而辉煌的历史。
本文将探讨英国文学的发展历程，并介绍一些代表性的英国文学作品。
古代英国文学1.安格鲁-撒克逊时期（5世纪至11世纪）•凯尔特传统和民间故事•赫鲁晓斯史诗《贝奥武夫》2.中世纪文学（11世纪至15世纪）•亚瑟王传说（如马拉里《亚瑟王与圆桌骑士》）•杰弗里·乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》文艺复兴时期1.伊丽莎白时代（16世纪末至17世纪初）•威廉·莎士比亚的戏剧作品（如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）•约翰·密尔顿的史诗作品《失乐园》2.马洛里时代（17世纪中期至18世纪初）•约翰·邓恩的诗集《鸟》•亚历山大·蒲柏的散文作品浪漫主义和维多利亚时代1.浪漫主义（18世纪末至19世纪初）•威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治的诗歌作品•简·奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》2.维多利亚时代（19世纪中期至20世纪初）•查尔斯·狄更斯的小说作品（如《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》）•奥斯卡·王尔德的戏剧作品（如《道林·格雷的画像》）现代英国文学1.20世纪早期•维吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说《到灯塔去》•T.S.艾略特的诗歌集《荒原》2.当代文学•伊恩·麦克尤恩的小说作品（如《失落之城》、《英国病人》）•玛格丽特·阿特伍德的小说作品（如《使女的故事》）结论英国文学在各个时期都有着令人惊叹的成就，塑造了世界文学的重要角色。
从古代传统到现代创新，英国文学将继续为我们带来无尽的享受和启发。
注：以上只是一些代表性的英国文学作品，因篇幅限制未能详尽涵盖全部作品。
英美文学时期划分
美国文学
北美殖民地时期文学
一、科顿•马瑟（1663-1728）
二、乔纳森•爱德华兹（1703-1758）
三、安妮•布拉德斯特里特（1612-1672）
独立革命前后的文学
一、托马斯•潘恩（1737-1809）
二、本杰明•富兰克林（1706-7190）
三、菲力浦•弗瑞诺（1752-1832）
浪漫主义时期
一、华盛顿•欧文（1783-1859）
二、詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库柏（1789-1851）
三、拉尔夫•华尔多•爱默生（1803-1882）超验主义Transcendentalism
四、纳森尼尔•霍桑（1804-1864）象征主义（Symbolism）
五、亨利•大卫•梭罗（1817-1862）超验主义Transcendentalism
六、埃德加•爱伦•坡（1808-1849）象征主义（Symbolism）
七、赫尔曼•梅尔维尔（1819-1891）象征主义（Symbolism）
八、华尔特•惠特曼（1819-1892）象征主义（Symbolism）
九、爱米莉•狄金森（1830-1886）
十、亨利•沃兹沃斯•朗费罗（1807-1882）
十一、约翰•格林利夫•惠蒂埃（1807-1896）十二、哈丽特•比彻•斯托（1811-1896）
十三、弗雷德里克•道格拉斯（1817-1895
现实主义时期
现代时期。
英国文学史整理配合课堂重点内容
知识点梳理一中世纪文学（约 5 世纪—1485）•Beowulf贝奥武夫Old English literature, poems, the national epic of the English people ★特点Artistic features: ing alliteration押头韵 ing metaphor and understatement3.give an impression of reserve and at time a tinge of ironical humor3位Middle English 的著名诗人1.Geoffrey Chaucer—— The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集The founder of English poetry、realismwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English<名解>heroic couplet：the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter p26、39、902.William Langland——Piers The Plowman 耕者皮尔斯:a picture of feudal England3.The author of Sir Gawain and Green Knight•The Robin Hood Ballads 罗宾汉<名解> 民谣The Ballads is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.二文艺复兴时期文学（15 世纪后期—17 世纪初）A period of drama and poetry.The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the EnglishRenaissance.<名解>Renaissance p30-31• 托马斯·莫尔Thomas More——Utopia乌托邦He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought<名解> The sonnet p39• 埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene、The Shepherd’s Calendar牧人日历The poets’ poet. The first to be buried in the Poet’s corner of Westerminster AbbeyThe Faerie Queene——nationalism、humanism、puritanism• 弗兰西斯·培根Francis Bacon——Essays随笔The founder of English materialist philosophy近代唯物主义奠基人The first English essayist在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断•克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe“University Wits”—Tamburlaine帖木耳大帝、TheJew of Malta马耳他的犹太人、Doctor Faustus<名解>Blank verse无韵体: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.★William Shakespeare 1564~161637plays 2long poems 154sonnets四大喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》A Midsummer Night’s Dream《威尼斯商人》The Merchant of Venice《皆大欢喜》As You Like It《第十二夜》Twelfth Night四大悲剧《哈姆莱特》Hamlet《奥赛罗》Othello《李尔王》King Lear《麦克白》Macbeth历史剧《亨利四世》Henry IV正剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Romeo and JulietFeatures of Shakespeare's drama:1 one of the founders of realism in world literature2 often used the method of adaptation3 skilled in many poetic forms: song, sonnet, couplet, especially the blank verse4 a great master of the English language•本·琼生Ben Johnson——Every Man in His HumorHis portrayal of characters is one-sided, flat, and lacking development; they are not round and full-blooded.He was a forerunner of classicism in English literature which was to reach its hightide in the 18th century.古典主义先驱三17 世纪文学英国资产阶级革命时期The puritan poets 弥尔顿、班扬The metaphysical poets 邓恩The cavalier poets 德莱顿★约翰·弥尔顿John Milton 1608~1674早期Poems——On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity、Comus、Lycidas中期Pamphlets——Of Reformation in England、Areopagitica《论出版自由》、The Defence ofthe English People为英国人民声辩晚期Giant works失明后写——Paradise Lost失乐园、Paradise Regained复乐园、SamsonAgonistes力士参孙Areopagitica论出版自由，as a declaration of people's freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revolotion struggles.Paradise Lost：long epic in12 books, written in blank verse. p107Agonistes力士参孙:poetical drama modelled on the Greek tragedies. It is from the Book of Judges in the Old Testament.Brief summary p1111 he was a political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet in 17th century2 he wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse3 he is a master of the blank verse. he first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.4 he is a great stylist.5 his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.• 约翰·班扬John Bunyan—The Pilgrim’s Progress: a religious allegory天路历程Puritan poet•John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).四启蒙时期文学（17th后期—18th中期）核心Reason<名解>The Enlightenment：an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.<名解> classicism:The classicists modelled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and try to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek andLatin works. The English classicists followed these standards in their writings.Classicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.•Richard Steele——The Christian Hero（pamphlet）、（Newspapers）The Tatler、The spectator(in conjunction with Addison)、Theatre、The English•Joseph Addison——The Campaign(a poem，his best-known poem in heroic couplet) Cato (tragedy)、The Spectator、A Letter from Italy★The Spectator：a daily newspaper, one essay a day，dealing with the customs, manners, morals,literature and other current topics of the time, in a light and pleasant mannerAmong the most striking features of The Spectator are the character sketches (人物素描) of Mr. Spectator and the members of his club.Contribution：•Addison and Steel developed the form of letter writing to the verge of the epistolary novel(书信体小说).•Addison’s Spectator essay were looked upon as the model of English composition by British authors all through the 18th century.•Humor, intimacy and elegance are the striking features of the English familiar essay•Alexander Pope 亚历山大•蒲柏1688~17441.Essay on Criticism、2.The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记the masterpiece, which is worth reading for itsdescription and satire of the dull court life of Englandof that time.3.The Dunciad愚人记、4.Essay on Man人论、5.Moral Essays道德论6.The Works of Shakespeare 《莎士比亚全集》One of the first to introduce rationalism to England.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poetry. Frequently writing in the form of heroic couplets. He was at his best in satire and epigram.• Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~17451.Gulliver’s TravelsLilliput小人国Brobdingnag大人国Flying Island飞岛Houyhnhnm马岛2.A Tale of a Tub3.A Modest Proposal and The Drapi er’s Letters（pamphlets）Denounce the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the English government and stir up the Irish people to fight.4.The Battle of BooksSwift’s Style: He is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple and clear and vigorous. He is a master satirist, and his irony is deadly. (例如modest proposal)• Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔•笛福Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel.Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie.Moll Flanders、Colonel Jacque、Captain singleton•Samuel Richardson——Pamela (Develop the English novel)、Clarissa Harlowe• Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707~1754Novels:1.Tom Jones汤姆•琼斯（A love story between Tom and Sophia）2.Joseph Andrews、3.The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great、4.Amelia艾米莉亚He is the founder of English realistic novel、father of the English novel•Samuel Johnson 塞缪尔•约翰逊——A Dictionary of English Language英语大词典• Oliver Goldsmith（playwriter）奥利弗•格尔德斯密斯——The Deserted Village（poem）、The Good Natured Man、She stoops to Conquer（drama）•Richard Brinsley Sheridan（playwriter）理查德•布林斯利•施莱登——The Rivals、The School for Scandal（drama）Romantic Revival arose in the latter half of the 18th century, against Classicism.The pre-romantic poetry was represented by Blake and Burns.•William Blake威廉•布莱克1757~1827Songs of Innocence天真之歌、Songs of Experience经验之歌、The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻1. Blake was opposed to the classicism of the 18th century.2. His poems were full of romantic spirit and imagery symbolism.3. He was a Pre-Romanticist or forerunner of the romantic poetry of the 19th century.•Robert Burns罗伯特•彭斯1759—1796A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰songs of love and friendship、Auld Long Syne往昔时光The Scots Musical Museum and Collection of Original Scottish Airs.收集苏格兰民谣He is the greatest of Scottish poets and one of the greatest song writers in the world .The poems of Burns are written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.五浪漫主义时期文学Romanticism in England（1798-1832）The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.The Lake Poets湖畔诗人who lived in the lake district.The elder generation: escapist romanticists（William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey）★William Wordsworth1770—1850Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集beginning of the Romantic Revival、deep love for nature sympathy for the poorI Wondered Lonely As A Cloud我好似一朵流云独自漫游Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey登丁寺杂咏The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女、The Prelude序曲•Samuel Taylor Coleridge——The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子颂The poem is considered his masterpiece•Robert Southey——Joan of Arc圣女贞德The younger generation: active romanticists：•George Gordon Byron 乔治•戈登•拜伦1788—1824Don Juan唐•璜、Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记、Cain该隐、The Vision of Judgment审判的幻景<名解>拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。
外国文学讲义3·十七世纪文学
弥尔顿的《失乐园》
• 第五、六卷写上帝派遣拉菲尔天使来到乐 园，警告亚当所面临的危险，同时对他讲 述了原是大天使的撒旦如何因骄矜自满， 纠合天上三分之一的天使与圣子交战的经 过。第七、八卷写拉菲尔天使继续对亚当 讲述上帝创造世界和人类的经过。第九卷 写亚当和夏娃意志不坚，受潜入蛇身的撒 旦引诱，违背上帝的指令，偷吃了知识树 上的禁果。第十卷写上帝决定惩罚他们。 第十一、十二卷写上帝派迈克尔天使把他 们逐出乐园。在放逐前，迈克尔天使向他 们揭示了人类将要经受的灾难和考验。
约翰· 德莱顿
• （3）德莱顿在斯图亚特王朝复辟、剧场重新开放以后 开始他的戏剧创作，在约30年间写下了近30部戏剧。剧 作有：《疯狂的豪侠》（1663）和《时髦婚姻》（1672） 等喜剧，《女情敌》（1664）和《阿菲忒里翁》（1690） 等悲喜剧，《一切为了爱情》（1677）和《堂· 塞巴斯 特安》（1689）等悲剧，《阿尔比翁与阿尔巴尼俄斯》 （1685）和《亚瑟王》（1691）等歌剧。德莱顿的戏剧 成就主要在英雄悲剧方面。《印度皇后》（1664）和 《印度皇帝》（1665）。 • 《论戏剧诗》中，德莱顿以溢于言表的爱国热情赞美了 英国戏剧的成就。他对莎士比亚的评价被18世纪文豪约 翰逊称为是增一分则多，减一分则少的千古定论。 • （4）德莱顿被约翰逊博士却称为“英国文学评论文 父”。德莱顿的文学评论主要特点有：1）量大2）方法 灵活、实用
古典主义特点
（1）提倡摹仿古希腊古罗马文学，把古希腊古罗 马文学奉为创作典范。 （2）强调所描写人物性格的单一性、普遍性而忽 视其个性。 （3）崇尚理性，把理性作为文学创作和文学评论 的最高标准。 （4）除上述三个特点外，古典主义还十分重视艺 术形式的完美，如要求戏剧结构谨严单一，文学 语言准确明晰等。对文学体裁作等级划分并制定 各种体裁应当遵循的规则，如悲剧属于高级体裁， 应从古代取材，写王公贵族，用亚历山大诗体， 严格遵守三一律等。
英国文学史各个时期中的文学流派[终稿]
![英国文学史各个时期中的文学流派[终稿]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/57cd69e0bb0d4a7302768e9951e79b8968026868.png)
英国文学史各个时期中的文学流派古英语和中古英语时期古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期.最早的文学形式是诗歌, 以口头形式流传,主要的诗人是吟游诗人.到基督教传入英国之后,一些诗歌才被记录下来.这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》,用头韵体写成.古英语时期(1066?1500)从1066年诺曼人征服英国,到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语.文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇,民谣和诗歌.在几组骑士传奇中,有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事,其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就.中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣,最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣.3,最重要的诗人是被称为"英国诗歌之父"的乔叟,代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》,取得了很高的艺术成就.他首创了诗歌的双韵体?每两行压韵的五步抑扬格,后被许多英国诗人采用.乔叟用伦敦方言写作,奠定了用英语语言进行文学创作的基础,促进了英语语言文学的发展.文艺复兴时期的英国文学得到了空前的发展,在诗歌,散文和戏剧方面尤其兴盛.诗歌方面,新的诗体形式如十四行诗,无韵体诗被介绍到英国.重要的诗人有Philip Sidney,他不仅写了许多优美的十四行诗,还创作了最早的诗歌理论作品之一《诗辩》.Edmund Spenser用斯宾塞诗节创作了著名长诗《仙后》.莎士比亚除了戏剧创作之外也是一位伟大诗人,著有两部叙事诗,两部长诗和154首十四行诗.英文的《圣经钦定本》作成于1611年,不仅具有重大的宗教意义,也是一部伟大的文学作品,并且对英国的语言文化产生了深远的影响.它的纯朴,平易,明晰的散文风格奠定了英国散文的传统.一个著名的哲学家兼散文家是Francis Bacon,他的文学著作主要有《随笔》,收录了他在各个时期发表的58篇随笔,思想深刻,文笔简洁,富有警句格言.戏剧代表文艺复兴时期英国文学的最高成就.主要戏剧家有马洛(Christopher Marlowe), 莎士比亚(W. Shakespeare).17世纪的英国文学17世纪是英国社会剧烈动荡的时期之一,由于君主专制和资产阶级之间的矛盾,爆发了1642年的内战并导致了1688年的"光荣革命".与政治斗争和资产阶级革命思想紧密相连的是宗教斗争和清教徒思想.因此这一时期的文学和艺术多展示革命思想的发展与成长,并带有浓厚的清教主义倾向.两个代表作家是弥尔顿和班扬.弥尔顿的代表作〈失乐园〉和班扬的代表作〈天路历程〉都取材于〈圣经〉.〈天路历程〉是一部寓言作品,用"基督徒"到达天国的历程象征人类追求美好未来的进程.18世纪的英国文学18世纪产生了一种进步思潮?启蒙运动,这一时期的思想家和作家们崇尚理性,认为启蒙教化是改造社会的基本手段,因此18世纪又被称为"理性的时代".在文学领域体现为18世纪上半期的新古典主义,代表作家有诗人蒲伯(A. Pope)和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔(R.Steele)和艾迪生(J.Addison).18中期兴起了英国现代小说,出现了大批有影响的小说家.理查逊(Samuel Richardson)的小说〈帕美拉〉(Pamela)采用书信体形式对人物的心理活动进行细致的描写,大大丰富了小说的创作方法.哥尔德史密斯(Oliver Goldsmith)的〈威克菲牧师传〉(The Vicar of Wakefield)是英国文学史上著名的感伤小说之一.劳伦斯斯特恩(Laurence Sterne)打破传统的叙事方法,创作了〈项迪传〉,而被认为是英国现代派文学的先驱.迪福(Daniel Defoe)是英国文学史上第一个现实主义小说家,代表作是〈鲁滨逊漂流记〉.讲述故事情节并分析鲁滨逊这一人物形象.斯威夫特是英国文学史上著名的讽刺小说家,以犀利的文笔对教会和社会的虚伪腐败进行了辛辣的讽刺.代表作是〈格列佛游记〉菲尔丁是英国最杰出的小说家之一,在理论与实践上都为英国小说的发展作出了贡献.在他的代表作〈汤姆?琼斯〉中,他塑造了众多栩栩如生的人物,展示了错综复杂的社会矛盾.讲述故事情节,分析主题和主要人物形象19世纪的英国文学19世纪英国文学主要包括上半期的浪漫主义时期和中后期的批判现实主义小说.布来克和罗伯特?彭斯属于前浪漫主义诗人.布来克的代表作品有〈天真之歌〉和〈经验之歌〉.彭斯是著名的苏格兰民族诗人,写了很多脍炙人口的歌颂友谊,爱情,自由,平等的诗歌,其中〈一朵红红的玫瑰〉广为流传.浪漫主义全盛时期以华滋华斯与柯律维治联合发表〈抒情歌谣集〉为开始,到瓦尔特斯各特的逝世为止,主要文学成就为诗歌,涌现了华滋华斯为代表的"湖畔派"诗人和拜伦,雪莱,济慈等富有革命理想,颂扬自由与解放的诗人.19世纪中后期的批判现实主义作家真实地描写了英国资产阶级的社会生活,暴露和批判了资产阶级社会的罪恶,对人民群众寄予了深刻的同情.狄更斯是英国最杰出的批判现实主义小说家,善于描写社会底层人们的生活和思想,作品题材广泛,思想深刻;萨克雷则善于描写上层社会形形色色的人物.批判现实主义女性小说家及她们的代表作品:Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell, George Eliot.分析简?爱这一人物形象并分析小说的主题思想.托马斯?哈代是19世纪末20世纪初英国最伟大的现实主义小说家,他称自己的作品是"性格与环境的小说".代表作品是〈德伯家的苔丝〉.20世纪的现代派作家人们对西方文明的危机感和第二次世界大战的恶果促成了西方现代派文学的形成.主要表现为意识流小说,代表作家有詹姆斯乔伊斯和弗洁尼亚沃尔夫.乔伊斯的小说〈尤利西斯〉描写的是现代都市居民庸俗,猥琐的精神生活.弗洁尼亚的〈到灯塔去〉则运用了娴熟的象征手法和意识流技巧.。
英国文学 17世纪
Part ThreeThe Seventeenth Century(1640-1688)Chapter 1: Revolution and Restoration一、Social BackgroundThe 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. Conflicts and clashes appeared between the King and the Parliament, which represented the bourgeois class.In 1642, a civil war (English revolution) broke out between Charles I and the parliament. At last, the royalists were defeated by the parliament army led by Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658). In 1649 Charles I (1600–1625–1649) was beheaded, and England was declared to be a commonwealth.After the death of Cromwell, the parliament recalled Charles II (1630–1660–1685) to England in 1660 and monarchy was restored, and then followed the Restoration Period.In 1688, the bourgeoisie invite William, prince of Orange (1650–1689–1702) from Holland to be king of England. This is called the “Glorious Revolution”. This bloodless event completed the bourgeoisie revolution and modern England was firmly established.二、The English Revolution and PuritanismThe English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak. So, English revolution also called the Puritan revolution. The Puritan Movement aimed to make man honest and to make man free.Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during this period. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work, but with very little extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor. Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful. This was precisely the outlook needed by the bourgeoisie for the accumulation of capital. So in the triumph of Puritanism under Cromwell, severe laws were passed, many simple pleasures were forbidden and an austere standard of living was forced upon an unwilling people. The London theaters were closed in 1642.The criticism is made that the wild outbreak of immortality which followed the Restoration was partly due to the unnatural restriction of the Puritan era. The criticism was just but we must not forget the whole spirit of the movement. Puritans fought for liberty and justice overthrew despotism and made men’s life and property safe from the tyranny of rulers.三、Literature of the 17th centuryEnglish literature of the revolution and restoration was very much concerned with the tremendous social upheavals of the time.1. Literature of the Revolution PeriodGeneral characteristics①The Revolution Period was one of confusion in literature due to the breaking up of the old ideals. The Puritans believed in simplicity of life. They disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry written in the previous period. Literature was as divided in spirit as were the struggling parties.②Literature in the Puritan Age expressed age and sadness. Even its brightest hours were followed by gloom and pessimism.③Romantic ardor can not be found in literature of the Puritan period.④John Milton (1608-1674), whose work would glorify any age and people, and in his work the indomitable revolutionary spirit found its noblest expression. For this reason, this period is also called Age of Milton．⑤The main literary form of the period was poetry．Besides Milton, there were two other groups of poets, the Metaphysical Poets and the Cavalier Poets.1) Metaphysical PoetsThe Metaphysical Poets appeared in England at about the beginning of the 17th century. They sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new world and new poetry. With a rebellious spirit, they favored in poetry a more colloquial language, a singleminded working of one theme. Besides, they tended to logically reason the things, esp. emotions, psychologically analyze the emotions of love and religion, love the novelty and the shocking, use the metaphysical conceits, and ignore the conventional devices. The works of these poets are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.2) Cavalier PoetsAnother school of poetry prevailing in the period was the Cavalier Poets. Most of these poets were courtiers and soldiers. They sided with the king to fight against the revolution. The representatives of this school are Sir John Suckling(1609-1642), Richard Lovelace(1618-1657), Thomas Carew (1595-1639), and Robert Herrick (1591-1674).2. Literature of the RestorationRestoration literature is deeply influenced by French classical taste. It is a period of French influence.General characteristics①The tendency to vulgar realism in the drama. Restoration writers sought to paint realistic pictures of a corrupt society.② A general formalism. They produced coarse, low plays without interest or moral significance.③The development of a simpler and more direct prose style.④The prevalence of the heroic couplet (two iambic pentameter lines which rime together) in poetry.Chapter 2: Writers in this period一、John Milton (1608-1674)1. Life and literary careerMilton was born in London in1608. His education began at St. Paul's school, then he went on to distinguish himself at Cambridge University, where he graduated B. A. in 1629, and M. A. in 1632. His first work is an ode On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity（1629）.After leaving Cambridge, he retired for nearly six years to his father's country house in Horton, where he devoted his time chiefly to further mastery of the whole range of languages, literature, science, theology, and music. During this period, Milton wrote L’Allegro (1632), Il Penseroso (1632), Lycidas (1638), Comus (1634).In 1638 he left England to complete his education with two years of travel in Europe, France, Switzerland and Italy. When he returned home in 1639, England was on the verge of a civil war. Hesoon plunged himself into the struggle and gave all his energies to the writing of pamphlets dedicated to the people’s liberty.Milton was married to Mary Powell in June 1642, but the marriage proved to an unhappy one. So for several years Milton issued pamphlets in which he argued that all Englishmen should have the right to get a divorce. In 1644, he published Areopagitica, as a declaration of people’s freedom from press.After the Revolution succeeded, Milton became Latin Secretary to the council of Foreign Affairs in 1649. He wrote a number of pamphlets defending the English revolution, such as Defence of the English People(1651), and Second Defence of the English People(1654). Until the end of the Commonwealth, there were two leaders in England, Cromwell the man of action, and Milton the man of thought.Milton went blind in 1652, doubtlessly due to the severe eyestrain brought on by ceaseless reading and Latin composition. With the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Milton not only was confronted, but also was imprisoned and threatened with execution. Through the intervention of some friends who carried some influence with the new royal government, Milton was let off with a fine and some loss of property. Shortly afterward, living in blindness and virtual seclusion from all but the members of his immediate family, Milton began his masterpiece Paradise Lost. Before his death Milton published two other works on a grand scale, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Both appeared in 1671; neither is as successful as Paradise Lost. Milton died in 1674.2. Major WorksOn the Morning of Christ’s Nativity《基督诞生晨颂》（1629）L’Allegro《快乐的人》(1632)Il Penseroso《沉思的人》(1632)Comus《科玛斯》(1634)Lycidas《利西达斯》(1638)Areopagitica《论出版自由》（1644）Defence of the English People《为英国人民辩护》(1651)Second Defence of the English People《为英国人民再辩护》(1654)Paradise Lost 《失乐园》（1665）Paradise Regained 《复乐园》（1671）Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》（1671）3. About Paradise Lost1) Brief SurveyParadise Lost is Milton's masterpiece, and the greatest English epic. It is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels; their defeat and expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satan's temptation of Eve; the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden; and the possible salvation.2) Theme and CharacterizationThe poem, on the surface, was "to justify the ways of God to man", i. e. to preach submission to the Almighty. But under the surface, the main idea of the poem is the heroic revolt against God's authority.In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot. It has been noted by many critics that the picture of God surrounded by his angels resembles the court of an absolute monarch. While the rebel Satan who rises against God and, though defeated, still seeks for revenge. Satan and his followers who freely discuss all issues in council bear close resemblance to a republican Parliament. This epic expresses the reactionary forces of his time and shows passionate appeal for freedom.The theme is also about the fall of Men: man’s disobedience and the loss of Paradise. But having done it, Adam and Eve get freedom. They embody Milton's belief in the powers of man. Their craving for knowledge denied them by God, as Milton stresses, adds a particular significance to their character. It is this longing for knowledge that opens before mankind a wide road to an intelligent and active life.What makes Paradise Lost a powerful poem is precisely the way in which the Biblical past is pulled into the present in an intriguing way. Running through the poem are the key political questions offreedom and choice. From the perspective of Satan and his followers, rebellion against God was inevitable. The revolt may have failed, but it has left them their freedom. The final image of the poem is profoundly forward-looking, an image of gain through loss. As Adam and Eve go hand in hand out of Eden, the loss of Paradise is seen as the gain of a future for humanity on earth.3) The Image of SatanThe finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of hell, and Satan is the real hero of the poem. As a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. It is always from him that deep counsels, unlooked-for resources and courageous deeds proceed. It is he who, passing through the guarded gates of hell and boundless chaos, amid so many dangers, and overcoming so many obstacles, makes man revolt against God. Though defeated, he prevails, since he has won from God the third part of his angels, and almost all the sons of Adam. Though feebler, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility, and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty and a joy. To Milton, the proud and somber Satan represented the spirit of rebellion against an unjust authority. By using Satan as his mouthpiece, Milton is uttering his intense hatred of tyranny in the capacity of the Revolutionary. 2. About Paradise RegainedIt explores the theme of temptation and fall and shows how humankind, in the person of Christ, withstands the tempter and is established once more in the divine favor.3. About Samson AgonistesS amson Agonistes is a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedy. The story was taken from the Old Testament. Samson was an athlete of the Israelites. He stood as their champion, fighting for the freedom of his country. But he was betrayed by his wife and blinded by his enemi es the Philistines . One day he was summoned to provide amusement for his enemies by feats of strength in a temple. There he wreaked his vengeance upon his enemies by pulling down the temple upon them and upon himself in a common ruin.In this poetical drama, Milton is telling us his own story. Like Samson, he has been betrayed by his wife. He has suffered from blindness and been scorned by his enemies, and yet he has struggled heroically against his enemies. So the whole poem strongly suggests Milton's passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life. Samson isMilton.4. Features of Milton's Poetry (or Milton’s contribution)①Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He is also an outstanding political pamphleteer of the Revolution period. He made a strong influence on the later progressive English poets.②Milton is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. That is because he made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature.③Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous.④Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong influence o later English poetry.⑤His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.二、John Bunyan (1628-1688)1. LifeIn the field of prose writing of the Puritan Age, John Bunyan occupies the most important place. We know about Bunyan's life primarily from his autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners.John Bunyan was born in 1628. He received only the simplest education. Bunyan had a sensitive imagination. The religious fanaticism of the time made a tremendous impression upon his brain.In 1644, his father married the second time; therefore Bunyan ran away and became a soldier in the Parliamentary army. In about 1649, he served during the decisive battle of Naseby. In a few months, Bunyan returned home and married a girl as poor as himself. The real reformation of his life began. The only dowry of his wife, two books –The Plain Man’s Pathway to Heaven and The Practice of Piety– gave fire to his imagination.Bunyan lived at a time when political struggles adopted the form of religious struggles. He joined a Baptist society of Bedford and began to preach among the villagers with powerful effect. Hepreached the truth as he saw it and directed his attacks against social abuses and the oppressors of the poor, the court and the bourgeoisie.After the Restoration, he was imprisoned for refusing to obey the law prohibiting religious meetings. Although he remained in jail for twelve years, Bunyan continued to preach to his fellow prisoners and to write religious books. He was released and allowed to become the pastor of a Nonconformist church in Bedford, but in 1675 he was imprisoned again. It was during this second imprisonment that he wrote his most important work, The Pilgrim's Progress.The two great forces at work in Bunyan’s life are vivid imagination and the spiritual ferment of the age. Bunyan’s life is an epitome o f that astonishing religious individualism which marked the close of the English Reformation.2. About The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Pilgrim's Progress is a religious allegory, a narrative in which general concepts such as sin, despair, and faith are re presented as people or as aspects of the natural world. The world’s literature has three great allegories: The Faerie Queene,Dante’s Divine Comedy and Pilgrim’s Progress. The first appeals to the poets, the second to the scholars, and the third to the common religious people of every age and condition.The Pilgrim's Progres s tells of a religious man’s search for salvation, and gives a truthful picture of English society. The basis of the allegorical narrative is the idea of a journey. The traveler's name is Christian, and he represents every Christian in human world. The figures and places Christian encounters on his journey stand for the various experiences every Christian must go through in the quest for salvation.The whole book falls into two parts. Part 1 tells of the religious conversion of Christian and his religious life in this world. Part 2 describes the subsequent conversion of his wife and their children. Part One mainly describes his pilgrimage through the Slough of Despond, Vanity Fair, Doubting Castle, the Valley of Humiliation, and the Valley of the Shadow of Death. On the way he overcomes many obstacles and encounters various allegorical personages, such as Mr Worldly Wiseman,Faithful, Hopeful, Giant Despair, the foul fiend Apollyon and some others. Finally he accomplishes his journey and arrives at the Celestial City. The “pioneer pilgrims” – Christian and his associates –belong to the Puritan sect, who was undergoing persecution in the reign of Charles II, especially during the earlier years of Restoration.Though an allegory, its characters impress the reader like real persons. The places are English scenes and the conversations that enliven his narratives vividly repeat the language of his time.One of the most remarkable passages is that in which Vanity Fair and the persecution of Christian and his friend Faithful are described. Christian, the hero, and his companion, Faithful, are passing through a town called Vanity during the season of the local fair. On the Vanity Fair, honors, titles, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures and lives can be sold or bought, and cheating, roguery, murder and adultery are normal phenomena.Bunyan cherished a deeply hatred of both the king and his government. This section gives the bitterest satire, which is invariably directed at the ruling class. In the descriptions of the Vanity Fair, Bunyan not only gives us a symbolic picture of London at the time of the Restoration but of the whole bourgeois society.3. T he chief qualities of Bunyan’s styleBunyan’s prose is noted for his simple, biblical style. He uses idiomatic expressions naturally. His biblical language enables him to narrate stories and reveal his ideas in a direct way.The secret of the success of The Pilgrim’s Progress is probably simple. Its predominant metaphor –life as a journey – is simple and familiar. Throughout the allegory a spiritual significance is added to the commonplace details.三、John Dryden (1631-1700)1. Brief SurveyDryden is the most notable representative of English classicism in the Restoration period. He is the greatest poet between Milton and Pope. He is “the lock by which the waters of English poetry were let down from t he mountains of Shakespeare and Milton to the plain of Pope.” He stands betweentwo very different ages, and serves as a transition from one to another. His works, which consist of his poems, his plays and his critical essays, reflect both good and evil tendencies of his age. In English literature, the Restoration period is traditionally called the "Age of Dryden".Dryden was brought in the strict puritan faith, and was sent first to the famous Westminster school, and then to Cambridge. He made an excellent use of his opportunities and studied eagerly. He had remarkable literary taste, but he showed little evidence of his literary ability up to the age of thirty. In the political affairs, he was quite changeable in attitude. Under the government of the puritans, he supported Cromwell, and wrote a poem upon Cromwell’s death. When the Restoration period began, he turned to the Royalists, and wrote a poem celebrating the return of Charles II.Dryden's long poetic career spanned the four decades from the Restoration in 1660 to the end of the seventeenth century. He wrote in most of the literary forms that were popular during that time. To make a living he wrote nearly thirty plays, and did a series of distinguished translations of Virgil and other classical authors. The most famous play is All for Love, a tragedy dealing with the same story as Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. His finest works were his long poems in heroic couplets on political, religious, and literary themes. Dryden's best poetry was often inspired by some particular occasion like the great fire of London in 1660 or a plot against King Charles II in 1681. For almost twenty years Dryden was England’s poet laureate, but he had to resign in 1688 when James II was expelled and Catholics were deprived of public office.Dryden had superb gifts in verse satire. As he himself wrote, the great art of the satirist is to do his job elegantly rather than crudely.2. Dryden’s influence①In poetry Dryden set an enduring style with his neat "heroic couplets" and established it as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.②In prose, Dryden established the neoclassical standards of order, balance, and harmony. He is regar ded as “the Father of English Prose”, for he clarified English prose and made it precise, concise and flexible. He is also the forerunner of the English neoclassical school of literature in the next century. (Develop the direct and precise style)③He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems．He raised English literary criticism to a new level. His greatest work of literary criticism is An Essay of Dramatic Poesy, in which appears his famous appreciation of Shakespeare.3. Selected works1) PoemHeroic Stanzas on the Death of Oliver Cromwell《奥利弗·克伦威尔之死》（英雄诗辩）1659 Astraea Redux《伸张正义》1660Annus Mirabilis《神奇的年代》1667Absalom and Achitophel《押沙龙与阿齐托菲尔》1681MacFlecknoe《麦克·弗莱克诺》1682Religio Laici《俗人的宗教观》1682The Hind and the Panther《牝鹿与豹》1687Alexander's Feast《亚历山大的宴会》1697Fables, Ancient and Modern《古代和现代寓言集》17002) Comedy and other playsThe Wild Gallant《狂热骑士》1663The Enchanted Island《紫山魔岛》1667An Evening's Love《一夜之恋》1668Marriage à la mode《时尚婚姻》（现代婚姻）1672The Assignation, or Love in a Nunnery《幽会》（尼姑庵之恋情）1672The Mistaken Husband《糊涂的丈夫》1674King Arthur《亚瑟王》1691Amboyna (or the Cruelties of the Dutch to the English Merchants) 《安波亚娜》1673Oedipus (heroic drama)《俄狄浦斯》16793) Five Serials of Heroic Play(tragedy)The Indian Emperour《印第安女皇帝》1665The Maiden Queen (or Secret Love)《印第安女女王》1667Tyrannick Love《残酷的爱情》1669The Conquest of Granada《格拉纳达的征服》1670All for Love《一切为了爱情》16784) Essays and othersAn Essay of Dramatick Poesie 《论剧诗》The Art of Satire 《讽刺艺术》。
17世纪英国文学的主要成就及特点。
17世纪的英国文学是文艺复兴的延续和发展，我们称这个时期为传统和理性的时代。
这个时期的文学大多模仿古希腊罗马和当时法国的著作，追求理性，艺术形式的完美。
人文主义是当时的文学主流，它在思想上反对神权，封建制度，宣扬人性，赞美现世生活。
著名人物代表玛丽我司通克拉夫特就是当时的你才行政论家，作家和思想家。
她提出的女性并非天生低贱于男性，只有当她们取法足够的教育是才会显露出这一点引发了很多人的思考。
随着资本主义稳定发展，浪漫主义文学开始崛起。
这个时期的文学作品大多表达内心情感，反映普通生活。
华兹华斯的诗是这个时期文学的顶峰之作。
他认为诗必须含有强烈的情感，用平常而真实的语言写成。
接下来的维多利亚时期，散文诗逐渐退出文学界，小说紧接着成为了这个时期最受欢迎的文学类型。
弗兰肯斯坦是当时非常著名的一部小说小说不仅刻画了人类与科技进步只见存在的冲突，也揭示了人类无所顾忌，自我奋斗的丑陋行为和对社会构成的巨大危害。
最后，在现代主义时期文学中，各种文学作品和流派纷纷涌入。
有现实主义的，荒诞派的，还有意识流。
我们最熟悉的剧作就是哈利波特。
作者罗琳采用了多重写作手法是的故事更加的扑朔迷离，吸引读者的兴趣。
在第一部中，作者就塑造了很多令人反感的角色，展现了哈利与斯内普的冲突。
但是直到故事的最后才表达出斯内普对哈利的保护和爱。
这样的反差形成了鲜明的对比。
英国文学7个时期 各自特点介绍
英国文学7个时期英国文学发端于中世纪，经历了古英语、中古英语、文艺复兴、17世纪、18世纪、19世纪、20 世纪文学 7 个时期，取得了举世瞩目的成就。
古英语文学英国在10世纪以前属于古英语时期，早期的凯尔特等部族及 5 世纪入侵的盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特人，起初都没有留下书面文学。
6世纪末到7世纪末，由于肯特国王阿瑟尔伯特皈依基督教，该教僧侣开始以拉丁文著书写诗，其中以比德所著《英国人民宗教史》最有历史和文学价值。
9世纪，威塞克斯国王阿尔弗雷德为振兴文化，组织人力将各种拉丁文著作译成英语，并倡导以英语撰写《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》，其中包括有关盎格鲁-撒克逊和朱特人的英雄史诗《贝奥武甫》和《朱迪斯》，以及一些抒情诗、方言诗、谜语和宗教诗、宗教记述文、布道词。
中古英语文学 11世纪，随着诺曼人入侵，古英语渐渐演化为中古英语，文学上开始流行模仿法国的韵文体骑士传奇，其中以《高文骑士与绿衣骑士》最有艺术价值。
14世纪后半叶是中古英语发展的高峰，出现了似受古英语诗影响的口头韵体诗，最有名的长诗《农夫彼尔斯的幻想》，一般认为是教会人员朗兰德所写，以中世纪梦幻故事的形式探讨人间善恶，讽刺社会丑行，表达对贫苦农民的深切同情。
此时期国王查理第二当政，宫廷开始用盎格鲁-诺曼法语，王室贵族兴起赞助文人之风。
英国文学史上出现的第一位大诗人乔叟以其诗体短篇小说集《坎特伯雷故事集》和其他长短诗集成为英国文学的重要奠基人。
15世纪，有民间歌谣抄本流传至今，最有名的是关于绿林好汉罗宾汉的传说；马洛礼的散文小说《亚瑟王之死》为英国小说的雏形。
文艺复兴时期文学 16世纪中叶至17世纪初主要是伊丽莎白女王时代，英国开始文艺复兴运动。
学者纷纷翻译意大利和法国学术、文学名著并自行著述，以托马斯 ·莫尔（1477～1535)的《乌托邦》最有价值。
英国文艺复兴文学最突出的是诗歌和戏剧。
西德尼( 1554～1586 )的十四行诗、斯宾塞的《仙后》都是诗歌方面的代表作。
英国文学史
英国文学史一、中世纪文学古英语文学英格兰岛的早期居民凯尔特人和其他部族,没有留下书面文学作品。
5世纪时，原住北欧的三个日耳曼部落——盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特——侵入英国，他们的史诗《贝奥武甫》传了下来。
诗中的英雄贝奥武甫杀巨魔、斗毒龙，并在征服这些自然界恶势力的过程中为民捐躯。
它的背景和情节是北欧的，但掺有基督教成分，显示出史诗曾几经修改，已非原貌。
按照保存在一部10世纪的手抄本里的版本来看，诗的结构完整，写法生动，所用的头韵、重读字和代称体现了古英语诗歌的特点。
14世纪后半叶，中古英语文学达到了高峰。
这时期的重要诗人乔叟的创作历程，从早期对法国和意大利作品的仿效，进到后来英国本色的写实，表明了英国文学的自信。
他的杰作《坎特伯雷故事集》用优美、活泼的韵文，描写了一群去坎特伯雷朝圣的人的神态言谈；他们来自不同阶层和行业,各人所讲的故事或雅或俗,揭示了多方面的社会现实。
二文艺复兴时期英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家是威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare， 1564-1616），他的全部作品包括两首长诗，154首十四行诗和38部（一说39部）戏剧。
莎士比亚的主要剧作有喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night's Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice），悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth），历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV），传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）等。
莎士比亚塑造了性格鲜明的人物形象，展现了封建制度和资本主义制度交替时期波澜壮阔的历史画面，宣扬了人文主义和个性解放。
他的剧作思想内容深刻，艺术表现手法精湛，历经几个世纪，长演不衰。
莎士比亚是语言大师，他娴熟地运用英语，将英语的丰富表现力推向极致。
英国文学 各个时期介绍
二、文艺复兴时期文学 作品
? 托马斯·莫尔《乌托邦》（Utopia）
? 开空想现实主义小说之先河 ? 埃德蒙·斯宾塞的长诗《仙后》 ? 塑造一个能实现12种美德的完美绅士。宣
扬人文主义思想，创造“斯宾塞诗体”。
弗兰西斯·培根Francis Bacon
? 《论说文集》（Essays） ? 58篇 ? 现代科学之父 ? 《Of Study （论读书）》 ? STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for
二、文艺复兴时期文学 背景
? 中世纪结束后遍及欧洲许多国家的文化和 思想运动。以复兴希腊罗马古典文化为契 机，推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新 思想，具有强烈反封建反教会倾向。核心 是人文主义 humanism
? 普遍认为文艺复兴发端于14世纪的意大利 ，15世纪后期起，扩展到西欧各国，16世 纪达到鼎盛。
一、中世纪文学 作品
? 英国文学最初同其他国家一样，是口头的 。
? 《贝奥武甫》（Boewulf），是英国8世纪 的一部英雄史诗，该诗长达千余行，用古 典语写成。
? 公元10世纪，浪漫传奇 ? 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》 ? Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ? 以亚瑟王和圆桌骑士为题材
英国文学
? 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） ? Old and Medieval English Literature ? 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） ? The Renaissance Period ? 三、17世纪文学 ? 四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期） ? The Enlightenment Period ? 五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） ? The Romantic Period ? 六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代-1918） ? 七、现代主义文学时期（1918-1945） ? 八、当代文学（1945— ）
第九讲 十七世纪英国文学
3、 演绎推理式意 象组合
西方叙事诗传统； 不列颠民族心理；
如果我们的世界够大，时间够多， 小姐，这样的羞怯就算不上罪过。 我们会坐下来，想想该上哪边 去散步，度过我们漫漫的爱情天。 你会在印度的恒河河畔 寻得红宝石：我则咕隆抱怨， 傍著洪泊湾的潮汐。我会在 诺亚洪水前十年就将你爱， 你如果高兴，可以一直说不要， 直到犹太人改信别的宗教。 我植物般的爱情会不断生长， 比帝国还要辽阔，还要缓慢； …… 但是在我背后我总听见 时间带翼的马车急急追赶； 而横陈在我们眼前的 却是无垠永恒的荒漠。 …… （安德鲁〃马韦尔：《致羞涩的情人》）
二、清教对英国的影响
新教：16C初德国马丁〃路德改革后为新教，后逐渐指既非天主教
又非东正教的基督教教徒
国教：英国国教，路德教的变种，英国教会独立于罗马教廷而形成。
1534，英国用法令形式规定了国教
清教：加尔文教在英国形成教派，认为伊莉莎白的宗教和解没有彻
底解决与罗马天主教的决裂，因而自称为清教徒，希望清洗涤除英 国教会中一切天主教仪式、教规
加尔文教在英国形成教派认为伊莉莎白的宗教和解没有彻底解决与罗马天主教的决裂因而自称为清教徒希望清洗涤除英国教会中一切天主教仪式教规马丁路德伊莉莎白女王积极的人生观充分肯定现世生活肯定人的价值能力政治上主张共和制保证人的天赋人权肯定财富主张努力工作节俭生活反对无节制的个人享乐共和理想1648年克伦威尔按照洛克自然权力为理论基础提出共和政体斯图亚特取代了伊莉莎白后人们开始从封建王权保护转为分权限权的要求要求权力保护公民自由体现了人文主义的理想充分展现了近代资产阶级的精神追求和理性精神克伦威尔文学创作
主题：描写时事，贯
穿始终的是争取自由 的意志和清教主义的 宗教情感
风格：激越、豪迈
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料英国文学史复习资料第一章：中世纪文学1.1 安格鲁-撒克逊时期（5世纪-1066年）- 口头传统和史诗：《贝奥武夫》- 基督教文学：《凡尔登战役》1.2 后征服时期（1066年-1485年）- 基督教文学：《格尔罗与黛斯蒙德》- 骑士文学：《亚瑟王传说》、《罗宾汉传》第二章：文艺复兴时期（1485年-1603年）2.1 草原学派- 约翰·斯克利- 托马斯·莫尔2.2 伊丽莎白时代- 威廉·莎士比亚：《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 - 克里斯托弗·马洛：《第一部十诫》第三章：17世纪文学3.1 评剧派- 本·琼生：《伊丽莎白时代断头台上的十一个人》- 约翰·福特：《佩里克尔斯·普林》3.2 枪炮派- 约翰·洛克：《论人类理解》- 托马斯·霍布斯：《利维坦》第四章：启蒙时代（18世纪）4.1 洛克主义- 亚当·斯密：《国富论》- 大卫·休谟：《人性的研究》4.2 唯理主义- 亚历山大·波佩：《怪异小说》- 理查德·斯蒂文森：《金银岛》第五章：浪漫主义（19世纪）5.1 威廉·华兹华斯：《抒情诗》5.2 柯勒律治：《唐吉诃德》第六章：维多利亚时代6.1 珍奥斯汀：《傲慢与偏见》6.2 狄更斯：《雾都孤儿》6.3 奥斯卡·王尔德：《道林·格雷的画像》第七章：现代主义（20世纪）7.1 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫：《至灵宴》7.2 乔治·奥威尔：《1984》7.3 约瑟夫·康拉德：《黑暗之心》第八章：后现代主义（20世纪末至今）8.1 萨尔曼·鲁西迪：《午夜的孩子》8.2 伊恩·麦克尤恩：《第二个苏格拉底》8.3 泽拉尔·纳西莫夫：《洛丽塔》总结：英国文学史涵盖了从中世纪到现代的丰富多样的文学作品。
Part3资产阶级革命和王政复辟时期的英国文学
It tells how Christ overcame Satan.
the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.
Ⅱ《 Songs and Sonnets 》歌谣与十四行诗 《A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning》分别：莫忧伤 《Holy Sonnets》神圣十四行诗 《Death, be not Proud》死神莫骄妄 《The Sun Rising》日出
the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton’s creed(纲领).
John Dryden 约翰 德莱顿 1631-1700
He was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the 18th century. He was the greatest poet between Milton and Pope. For almost 20 years, he was England’s poet laureate. He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic(说教的） and descriptive poetry. He was called the father of English criticism.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。