英国文学概述 -王守仁
19世纪英国文学背景
19 世纪英国文学概述-现实主义小说-1英国十九世纪中、后期文学(一)概述小说在19世纪40至50年代得到更大的发展,这也是英国国内阶级斗争激化的时期。
列宁称为“世界上第一次广泛的、真正群众性的、政治性的无产阶级运动即宪章运动”带来了宪章派文学。
同时科学技术在加快发展,达尔文的划时代的进货论给了传统信仰以猛烈冲击。
在宗教界内部,出现了围绕谷物法和“英国现状”问题展开了时间更长的论争。
论争锻炼了散文。
正是在这个多事之秋,散文文学成果累累,卡莱尔的《法国革命》(1837)和《过去和现在》(1843)、麦考莱的《英国史》(1849~1861)、罗斯金的《威尼斯之石》(1851~1853)、穆勒的《论自由》(1859)等便是明证。
读者层也在急剧扩大;不少新刊物问世,开始了逐期连载长篇作品的作法。
这样的环境和气氛使小说作者更加关心社会上的重大问题。
狄更斯最初用幽默风趣的笔触写了《匹克威克外传》(1837),使人们感染到他的乐观主义;而不过两年,他就在《奥列佛·特维斯特》(1838)里写孤儿的苦难和伦敦贼窟的黑暗;进入40年代,他又写了一系列小说揭发崇拜金钱的罪恶后果,其中《董贝父子》(1848)尤为深刻;《大卫·科波菲尔》(1850)是一部充满人世沧桑之感的成熟作品;接着而来的《荒凉山庄》(1853)、《艰难时世》(1854)与《小杜丽》(1857)则更见阴郁;《双城记》(1859)强烈地谴责了法国贵族的残酷,也表达了作者对于人民采取暴烈行动的戒惧;60年代的《远大前程》(1 861)写的是前程渺茫,而《我们共同的朋友》(1865)则用巨大的垃圾堆来作英国社会的象征。
象征手法的更多使用和对于小说结构的注意是他后期小说的特点,表示了他在小说艺术上的发展;然而他最吸引读者的依然是他一贯保持的优点,即真实的细节与诗意的气氛的结合,幽默、风趣与悲剧怀的基本人生处境的结合,具体情节与深远的社会意义的结合。
英国文学——18世纪概述
启蒙时期文学(17世纪后期—18世纪中期)1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝,确定了君主立宪制,建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权,英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。
18世纪初,新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性,强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅,追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
亚历山大·蒲柏(Alexander Pope, 1688-1744)是新古典主义诗歌的代表,他模仿罗马诗人,诗风精巧隽俏,内容以说教与讽刺为主,形式多用英雄双韵体,但缺乏深厚感情。
18世纪英国散文出现繁荣,散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。
理查德·斯梯尔(Richard Steele, 1672-1729)与约瑟夫·艾迪生(Joseph Addison, 1672-1719)创办《闲谈者》(Tatler)与《观察者》(Spectator)刊物,发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章,他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。
乔纳森·斯威夫特(Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745)是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家,他的文风纯朴平易而有力。
斯威夫特的杰作《格列佛游记》(Gulliver's Travels)是一部极具魅力的儿童故事,同时包含着深刻的思想内容。
作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写,以理性为尺度,极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。
塞缪尔·约翰逊(Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784)是18世纪英国人文主义文学批评的巨擘,《莎士比亚戏剧集序言》(The Preface to Shakespeare)和《诗人传》(Livesof the Poets)是他对文学批评作出的突出贡献。
他从常识出发,在某些方面突破了新古典主义的框框,不乏真知灼见。
约翰逊的散文风格自成一家,集拉丁散文的典雅、气势与英语散文的雄健、朴素于一体。
概述英国浪漫主义文学代表
概述英国浪漫主义文学代表1.湖畔派诗人英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义作家是所谓“湖畔派”三诗人——华兹华斯、柯尔律治和骚塞。
他们对资本主义文明及人与人之间的现金交易关系极为反感,向往中古时期的封建社会。
他们曾隐居于英国西北部的湖区,由是得名“湖畔派”。
他们的诗作或讴歌宗法式的农村生活和自然风景,或描写奇异神秘的故事和异国风光,一般都是远离社会斗争的题材。
他们常常是通过缅怀中古时代的“纯朴”来否定丑恶的城市文明。
(1)骚塞骚塞被封为“桂冠诗人”。
他写过不少抒情叙事诗,充满离奇怪异的形象,美化封建制度,宣扬神秘主义。
长诗《审判的幻影》,是一部为反*动统治者歌功颂德的典型作品。
(2)华兹华斯①华兹华斯和柯尔律治合著了《抒情歌谣集》。
1800年,当《抒情歌谣集》再版时,华兹华斯写了一篇序言。
这篇序言成了英国浪漫主义的宣言。
②华兹华斯在很多诗中描写优雅恬静的自然景物,还喜爱描绘在大自然中活动的普通人形象。
他的诗也完全体现着他的诗学,意境清新、形象生动、极有情趣。
③华兹华斯在一些诗中探讨了大自然与人生的关系,认为大自然有一种使人提高精神境界与道德价值的力量,所以他在诗中把大自然作为一种精神力量来加以歌颂,也因此他被誉为自然诗人。
④华兹华斯关于诗歌改革的主张以及他的创作实践结束了英国古典主义诗学的统治,有力地推动了英国诗歌的革新和浪漫主义运动的发展。
⑤其重要作品有《丁登寺》、《序曲》,组诗《永生的了悟颂》、《露茜》,抒情诗《孤寂的刈麦女》、《杜鹃颂》等。
(3)柯尔律治①他的长诗《古舟子咏》、《忽必烈汗》、《克里斯脱贝尔》等都被认为是浪漫主义文学中的佳作。
②柯尔律治的诗具有神秘浪漫色彩,常把玄妙迷离、古怪离奇的轶事尽力写得逼肖现实生活。
③柯尔律治在理论批评著作中强调形象思维,特别看重想像的力量。
他认为想像力是诗人的最高品质,有了想像力,诗才有了灵魂,真正的诗人都有想像力,而庸才只有幻想。
2.第二代浪漫主义诗人拜伦、雪莱、以及略后的济慈,他们与“湖畔派”诗人不同,始终忠于法国革命的理想,反对专*制暴*政,同情人民的苦难,支持各国人民的民族解放运动,具有鲜明的资产阶级民主主义的倾向。
第六章 19世纪初期文学之概述、德国、英国
理论主张
文学上,湖畔诗人共同反对古典 主义传统,向往唯情论,歌颂大 自然。1798年,华兹华斯和柯勒 律治共同发表了《抒情歌谣集》, 并写了序言。一集一序揭开了英 国文学史上的浪漫主义时代。 强调诗是强烈感情的自然流露; 题材源于日常生活与情感,但要 给它们以想象力的色泽;强调写 微贱的田园生活,用民间的淳朴 语言写诗人的真实感受。基本提 出了浪漫主义文学的要点。
夜莺颂
我的心在痛,困顿和麻木 刺进了感官,有如饮过毒鸠, 又象是刚刚把鸦片吞服, 于是向着列溪忘川下沉: 并不是我嫉妒你的好运, 而是你的快乐使我太欢欣—— 因为在林间嘹亮的天地里, 你呵,轻翅的仙灵, 你躲进山毛榉的葱绿和荫影, 放开歌喉,歌唱着夏季。
我在黑暗里倾听:呵,多少次 我几乎爱上了静谧的死亡, 我在诗思里用尽了好的言辞, 求他把我的一息散入空茫; 而现在,哦,死更是多么富丽: 在午夜里溘然魂离人间, 当你正倾泻着你的心怀 发出这般的狂喜! 你仍将歌唱,但我却不再听见— — 你的葬歌只能唱给泥草一块。
华 兹 华 斯 丁 登 寺
—
丁登寺
五年过去了,五个夏天,还有 五个漫长的冬天!并且我重又听见 这些水声,从山泉中滚流出来, 在内陆的溪流中柔声低语。—— 看到这些峻峭巍峨的山崖, 这一幕荒野的风景深深地留给 思想一个幽僻的印象:山水呀, 联结着天空的那一片宁静。 这一天到来,我重又在此休憩 在无花果树的浓荫之下,远眺 村舍密布的田野,簇生的果树园, 在这一个时令,果子呀尚未成熟, 披着一身葱绿,将自己掩没 在灌木丛和乔木林中。我又一次 看到树篙,或许那并非树篱,而是一 行行 顽皮的树精在野跑:这些田园风光, 一直绿到家门;袅绕的炊烟 静静地升起在树林顶端! 它飘忽不定,仿佛是一些 漂泊者在无家的林中走动, 或许是有高人逸士的洞穴,孤独地 坐在火焰旁。 ……
《英国文学选读》教案
《英国文学选读》教案第一章:概述1.1 课程目标让学生了解英国文学的基本概况和发展历程。
培养学生对英国文学的兴趣和阅读能力。
1.2 教学内容英国文学的起源和发展阶段。
英国文学的重要作家和作品。
1.3 教学方法采用讲座、讨论和阅读相结合的方式进行教学。
引导学生阅读经典英国文学作品,提升阅读理解能力。
1.4 教学评估课堂讨论和提问。
阅读作业和读书笔记。
第二章:文艺复兴时期2.1 课程目标让学生了解文艺复兴时期英国文学的特点和代表作品。
培养学生对文艺复兴时期英国文学的欣赏和理解能力。
2.2 教学内容文艺复兴时期英国文学的形成背景。
莎士比亚(William Shakespeare)的作品选读。
2.3 教学方法分析莎士比亚的作品,探讨其文学价值和历史意义。
引导学生进行角色扮演和剧本创作,体验文艺复兴时期的戏剧魅力。
2.4 教学评估剧本表演和创作。
相关作品的阅读报告。
第三章:启蒙时期3.1 课程目标让学生了解启蒙时期英国文学的特点和代表作品。
培养学生对启蒙时期英国文学的欣赏和理解能力。
3.2 教学内容启蒙时期英国文学的形成背景。
丹尼尔·笛福(Daniel Defoe)和乔纳森·斯威夫特(Jonathan Swift)的作品选读。
3.3 教学方法分析笛福和斯威夫特的作品,探讨其对社会和个人思想的启示。
引导学生进行写作练习,探讨启蒙时期的价值观和道德观念。
3.4 教学评估写作练习和讨论。
阅读报告和读书笔记。
第四章:浪漫主义时期4.1 课程目标让学生了解浪漫主义时期英国文学的特点和代表作品。
培养学生对浪漫主义时期英国文学的欣赏和理解能力。
4.2 教学内容浪漫主义时期英国文学的形成背景。
威廉·华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)和乔治·戈登(Lord Byron)的作品选读。
4.3 教学方法分析华兹华斯和戈登的作品,探讨其对自然、人和情感的描绘。
引导学生进行诗歌创作和朗诵,体验浪漫主义时期的艺术表达。
18世纪英国文学背景概述
18世纪英国文学背景概述18世纪英国的文学发展受到政治、社会和文化因素的影响。
这个时期的文学作品反映了当时的社会变革和对权力、自由和人性的思考。
在政治上,18世纪英国经历了康复王朝(Restoration)和格鲁吉亚时期(Georgian era)。
康复王朝的开始标志着斯图亚特王朝的恢复,文化和艺术也随之复兴。
在1707年苏格兰和英格兰成为大不列颠王国后,生活和文化开始对现实世界转向,而非仅仅是王室权力。
社会变革也对文学产生了影响。
18世纪英国经历了农业革命和工业革命,城市化和社会阶层的差异加剧。
小说开始兴起,成为人们思考社会问题和展示个人经历的重要形式。
通俗文学的兴起为大众带来了更多的阅读机会。
18世纪英国文学的主题和风格经历了多种变化。
早期的康复王朝文学体现了对娱乐和享乐的追求。
随着时间的推移,文学逐渐表现出对道德和伦理问题的关注。
18世纪还涌现了一系列重要的作家,如亨利·菲尔丁、塞缪尔·理查森、塞缪尔·约翰逊和詹姆斯·博斯威尔,他们通过小说和戏剧形式对社会进行了激烈的批判。
18世纪英国文学还受到启蒙运动的影响。
启蒙运动强调理性、科学和人类自由的重要性,这些思想在文学中得到了体现。
启蒙运动的领导者如弗朗西斯·培根和伊萨克·牛顿也引发了文学界对知识和科学的关注。
18世纪英国文学是一个多元化且不断变化的时期。
从娱乐至上到对社会问题和人性的思考,再到对理性和自由的追求,文学作品反映了当时社会和思想的变革。
这个时期的文学对于后世影响深远,为今天的文学提供了许多经典作品和思想的基石。
英国文学史概括
英国文学史概括英国文学史概括第一个时期: Old English, Middle English and Chaucer,古英国,中世纪和乔叟,这个时期的文学作品主要以诗歌为主,需要关注的是乔叟和他的《坎特伯雷故事集》。
第二个时期:文艺复兴时期,这个时期的文学作品以戏剧为主,需要关注的是莎士比亚和他的悲剧,喜剧以及历史剧。
第三个时期:浪漫主义时期,这个时期的文学作品以散文诗为主,雪莱,济慈和威廉布雷克等人都是这个时期的代表诗人。
他们的作品包括夜莺颂等。
第四个时期:维多利亚时期,这个时期是散文诗渐渐退出,小说逐渐兴起的时期,该时期的诗人著名的有罗伯特布朗宁,阿尔弗莱德等。
但更为著名的是狄更斯和勃朗特姐妹的小说,代表作有《雾都孤儿》和《呼啸山庄》等第五个时期:现代主义时期,这个时期的文学作品主要是小说,各个流派粉墨登场,有现实主义的,有荒诞派的,还有意识流。
爱尔兰的文学家叶芝,乔伊斯都是这个时代的代表人物。
乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》是意识流的代表之作。
同属意识流的还有女作家弗吉尼亚伍尔芙,代表作《到灯塔去》。
第六个时期:当代:主要指20世纪80年代之后到现在的这个时期,该时期的文学作品很难入到评论家的法眼,主要特征是内容多为快餐文化,不能称为经典。
但这个时期的电影艺术发展非常迅速,有很多电影剧本都堪称佳作,不难看出,文学史的车轮经过诗歌——戏剧——小说的变迁后,下一站很有可能是电影。
以上纯属原创,转载请标明出处,谢谢英国文学史目录!PrefaceThe Anglo-Saxon Period 449-1066IntroductionThe Venerable Bede and Caedmon King Alfred the GreatBeowulfThe Exeter BookThe Medieval Period 1066 -1485 IntroductionMedieval RomanceFolk BalladsJohn Wycliffe and William Langland Drama in the Middle AgesGeoffrey ChaucerThe Elizabethan Age 1485-1625 IntroductionThomas MoreSir Philip SidneyEdmund SpenserChrisher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh Minor PlaywrightsWilliam ShakespeareFrancis BaconKing James BibleThe Seventeenth Century 1625-1700 IntrodutionBen Jonson and the Cavalier Poets John Donne and the Metaphysical Poets John MiltonJohn BunyanJohn DrydenThe Age of Neo-Classici *** 1700-1764 IntroductionAlexander PopeJonathan SwiftRichard Steele and Joseph AddisonSamuel Johnson and James BoswellThe Novel of the Eighteenth CenturyDaniel DefoeSamuel RichardsonHenry FieldingTobias SmollettLaurence SterneOliver Gold *** ithPre-Romantic Period 1764-1798IntroductionHorace WalpoleAnn RadcliffeThomas GrayRobert BurnsWilliam BlakeThe Romantic Age 1798-1837IntroductionWilliam WordsworthSamuel Taylor Coleridge……The Victorian Age 1837-1901The Modernist Age 1901-1945The Postmodern Period 1945-Present BibliographyIndex……关于英国文学史刘柄善的那本《英国文学史》上说,维多利亚时期是英国现实主义小说的巅峰时期,代表人物就是狄更斯,而当时英国之所以掀起现实主义风潮,则是因为此前的18世纪到19世纪初期,浪漫主义风靡英国,雪莱,济慈等人的诗歌风花雪月,让人一时忘却了现实,但随着浪漫褪去,人们又重归现实,于是狄更斯等人的现实主义作品,如《雾都孤儿》,《大卫科波菲尔》等书得以广为流传。
(完整版)英国文学发展概述(3)
英国文学发展概述(3)五、浪漫主义时期文学(1798-1832)18世纪末、19世纪初,英国诗风大变。
苏格兰农民诗人罗伯特·彭斯(Robert Burns, 1759-1796)给英国诗坛带来一股新鲜的气息。
他的抒情诗自然生动,感情真挚,讽刺诗尖锐锋利,妙趣横生。
威廉·布莱克(William Blake, 1757-1827)是版画家兼诗人,想象奇特,极富个性。
他的短诗意象鲜明,语言清新,后期的长诗内容比较晦涩。
他在诗歌中建立起自己一套独特的神话体系,具有神秘主义色彩。
布莱克的革命性、独创性和复杂性使他成为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。
1798年,威廉·华兹华斯(William Wordsworth, 1770-1850)与塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834)合作出版了一本小诗集《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads ),其中大部分诗歌出自华兹华斯之手,用简朴的语言描写简朴的生活。
《抒情歌谣集》的问世标志着英国浪漫主义文学的真正崛起。
华兹华斯在1802年诗集再版时写的序中对诗歌作出了著名定义:“好诗是强烈感情的自然流溢”。
浪漫主义是对新古典主义的反拨:诗歌内容不再是对现实的反映或道德说教,而是诗人内心涌出的真实感情;诗歌语言不是模仿经典作家去追求高雅精致,而是要贴近普通人的日常用语。
浪漫主义诗人崇尚自然,主张返朴归真。
浪漫主义是一个比较笼统的概念,每个诗人各有其特征。
同样是“湖畔派”诗人,华兹华斯将大自然视为灵感的源泉,自然美景能给人力量和愉悦,具有疗效作用,使人的心灵净化和升华,柯勒律治则赋予自然神奇色彩,擅长描绘瑰丽的超自然幻景。
乔治·戈登·拜伦(George Gordon Byron, 1788-1824)和波西·比希·雪莱(Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792-1822)属于革命诗人,但拜伦自我表现意识强烈,而雪莱深受柏拉图哲学影响,憧憬美丽的理想和理念。
《英国文学简史》重点笔记(完整版)
英国文学简史完全版A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI.Introduction1. The historical background(1)Before the Germanic invasion(2)During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen (lord)– thane - middle class (freemen)- lower class (slave or bondmen: theow);e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture(1)The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.(2)Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II.Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.(1)the use of alliteration(2)the use of metaphors and understatements(3)the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII.The Old English Prose1.What is prose?2.figures(1)The Venerable Bede(2)Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages I.Introduction 1. The Historical Background.(1)The year 1066: Norman Conquest.(2)The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.(3)The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;(4)The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church (Henry II and Thomas);(5)The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta (1215);C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages (the end)(6)The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff.(7)The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt (1453)b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy(1485)2. The Overview of Literature.(1)the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.(2)Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur. (3)Wace—Le Roman de Brut.(4)The romance.(5)the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer. II.Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. a general introduction.2. the plot.III.William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV.Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods(1)French period(2)Italian period(3)master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.(1)He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.(2)He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. (3)The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI.Thomas Malory and English ProseVII.The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical Background II. The Overview of the Literature (1485-1660)Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare –Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II.English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard (courtly makers)(1)Wyatt: introducing sonnets.(2)Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer(1)Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.(2)worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella (108): sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser(1)life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” –Ireland - Westminster Abbey.(2)worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queene:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory (symbolic meaning)l Many allusions to classical writers.l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.(3)Spenserian Stanza.III.English Prose1. Thomas More(1)Li fe: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.(2)Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner (Raphael Hythloday)tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissancesecularism.f. the Utopia(3)the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman(1)life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.(2)philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.(3)“Essays”: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. (arguments)IV.English Drama1. A general survey.(1)Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.(2)two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.(3)the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.(1)Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.(2)Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.(3)The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life(1)1564, Stratford-on-Avon;(2)Grammar School;(3)Queen visit to Castle;(4)marriage to Anne Hathaway;(5)London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;(6)the 1st Folio, Quarto;(7)Retired, son—Hamnet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.(1)Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate (2)The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.(3)Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.(4)Julius CaesarRepublicanism vs. dictatorship.(5)HamletRevengeGood/evil.(6)OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.(7)King LearFilial ingratitude(8)MacbethAmbition vs. fate.(9)Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason(10)The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry(1)Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.(2)Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI.Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” (Sons of Ben)2.contribution:(1)the idea of “humour”.(2)an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays(1)Everyone in His Humour—“humour”; three unities.(2)V olpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A Historical BackgroundII.The Overview of the Literature (1640-1688)1. The revolution period(1)The metaphysical poets;(2)The Cavalier poets.(3)Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.(1)The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. (school of Ben Jonson)(2)The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge (1662)were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.(3)The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.(4)The restoration drama.(5)The Age of Dryden.III.John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into therevolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.(1)The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso (1632)are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.(2)The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.(3)The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works(1)Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.(2)Paradise Regained.(3)Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Milton's works.(1)Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.(2)Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.(3)Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.(4)Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.IV.John Bunyan1. life:(1)puritan age;(2)poor family;(3)parliamentary army;(4)Baptist society, preacher;(5)prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress(1)The allegory in dream form.(2)the plot.(3)the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and calledthemselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI.John Dryden.1. Life:(1)the representative of classicism in the Restoration.(2)poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.(3)changeable in attitude.(4)Literary career—four decades.(5)Poet Laureate2. His influences.(1)He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.(2)He developed a direct and concise prose style.(3)He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th Century I.Introduction1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.(1)The Enlightenment.(2)The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favour.(3)Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.(4)Satiric literature.(5)SentimentalismII.Neo-classicism. (a general description)1. Alexander Pope(1)Life:a.Catholic family;b.ill health;c.taught himself by reading and translating;d.friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.(2)three groups of poems:e.An Essay on Criticism (manifesto of neo-classicism);f. The Rape of Lock;g.Translation of two epics.(3)His contribution:h.the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i.satire.(4)weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele(1)Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper. (2)Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” (with Steele, 1711)(3)Spectator Club.(4)The significance of their essays.a. Their writi ngs in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as aliterary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.(1)Life:a.studies at Oxford;b.made a living by writing and translating;c.the great cham of literature.(2)works: poem (The Vanity of Human Wishes, London); criticism (The Lives of great Poets); preface.(3)The champion of neoclassical ideas.III.Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1.Life:(1)born in Ireland;(2)studies at Trinity College;(3)worked as a secretary;(4)the chief editor of The Examiner;(5)the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin.2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV.English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.(1)Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances –fabliaux – novelle - imaginative nature of their material. (imaginative narrative)(2)The rise of the novela.picaresque novel in Spain and England (16th century): Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b.Sidney: Arcadia.c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.(plot and characterization and realism)(3)novel and drama (17the century)2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.)(1)Life:a.business career;b.writing career;c.interested in politics.(2)Robinson Cusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.(1)Life:a.unsuccessful dramatic career;b.legal career; writing career.(2)works.(3)Tom Jones.a.the plot;b.characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c.significance.(4)the theory of realism.(5)the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist (One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.)(1)Life:a.printer book seller;b.letter writer.(2)Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a.the storyb.the significancePamela was a new thing in these ways:a)It discarded the “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. b)Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c)It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a.born in Ireland;b.a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c.bookseller;d.the Literary Club;e.a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of Wakefield.a.story;b.the signicance.VI.English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays. Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic Age I.Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:(1)The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings(2)The creation of a world of imagination(3)The return to nature for material(4)Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace (5)Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius(6)The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models (7)The interest in old stories and medieval romances(8)A sense of melancholy and loneliness(9)The rebellious spiritII.Pre-Romantics1. Robert Burns(1)Life: French Revolution(2)Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love forfreedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.(3)Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humour, pathos, the response to nature –all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake(1)life: French Revolution(2)works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience(3)featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes(4)his influenceBlake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III.Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry(1)Life:a.love nature;b.Cambridge;c.tour to France;d.French revolution;e.Dorathy;f. The Lake District;g.friend of Coleridge;h.conservative after revolution.(2)works:a. the Lyrical Ballads (preface): significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems(3)Features of his poems.a.ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.b.characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic(1)Life:a.Cambridge;b.friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c.taking opium.(2)works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria(3)Biographia Literaria.(4)His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV.Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron(1)Life:a.Cambridge, published poems and reviews;b.a tour of Europe and the East;c.left England;d.friend with Shelley;e.worked in Greece: national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.(2)Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty(3)Byronic Hero.Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “satanic spirit”. People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.(4)Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic(1)Life:a.aristocratic family;b.rebellious heart;c.Oxford;d.Irish national liberation Movement;e.disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g.left England and wandered in EUrope, died in Italy;h.radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron(2)works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer (3)Characteristics of poems.a.pursuit of a better society;b.radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.(4)Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.(1)Life:a.from a poor family;b.Cockney School;c.friend with Byron and Shelley;d.attacked by the conservatives and died in Italy.(2)works.(3)Characteristics of poemsa.loved beauty;b.seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams. V. Novelists of the Romantic Age.1. Water Scott. Novelist and poet。
英国文学历史发展简介概括
英国文学历史发展简介概括
英国文学的发展历程可以大致分为中世纪文学、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义和现代主义等不同的历史阶段。
中世纪文学时期的作品大多为口头传说,以盎格鲁-撒克逊人为主要背景,这一时期的重要作品包括《贝奥武甫》等。
到了文艺复兴时期,诺曼底人征服英格兰后,封建等级制度得以加强和完备,法国文化占据主导地位,法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。
这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇,流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。
新古典主义时期,资本主义工商业发展较快,市民阶级兴起,英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉,社会各阶层普遍使用英语,为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。
杰弗利·乔叟的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。
到了现代主义时期,战后的英国文学大致呈现从写实到实验和多元的走势。
英国文学史及选读1翻译
英国文学史及选读1翻译第一部分:英国文学史概述英国文学拥有悠久的历史,自中世纪晚期开始至今,经历了多个重要时期的发展和变革。
本文档旨在概述英国文学史的主要阶段,并进行部分重要作品的选读翻译。
1. 中世纪文学中世纪文学是英国文学史的起点,主要以教会为中心。
其中最著名的作品之一是《坎特伯雷故事集》(The Canterbury Tales),由乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer)创作于14世纪末。
本书以描绘各式各样的故事和人物为特色,反映了当时社会的面貌。
部分作品翻译示例:•坎特伯雷故事集(精选)–故事一:“骑士故事”(The Knight’s Tale)在古代雅典,有两位骑士为了同样的女性而展开激烈的角逐。
–故事二:“约翰故事”(The Miller’s Tale)一位老蠢材告诉了关于一位受骗的年轻学者和一个花心的妻子的故事。
2. 文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英国文学史上的黄金时期,涌现出许多重要的作家和作品。
莎士比亚(William Shakespeare)是这一时期的代表性人物,他的作品包括戏剧、sonnet 等多种形式。
此外,约翰·密尔顿(John Milton)的《失乐园》(Paradise Lost)也被认为是文艺复兴时期的经典之作。
部分作品翻译示例:•莎士比亚戏剧选读-《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet)-《罗密欧与朱丽叶》(Romeo and Juliet)-《麦克白》(Macbeth)•约翰·密尔顿《失乐园》(选读)探讨人类起源、罪恶和救赎的叙事诗,描述了亚当和夏娃被逐出伊甸园的故事。
3.18世纪启蒙运动18世纪是英国文学史上启蒙运动的时期,以理性和思想自由为核心。
重要的作家包括弥尔顿(John Milton),斯威夫特(Jonathan Swift)和詹姆斯·麦克菲尔(James Macpherson)。
部分作品翻译示例:•斯威夫特《格列佛游记》(选读)这本小说通过一个航海家的冒险旅程,揭示了社会和政治问题,具有强烈的讽刺意味。
英国文学作品概括
I. Early and Medieval English Literature (5th century-15th century)1. Bewolf 《贝尔武甫》2. The Legend of King Arthur and his Round Table Knights;《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》3. William Langland (1330-1400) Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》4. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里•乔叟The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》The Romanunt of the Rose 《玫瑰罗曼史》Troilus and Criseyde《特罗勒斯和克丽西德》The House of Fame《声誉之堂》II. English Literature of the Renaissance (16th century) —the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)1. Thomas More (1478-1535)Utopia (1516) 《乌托邦》2. Edmund Spenser (1552-99)The Faerie Queen (1596) 《仙后》The Shepherd’s Calendar (1597 《牧人日历》3. Christopher Marlowe (1564-93)Tamburlaine the Great (1587)《帖木儿》Dr. Faustus (1589)《浮士德博士的悲剧》The Jew of Malta (1590) 《马耳他的犹太人》The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 《多情牧童致爱人》4. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)The First Period (1590-1594)1590 Henry VI, Part II《亨利六世中篇》Henry VI, Part III《亨利六世下篇》1591 Henry VI, Part I 《亨利六世上篇》1592 Richard III《理查三世》The Comedy of Errors 《错误的喜剧》1593 Titus Andronicus《泰特斯•安德洛尼克斯》The Taming of the Shrew《训悍记》1594 The Two Gentlemen of Verona《维洛那二绅士》Love’s Labour’s Lost《爱的徒劳》Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Two narrative poems:Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece《露克丽丝受辱记》The Second Period (1595-1600)The second period of Shakespeare’s work is his mature period, mainly a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays.1595 Richard II 《理查二世》A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》1596 King John《约翰王》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》1597 Henry IV, Part I《亨利四世上篇》Henry IV, Part II《亨利四世下篇》1598 Much Ado about Nothing《无事生非》Henry V《亨利五世》The Merry Wives of Windsor《温莎的风流娘儿们》1599 Julius Caesar《裘力斯•凯撒》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》1600 Twelfth Night《第十二夜》The Third Period (1601-1607)The third period of Shakespeare’s dramatic career is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”.1601 Hamlet《哈姆莱特》1602 Troilus and Cressida《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》1603 All’s Well That Ends Well《终成眷属》1604 Measure for Measure《一报还一报》Othello《奥瑟罗》1605 King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》1606 Antony and Cleopatra《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉》1607 Coriolanus 《科利奥兰纳斯》Timon of Athens 《雅典的泰门》The Fourth Period (1608-1602)The fourth period of Shakespeare’s work is the period of romantic drama.1608 Pericles《泰尔亲王配瑞克里斯》1609 Cymbeline《辛白林》1610 The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》1601 The Tempest《暴风雨》1612 Henry VIII《亨利八世》5. Ben Jonson (1573-1637)Every Man in His Humor (1598)Volpone, or the Fox (1606)The Alchemist (1610) 《炼金术士》Bartholomew Fair (1614)6. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Advancement of Learning, 1605 《学术的进展》Novum Organum, 1620《新工具》New Atlantics, 1627《新大西岛》Essays, 1597,1612,1625 《论说文集》III. English Literature during the English Bourgeois Revolution and the Restoration (17th century)1. John Milton (1608-1674)“Morning of Christ’s Nativity”(1629)“圣诞晨歌”“L’ Allegro” (1632) “欢乐的人”“Il Penseroso” (1632) “沉思的人”Areopagitica (1644)《论出版自由》Deference of the English People (1651)《为英国人民辨》Second Deference of the English People (1654)《再为英国人民辨》Paradise Lost (1667)《失乐园》Paradise Regained (1671)《复乐园》Samson Agonistes (1671)《力士参孙》2. John Donne (1572-1631)3. Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)“To His Coy Mistress”《给他羞怯的情人》4. Robert Herrick (1591-1674)“Gather ye Rosebuds while ye May”《花开堪折直须折》5. John Bunyan (1628-1688)The Pilgri m’s Progress (1678) 《天路历程》The Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680)Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners《罪人受恩记》6. John Dryden (1631-1700)“All for Love”《一切为了爱》“Absalom and Achitophel”“A Song for St. Ceilia’s Day, 1687”“Alexander’s Feast”“An Essay of Dramatic Poesy”IV. English Literature of the 18th Century (18th century)1. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)An Essay on Criticism (1711) 《论批评》The Rape of the Lock (1714)《夺发记》The Dunciad (1728-1742)《愚人志》Essay on Man (1732-1734)《人论》2. Richard Steele (1672-1729) and “The Tatler”《闲话》报 (1709-1711)3. Joseph Addison (1672-1719) and “The Spectator” 《旁观者》报 (1711-1712)4. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)The True Born Englishman (1701)《真正的英国人》The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702)《消灭不同教派的捷径》Robinson Crusoe (1719)《鲁滨逊漂流记》Moll Flanders (1722)《摩尔•弗兰德》A Journal of the Plague Year (1722)《大疫年日记》5. Samuel Richardson (1689-1761)Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded (1742)《帕美拉,或德行有报》Clarissa: or The History of a Young Lady (1747)《克莱丽莎》The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1754)《查尔斯•格兰迪森爵士的历史》6. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)The Battle of Books (1697)《书籍之战》A Tale of a Tub (1698)《一个木桶的故事》Drapier’s Letters (1724)《布商的来信》Gulliver’s Travels (1726)《格列佛游记》7. Henry Fielding (1707-1754)The Coffee-house Politician (1730)《咖啡屋政客》Don Quixote in England (1734)《堂吉诃德在英国》The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews (1742)《约瑟夫•安德鲁》The History of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great (1743)《大伟人江奈生•魏尔德伟》The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling (1749)《汤姆•琼斯》8. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)The Rivals (1775)《情敌》St. Patrick’s Day (1775)《圣帕特里克日》The School for Scandal (1777)《造谣学校》A Trip to Scarborough (1777)《思卡波罗之行》9. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)《英语大辞典》Lives of the Poets (1779-1781)《诗人传》The Vanity of Human Wishes《人类欲望之虚幻》10. James Boswell (1740-1795)Life of Johnson《约翰逊传》11. Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 《罗马帝国衰亡史》12. Laurence Stern (1713-1768)The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy (1760-67)《项狄传》A Sentimental Journey (1768)《伤感之旅》13. Oliver Goldsmith (1730-1774)The Bee (1759)《蜜蜂》The Citizen of the World (1760—1761)《世界公民》The Vicar of Wakefield: A Tale (1766)《威克菲尔牧师传》The Deserted Village (1770)《荒村》She Stoops to Conquer (1773) 《屈身俯就》14. Thomas Gray (1716-1765)Ode on the Spring (1742)春天颂Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College (1747)《伊顿颂歌》Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1750)《墓园挽歌》The Progress of Poetry (1757) 《诗歌的进程》15. Robert Burns (1759-1796)Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1786)《苏格兰方言诗集》“To a Mouse”“致老鼠”“To a Louse” “致虱子”“Scots Wha Hae” “苏格兰人”“My Heart’s in the Highlands”“我的心呀在高原”“Auld Lang Syne”“过去的好时光”“A Red, Red Rose” 《一朵红红的玫瑰》16. William Blake (1757-1827)Poetical Sketches (1783)《素描诗集》Songs of Innocence (1789)《天真之歌》The French Revolution (1791)《法国革命》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1793)《天堂与地狱的婚姻》Songs of Experience (1794)《经验之歌》V. Romanticism in England — the Romantic Period (early 19th century)1. William Wordsworth (1770-1850)Lyrical Ballads (1789)《抒怀歌谣集》Lucy Poems (1799)《露西组诗》“The Solitary Reaper”(1807)“孤独的刈麦女”“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” (1807)“我似孤独流云”The Prelude (1850)《序曲》“My Hearts Leaps Up” “我的心跳了起来”Tintern Abbey 《丁登寺旁》2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)“The Fall of the Bastille” (1789)“巴士底狱的倒塌”Lyrical Ballads (1789)《抒情歌谣集》“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”(1798)“老水手谣”“Kulbla Khan”(1816)“忽必烈汗”Biographa Literaria (1817)《文学传记》3. Robert Southey (1774-1843)Joan of Arc《圣女贞德》Walt Tyler《瓦特•泰勒》The Fall of Robespierre《罗伯斯庇尔之死》The Life of Nelson 《纳尔逊传》4. George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)Hours of Idleness (1807)《懒散时刻》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Canto I and II 1812; Canto III 1816; Canto IV, 1818)《恰尔德哈罗德游记》Oriental Tales (1813-1816)《东方叙事诗》Don Juan (1818-1823)《唐璜》The Age of Bronze (1822)《青铜时代》5. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)“Queen Mab”(1813)“麦布女王”“The Masque of Anarchy”(1819)“专制魔王的化妆舞会”“Ode to West Wind” (1819)“西风颂”“Song to the Men of England”(1819)“致英国人民”“England in 1819”(1819)“一八一九年的英国”“Prometheus Unbound” (1819)“解放了的普罗米修斯”“To a Skylark” (1820)“致云雀”“A Defense of Poetry”(1821)“诗辩”6. John Keats (1795-1821)“Endymion”(1818)“恩底弥翁”“Isabella; or the Pot of Basil” (1820)“伊莎贝拉”“Ode to a Nightingale” (1819)“夜莺颂”“Ode on a Grecian Urn” (1819)“希腊古瓮颂”“Ode on Melancholy” (1819) “忧郁颂”“Ode to Autumn” (1819) “秋颂”“La Belle Dame Sams Merci”(1820)“无情的美女”“Sonnet on Peace” “和平十四行诗”7. Charles Lamb (1775-1843)Essays of Elia (1823;1833)《伊利亚随笔》Tales from Shakespeare (1807) 《莎士比亚戏剧故事集》Specimens from English Dramatic Poets Contemporary with Shakespeare《莎士比亚时期英国戏剧诗人选》8. Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859)The Confession of an English Opium-Eater《一个英国吸食鸦片者的自白》9. Mary ShellyFrankenstein《弗兰肯斯坦》10. Walter Scott (1771-1832)The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border(1802-1803)《英格兰边区歌谣集》The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805) 《末代歌者之歌》The Lady of the Lake (1810)《湖上夫人》Waverly (1814)《威弗利》Guy Mannering (1815)《盖•曼纳令》Rob Roy (1817)《罗布•罗伊》Ivanhoe (1819)《艾凡赫》11. Jane Austen (1775-1817)Sense and Sensibility (1811)《理智与情感》Pride and Prejudice (1813)《傲慢与偏见》Mansfield Park (1814)《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Emma (1816)《爱玛》Northanger Abbey (1818)《诺桑觉寺》Persuasion (1818)《劝导》VI. English Critical Realism (second half of the 19th century) —the Victorian Age (1837-1901)1. Charles Dickens (1812-1870)1836 Sketches by Box《博兹特写集》1836-1837 The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》1837-1838 Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》1838-1839 Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯•尼克贝尔》1840-1841 The Old Curiosity Shop 《老古玩店》1841 Barnaby Rudge1842 American Notes 《游美札记》1843-1845 Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁•朱速尔唯特》1843 A Christmsa Carol《圣诞欢歌》1844 The Chimes《钟乐》1845 The Cricket on the Hearth《炉边蟋蟀》1846-1848 Dombey and Son《董贝父子》1849-1850 David Copperfield 《大卫•科波菲尔》1852-1853 Bleak House《荒凉山庄》1854 Hard Times《艰难时世》1855-1857 Little Dorrit《小杜丽》1859 A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》1860-1861 Great Expectations《远大前程》1864-1865 Our Mutual Friend 《我们的共同朋友》2. William M. Thackeray (1811-63)The Book of Snobs (1847)《势利人脸谱》Vanity Fair (1847-1848)《名利场》Pendennis (1848-1850)《潘丹尼斯》The History of Pendennis (1850) 《潘丹尼斯的历史》The History of Henry Esmond (1852)《亨利•埃斯蒙德》The Newcomers (1853-1855)《纽克姆一家》The Virginians (1857-1859)《弗吉尼亚人》Lovel the Widower (1860)《鳏夫洛弗尔》Adventures of Philip (1861-1862) 《菲利普历险记》3. Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)Jane Eyre (1847)《简•爱》Shirley (1849)《谢利》Vilette (1853)《维莱特》The Professor (1857) 《教授》4. Emily Bronte (1818-1848)Wuthering Heights (1847)《呼啸山庄》5. Anne Bronte (1820-1849 )Agnes Grey 《艾格尼丝•格雷》6. William Morris (1834-1896)News from Nowhere 《来自乌有乡之消息》A Dream of John Ball《梦遇约翰•保尔》The Earthly Paradise 《人间乐园》Chants for Socialism《社会主义歌集》7. Robert Stevenson (1850-1894)Treasure Island《金银岛》New Arabian Nights《新天方夜谭》Kidnapped《诱拐》A Child’s Garden of Verses《儿童诗园》8. Oscar Wilde (1856-1900)An Ideal Husband《理想丈夫》The Picture of Dorain Gray《道林•格雷画像》A Woman of No Importance《一个无足轻重的女人》The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》Lady Windermere’s Fan《温德米尔夫人的扇子》The Ballad of Reading Gaol《累丁狱之歌》The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子集》9.George Eliot (1819-1880)Adam Bede (1859)《亚当•比德》The Mill on the Floss (1860)《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner (1861)《织工马南》Romola (1863)《罗莫拉》Middlemarch (1871-1872)《米德尔马奇》10. Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892)11. Robert Browning (1812-1889)VII. 20th Century English Literature (20th century) —the Modernist Period (between the two world wars)1. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)Far from the Madding Crowd《远离㵙尘嚣》The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》The Return of the Native《还乡》Under the Greenwood Tree《绿荫下》Tess of the D’ Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》Wessex Pooems《威塞克斯诗集》2. Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)The Jungle Book (1894)《林莽丛书》The Second Jungle Book (1895)《林莽丛书之二》3. Arnold Bennett (1867-1931)The Old Wives’ Tale (1908)《老妇谭》4. E. M. Forster (1879—1970)Where Angles Fear to Tread (1905)《天使们望而却步的地方》The Longest Journey (1907)《最漫长的旅行》A Room with a View (1908)《可以远眺的房间》A Passage to India (1924)《印度之行》5. John Galsworthy (1867-1933)The Forsyte Saga (1906)《福尔赛世家》In Chancery (1920)《骑虎》The Man of Property 《有产业的人》To Let (1921)《出租》Modern Comedy 《现代喜剧》The White Monkey (1924)《白猿》The Silver Spoon (1926)《银匙》Swan Song (1928)《天鹅曲》From the Four Winds (1897)《天涯海角》The Silver Box (1906)《银匣》6. Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)The Nigger of the Narcissus (1897)《白水仙号上的黑家伙》Lord Jim (1900)《吉姆老爷》Heart of Darkness (1902)《黑暗心脏》The Secret Agent (1907)《间谍》Under the Western Eye (1911)《在西方的注视下》7. Henry James (1843-1916)8. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)Widow’s Houses (1892)《鳏夫的房产》Mrs. Warren’s Profession (1894)《华伦夫人的职业》Arms and Man (1894)《武器与人》Man and Superman (1903)《人与超人》Major Barbara (1905)《巴巴拉上校》Pygmalion (1913)《皮格马利翁》Heartbreak House (1917)《伤心之家》9. W. B. Yeats (1865-1939)10. T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)11. D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930)The White Peacock (1911)《白孔雀》Sons and Lovers (1913)《儿子与情人》The Rainbow (1915)《虹》Women in Love (1916)《恋爱中的女人》Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928)《恰泰莱夫人的情人》12. James Joyce (1882-1941)Dubliner (1914)《都柏林人》A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)《年轻艺术家画像》Ulysses (1922)《尤利西斯》Finnegan’s Wake (1939)《芬尼根的觉醒》13. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)Mrs. Dalloway (1925)《黛洛维夫人》To the Lighthouse (1927)《到灯塔去》The Waves (1931)《浪》The Voyage Out (1915)《航行》Orlando (1928)《奥兰多》14. Katherine Mansfield (1888—1923)。
《英国文学简介》课件
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文艺复兴时期文学
莎士比亚的戏剧和斯宾塞的史诗,代表了英国文艺复兴时期的顶峰成就。
18世纪文学
启蒙时代文学
以强调理性和人权为特点,代表作品包括斯威夫特 的《格列佛游记》。
浪漫主义文学
通过追求自然、个人情感和幻想,让艺术与内心相 互融合,如拜伦的诗歌作品。
罗曼主义文学
文学流派 诗歌 小说 戏剧
代表作家 威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治 简·奥斯汀、勃朗特姐妹 威廉·莎士比亚
现代主义文学
特征
反叙述、流派混合、内心意识流的表达方式,如弗 吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《到灯塔去》。
代表作家
T.S.艾略特、詹姆斯·乔伊斯、维吉妮亚·伍尔夫。
当代文学
文学派别
后现代主义、魔幻现实主义、 女性文学、后殖民文学等。
重要作家
伊恩·麦克尤恩、朱利安·巴恩 斯、萨尔曼·鲁西迪。
全球影响
当代英国文学作品在全球范 围内受到广泛关注,引领潮 流并触及世界共同话题。
《英国文学简介》
本PPT课件将带领大家一起探索英国文学的丰富历史和重要作家,以及各个时 期的文学流派和风格。
英国rse
英国文学拥有丰富多样的作品,从古代到现代,涵盖了各种题材和风格。
2 Influential and Enduring
英国文学对世界文学产生了深远的影响,作品在多个国家和文化中广为传播与研究。
3 Reflecting Society
英国文学作品引人深思,反映了当时社会的价值观、文化特征和历史背景。
英国文学史
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古英语文学
从盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的《贝奥武夫》到中世纪的传说故事,古英语文学充满古 老而神秘的魅力。
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中世纪文学
英国文学简史_概述 中文翻译
英国文学简史_概述中文翻译1、大不列颠人(英国人)在开始学习英国文学史之前,了解一下英国这个民族是很必要的。
英国这个民族是一个混血族。
早期居住在这个岛上的居民是凯尔特人的一个部落,我们现在称它为大不列颠人。
大不列颠人把这个岛屿命名为大不列颠岛,凯尔特人是其原始居民。
他们分为几十个小部落,每个部落都以小屋群居为主。
“最古老的凯尔特人法律今天归结起来显示出氏族任然充满着生命力”。
英国人曾生活在部落社会。
2、罗马人的占领在公元前55年,大不列颠岛被罗马征服者凯撒入侵,而这是的凯撒刚刚占领了高卢。
但是罗马人刚登上大不列颠岛海岸时,就遭到了在首领领导下的大不列颠人的狮子般疯狂的反击,随着罗马将领来来往往的这个世纪,直到公元78年英国从被于罗马帝国完全征服过。
伴随着罗马人的侵略占领,罗马式的生活方式也开始融入英国。
罗马式剧院和澡堂很快的在城镇中兴起。
而这些高雅的文明只不过是罗马侵略者的娱乐享受方式罢了,大不列颠人民却像奴隶一样被压迫着。
罗马人的占领持续了将近400年,在这期间,罗马人因其军事目的在岛上修建了后来被称之为罗马路的纵横交错的公路,这些公路在后期发展中起到了很大的作用。
沿着这些公路开始建立起大量的城镇,伦敦就是其中之一,开始成为重要的贸易中心城市。
罗马的占领也带来了基督教文化。
但是在15世纪初期,罗马帝国处于逐渐的衰落阶段。
公元410年,所有罗马军队撤回欧洲大陆再也没有返回。
因此,也标志这罗马人占领的结束。
3、英国人的占领同时,大不列颠也被成群的海盗给侵略着。
他们是来自北欧的三个部落:盎格鲁人,撒克逊人和朱特人民族。
这三个部落在大不列颠海岸登路,把大不列颠人民赶到西部和北部,然后自己定居下来。
朱特人占领了岛屿东南部的肯特。
撒克逊人占领了岛屿南部地区,并建立起像韦塞克斯,埃塞克斯和东萨塞克斯这样的小王国。
盎格鲁人席卷了东部中部地区,并在东英吉利亚建立王国。
七个像这样的王国在大不列颠岛上逐渐出现。
到公元7世纪,这些小王国开始合并成为今天称为英格兰的统一王国,或被称作盎格鲁人之国。
英国文学简介
The brief introduction of British literatureBritish literature, composed of considerably beautiful poetry, interesting novels, meaningful dramas and fine prose, has a profound influence upon the world and demonstrates its distinguishing characteristics to the whole world. Moreover, it is generally considered as the essence of civilization as well as a bright pearl in the treasury of literature. The development of the English literature began from the 5th century to 20th century, with a long and complicated process. In the following passages, I will try to present the seven developing stages of English literature.Ⅰ. The Medieval Ages (to 1500)1.Major Historical Events1.1The Britons— the early inhabitants in the island were Britons, a tribe of Celts. 1.2Roman Conquest— a gradual process, happening in 55BC under Emperor Claudius.1.3English Conquest—In the 5th century, Angles(east), Saxon(southern) and Jutes(southeastern) were called Anglo-Saxon which invaded the GreatBritain.1.4The Danish Invasion— the Danes occupied in 1013, and held it for 30 years.1.5Norman Conquest—Duke William came in 1066—marks the establishment of feudalism.2.Literature Tide2.1 Narrative literature—Epic and romance (king Arthur and round table).2.2 Ballad—a story told in song usually in 4 line stanzas, with the second and forth line rhymed.2.3 Heroic couplet—Poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Beowulf—a hero of the Geats comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose great hall, Heorot, is plagued by the monster Grendel…3.2 Sir Gawain and the Green knight—a late 14th-century Middle English alliterativeromance outlines an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table.3.3 Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) is Father of English Literature.The Canterbury Tales—is a collection of short poetic stories.The Wife of Bath’s Tale—tells a story from a distant time, when King Arthur ruled the nation.Ⅱ. Renaissance1.Major Historical Events1.1England Civil War (1400-1500)—HenryⅦ (1458-1509) founded Tudor dynasty,a centralized monarchy.1.2Enclosure Movement—in the 15th century, England passed from a wool producer to a manufacturer of cloth.1.3Renaissance—sprang first in Italy in 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.2.Literature Tide2.1 The Sonnet—a fourteen line lyrical poem, the Italian sonnet had a rigid rhyme scheme that divided the sonnet more or less into two separate halves.2.2 Epic Poetry—the most prized and respected literature of the Renaissance was epic poetry, usually written in Latin.2.3Drama—dealing with sacred subjects, such as biblical stories.3. Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Francis Bacon—an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method, has been called the creator of empiricism. Advancement of Learning—is considered the first step in the Great Instauration scale, of "partitions of the sciences".New Instrument—is divided in two parts, the first part b eing called “On the Interpretation of Nature and the Empire of Man”, and the second “On the Interpretation of Nature, or the Reign of Man”.3.2William ShakespeareFour Comedies—Midsummer Night of Dream, Venetian merchant, the 12th Night,Happy as You Like It.Four tragedies—Hamlet, Othello, Li King, Mike White.Ⅲ. The 17th Century1.Major Historical Events1.1English revolution and restoration1.2From 1642 to 1649, there was a Civil War, and Oliver Cromwell established a commonwealth.1.3In 1660, restoration made by CharlesⅡ.1.4In 1688, “glories revolution” made by William.2.Literature TideMetaphysical poetry—a group of 17th century English poets whose verse is characterized by an intellectually challenging style and extended metaphors comparing very dissimilar things. Their tool of doing this was the metaphysical conceit.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 John Donne (1573--1631)—is the representative of the metaphysical poet.The Good-MorrowThe Sunne Rising3.2 John Milton (1608--1674)—English poet.Paradise LostParadise regainedⅣ. Age of Enlightenment1.Major Historical Events1.1French revolution (1789-1799)—was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history.1.2Industrial revolution—starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great Britain’s previously manual labor and draft-animal-based economy towards machine-based manufacturing.2.Literature TideSentimentalism—dissatisfied with reason, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, the human heart. It turned to countryside for material, marks the midway in the transition from classism to romanticism.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1Daniel Defoe (1660--1731) —English novelist, pamphleteer and journalist. Robinson Crusoe—help Defoe earn the title of the founder of English novel.The Review—is the first periodicals concerning society and policy.3.2Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) —the master of satire.Gulliver’s Travels—satirizing the corruption of the English governing class, and disclosing the dark side of the society.Ⅴ. Romantic period1.Major Historical Events1.1 French Revolution1.2 Industrial Revolution2.Literature TideIt was characterized by a highlighted interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 William Wordsworth (1770--1850) —together with Coleridge and Robert Southey are called “lake poet”.Lyrical Ballads— is the start of Romanticism.The Prelude—autobiography3.2Jane Austen (1775--1817)—an English prestigious writer.Sense and Sensibility—the first published novel.Pride and Prejudice—using the theme of marriage satirizes the life of English middle class in small towns.Ⅵ. Victorian Age1.Major Historical EventsDuring the rule of Queen Victoria, Britain occupied the leading status, therefore, its science, literature and art flourished.2.Literature TideAge of Novel—the 19th century saw the novel become the leading form of literature in English.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 Charles Dickens (1812--1870) — is the greatest English novelist.Oliver Twist, Great Expectations, David Copperfield—has a close relationship with Dickens’ unfortunate childhood.Bleak House—discloses the decay and dark side of judicial system.3.2 Bronte Sister—Charlotte Bronte (1816—1855), Emily Bronte (1818--1848), Anne Bronte (1820--1849).Jane Eyre—Charlotte BronteWuthering Heights—Emily BronteAgnes Grey—Anne BronteⅦ.The Twentieth Century1.Major Historical Events1.1World WarⅠ (1914--1918) —British Empire collapsed.1.2Great Depression of the 1930s1.3World WarⅡ (1939--1945) —the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as very powerful nations.1.4Cold War (1947--1991)2.Literature Tide2.1 Modernism—a general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends.2.2 Postmodernism—emphasizes devices, and mostly deconstruction.2.3 Stream of Consciousness—describes the writer’s point of view.3.Famous Writers and Masterpieces3.1 T. S. Eliot (1888--1965) —is arguably the most important English-language poetof 20th century.The Waste Land—using a lot of myth to describe the lost scene in spirit after war, rendering the hope of rebirth.3.2 D. H. Lawrence (1885--1930)—an English writer.Sons and LoversThe Rainbow,Women in Love。
19世纪后期英国文学
十九世纪后期英国文学19世纪后期英国现实主义文学概况随着“日不落帝国”盛极而衰,19世纪最后30年的英国文学也逐渐失去了昔日的风采。
虽有萧伯纳、王尔德和哈代光芒四射,但与本世纪前期文坛的相比却冷寂很多。
萨克雷、夏洛蒂·勃朗特作品中的强烈批判意识逐渐被理解、宽容所替代,而狄更斯作品中的乐观主义精神则更被怀疑、悲观乃至颓废的“世纪末”情绪所取代。
尽管如此,“维多利亚文学时期”的鼎盛气象此时仍然残有余晖,诗歌、散文,尤其是小说、戏剧仍然频出佳作,文学创作中的心理描写也比以前更深刻、更精确、更多样化。
19世纪后期英国现实主义文学主要作家这一时期英国文坛上的主要作家和剧作家有:乔治·梅瑞狄斯、萧伯纳、托马斯·哈代等。
萧伯纳(1856—1950)这一时期英国重要的剧作家,一生共写作了51部戏剧,英国“费边社”的主要成员,费边社反对暴力革命,主张用点滴改良的“渐进”办法改造社会。
这些思想在他的戏剧中都留下了深刻的痕迹。
萧伯纳重要剧作《鳏夫的房产》(1892)《好逑者》(1893)《华伦夫人的职业》(1894)《巴巴拉少校》(1905)《伤心之家》(1917)《苹果车》(1929)托马斯·哈代Thomas Hardy 1840—1928英国19世纪末和20世纪初的小说家和人继狄更斯一代现实主义作家之后,19世纪后期英国现实主义的杰出代表。
英国19世纪末和20世纪初的小说家和人继狄更斯一代现实主义作家之后,19世纪后期英国现实主义的杰出代表。
1840年6月2日,哈代出生于英国西南部多塞特郡(Dorchester)博克汉普屯.博克汉普屯古老、恬静、寂寥,充满田园风光和牧歌情调。
哈代从小领略着大自然的美感、神秘、恐惧和诗意,并建立起自己的生活理想,对其创作特色的形成有重要影响。
博克汉普风光生死一地哈代除过1862-1867年在伦敦求学,此外一生基本都在家乡“隐居”。
1928年1月11日,哈代去世,骨灰葬在伦敦威斯敏斯特教堂“诗人之角”。
外国文学19世纪中后期英国文学
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第二节
勃朗特三姐妹
◇夏洛蒂对于环境的不满和失望(创作动力): “我感到我被活活埋葬,——我多么想去旅行、 去工作、去过完美的生活!” “这个在坟地上的家宅——不过是一座有窗户的 大坟墓。” “英国人啊!看看你们的女儿,她们有很多人在 你们跟前由于忧郁和肺病而凋萎死去!整个一生 对她们来说只是个荒凉的沙漠„„” ——1845年给女友的信
7、肖伯纳(1856—1950) ○《鳏夫的房产》 萨托里阿斯;屈兰奇 ○《华伦夫人的职业》 华伦夫人;薇薇 ○《巴巴拉少校》 巴巴拉;安德谢夫 ※肖伯纳继承易卜生 “社会问题剧”传统。 肖伯纳
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★马克思关于“一流小说家”的评论 ◇马克思评:英国的“一流小说家”—— “他们用逼真而动人的文笔,揭露出政治和社会 上的真相;一切政治家、政论家、道德家所揭露的 加在一起,还不如他们揭露的多。” ——《马恩论文艺》 ※思考:其一,是不是就此可以认定“一流小说 家”们的创作价值只在社会学方面?其二,是不是 其小说可以用来代替历史? “道德上的愤怒,无论多么入情入理,经济科学 总不能把它看作证据,而只能是看作象征。” ——恩格斯:《马恩选集》三卷,189
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第二节 勃朗特三姐妹 一、三姐妹的生平及创作 生于约克郡一个穷乡村牧师家。母亲早逝,六个
孤儿。夏洛蒂、艾米莉与她们的两个姐姐被送进教
会寄宿学校,两个姐姐患肺病死在那里。该校是
《简·爱》中劳渥德寄宿学校的原型;该校冷酷无
情的冬烘牧师威尔逊是《简·爱》中布洛克尔·赫 斯特的原型。
※贫困、疾病、闭塞、庸俗、平凡,这就是三个
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◇艾米莉的诗歌 没有限度啊,我的忧虑, 但是我还一再备受苦痛欺凌, 忠实于我的只有长年的眼泪, 只有我自己的爱情! ——无题 如果我去祷告, 我只有一个祈求, 解脱我这臭皮囊, 只要还我自由。 ——无题
试析英国文学的特点
试析英国文学的特点作者:李大昕来源:《青年与社会》2013年第10期【摘要】文学,是一种将语言文字用于表达社会生活和心理活动的学科,是为社会经济服务的。
文学作品的创作是基于一定的社会背景的,优秀的文学作品更是对那个时代和社会的文化特点、社会关系、民风民俗的真实反映,并融入了作者的意识形态和思考。
英国可谓是当今世界上的强国之一,英国文学作为西方文学的代表,是研究西方文化的最好的素材。
【关键词】英国;文学;特点一、英国文学概述任何一个好的文学作品都是对作者所处的年代的社会形态和人们的生活形态的反映,可以说,文学是透视人类社会的窗户,透过这扇窗户,我们可以了解一个国家、一个民族的风土人情、生活习俗、思想价值观等社会基本状况。
英国文学的历史比较悠久,在历史长河的推动下,经历了一个漫长又复杂的演变发展过程。
英国文学发端于中世纪,经历了古英语、中古英语、文艺复兴、17世纪、18世纪、19世纪、20 世纪文学七个时期,取得了举世瞩目的成就。
在这个漫长的过程中,政治、经济、文化等各种力量相互交织共同影响着英国文学的发展及演变,先后出现了文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同的发展阶段。
后来,随着世界的发展和融合,英国文学越来越多元化。
英国文学作品中隐含着作者的价值取向和对生活的思考,是对时代生活的审美表现。
英国文学文体风格变化多端,或高雅、或通俗、或含蓄、或明快、或婉约、或粗犷,其丰富的表现力和独特的魅力在文学家的作品里得到了淋漓尽致的发挥。
英国文学反映的是西方文化,西方文化是一种细致讲究的文化,这种细致和讲究反映在衣、食、住、行各个方面,将西方人的生活点缀的多姿多彩。
二、英国文学的特点(一)语言幽默,表达方式直接英国文学作品的语言风格带有极强的艺术特色,英国的浪漫主义文学非常著名,具有浪漫主义色彩的文学作品也音律优美,语言瑰丽,感情激荡,为我们展现出了浪漫神秘和奇幻的一面。
不管是英过文学作品的语言还是文学作品中人物的语言,都表现出了严谨、幽默、浪漫的特点,这正是对英国文化的真实反映。
英国现代主义文学简介
英国现代主义文学时期文学院汉语言文学系1103班王卓1130010106 英国现代主义文学起源于1918年,这一年应该说是英国人民苦苦期盼的一年。
旷日持久的第一次世界大战终于以同盟国的战败而收场。
大英帝国共计死伤908000人,经济趋近于崩溃,世界金融中心的地位也不得不转手相让。
战争中牺牲了大量的有才华的年轻人,使得英国在一战中的文学创作跌入低谷。
只有少数战争文学和伤痕文学流传至今。
随着战争的结束,英国开始战后重建,人民开始反思现实生活。
面对废墟,只能在精神世界中才能创造出自己的理想国。
首先开创新纪元的是诗人托马斯·艾略特,他拉开了英国现代主义文学的帷幕。
艾略特的代表作《荒原》是现代英美诗歌的里程碑,表达了西方一代人精神上的幻灭,运用各种写作方法,丰富的想象以及别具一格的表现手法,传达出第一次世界大战后西方人对世界、对现实的厌恶、普遍的失望情绪和幻灭感,表现了一代人的精神病态和精神危机,从而否定了现代西方文明。
虽然想法过于极端,但是确实引起了当时社会的普遍认可,从而获得了1948年的诺贝尔文学奖。
艾略特所代表的象征主义文学成为了英国现代主义文学的开端。
随着战后重建的慢慢推进,英国人民慢慢发现了心理对于现实的重要引导作用,“意识流”这一个生僻的字眼开始进入文学的行列。
最早提及“意识流”的人是梅·辛克莱。
她在评论陶罗赛·瑞恰生的小说《旅途》时首用“意识流”这个词汇。
最早的意识流小说是弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙的准自传体小说《到灯塔去》。
小说描述了拉姆齐一家和几名客人战前战后的一些琐碎的小事,围绕灯塔展开了一系列的叙述。
小说整体并无什么跌宕起伏的情节,只是在静静的描述,在结尾宛如“最后一片拼图”般的结尾,升华了整篇文章。
伍尔芙为意识流小说打下了基础,意识流小说的界限到现在来看仍是模糊不清的,但是詹姆斯·乔伊斯将它推到了最高点。
乔伊斯的长篇小说《尤里乌斯》是20世界英国乃至世界意识流小说的顶峰之作。
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相对于欧洲其他国家来说,英国的文艺复兴起始较晚,通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义,它主张以人为本,反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观,提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯?莫尔(Thomas More, 1478-1535)是英国最主要的早期人文主义者,他的《乌托邦》(Utopia)批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会,设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词,但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河,这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》(The New Atlantis)、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》(Gulliver's Travels)、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》(Erewhon)一直延续到20世纪的科幻小说。文艺复兴时期诗歌创作繁荣,埃德蒙?斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser, 1552-1599)的长诗《仙后》(The Faerie Queene)歌颂女王,宣扬人文主义思想。他创造的“斯宾塞诗体”每节诗有九行,韵律复杂,具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性。弗兰西斯?培根(Francis Bacon, 1561-1626)是这一时期最重要的散文家,他对文学的主要贡献是《论说文集》(Essays),共58篇。这些文章题材广泛,内容涉及哲学、宗教、政治制度以及婚姻、爱情、友谊、园艺、读书等,文笔典雅,略带古风而又明白畅达。英国戏剧起源于中世纪教堂的宗教仪式,取材于圣经故事的神秘剧和奇迹剧在14、15世纪英国舞台上占有主导地位,随后出现了以抽象概念作为剧中人物的道德剧。到了16世纪末,戏剧进入全盛时期。克里斯托弗?马洛(Christopher Marlowe, 1564-1593)冲破旧的戏剧形式的束缚,创作了一种新戏剧。《帖木儿大帝》(Tamburlaine)、《浮士德博士的悲剧》(The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus)、《马耳他岛的犹太人》(The Jew of Malta)等剧作反映了文艺复兴时期那种永无止境的探索精神和极端的个人主义精神。马洛将戏剧情节集中于一个主要角色的做法、他对人物性格的分析以及他的素体诗戏剧对白,对英国戏剧的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。
一、中世纪文学(约5世纪—1485)
英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样,不是书面的,而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传,并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展,最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶,盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁—撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中,最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf),它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事,具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说,随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国,现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的,当时,不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此,《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌,呈现出新旧生活方式的混合,兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想,体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
18世纪被称为“散文世纪”的另一个原因是小说的兴起。丹尼尔?笛福(Daniel Defoe, 1660-1731)的《鲁滨逊漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe)采用写实的手法,描写主人公在孤岛上的生活,塑造了一个资产阶级开拓者和殖民主义者形象,具有时代精神。这部小说被认为是现实主义小说的创始之作,为笛福赢得“英国小说之父”的称号。笛福的另一部长篇小说《摩尔?弗兰德斯》(Moll Flanders)叙述女主人公摩尔在英国因生活所迫沦为娼妓和小偷的经历。现实主义小说在亨利?菲尔丁(Henry Fielding, 1707-1754)的笔下得到进一步发展。他的《汤姆?琼斯》(Tom Jones)故事在乡村、路途及伦敦三个不同背景下展开,向读者展现了当时英国社会风貌的全景图。小说以代表自然本性的汤姆与代表理智、智慧的索菲娅终成眷属结尾,表达了感情要受理性节制的思想。全书共十八卷,每卷都以作者对小说艺术的讨论开始,表现出菲尔丁对小说创作的一种理论上的自觉意识。与菲尔丁同时代的塞缪尔?理查逊(Samuel Richardson, 1689-1761)采用书信体创作了《帕米拉》(Pamela)、《克拉丽莎》(Clarissa Harlowe)。他将视角投入年轻女主人公的内心深处,心理刻画淋漓尽致,令读者潸然泪下。托比亚斯?斯摩莱特(Tobias Smollett, 1721-1771)是18世纪中叶颇具特色的小说家。他的《蓝登传》(The Adventures of Roderick Random)继承欧洲流浪汉小说传统,布局松散,是一连串发展迅速、好恶交替、变化急剧的冒险经历的组合。劳伦斯?斯特恩(Lawrence Sterne, 1713-1768)的《项狄传》(The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy)打破传统小说叙述模式,写法奇特。小说各章长短不一,有的甚至是空白。书中充满长篇议论和插话,并出现乐谱、星号、省略号等。斯特恩对小说形式的实验引起20世纪俄国形式主义批评家的注意,《项狄传》被认为是“世界文学中最典型的小说”。评论家指出20世纪小说中的意识流手法可以追溯到这部奇异的小说。
三、17世纪文学
1603年伊丽莎白女王去世后,英国国王与议会矛盾日趋激烈,政局动荡。1649年1月国王查理一世被送上断头台,同年5月,英国宣布为共和国。约翰?弥尔顿(John Milton, 1608-1674)积极投入资产阶级革命,曾任共和国政府拉丁秘书,写了不少文章捍卫共和国。1660年,查理二世回国复辟,弥尔顿一度被捕入狱,在朋友帮助下才得免一死,获释回家。在双目失明的状态下,他完成了长诗《失乐园》(Paradise Lost)和《复乐园》(Paradise Regained)、诗剧《力士参孙》(Samson Agonistes)。这些作品反映了王政复辟后弥尔顿内心的痛苦以及对资产阶级革命始终不渝的态度,文体雄伟庄严。17世纪英国诗歌另外的一支是玄学派诗歌,代表诗人有约翰?邓恩(John Donne, 1572-1631)和安德鲁?马韦尔(Andrew Marvell, 1621-1678)。玄学派诗歌的特点是采用奇特的意象和别具匠心的比喻,揉细腻的感情与深邃的思辩于一体。玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪一直为世人所忽视,直到20世纪初,才从历史的尘封中重见天日,对现代主义诗风产生很大影响。王政复辟时期最受人欢迎的作家是约翰?班扬(John Bunyan, 1628-1688),他的《天路历程》(The Pilgrim's Progress)采用梦幻的形式讲述宗教寓言,但揭开梦幻的面纱,展现在读者面前的是17世纪英国社会的一幅现实主义图景。查理二世复辟后,被清教徒关闭的剧院重新开放,英国戏剧获得新生。这一时期出现的风俗喜剧是当时戏剧的最高成就,威廉?康格里夫(William Congreve, 1670-1729)的《以爱还爱》(Love for Love)、《如此世道》(The Way of the World)等剧作是风俗喜剧的代表作品。17世纪下半叶,约翰?德莱顿(John Dryden, 1631-1700)驰骋文坛,集桂冠诗人、散文家、剧作家于一身。德莱顿关于戏剧创作和舞台艺术的论述构成英国戏剧史上第一组有分量的戏剧评论,他那简洁明朗的散文文体影响了18世纪许多作家的文风。
英国文学概述 -王守仁
英国文学概述
英国文学源远流长,经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中,文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响,文学内部遵循自身规律,历经盎格鲁—撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。
四、启蒙时期文学(17世纪后期—18世纪中期)
1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝,确定了君主立宪制,建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权,英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。18世纪初,新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性,强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅,追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。亚历山大?蒲柏(Alexander Pope, 1688-1744)是新古典主义诗歌的代表,他模仿罗马诗人,诗风精巧隽俏,内容以说教与讽刺为主,形式多用英雄双韵体,但缺乏深厚感情。18世纪英国散文出现繁荣,散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。理查德?斯梯尔(Richard Steele, 1672-1729)与约瑟夫?艾迪生(Joseph Addison, 1672-1719)创办《闲谈者》(Tatler)与《观察者》(Spectator)刊物,发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章,他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。乔纳森?斯威夫特(Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745)是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家,他的文风纯朴平易而有力。斯威夫特的杰作《格列佛游记》(Gulliver's Travels)是一部极具魅力的儿童故事,同时包含着深刻的思想内容。作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写,以理性为尺度,极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。塞缪尔?约翰逊(Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784)是18世纪英国人文主义文学批评的巨擘,《莎士比亚戏剧集序言》(The Preface to Shakespeare)和《诗人传》(Lives of the Poets)是他对文学批评作出的突出贡献。他从常识出发,在某些方面突破了新古典主义的框框,不乏真知灼见。约翰逊的散文风格自成一家,集拉丁散文的典雅、气势与英语散文的雄健、朴素于一体。约翰逊在英语词典编纂史上占有独特地位,他克服重重困难,一人独自编纂《英语词典》(A ry of the English Language),历时七年得以完成,这是英语史上第一部也是随后一百年间英国唯一的标准辞书。约翰逊青史留名,也得益于詹姆斯?鲍斯韦尔(James Boswell, 1740-1795)为他写的传记《约翰逊传》(The Life of Samuel Johson),该书逼真地再现了约翰逊的神态容貌及人格力量,标志着现代传记的开端。