Chapter 12 computer

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计算机专业英语chapter

12-2 ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA
Abbreviations : MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) 乐器数字接口
12-2 ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA
We break the word multimedia into its component parts, we get multi -meaning more than one ,and media-meaning form of communication. Those types of media include: . Text . Audio Sound . Static Graphics Images . Animation . Full-Motion Video 如果我们把multimedia这个词分开，我们便得到multi——多，和media——媒体。媒体类型包括： · 文本 · 声音 · 静态图像 · 动画 · 动态视频 Logical Structures. Identifying these logical relationships is a job of the data administrator. A data definition language is used for this purpose. The DBMS may then employ one of the following logical structuring techniques during storage access, and retrieval operations [1]: 逻辑结构。确定这些逻辑关系是数据管理者的任务，由数据定义语言完成。DBMS在存储、访问和检索操作过程中可选用以下逻辑构造技术:

CHAPTER 12 ANALYSING CAUSES AND EFFECTS

CHAPTER 12 ANALYSING CAUSES AND EFFECTSMost situations, events, and actions have causes and effects. For example, when you explain why something happened, or why you made a certain decision, you are describing the causes or reasons. On the other hand, when you explain the results of something that happened, or the results of a decision you made, you are describing the effects. In this chapter, you will learn how to write about causes and effects of a situation.Read the paragraph. Circle the topic sentence. Underline the three main reasons the student gives for taking a year off from college.I’ve decided to take a year off from college for several reasons. First of all, I need to work for a while because the tuition has gone up. Paying the tuition and living in the dorm is very expensive. I know I can save money by living at home and working. In addition, I need time away from school to think about my major. Since I’m not really sure what career path I want to pursue, I don’t want to waste time and money taking the wrong courses. Most importantly, I just need a break from the stress of school. I was feeling a lot of pressure to get high grades and excel at everything at school. I was also getting headaches and stomachaches due to the stress. I haven’t made my decision lightly, but I hope it is the right one.SIGNAL WORDS OF CAUSEEnglish has special sentence patterns and signal words to express causes.WRITING TOPIC SENTENCES FOR PARAGRAPHS ABOUT CAUSESWhen you write a paragraph about causes, your topic sentence should include the situation (decision, event, etc.) and the number of causes. You can use expressions such as several reasons, three main causes, two major reasons, etc.Here are some examples of topic sentences for paragraphs about causes.● I decided to move to New York for several reasons.● The economy is doing well for three main reasons.● There are several causes of diabetes in adults.Write topic sentences for the following paragraphs.1.Some peoplemove because they want to find better jobs or to advance their careers. Others are attracted to new places because the weather is better. Still others want to move to a place with less crime.Finally, people often want to move to a place with a lower cost of living. For these reasons, every year millions of people pack up and move to new places.2.One reason somany American children are overweight is that they eat too much junk food that is high in calories, sugar, and fat. Another reason is that many children do not get enough exercise.Because they spend so much time sitting in front of the television set or playing computer games, they do not move around very much. Genetics is another reason that children become overweight. Children whose parents or brothers or sisters are overweight may be at an increased risk of becoming overweight themselves.3.First of all, oursoccer team had great coach. He inspired us to play our best and gave us a lot of helpful advice. Another reason we won the tournament was due to our loyal fans. They came to all of our games and cheered us on. Without their support we probably wouldn’t have won. Most importantly, we owe our success to our team spirit. Because we worked and practiced hard asa team, we were able to achieve our goal and win the tournament.4.One reason isthat the English spelling system is very irregular. Many words sound the same but are spelled differently. For example, hear and here sound the same but are spelled differently. In addition, many of the grammar rules are complicated. For every rule it seems that there are two exceptions. Finally, English is difficult to master because it has so many idioms. In fact, native speakers commonly use more than 8,000 idioms!WRITING PARAGRAPHS ABOUT CAUSESWriting Exercise 3PrewritingSituation: You are a business administration student. You have been asked to analyze the following case with a group of students.B. Discuss this case in your group. Why do you think the business failed? Make a list of at least four causes. You will add more later.WRITING ABOUT EFFECTSRead the paragraph. Underline the topic sentence and answer the questions that follow.Taking a salsa dance class has had many positive effects on my life. One of the first things I noticed was the physical effect. As a result of taking this class, I am in much better shape. For example, my posture and coordination are better. Salsa dancing requires a lot of physical energy and burns a lot of calories, so I’ve lost several pounds. Another effect is that I have more self-confidence. Consequently, my social skills have improved and I’ve become more outgoing. Finally, I’ve met a lot of great people taking salsa classes. This leads to the biggest effect on my life. I’m engaged to marry a great guy that I met in the class!1.What effects does the author give?2.What was the biggest effect?SIGNAL WORDS THAT INTRODUCE EFFECTSWRITING TOPIC SENTENCES FOR PARAGRAPHS ABOUT EFFECTSThe topic sentence for a paragraph about effects should state the situation, decision, and event and indicate that you will be discussing its effects. Here are some examples of topic sentences for paragraphs about effects.● Computers have had several important effects on society.● There are a number of consequences of global warming.● The birth of my twins has had several effects on my life.● The flood caused several problems in our town.Write topic sentences for the following paragraphs.1. For onething, there was so much snow that it was dangerous to drive. Most of the side streets were impassible, and several main roads had to be closed. Even the mail was delayed. Students had the day off because all the schools in the area were closed. Many stores and businesses were closed as well. Finally, the snowstorm cost the city a lot of money to remove the snow and plow the roads.2. First ofall, running on a regular basis benefits your body. For example, it can increase the efficiency of your heart and lungs. Running also helps the body develop greater physical endurance. It enables your body to become more mechanically efficient and can improve your physical coordination. Finally, running has psychological benefits. It can improve your mood and lower your stress level.3. Some studiesshow that listening to music can increase a child’s verbal and emotional intelligence. It can also improve concentration and stimulate creative thinking. Some scientists think music can even improve children’s memory. Finally, music can relax children and make them feel more comfortable. Overall, it seems that music is beneficial to children’s learning and sense of well-being.The following paragraphs each contain one sentence that is irrelevant. Cross out that sentence and explain to a partner why it does not belong.1.There are several reasons why many American women are waiting until they are thirty yearsold or older to have their first baby. Some women have good jobs and want to continue their careers. Many American couples have two children. Other women don’t want the responsibility of having children until they are older. Still others are waiting until they arefinally secure before they start a family. Increased personal and professional opportunities for women often result in delaying motherhood.2.Watching television can have several positive effects on students learning English. Oneeffect is that students can improve their pronunciation by listening to the people talking on television. Many commercials are too long and interrupt interesting shows. In addition, students see how native speakers interact while they are talking. As a result, they can observe the gestures and natural body language that are part of communication. Most importantly, because the people on TV use so many idioms, students will hear them used in context. This will help students better understand the meanings of idioms.3.The introduction of affordable automobiles had several effects on society. First of all,automobiles created a more mobile society. Cars made it possible for people to move out of the cities and into the suburbs. Automobiles also affected the growth of new businesses. Gas stations, auto repair shops, and roadside restaurants became necessary. Railroads had a great effect on society, too. In addition, new roads were built as a result of the increase in the number of cars. All of these changes meant that the automobile transformed the lifestyle of millions of people.Writing Exercise 2PrewritingDiscuss this information with a partner.Drinking a moderate amount of caffeine probably won’t cause you any harm. But drinking too much caffeine can have negative effects on your health. Heavy caffeine use is more than 500 to 600 mg a day (four to seven cups of coffee). Here are some of the effects of too much caffeine.● insomnia ● fast or irregular heartbeat● nervousness, anxiety ● muscle tremors● nausea or other gastrointestinal problems ● headachesWritingUse the list to write the first draft of a paragraph about the effects of too much caffeine on the human body. Begin with a topic sentence.RevisingA. Read your paragraph and look for ways to improve it. Use the Revising Checklist on page 66 to help you.B. Check for errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. After you revise your paragraph, copy the final draft on a separate piece of paper.Writing Exercise 4PrewritingA. Read the information.list of all the possible effects you can think of.Positive Effects Negative EffectsWritingChoose one of the following groups.1.You are part of a group of conservative residents that doesn’t want Acton to change. On aseparate piece of paper, write a paragraph predicting the negative effects the factory will have on the town.2.You are a member of a group of progressive residents that is open to changes in yourcommunity. On a separate piece of paper, write a paragraph predicting the positive effects the new factory will have on the town.Revising。

ComputerScienceAnOverviewPPT Chap 1312_ak

Figure 12.1 An attempt to display the function that converts measurements in yards into meters
Computation and Functions
• Computing a function: Determining the output value associated with a given set of input values
• Used as a tool for studying the power of algorithmic processes
Figure 12.2 The components of a Turing machine
Turing Machine Operation
• Inputs at each step – State – Value at current tape position
• Any language with which a solution to any computable function can be expressed – most popular programming languages – The “Bare Bones” language
The Bare Bones Language
clear Aux clear Tomorrow while Today not 0:
incr Aux decr Today while Aux not 0: incr Today incr Tomorrow decr Aux
A Noncomputable Function
• The Halting Problem: Given the encoded version of any program, return 1 if the program is self-terminating, or 0 if the program is not.

COA课件12(1)

Page 420(441)
• May require memory access to fetch operands • Indirect addressing requires more memory accesses • Can be thought of as additional instruction subcycle
Page 418 3. Example Register Organizations (439)
通用
专用
专用
32bits
PC
16bits
※§12.3 Instruction Cycle
Page 420(440)
1.instruction cycle • An instruction cycle includes the following subcycles:Chapter 3
executing in supervisor or user mode
Other Registers
• May have registers pointing to:
—Process control blocks (see O/S) 进程控制块 —Interrupt Vectors (see O/S) 中断向量
CPU With Systems Bus
Page 413(434)
CPU
CPU Internal Structure
Page 414(435)
状态标志
移位器
求补器算术布尔逻辑
§12.2 Registers Organization Page 414(435)
• CPU must have some working space (temporary storage) • Called registers • Number and function vary between processor designs Chapter10 • One of the major design instruction decisions • Top level of memory hierarchy(Chapter4) —Registers in the top

计算机结构英文 PPT 教案 PART 1 第一部分

Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 7
Levels of Program Code

High-level language

Level of abstraction closer to problem domain Provides for productivity and portability

Байду номын сангаас

Input/output includes

Display, keyboard, mouse Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash For communicating with other computers

Storage devices

Network adapters

Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 9
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 18
Technology Trends

Electronics technology continues to evolve

Increased capacity and performance Reduced cost

Hardware representation

§1.3 Under the Covers
Components of a Computer
The BIG Picture

Same components for all kinds of computer

【英文版】计算机科学概论- Chap12

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6
Turing Machine Operation
▪ Inputs at each step
• State • Value at current tape position
▪ Actions at each step
• Write a value at current tape position • Move read/write head • Change state
An Introduction to Computer Science
计算机科学引论
XIANG， Hui 向辉 Shandong University
Chapter 12: Theory of Computation
▪ 12.1 Functions and Their Computation ▪ 12.2 Turing Machines ▪ 12.3 Universal Programming Languages ▪ 12.4 A Noncomputable Function ▪ 12.5 Complexity of Problems ▪ 12.6 Public-Key Cryptography
• Unless otherwise noted, “complexity” means “time complexity.”
▪ A problem is in class O(f(n)) if it can be solved by an algorithm in Q(f(n)).
▪ A problem is in class Q(f(n)) if the best algorithm to solve it is in class Q(f(n)).
.

计算机专业英语目录

目录Chapter1 Computer Fundamentals (1)1.1 Four Kinds of Computers (1)1.1.1 Reading Material (4)1.1.2 正文参考译文 (6)1.2 Computer Hardware (7)1.2.1 Reading Material 1 (12)1.2.2 Reading Material 2 (13)1.2.3 正文参考译文 (14)1.3 System Software (16)1.3.1 Reading Material 1 (20)1.3.2 Reading Material 2 (21)1.3.3 正文参考译文 (22)1.4 Application Software (24)1.4.1 Reading Material (28)1.4.2 正文参考译文 (29)Chapter 2 Computer Network (31)2.1 Introduction to Computer Network (31)2.1.1 Reading Material 1 (35)2.1.2 Reading Material 2 (37)2.1.3 正文参考译文 (38)2.2 Data Communications Channels (39)2.2.1 Reading Material (43)2.2.2 正文参考译文 (45)2.3 Main FactorsAffecting Data Transmission (46)2.3.1 Reading Material (50)2.3.2 正文参考译文 (53)2.4 Network Architecture (54)2.4.1 Reading Material (59)2.4.2 正文参考译文 (60)Chapter 3 Internet andE-commerce (62)3.1 Browsers and Communications (62)3.1.1 Reading Material 1 (67)3.1.2 Reading Material 2 (69)3.1.3 正文参考译文 (70)3.2 Search Tools (72)3.2.1 Reading Material 1 (76)3.2.2 Reading Material 2 (81)3.2.3 正文参考译文 (83)3.3 Definitions and Contentof the Electronic Commerce (84)3.3.1 Reading Material 1 (88)3.3.2 Reading Material 2 (93)3.3.3 正文参考译文 (93)3.4 Value Chains in E-commerce (95)3.4.1 Reading Material 1 (99)3.4.2 Reading Material 2 (101)3.4.3 正文参考译文 (102)Chapter 4 Database Fundamentals (104)4.1 Introduction to DBMS (104)4.1.1 Reading Material (109)4.1.2 正文参考译文 (111)4.2 Structure of the Relational Database (113)4.2.1 Reading Material (120)4.2.2 正文参考译文 (122)4.3 Brief Introduction of SQl (126)4.3.1 Reading Material (132)4.3.2 正文参考译文 (133)4.4 Applications of Database (137)4.4.1 Reading Material (140)4.4.2 正文参考译文 (142)Chapter 5 Programming Language (144)5.1 Algorithms and Flowcharts (144)5.1.1 Reading Material 1 (147)5.1.2 Reading Material 2 (148)5.1.3 正文参考译文 (151)计算机专业英语教程VIII5.2 Introduction ofProgramming Languages (152)5.2.1 Reading Material 1 (157)5.2.2 Reading Material 2 (158)5.2.3 正文参考译文 (159)5.3 Object-Oriented Programming (161)5.3.1 Reading Material 1 (164)5.3.2 Reading Material 2 (167)5.3.3 正文参考译文 (169)5.4 Program Debuggingand Program Maintenance (170)5.4.1 Reading Material (174)5.4.2 正文参考译文 (177)Chapter 6 Information Security (179)6.1 Concept of Information Security (179)6.1.1 Reading Material 1 (182)6.1.2 Reading Material 2 (184)6.1.3 正文参考译文 (186)6.2 Computer Viruses (187)6.2.1 Reading Material 1 (192)6.2.2 Reading Material 2 (193)6.2.3 正文参考译文 (194)6.3 Internet Security (195)6.3.1 Reading Material 1 (199)6.3.2 Reading Material 2 (200)6.3.3 正文参考译文 (201)6.4 Secure Networks and Policies (202)6.4.1 Reading Material 1 (205)6.4.2 Reading Material 2 (206)6.4.3 正文参考译文 (208)Chapter 7 Image Processing (209)7.1 Concept of Graphics and Images (209)7.1.1 Reading Material 1 (212)7.1.2 Reading Material 2 (214)7.1.3 正文参考译文 (215)7.2 Introduction to DigitalImage Processing (215)7.2.1 Reading Material 1 (220)7.2.2 Reading Material 2 (222)7.2.3 正文参考译文 (223)7.3 Image Compression (224)7.3.1 Reading Material (227)7.3.2 正文参考译文 (230)7.4 Application of DigitalImage Processing (231)7.4.1 Reading Material 1 (236)7.4.2 Reading Material 2 (237)7.4.3 正文参考译文 (238)参考文献 (239)。

Chapter 12 Paraphrase

Chapter 12 Paraphrase1.He’s not available now.He’s not free now.2.Sorry, there’s no computer available now.Sorry, there’s no computer that you can use now.3.The soldiers will defend their country at all costs.The soldiers will do everything possible to defend their country.4.Jenny made a detailed description of her project.Jenny described her project in detail.5.Mary is hunting for a job at a career fair.Mary is searching for a job at a career fair.Mary is looking for a job at a career fail.6.Amy noted the things in the store.Amy wrote down the things in the store.7.We need to wear uniforms on weekdays.We are required to wear uniforms on weekdays.8.I’m happy that you have won the match.I’m happy for your winning the match.9.The dress isn’t too big or too small.The dress is neither too big n or too small.10.Mark gave a clear explanation of his project.Mark explained his project clearly.11.Cathy made a speech confidently.Cathy made a speech with confidence.12.His father is an engineer.His father works as an engineer.13.The students answered the questions in turn.The students took turns to answer the questions.14.They gave a report according to the survey they made.They gave a report based on the survey they made.Their report was based on the survey they made.15.People like to stop in this supermarket because everything necessary is availablehere.People like to stop in this supermarket because they can get everything they need here.16.The teacher was pleased with my papers.The teacher was satisfied with my papers.17.He recommends the job because it’s suitable for you.He recommends the job because it suits you.18.Amy made a good impression on the interviewers.Amy gave the interviewers a good impression.19.The kids went on talking loudly though the teacher became angry.The teacher became angry, but the kids continued talking loudly.20.Can you tell me why you are late again?Can you tell me the reason for being late again?21.My boss will return your call as soon as he comes back.My boss will call you back as soon as he comes back.22.I don’t think he is strong enough to carry the box.I don’t think he has enough strength to carry the box.23.Ken was unprepared for the exams.Ken didn’t prepare for the exams.Ken wasn’t ready for the exams.24.As a result of his laziness, he failed the exam again.Because of his laziness, he failed the exam again.He was lazy, so he failed the exam again.Because he was lazy, he failed the exam again.25.He had trouble remembering all the words.He had difficulty remembering all the words.。

计算机专业英语教程(完整版)

8
1.1 The Invention of the Computer
1.1.1 The ENIAC Perhaps the most influential of the early computerlike devices was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC. It was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania. The project began in 1943 and was completed in 1946. The machine was huge; it weighed 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes. 也许早期最具影响力的类似计算机的装置应该是电子数字积分计算机，或简称ENIAC。它是由宾夕凡尼亚大学的J. Presper Eckert 和John Mauchly 研制的。该工程于1943年开始，并于1946年完成。这台机器极其庞大，重达30吨，而且包含18,000多个真空管。
❖ This book is very important to us
3
Key points: useful terms and definitions
of computers Difficult points:
describing the features of computers of each generation
known as 通常所说的，以……著称
Abbreviations:
ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 电子数字积分计算机，ENIAC计算机 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) 延迟存储电子自动计算机 BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) 二进制自动计算机 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 通用自动计算机

计算机介绍英文版PPT课件

What is a floppy disk?
➢ Thin, circular, flexible disk enclosed in rigid plastic shell
➢ A USB flash drive is portable, and has much greater storage capacity
➢ Housed inside the system unit
p. 9 Fig. 1-6
.
Next
15
The Components of a Computer
What is a compact disc?
➢ Flat, round, portable metal disc
▪ CD-ROM ▪ CD-RW ▪ DVD-ROM ▪ DVD+RW
Accepts data
Raw facts, figures, and symbols
Processes data into information
Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful
Produces and stores results
p. 6
p. 7 Fig. 1-3
.
Next
6
The Components of a Computer
What is an output device?
➢ Hardware that conveys information to a user
Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 1, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Output Devices below Chapter 1

计算机组成原理英文

General purpose, variety of software Subject to cost/performance tradeoff
Chapter 1 — Computer Abstractions and Technology — 9
Classes of Computers
Server computers
Chapter 1
Computer Abstractions and Technology
§1.1 Introduction
The Computer Revolution
Progress in computer technology
Underpinned by Moore’s Law
What is Moore’s Law ???
Moore's law describes a long-term trend in the history of computing hardware.
The quantity of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit has doubled approximately every two years.
Assembly language
Textual representation of instructions
Hardware representation
§1.1 Introduction
The Computer Revolution
Makes novel applications feasible
Human genome project World Wide Web Search Engines

计算机概念-英文

3 Computer Concepts 8th Edition Parsons/Oja
Chapter
Section A
Computer Basics
1
How old is the word “computer”? Since 1646 Has been part of the English language A person who performs calculations Prior to 1940 Calculators and tabulators In the 1940’s Morden definition and use
Computer, Internet, Web, and E-Mail Basics
2 Computer Concepts 8th Edition Parsons/Oja
Chapter 1 Outline
Section A Computer Basics Section B Internet Basics Section C Web Basics Section D E-Mail Basics
18 Computer Concepts 8th Edition Parsons/Oja Page 7
Chapter
Section A
Computer Basics
1
Does the term “workstation” have more than one meaning? LAN (local area network) (局域网) is simply a computer network that is located within a limited geographical area ( in an Office, Home, Building, Campus etc.) Network & LAN will be discussed in details in Ch5

Artificial Intelligence and Modeling the Human State

The Computer Continuum
12-2
What is Intelligence: Artificial or Not?

Attempts to understand intelligence:
• Plato (400 BC) - This Greek philosopher believed that ethereal spirits were rained down from heaven and entered the body. • Aristotle (Plato’s student) - The heart must contain the soul and the brain’s function was to cool the blood. • Galen - Treated fallen gladiators with spinal cord injuries. Noted that feeling lost in certain limbs sometimes came back. • Galvani - Used Benjamin Franklin’s findings about static electricity to show that static electricity stimulated the nerves causing a frog to jump. • Subsequently - Human nervous system found to be a complex network of billions of neurons.
The Computer Continuum 12-3
What is Intelligence: Artificial or Not?

计算机专业英语词汇表

Content(Key words & terms for chapter 1) 2(Key words & terms for chapter 2) 4(Key words & terms for chapter 3) 6(Key words & terms for chapter 4) 8(Key words & terms for chapter 5) 10(Key words & terms for chapter 6) 12(Key words & terms for chapter 7) 14(Key words & terms for chapter 8) 17(Key words & terms for chapter 1)application software: 应用软件basic application: 基本应用软件communication device: 通讯设备compact disc（CD）: 紧凑格式盘computer competency: 计算机技能connectivity: 连通, 连通性data: 数据database file: 数据库文件desktop computer: 台式计算机device driver: 设备驱动程序digital versatile (video) disc: DVD, 数字式通用盘document file: 文档文件end user: 终端用户floppy disk: 软盘handheld computer: 手提电脑hard disk: 硬盘hardware: 硬件information: 信息information system: 信息系统information technology: IT, 信息技术input device: 输入设备Internet: 互联网keyboard: 键盘mainframe computer: 大型机memory: 内存microcomputer: 微型计算机microprocessor: 微处理器midrange computer: 中型机minicomputer: 小型机modem (modulator & demodulator): 调制解调器monitor: 监视器mouse: 鼠标network: 网络notebook computer: 笔记本电脑operating system (OS): 操作系统optical disk: 光盘output device: 输出设备palm computer: 掌上电脑personal digital assistant(PDA): 个人数字化助理presentation file: 演示文稿primary storage: 主存printer: 打印机procedures: 过程/用户文档program: 程序random access memory(RAM): 可读写内存/随机存储器secondary storage: 辅助存储器service program: 服务程序software: 软件special-purpose application: 专用应用软件supercomputer: 超级计算机system software: 系统软件system unit: 系统单元tablet PC: 带手写板的笔记本电脑utility: 工具软件Web: 网wireless revolution: 无线（通讯）革命(Key words & terms for chapter 2)address: 地址Advance Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET): 高级研究项目代理网络applets: Java程序attachment: 附件auction house site: 拍卖网站browser: 浏览器business-to-business (B2B): 商家对商家business-to-consumer (B2C): 商家对消费者cable: 电缆carder: 信用卡盗用者Center for European Nuclear Research (CERN): 欧洲核能源研究中心computer virus: 计算机病毒consumer-to-consumer (C2C): 消费者对消费者dial-up: 拨号digital cash: 电子货币directory search: 目录搜索domain name: 域名downloading: 下载DSL: 美国网络公司e-commerce:电子商务e-learning: 网络学习electronic commerce: 电子商务electronic mail: 电子邮件e-mail: 电子邮件file transfer protocol (FTP): 文件传输协议filter: 过滤器friend: 好友header: 邮件头hit: 点击Hyperlink: 超文本链接Hypertext Markup language (HTML): 超文本标记语言instant messaging (IM): 即时消息Internet: 互联网Internet security suite: 网络安全包Internet Service Provider (ISP) : 网络服务供应商Java: 一种高级语言keyword search: 关键词搜索link: 链接location: 位置（地址）message: 消息metasearch engine: 元搜索引擎national service provider: 国家网络服务中心online: 在线online banking: 网络银行online shopping: 网络购物online stock trading: 网上股票交易person-to-person auction site: 个人对个人拍卖网站plug-in: 插件protocol: 协议search engine: 搜索引擎search service: 搜索服务signature line: 落款social networking: 社会网络spam: 垃圾邮件spam blocker：垃圾邮件拦截器specialized search engine: 专用搜索引擎spider: 代理程序subject: 主题surf: （网上）冲浪top-level domain: 顶层域名Uniform resource locator (URL): 统一资源定位universal instant messenger：通用即时消息软件uploading: 上载Web: 万维网Web auction: 网上拍卖Web-based application：网络应用软件Web-based services：Web 服务Web master：网管Web page: 网页Web utility: 网络工具wireless modem: 无线modemwireless service provider: 无线网络服务中心(Key words & terms for chapter 3)analytical graph: 分析图application software: 应用软件AutoContent wizard: 内容提示向导basic application: 通用软件bulleted list: 带标注段落business suite: 商用套件button:按钮cell: 单元格character effect: 文字效果chart: 图表column:列，栏computer trainer：计算机培训师contextual tab: 文本标签database:数据库database management system (DBMS):数据库管理系统database manager:数据库管理系统design template：设计模板dialog box:对话框document:文本editing:编辑field:域find and replace:查找替换font:字体font size:字号form:表format:格式formula:公式function:函数galleries：图片库grammar checker:语法检查器graphical user interface (GUI):图形用户界面home software:家用版软件home suite:家用套件icons:图标integrated package:集成软件包label:标签master slide:主幻灯片menu:菜单menu bar:菜单栏numbered list:编号序列numeric entry:数字栏personal software:个人版软件personal suite:个人套件pointer:指针presentation graphic:演示图形productivity suite:商用套件query:查询range:一组连续的单元格recalculation:再计算record:记录relational database:关系数据库report:报表ribbons：ribbon 功能区row:行sheet:工作表slide:幻灯片software suite:套装软件sort:排序specialized applications:专用软件specialized suite:专用软件套件speech recognition：语音识别spelling checker:拼写检查器spread sheet:电子表格system software:系统软件table:表格text entry:文本栏thesaurus:辞典toolbar:工具栏user interface:用户界面utility suite:工具套件what-if analysis：推测分析window:窗口word processor:文字处理器word wrap:文字回环/自动换行workbook file:工作表文件worksheet:工作表，电子表格(Key words & terms for chapter 4) animation: 动画artificial intelligence：人工智能artificial reality：虚拟现实audio editing software：声音编辑软件bitmap image：位图图像blog：博客button：按钮clip art：剪贴画desktop publisher：桌面排版软件desktop publishing program：桌面排版软件drawing program：绘画软件expert systems：专家系统flash：动画制作软件fuzzy logic：模糊逻辑graphical map：网页设计结构图graphics suite：图形包HTML editor：HTML编辑软件illustration program: 绘图软件image editors：图像编辑软件image gallery：图像收藏immersive experience：沉浸式体验industrial robot：工业机器人interactivity：交互性knowledge base：知识库knowledge-based system：知识系统link：链接mobile robot：移动机器人Morphing：图像渐变效果multimedia：多媒体multimedia authoring program：多媒体制作软件page layout program: 排版软件perception system robot：感知系统机器人photo editors：照片编辑器pixel：象素raster image：光栅图像robot：机器人robotics：机器人学stock photographs：库存图片story board：网页设计脚本vector ：向量/矢量vector illustration：矢量插画vector image：矢量图video editing software：视频编辑软件virtual environment：虚拟环境virtual reality：虚拟现实virtual reality modeling language (VRML)：虚拟现实建模语言virtual reality wall：虚拟现实墙VR：虚拟现实Web authoring：网页制作Web authoring programs：网页制作软件Web page editor：网页编辑软件(Key words & terms for chapter 5)Add Printer Wizard: 打印机添加程序antivirus utility :防病毒工具backup:备份backup program:备份软件Boot Camp：BC 软件（使苹果机可使用Windows系统）booting:启动cold boot:冷启动computer support specialist：计算机系统维护专家Dashboard Widgets：苹果机软件包desktop:台式机desktop operating system :桌面操作系统device driver:设备驱动程序diagnostic utility:诊断工具dialog box:对话框Disk cleanup:磁盘清理Disk defragmenter:磁盘碎片整理工具embedded operating system:嵌入式操作系统file:文件file compression program:文件压缩工具folder:文件夹fragmented:碎化graphical user interface (GUI):图形用户界面Help:帮助icon:图标language translator:翻译程序Leopard：苹果机软件LinuxMac OSMac OS Xmenu:菜单multitasking:多任务network operating system (NOS) : 网络操作系统network server:网络服务器One Button Checkup:一种系统工具软件operating system:操作系统platform:平台pointer:指针sectors:扇区software environment:软件环境Spotlight：苹果机软件stand-alone operating system:个人操作系统system software:系统软件tracks:磁道troubleshooting program:故障诊断软件uninstall utility:卸载工具UNIX:一种网络操作系统user interface:用户界面utility:工具软件utility suite:工具软件包virus：病毒warm boot:热启动window:窗口WindowsWindows Add Printer Wizard: Windows打印机添加程序Windows Update: Windows升级程序Windows XP(Key words & terms for chapter 6)AC adapter:交流适配器accelerated graphics port (AGP):加速图形端口analog:模拟信号Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):算术逻辑单元arithmetic operation:算术运算ASCII:一种八位键盘符号编码binary coding scheme:二进制编码方案binary system:二进制系统bit:二进制位bus:总线bus line:总线bus width:总线宽度byte:字节cable:电缆cache memory:高速缓冲存储器carrier package:载体Central Processing Unit(CPU):中央处理器chip:芯片clock speed:时钟速度complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS):互补金属氧化半导体computer technician：计算机技术人员control unit:控制单元coprocessor: 协处理器desktop system unit:台式机系统单元digital:数字式dial-core chip：双核芯片EBCDIC:一种八位键盘符号编码expansion bus:扩展总线expansion card:扩展卡expansion slot：扩展槽FireWire bus:火线总线FireWire port:火线端口flash memory:闪存graphics card:图形卡graphics coprocessor:图形协处理器handheld computer system unit:掌上型计算机系统单元industry standard architecture(ISA):工业标准体系结构Infrared Data Association (IrDA)：红外线传输器标准组织integrated circuit:集成电路laptop:膝上型计算机logical operation:逻辑运算memory：内存microprocessor：微处理器modem card: modem卡motherboard:主板Musical Interface Digital Interface （Music Instrument Data Interface, MIDI）:乐器数字界面network adapter card:网络适配卡network interface card (NIC):网络接口卡notebook system unit:笔记本电脑系统单元parallel port:并行端口parallel processing:并行处理PC card: PC卡PCI Express : 快速PCIperipheral component interconnect (PCI) :外围设备连接端口Personal digital assistant (PDA):个人数字化助理Plug and Play:即插即用port:端口power supply unit:供电单元processor:处理器random-access memory (RAM):可读写内存read-only memory (ROM):只读内存RFID tag：RFID 标签semiconductor:半导体serial port:串行端口silicon chip:硅芯片slot:插槽smart card:智能卡socket:插口sound card：声卡system board:系统板system bus:系统总线system cabinet:机箱system clock:系统时钟system unit:系统单元tablet PC system unit: tablet PC 系统单元TV tuner card:电视调协卡unicode:十六位字符编码universal serial bus (USB):通用串行总线universal serial bus (USB) port:通用串行总线端口virtual memory:虚拟内存word:字(Key words & terms for chapter 7)active matrix monitor:主动矩阵监视器bar code:条形码bar code reader: 条形码读码器bar code scanner:条形码扫描仪cathode ray tube monitor (CRT):阴极射线管监视器clarity:清晰度combination key:组合键cordless mouse:无线鼠标data projector:数字投影仪digital camera:数字相机digital media player: 数字媒体播放器digital music player: 数字音乐播放器digital video camera:数字摄像机display screen: 显示屏dot-matrix printer:点阵式打印机dot pitch:点距dots-per-inch (dpi):每英寸点数dual-scan monitor:整体扫描显示器dumb terminal:哑终端e-book:电子图书ergonomic keyboard: 保健键盘fax (facsimile) machine:传真机flat-panel monitor:平板显示器flatbed scanner:平板式扫描仪flexible keyboard: 便携式键盘handwriting recognition software: 手写识别软件Headphones:耳机high-definition television (HDTV):高清电视ink-jet printer:喷墨式打印机intelligent terminal:智能终端Internet telephone:网络电话Internet telephony:网络电话传输IP Telephony:网络电话传输joystick:游戏杆keyboard:键盘laser printer:激光打印机light pen:光笔liquid crystal display (LCD):液晶显示器magnetic card reader: 磁卡读卡机Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR):磁墨符号识别mechanical mouse:机械鼠标monitor:监视器mouse:鼠标mouse pointer:鼠标指针multifunction device (MFD):多功能设备network terminal:网络终端numeric keypad:数字键区optical character recognition (OCR):光学符号识别optical-mark recognition (OMR):光学标记识别optical mouse:光电鼠标optical scanner:光学扫描仪passive-matrix monitor:被动矩阵监视器PDA keyboard: PDA键盘personal laser printer:个人激光打印机photo printer:照片打印机pixel (picture element):象素pixel pitch: 象素点距platform scanner:平板扫描仪plotter:绘图仪pointing stick: 点击杆portable printer: 便携式打印机portable scanner: 便携式扫描仪printer:打印机radio frequency card reader: 无线电频卡读卡机radio frequency identification (RFID)：无线电频识别refresh rate:刷新率resolution:分辨率roller ball:滚动球shared laser printer: 共享式激光打印机speakers:扬声器stylus: 尖笔（用于输入）technical writer: 技术文档制作者telephony:电话学，电话传输terminal:终端thermal printer:热感式打印机thin client:网络终端thin film transistor monitor (TFT):主动矩阵显示器toggle key:触发键touch pad:触摸板touch screen:触摸屏trackball:轨迹球traditional keyboard: 传统键盘Universal Product Code (UPC):通用产品代码voice-over IP (VoIP):网络电话传输voice recognition system:语音识别系统wand reader:条形码识别器WebCam:网络摄像机wheel button: （鼠标）滚轮wireless mouse:无线鼠标(Key words & terms for chapter 8)access speed: 读写速度Blu-Ray (BR): 蓝光capacity: 容量CD (compact disc): 紧凑格式盘CD-R (CD-recordable): 可写CD（一次）CD-ROM (compact disc-read only memory): 只读CDCD-ROM jukebox: CD-ROM光盘库CD-RW (compact disc rewritable): 可擦写CD（多次）cylinder: 柱面density: 密度direct access: 直接读写disk caching: 磁盘高速缓冲DVD (digital versatile disc or digital video disc): 数字式通用盘DVD player: DVD播放器DVD-R or DVD+R (DVD recordable): 一次性刻录格式DVD-RAM (DVD-random-access memory):可读写DVDDVD-ROM (digital versatile disc-read only memory): 只读DVD DVD-RW or DVD+RW (DVD rewritable): 可擦写DVD enterprise storage system: 大型存储系统Erasable optical disk: 可擦写光盘file compression: 文件压缩file decompression: 文件解压file server: 文件服务器flash memory card: 闪存卡floppy disk: 软盘floppy disk cartridge: 大容量软盘floppy disk drive (FDD): 软盘驱动器hard disk: 硬盘hard-disk cartridge: 移动式硬盘hard-disk pack: 硬盘盘组HD DVD (high-definition DVD): 高清DVDhead crash: 读写头损坏hi def (high definition): 高清internal hard disk: 内置式硬盘Internet hard drive:在线存储器label: 标签land: 平面magnetic tape: 磁带magnetic tape reel: 磁带卷magnetic tape streamer: 流式磁带mass storage: 海量存储mass storage devices: 海量存储设备media: 介质optical disk: 光盘optical disk drive: 光盘驱动器organizational Internet storage: 高速网络存储PC Card hard disk: PC卡式硬盘pit: 光盘凹陷处primary storage: 主存RAID system: 冗余阵列盘系统redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID): 冗余阵列盘secondary storage: 辅助存储器secondary storage device: 辅助存储设备sector: 扇区sequential access: 顺序读写shutter: 磁盘读写口software engineer: 软件工程师solid-state storage: 固态存储器storage devices: 存储设备tape cartridge: 磁带盒tape library：磁带库track: 磁道USB drive: USB驱动器write-protection notch: 写保护口。

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n2 n2 x2 n 2 n1 n1
n1V1 V1 n2 RT RT
12
n1V1 V1 n2 RT RT
Equation above mentioned shoes that osmotic pressure experiments provide a means of measuring the number of solute particles and molecular weight in a solution. It is sufficient to note that even high molecular weight solutes produce appreciable osmotic pressure.
n i M i M n i
Therefore, the average molecular weight determined from osmometry is the number average molecular weight.
21
§3.4 Statistical foundation of solution thermodynamics
Chapter 3 Solution Thermodynamics: Osmotic and Donnan Equilibria
§3.1 Introduction
1. Osmotic pressure and Donnan equilibria
(1) Osmotic pressure
A solution separated from the pure solvent by a membrane permeable only to the solvent (semipermeable membrane).
0 i
10
For gas
Fig. 3.2
11
For ideal two-component solutions, we can made:
V1 x2 RT
Partial volume of solvent
Since real solutions tend toward ideality as the solute concentration decreases.
1 int ercept ( ) c 0 RT c M2
1 B' V1 slope B 2 M2 2
18
§3.3 Osmometry: Some application
1. Experimental considerations (1) Selecting a suitable solvent and membrane to produce an adequate pressure. (2) It is important that the materials be free of contaminants in osmotic pressure experiments. Impurity may be retained by the membrane.
6
3. Focus of this chapter (1) Osmotic pressure (2) The thermodynamic behaviors of solution (3) Donnan equilibria (4) Applications of osmotic pressure
osmotic pressure
2
(2) Donnan Equilibria If the membrane is permeable to the solvent and small ions but not to a macroion such as a poly-electrolyte or charged colloidal particles that may be present in a solution. The poly-electrolyte, prevented from moving to the other side, perturbs the concentration distributions of the small ions and gives rise to an ionic equilibrium. The resulting equilibrium is known as the Donnan Equilibrium.
14
The behavior of real gas may be written as a power series in one of the following forms for n moles of gas:
PV 1 Bp Cp 2 ... nRT V1 1 A' x 2 B' x 2 2 ... RT 2
1
The pure solvent would flow through the membrane in an attempt to equalize the concentration difference. The pressure necessary to stop this flow is known as the osmotic pressure.
In solution, the interactions (solventsolvent, solute-solvent, solute-solute) may be considered. 1. Excluded-volume effect The center of a spherical particle cannot approach the wall of a pore any closer than a distance equal to its radius.
i RT ln a i lin ri 1 a i ci i c 0
0 i
i RT ln a i 0 a i pi / pi 3. Osmotic equilibrium Semipermeable membrane is permeable to the solvent and impermeable to the solute.
3
M+ XPz- zM+ M () M () X () ()
Donnan equilibrium
4
(3) Permeable condition A. membrane permeable B. There is a concentration between the sides of membrane permeable. (4) Reasons of osmotic and Donnan Equilibria The chemical potentials of ions don’t equal each other between the sides of membrane permeable.
1 Bc ... RT c M 2
1 int ercept ( ) c 0 RT c M2
20
4. Osmometry and polydispersity of molecule weight
cRT M
From the results in P118-119, we can made:
We can made
V1 V1 1 V1 2 2 c B' ( ) c ... RT M 2 2 M2
16
V1 V1 1 V1 2 2 c B' ( ) c ... RT M 2 2 M2 1 1 B' V1 c ... 2 RT c M 2 2 M 2
,i ,i
It is important to realize that the chemical potential of each component must be the same in all equilibrium phase.
9
2. Thermodynamic activities of components
13
4.Non-ideality: Virrial expansion for the osmotic pressure Ideal solution
V1 n2 s
Ideal solution result can apply to real solutions in the limit of infinite dilution. Ideal gas result can apply to real gas in the limit of infinite pressure.
7
§3.2 Osmotic pressure
1. Osmotic pressure: Thermodynamic foundation
(1) Gibbs free energy and chemical potential G i ( ) T ,p,n j n i
dG SdT VdP i dn i
1 Bc ... RT c M 2
1 B' V1 B 2 2 M2
17
1 Bc ... RT c M 2
Osmotic pressure results are most commonly encountered as plots of reduced osmotic pressure – with or without the RT— versus c. Plotting /RTc c
22
A zone of the thickness adjacent to the pore walls is a volume from which the particle-described in terms of their centers are denied entry because of their own spatial extension. The volume of this zone is excluded volume. 2. Statistical entropy of mixing One associates higher entropy are more disordered.