杨岂深《英国文学选读Book 1》复习笔记(威廉 布莱克)【圣才出品】
杨岂深英国文学选读Book1笔记和考研真题详解
杨岂深英国⽂学选读Book1笔记和考研真题详解第1章 复习笔记第1单元 杰弗⾥·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)（杰弗⾥·乔叟）1. Life（⽣平）In 1340, Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London, a son of a wine merchant who had connectionswith the Court. He is the founder of English poetry.Chaucer was a royal butler and had several occasions to Belgium, France and Italy. Thus, French culture and Italy humanist literature represented by Dante, Pytlak and Bio had a great influence on him.He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”.1340年，杰弗⾥·乔叟出⽣于伦敦，是⼀个与宫廷有联系的酒商的⼉⼦。
他是英语诗歌的创始者。
乔叟曾充任王室管家，数度出使⽐利时、法国和意⼤利。
乔叟早年受法国⽂学和以但丁、彼特拉克与薄伽丘为代表的意⼤利⼈⽂主义⽂学的影响。
乔叟逝于1400年，被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂，“诗⼈⾓”开始出现。
2. Main works（主要作品）Troilus and Criseyde (1380-1385)《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》The Canterbury Tales (1386-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》3. Chaucer’ s Literary Career（⽂学⽣平）Chaucer’s literary career can be divided into three periods. The first period consists of works tra nslated from French, the second consists of works adapted from the Italian, as Troilus and Cris eyde. The third period includes The Canterbury Tales, which is purely English.乔叟的⽂学⽣平可划分为三个阶段。
英国文学史及选读复习提纲
英语专业《英国文学》复习要点教材名称：英国文学史主编：刘炳善出版社：上海外语教育出版社第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。
最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人scop。
到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。
这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。
2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
3、最重要的诗人是被称为“英国诗歌之父”的乔叟，代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》，取得了很高的艺术成就。
他首创了诗歌的双韵体----每两行压韵的五步抑扬格，后被许多英国诗人采用。
乔叟用伦敦方言写作，奠定了用英语语言进行文学创作的基础，促进了英语语言文学的发展。
第二章文艺复兴时期1. 文艺复兴运动源于14世纪的意大利，后遍及欧洲各国，在英国兴起较晚。
“文艺复兴”一词原意是指古希腊，罗马文学艺术的复苏，但事实上决不是简单的对古希腊罗马文学艺术的学习模仿。
文艺复兴运动的核心思想是人文主义思想，表现为尊重人的尊严和力量，关注现世生活，鼓励人们对幸福生活的追求。
代表的是新兴资产阶级反封建，反教会的思想和要求。
文艺复兴运动的思想家，人文主义者是托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More），他的作品《乌托邦》描绘了一个理想的未来社会，他因此被认为是空想社会主义的先驱。
2. 文艺复兴时期的英国文学得到了空前的发展，在诗歌，散文和戏剧方面尤其兴盛。
诗歌方面，新的诗体形式如十四行诗，无韵体诗被介绍到英国。
莎士比亚除了戏剧创作之外也是一位伟大诗人，著有两部叙事诗，两部长诗和154首十四行诗。
英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲
英国文学史及选读1,2册复习大纲Part 1 The Anglo―Saxon Period（449-1066）秧格鲁-撒克逊时期1.H istorical BackgroundCelts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C. Anglo―Saxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D. Roman empire从albion撤军，teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)（条顿人or日耳曼人）陆续登陆此地2. Literature 1,pagan异教徒文学2 christian基督徒文学alliterative verse头韵诗Epic: Beowulf贝奥武甫（Denmark背景）（the hall heorot 鹿兀grendel:a monster half-human）1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan写，插入由christian写2) a mixture of history and legend.，england’s national epic 民国史诗Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁-诺曼时期11.H istorical BackgroundRoman conquest,接着是english conquest，最后是normanconquest。
The Norman Conquest in 1066Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings希斯廷战役）Kings―Barons男爵―Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy统治集团was formed2.T he languageUpper classes: French, Latin The mon people: Old EnglishThree languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities; and Old English was spoken only by the mon English people.3.The literatureRomance was a type of literature that was very popular2in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight.It reflected the spirit of chivalry骑士制度. The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It involves fighting, adventures.Subject matter:Geoffrey’s His tory杰弗里《史记》，riming chronicles押韵编年史，metricalverse格律诗体，doggerel verse打油诗体1)t he Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的骑士2)M atter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亚历山大大帝3)M atter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthurand his knights of the Round Table3.m ain literatureSir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman3妖精摩根, the green girdle绿腰带）Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (1340―1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期1.H istorical BackgroundHe was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain. In 1350 AD, 100 Years' War between England and France.The English won, they controlled large French territory领土. The Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD2.W hat's middle ages like?1). The medieval society: hierarchy 等级制度social system.2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology 思想体系3.L ife and work of ChaucerChaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is closely41. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry2. Italian 1372-13863.English The Canterbury tales4.The Canterbury talesHe got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality. He retells the stories in his own way.5The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to e someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be. --Pretentiousness, pretending伪装too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shootThe significance of his writing1)it gives a prehensive广泛的picture of Chaucer’s time2)the dramatic structure3)Chaucer’s humor4)Chaucer’s contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer6used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信of the English language.5.Popular ballads大众民谣A ballad is a narrative叙述poem that tells a story. It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲剧的incidents. They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets（相连并押韵的两行诗）―two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗__ ababcdcd Characteristics:1)The beginning is often abrupt突然地. No introductionof the characters and the background of the tale2)There are strong dramatic elements. A ballad deals witha single episode插曲3)the story is often told through dialogue and action4)the theme is often tragic悲剧的5)The ballad meter is used. It contains four-line stanza7节，段在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他将民谣收录到《英诗辑古》Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。
杨岂深《英国文学选读Book 3》笔记(威斯坦 休 奥登)【圣才出品】
第14单元威斯坦•休•奥登Wystan Hugh Auden (1907-1973) （威斯坦·休·奥登）1. Life（生平）Auden was a poet, born in a well-off family in Yorkshire. In the late 30s, Auden participated in political and social activities and also was engaged in creation. Auden was in favor of Marxism in his early years, but also believed in the theory of Freud. In 1938, he and Isherwood visited China and in the next year they moved to America. In 1940, Auden converted to Christianity and in 1946, he took American nationality. He worked as a teacher in many universities in America and was selected as poetry teacher in Oxford. He died in Vienna.奥登，诗人。
出身于约克郡一小康人家，30年代后期投身政治和社会活动，同时从事创作。
奥登早年赞成马克思主义，但又相信弗洛依德学说。
1938年和衣修午德一起访华，次年移居美国，l940年皈依基督教，1946年加入美国籍。
他曾在美国多所大学执教，并被选为牛津大学诗学教授。
病卒于维也纳。
2. Major Works（主要作品）The Orators 《雄辩家》Spain 《西班牙》About the House 《屋子内外》3. Selected Works（选读作品）◆Who’s Who《名人志》The hero of this poem experienced many hardships and finally succeeded. But he didn’t care about richness but missed his family. The first half of the poem described the process of the poet’s success. The second half imagined the daily life of his wife, indirectly expressing his respect to the good behavior of his wife. This poem uses simple language to reveal a common truth: a celebrity can be an ordinary person, too.诗中的主人公经过许多含辛茹苦的搏斗，终于干出了一番业绩。
王守仁《英国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解(杰弗里 乔叟)【圣才出品】
第1单元杰弗里•乔叟1.1 复习笔记Geoffrey Chaucer （杰弗里·乔叟）（1340-1400）1. Life （生平）Geoffrey Chaucer, born in 1343 in London, is the founder of English poetry. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court. He later became a courtier and comptroller.Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life, and knew well the whole life of his time, which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the Poets’ Corner.杰弗里·乔叟于1343年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌之父。
他是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商的儿子。
他后来担任过侍臣和审计官。
乔叟知识渊博。
他精通拉丁语、法语和意大利语。
他结交广泛且易与人深交，无论是贵族还是贫民,因此他深谙所处世事。
王守仁《英国文学选读》笔记和课后习题详解(6-10章)【圣才出品】
第6单元浪漫主义诗人(1)6.1复习笔记William Blake(1757-1827)(威廉·布莱克)1.Life(生平)William Blake,born on28November1757,was the son of a London haberdasher.The boy never went to school apart from learning to read and write. He only entered a drawing school and later studied for a time at the Royal Academy of Arts.From14,he apprenticed for seven years to a well-known engraver,read widely in his free time and began to try his hand at poetry.In1800,Blake moved to Felpham,under the patronage of William Hayley whose intention to conventionalize him caused his hatred.In1803,Blake was framed of sedition,but later was acquitted.In1827,Blake died in obscurity and poverty.Though generally dismissed as an eccentric during his lifetime,posterity rediscovered Blake and today he is highly rated both as a poet and artist.威廉·布莱克生于1757年11月28日，是伦敦一杂货商之子。
杨岂深《英国文学选读Book 3》笔记(克里斯托弗 衣修午德)【圣才出品】
第9单元克里斯托弗•衣修午德Christopher Isherwood (l904- ) （克里斯托弗·衣修午德）1. Life（生平）Christopher Isherwood was an English novelist. He was born in Cheshire county, England and his father was an officer. Isherwood studied at Christ college, Cambridge and London Imperial College. Then, he was an English teacher as well as a writer. In 1928, he published his first novel All the Conspirators. His earlier novels mainly describe young people fighting against traditional customs and pursuing individual freedom. In 1946, Isherwood joined the U.S. citizenship. In addition to novels, Isherwood also had travel notes, reviews and some scripts jointly with Auden.克里斯托弗·衣修午德，英国小说家。
他出生于英格兰的切希尔郡，父亲是个军官。
衣修午德曾先后求学于剑桥大学基督学院和伦敦帝王学院，而后，一面教授英语，一面进行写作，l928年发表了第一部小说《所有的阴谋者》。
他的早期小说多以描写青年人反抗传统习俗、追求个性自由为主题。
1946年衣修午德加入美国国籍。
除小说外，衣修午德还著有游记、评论文，并与奥登等人合作过一些剧本。
（完整word版）英国文学选读复习资料
（完整word版）英国文学选读复习资料Part I The Middle AgeChapter 1 the Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1. Beowulf（贝奥武甫）: England’s national epic.（第一部民族史诗）2. artistic feature: ① using alliteration② using metaphor and understatementChapter 3 Geoffrey Chaucer (ca1343-1400)1.Geoffrey Chaucer is the father of English poetry and one of the most greatest narrative（叙事）poets of England.2.首创双韵体. tonico-syllabic verse. 运用London dialect.3. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.4.代表作：The Canterbury Tales-----In this book, Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. In this poem Chaucer’s realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. But Chaucer was not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. [乔叟为他那个时代和国家勾勒出一幅生机勃勃而又充满诗情画意的社会百态图。
(NEW)杨岂深《英国文学选读Book 2》笔记和考研真题详解
目 录第1章 复习笔记第1单元 乔治•梅瑞狄斯第2单元 威廉•莫里斯第3单元 塞缪尔•勃特勒第4单元 托马斯•哈代第5单元 罗伯特•路易士•史蒂文生第6单元 格菜葛瑞夫人第7单元 奥斯卡•王尔德第8单元 萧伯纳第9单元 乔治•吉辛第10单元 约瑟夫•康拉德第11单元 约瑟夫•罗德雅德•吉卜林第12单元 威廉•巴特勒•叶芝第13单元 赫伯特•乔治•威尔斯第14单元 阿诺德•本涅特第15单元 约翰•高尔斯华绥第16单元 萨奇第17单元 爱德华•摩根•福斯特第18单元 约翰•沁孤第19单元 罗素第20单元 威廉•骚姆赛特•毛姆第21单元 约翰•梅斯菲尔德第22单元 贾尔斯•李顿•斯特雷奇第23单元 肖恩•奥凯西第24单元 詹姆斯•乔埃斯第25单元 维吉尼亚•沃尔芙第26单元 劳伦斯第27单元 凯瑟琳•曼斯菲尔德第28单元 托马斯•斯特尔那斯•艾略特第29单元 奥尔德斯•里奥纳德•赫胥黎第30单元 约翰•博因顿•普里斯特利第2章 考研真题及典型题详解杨岂深《英国文学选读Book 2》考研真题及典型题详解（一）杨岂深《英国文学选读Book 2》考研真题及典型题详解（二）杨岂深《英国文学选读Book 2》考研真题及典型题详解（三）第1章 复习笔记第1单元 乔治•梅瑞狄斯George Meredith (1828-1909) （乔治·梅瑞狄斯）1. Life（生平）George Meredith, novelist and poet in the Victorian era, was born in a tailor family. He wrote more than 20 novels and many poems. Different from other English novelists in the second half of the 19th century, he laid little emphasis on structure and technique. He was famous for his excellent conversation, witty and poetic scenes and mental description. He was far beyond his age for his treating women as totally independent persons as men.乔治·梅瑞狄斯是英国维多利亚时代的小说家、诗人。
杨岂深《英国文学选读Book 3》笔记(I A 理查兹)【圣才出品】
第2单元I•A•理查兹Ivor Armstrong Richards (1893-1979) （A. 理查兹）1. Life（生平）I. A. Richards was a literary critic, poet and linguist. He studied in Clifton College, Bristol and the university of Cambridge. From the 1930s, he focused on the application of modern semantics in literary criticism, Coleridge on Imagination and The Philosophy of Rhetoric as representative works. Since the mid-1930s, he has begun to study the relationship between language and thought, language and learning. He and C .K. Ogden worked together to implement “basic English”.I.A.理查兹是文学评论家，诗人，语言学家，受教育于布里斯托尔的克利夫顿学院以及剑桥大学。
从30年代起，他着重研究现代语义学在文学批评中的应用，代表作有《柯尔律治论想象》和《修辞哲学》。
从30年代中期起，他开始着重研究语言与思想、语言与学习的关系，并与奥格登合作，努力推行“基础英语”。
2. Major Works（主要作品）Principles of Literary Criticism 《文学批评原理》Coleridge on Imagination 《柯尔律治论想象》The Philosophy of Rhetoric 《修辞哲学》Basic English and Its Uses 《基础英语及其应用》3. Selected Work（选读作品）◆The Four Kinds of Meaning《四种意义》The author thinks that we can analyze human discourse from four aspects, namely meaning, feeling, tone and intention. Meaning means the meaning of the word itself; feeling refers to personal feelings of the speaker; tone means the speaker changes his attitude according to his audience; intention refers to the purpose of the speaker. The author makes an analysis of the effect of the four aspects have on discourse under different conditions. We can use these four aspects to analyze literature and come to many unknown conclusions.作者认为通常可以从四个方面分析人类的话语，即意义，感觉，声调和意图。
杨岂深《英国文学选读Book 3》笔记(C P 斯诺)【圣才出品】
第11单元C．P．斯诺Charles Percy Snow (1905-1980) （C．P．斯诺）1. Life（生平）Charles Percy Snow was a novelist and a scientist. He worked as physical researcher at the university of Cambridge for 20 years. During the second world war, he was an officer in government. In 1957, he was sealed as knight. In 1964, he was sealed as lord. The most important work of Snow was a series of novels Strangers and Brothers. Based on his intellectual and political experiences, he described British social and political conditions in the mid-20th century. He mainly characterized some intellectual ima ges who wasn’t tempted by powers and didn’t want to deceive themselves.C．P．斯诺，小说家，科学家。
曾连续二十年在剑桥大学任物理研究员。
第二次世界大战期间及战后在政府任职。
1957年被封为爵士，1964年加封为勋爵。
斯诺最重要的作品是以《陌生人和兄弟们》为总题的一套长篇小说，斯诺以他在知识界和政界的经历为创作素材，描写了20世纪中叶前后英国社会和政治情况。
着重刻画了一些不为权势所惑、不愿自欺欺人的知识分子形象。
自考 英美文学选读 知识点nicolas整理
VI, Parts I, II and III， Richard III and Titus Andronicus; and 4 comedies:
2. 喜剧生涯第一阶段：五部历史剧：《亨利六世》上中下、《理查三世》《泰特斯。安装尼克
The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost
么正直善良的人要忍受痛苦。诗的高潮是对因自私自利而腐败的教士阶层，即“牧羊人”的狠
just and good should suffer.The climax of the poem is the blistering attack on the clergy, i.e. the “shepherds”, who are corrupted by self-interest.
3. 第二阶段：五部历史剧：《查理二世》《约翰王》《亨利四世》上下《亨利五世》；六部喜剧：
Cleopatra Troilus and Cressida Coriolanus; two comedies: All’s Well That Ends Well and Measure for Measure
无辜人民惨遭杀害。
outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; Macbeth’s
5. Last period: includes his principal romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, 《仲夏夜之梦》《威尼斯商人》《无事生非》《皆大欢喜》《第十二夜》《温莎的风流娘们儿》；
英国文学史及选读1_2册复习
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释，歌谣，民谣）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释,英雄偶句诗)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene”13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。
杨岂深《英国文学选读Book 3》笔记(安格斯 威尔逊)【圣才出品】
第16单元安格斯•威尔逊Angus Wilson (1913- ) （安格斯·威尔逊）1. Life（生平）Angus Wilson was a novelist and literary critic. He was born in a middle-class family and received education in Oxford University. During the second world war, Wilson worked at Britain’s foreign office. After the war, he went back to the museum. In 1955, he resigned and became a professional writer. Wilson was regarded as the most influential literary satirist. The themes of his novels were about the relationship between people in contemporary British society and exploring moral and traditional value problems. Angus Wilson won Black Medals and French best foreign novels.安格斯·威尔逊，小说家、文学评论家。
出生于中产阶级家庭，受教育于牛津大学。
第二次世界大战期间在英国外交部任职，战后回到博物馆工作。
l955年离职当专业作家。
威尔逊被认为是当代有影响的文学讽刺家。
他的小说主题几乎总是探索当代英国社会中人与人的关系，探索西方文明中道德和传统价值的问题。
安格斯·威尔逊曾获得布莱克纪念奖和法国最佳外国长篇小说奖。
杨岂深《英国文学选读Book 3》笔记(伊夫林 沃)【圣才出品】
第8单元伊夫林•沃Evelyn Waugh (1903-1966) （伊夫林·沃）1. Life（生平）Evelyn Waugh was a novelist. He studied in university of Oxford and worked as a teacher. In 1930, he converted to Catholicism, which had a great influence on his novels. His first novel was Decline and Fall, which made him famous. With a sharp pen, he satirized British upper-class life in the 20th century. During the second world war, he served in the army and was familiar with the army life. Later, he created a lot of works about war. Evelyn Waugh was regarded as the most outstanding irony novelist and was a member of the royal literature.伊夫林·沃，小说家。
曾在牛津大学就读，当过教师。
他在1930年改信天主教，这对他的小说创作颇有影响。
他的第一部小说《没落与堕落》使他一举成名。
他以犀利的笔锋，尖锐讽刺20世纪英国上层社会生活。
沃在第二次世界大战中曾在英国军队服役，熟悉军队生活，创作了很多关于战争的作品。
伊夫林·沃被认为是英国当代最优秀的讽刺小说家，他是英国皇家文学会会员。
2. Major Works（主要作品）Vile Bodies 《行尸走肉》The Sword of Honor 《荣誉之剑》A Little Learning 《一点学问》3. Selected Works（选读作品）◆Mr. Loveday’s Little Outing《洛弗戴先生一次短暂的外出》Lady Moping unwillingly visits her crossing-dressing husband at a mental institution, she also meets the charming and affable Mr. Loveday. Loveday may seem a reasonable man, but that doesn’t mean that he has been cured. She is amazed to discover that Loveday has been a patient for the last twenty years. Lady Moping learns that is he were to be freed, Loveday would only need to take one short outing before contentedly resuming his life of servitude. Her ladyship persuades the other residents to petition to the Government for Loveday’s release, a petition that is successful. On being liberated, Loveday allows himself his one little outing and repeats the brutal murder for which he was originally incarcerated twenty years before.莫宾夫人不情愿地看望她住在精神病院的丈夫，她也见到了洛弗戴先生。
杨岂深《英国文学选读Book 3》笔记(多丽丝 莱辛)【圣才出品】
第20单元多丽丝•莱辛Doris Lessing (l919- ) （多丽丝·莱辛）1. Life（生平）Doris Lessing was a female novelist. She was born in Iran. Her first novel The Grass Is Singing was published in 1950, immediately arousing widespread attention. Her early works took Africa as background and revealed racial problems of the colonies in South Africa. Lessing was a productive writer and had a variety of plays and poems. She was good at depicting images of knowledgeable women and showing their emotions and psychological changes. Some western critics regarded her as the best contemporary British woman writer.多丽丝·莱辛，女小说家。
生于伊朗。
莱辛的第一部长篇小说《草儿在歌唱》于1950年出版，立即引起广泛重视。
她的早期作品多以非洲为背景，表现南非殖民地的种族问题。
莱辛是一位多产作家，还写有多种剧本和诗歌。
她擅长刻画知识妇女的形象，能细腻地表现她们的思想感情和心理变化。
西方有的评论家认为莱辛是当代英国最优秀的女作家。
2. Major Works（主要作品）Children of Violence 《暴力的孩子们》The Golden Notebook 《金色笔记》Briefing for a Descent into Hell 《堕入地狱简况》3. Selected Works（选读作品）◆The Grass Is Singing《草儿在歌唱》The Grass Is Singing was a story of a white housewife Mary on a farm in South Africa. Mary’s husband Dick Turner was a farmer on the grassland. Although Dick elaborated farm, it was still in a bad condition. The couple lived a poor life, but they couldn’t make ends meet. Mary thought that all this was because Dick treated the labors---local black people too well. With racial prejudice, Mary thought the black people were lazy and arrogant. She was not reasonable to their life requirements. Finally she was murdered by a black named Moses, who did chores for her.《草儿在歌唱》写的是南非一个白人农场主妇玛丽的故事．玛丽的丈夫迪克是草原上的一个农夫。
杨岂深《英国文学选读Book 3》笔记(彼得 昆纳尔)【圣才出品】
第12单元彼得•昆纳尔Peter Courtney Quennell (1905- ) （彼得·昆纳尔）1. Life（生平）Peter Courtney Quennell was a biographer, poet, novelist and critic. He was born in London and studied in Oxford. From 1944 to 1951, he worked as an editor for Cornhill Magazine, then he worked as an editor for History Today. Quennell wrote biography of British writers Byron, Ruskin, Shakespeare, Pope and Queen Caroline, especially Byron. In addition, Quennell translated the memoir of the court minister of Louis XIV Comte de Gramont.彼得·昆纳尔，传记作家、诗人、小说家和评论家。
生于伦敦，曾在牛津受教育。
l944至1951年任文学和艺术期刊《康希尔杂志》编辑。
后又担任《今日历史》月刊编辑。
昆纳尔著有关于英国作家拜伦、罗斯金、莎士比亚与蒲柏以及卡罗琳王后等人的传记。
他对拜伦研究尤深。
此外，昆纳尔还写过小说、诗歌、评论，翻译了法王路易十四的宫廷大臣的回忆录。
2. Major Works（主要作品）Byron: The Year of Fame 《拜伦：盛名时期》A History of English Literature 《英国文学史》Four Portraits: Studies of the Eighteenth Century 《四幅画像：关于十八世纪的研究》3. Selected Works（选读作品）◆Four Portraits:Studies of the Eighteenth Century《四幅画像：关于十八世纪的研究》Four Portraits：Studies of the Eighteenth Century was a biography of Quennell. He chose four famous representative figures: James Boswell, Gibbon, Laurence Sterne and John Wilkes and respectively called them biography writer, historian, writer and patriot. Through their life and career achievement, the author introduced the late 18th English literature briefly. In 1756, England and France started seven years’ war in order to seize colonies. In 1763, the war was over and that year was an important turning point of the four people. The author focused on four complete different ways of life and their contributions to English literature.《四幅画像：关于十八世纪的研究》是昆纳尔于1946年写成的一部传记。
英国文学选读复习要点
A Brief RevisionGeoffrey ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer is the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. Chaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Chaucer must be ranked among the most learned and accomplished of English poets.The Canterbury Tales is his masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature. The Book of the Duchess was composed by Chaucer probably as a memorial poem for the Duchess of Lancaster, who died of the plague.The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales should be an immense work of 124 stories but only 24 were written. Incomplete as they are, The Canterbury Tales covers practically all the major types of medieval literature. The Canterbury Tales was written in heroic couplet.General tone: happy, easy, lively, humorous.Terms:Rhyme: the repetition of sounds at the ends of words is called rhyme. When words rhyme at the end of lines of poetry it is called end rhyme.Heroic couplet: Iambic pentameter lines rhymed in pairs. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the 18th century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.Iambic pentameter is a meter in poetry, consisting of an unrhymed line with five iambs or feet, felt by many to be the most powerful of all metrical forms in English poetry.RenaissanceGenerally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture, architecture, and literature. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the Roman Catholic Church.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, The Renaissance humanist thinkers voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and perform wonders.Renaissance in EnglandThe 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishment of the foundations of capitalism. Because of the War of Roses within the country and its weak and unimportant position in world trade, Renaissance came later in England than other European countries. But when it did come, it was to produce some towering figures in the English, and — world literary heritage — William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Sir Thomas More, Francis Bacon and a number of humanist scholars.William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets the world has ever known. He was man of the late Renaissance who gave the fullest expression to humanist ideals. With his 37/38/39 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems, he has established his giant position in world literature. His works have been translated into every major language in the world. He has been given the highest praises by various scholars and critics in the world over. His contemporary poet and dramatist Ben Jonson dedicated a poem in praise of him: “… he was not of an age, but for all tim e!” That is definitely true.Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon, a small town to the northwest of London. Shakespeare’s achievements1. Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.2. Shakespeare’s humanism: More important than his historical sense of his time, Shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age.3. Shakespeare’s characters are “round”, in the sense that they have many aspects or dimensions.4. Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials from sources that were known to his audience; some from Roman dramas, some from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and some from other writers’ plays. But his plays are original because he instilled into the old materials a new spirit that gives new life to his plays.5. Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, but also a great poet.6. Shakespeare as master of the English language: Shakespeare was the master of the English language.HamletHamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespeare’s art. It is the profoundest expre ssion of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life.Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet It is Shakespeare’s first romantic tragedy.Sonnet: a 14-line poem, predominantly in iambic pentameter. The English (or Shakespearean) sonnet is usually arranged into 3 quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The couplet is usually the conclusion.Some important works of Shakespeare:1) Comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, Love’s Labour’s Lost, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado about Nothing无事生非, As You Like It皆大欢喜, Twelfth Night, The Merry Wives of Windsor, All’s well That Ends Well终成眷属, Measure for Measure一报还一报.2) Tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida.3) Tragi-comedies: Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest.4) Histories: Henry IV, Henry VI.ThemeThe theme of Hamlet is revengeThe theme of King Lear is vanity.The theme of Othello is jealousy.The theme of Macbeth is desire.Francis BaconBacon is the founder of modern science in England. He, a philosopher, scientist and essayist, lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.Essays58 essays were included in Bacon’s Essays. They are famous for their brevity, compactness, and powerfulness. These essays cover a wide variety of subjects concerning various aspects of life, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death, and many others. They have won popularity for their precision, clearness, brevity and force. The 17th century was one of the most turbulent periods in English history. It was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the control of the landed nobility. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.The English revolution took place in the middle of 17th century. Among the causes of this revolution was the growth of capitalism, the break-up of serfdom and Puritan movement.In 1642, the Civil War broke out between the king and the Parliament. With the support of the people and the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the English bourgeoisie won the victory. In 1649 Charles I was captured and beheaded. England became a commonwealth under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. After his death, monarchy was again restored by King Charles II in 1660. It was called a period of the RestorationThere were two leaders in the English Revolution. Cromwell was the man of action and Milton the man of thought.John MiltonIn English literature John Milton ranks with Shakespeare and Chaucer. During his retirement from public life, he produced his masterpieces: the epic Paradise Lost, its sequel, Paradise Regained; and the poetic tragedy Samson Agonistes.Paradise LostParadise Lost is long epic poem divided into 12 books. The theme is the fall of men: man’s disobedience and the loss thereupon of Paradise. In this epic poem Satan is the most successfully portrayed character. He was evil, rebellious, courageous, heroic and tragic.Milton’s styleMilton is difficult to read, because of his involved style with frequent inversion (probably owing to the influence of Latin syntax) and very complicated sentence structures. His sentences are often long, sometimes running into a dozen, or even more lines. To express his sublimity of thought, he wrote in a style that is unsurpassed in its sonority, eloquence, majesty and grandeur. Daniel DefoeDaniel Defoe is considered one of the greatest fiction writers of 18th-century England. Defoe was a very good story-teller. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, while leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.Robinson CrusoeThe story of Robinson Crusoe is well-known throughout the world. It tells of how Robinson Crusoe, an English mariner, having shipwrecked on an island, managed to struggle for live for 28 years there and rescued a black man, whom he named Friday, from the cannibals (person who eats human flesh). Later, Robinson got hold of a ship and sailed home. The book’s “realistic” touch and ingenuity (originality) aroused great interest from the readers both in England and abroad.Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.Jonathan SwiftJonathan Swift is a master satirist.Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels is his best work, a social and political prose satire, in the form of a book of travels. It is partly burlesque of travelers’ tales, and partly realistic wonder-book with a very different satirical aim. As a whole, the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticism and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life—socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound. The book is also an artistic masterpiece.Jonathan Swift himself is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear, and vigorous. There are no ornaments in his writing, but it becomes homes to the reader. RomanticismRomanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and fromthe Storm and Stress Movement in Germany, it held that classicism, dominant since the 16th century, failed to express man’s emotional nature and overlooked his profound inner forces. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations above those of society. As a reaction to the industrial revolution, it looked to the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature for inspiration. It gave impetus to the national liberation movement in 19th-century Europe.The features of Romanticism were:1) The romantics were against the modes of thinking in the 18th century which saw man as a social animal.2) They emphasize the special qualities of each individual3) So Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of human spirit.4) In essence it tends to see the individual as the very center of life and all experience. They also place the individual at the center of art and make literature most valuable as an express of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes, and value its accuracy in portraying the individual’s experiences.Attitudes towards Individualism:Middle ages: emphasize on God; man lived chiefly for the future worldRenaissance period: man is the center of all concern; emphasized on the dignity of man and the importance of the present lifeEnlightenment: saw man as social man; the general or universal characteristics of human behavior were more suitable subject matterRomanticism: Saw man as an individual in the solitary state; Emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind; Value the exploration and evaluation of the inner self; A prominence of first-person lyric poem “I” – the direct person of the poet; A change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit William BlakeLiterarily William Blake was the first important romantic poet, showing contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual’s imagination. He is considered to be a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century. William WordsworthWordsworth is the most representative poet of English Romanticism. Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. He was a worshipper of nature from his childhood. In 1842, he received the government pension and in the following year, he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate. In 1798, Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly published the Lyrical Ballads. The publication of this book marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e., with classicism, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England.Definition of a poet and poetryHe (poet) is a man speaking to men: a man, it is true, endowed with more lively sensibility, more enthusiasm and tenderness, who has a greater knowledge of human nature, and a more comprehensive soul, than are supposed to be common among mankind. Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling;Samuel Taylor ColeridgePoets are born and not made. A poem should not be judged as a mirror of truth—as we judge science--but as a thing in itself, almost as a living organism. Poems should be judged only according to their own lights and not according to any established precept or precedent.Lake PoetsWordsworth, Coleridge and Southey ha ve often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and ends as conservatives.Jane AustenThe major theme of her novel is love and marriage toward which she holds on a practical idealism—love should be justified by reason and disciplined by self-control.Generally speaking, Jane Austen was a writer of the 18th–century, though she lived mainly in the 19th century.Her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality. She shows contemptuous feelings towards snobbery, stupidity, worldliness and vulgarity through subtle satire and irony. Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. In her works, she characterizes a human being not at moments of crisis, but in the most trivial incidents of everyday life. Her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions. Faults of character are corrected when through tribulation, lessons are learned.Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity, and she has been regarded as one of the greatest of all novelists.George Gordon ByronHe is well known in China.Don Juan, the long satirical epic, is generally considered his masterpiece. As a leading Romanticist, Byron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions. The Byronic hero became an idol of the young.Percy Bysshe ShelleyOne of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language He is known to Chinese readers mainly for his Ode to the West Wind(1820), whose ending “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” has given courage to many revolutionaries faced with reverses, even death.John Keats (1795-1821)The one artistic aim in Keats’ poetry was to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid reality of his day.His leading principle is “beauty is truth, truth is beauty.” That is, “What the imagination seizes as Beauty must be truth, whether it existed before or not said by the poet”.George G. Byron,Percy B. Shelley and John Keats were called positive romantic poets Victorian novelistsThe Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people’s life and thought. Charlotte Bronte, William Thackeray, Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy were representatives of Victorian novelists.Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855)Jane Eyre is one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian Age.It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, that is, the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions. The social discrimination Jane experiences first as a dependent at her aunt’s house and later as a governess at Thornfield, and the false social conversation as concerning love and marriage.At the same time, it is an intense moral fable, Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical and moral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness.Jane Eyre, taking the form of autobiographies written by authoritative and reliable narrators tellsa story of a child’s development and maturation.➢Helen Burns’ death recalls the death of Charlotte’s sisters at Cowan Bridge.➢It is a work of critical realism as well as the first and one of the most popular works of the working middle- class women.➢Jane’s experience originates from Charlotte’s own experience. It is the first governess novel in the history of English literature.➢Jane is an orphan who grows up lonely without anybody caring for her.➢Jane is a small, plain and poor governess of Victorian era instead of the rich, gentle, frail, beauties of the conventional heroine.➢Jane only has an intense feeling, a ready sympathy and a strong sense of equality and independence.Critical Realism1. Time: the middle of the 19th century2. Representatives: Charles Dickens and William Thackeray etc.3. Background: Industrial Revolution (1760 –1840) (employment of machines; extremely wealthy and extremely poor; unemployment); Chartist movement (1838 –1848) (宪章运动; workers’ unions to require for political rights; The People’s Charter; several petitions to Parliament but failed; great influence to the society)4. Features➢introduction of a new set of characters from the working class➢strong hatred for vices existing in the society➢an illusion of bringing about social justice and harmony by reforms➢an interest in the theme of woman emancipation (mainly Charlotte Bronte)Charles Dickens (1812-1870)He is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age, “the expression of the conscience of his age”. In 1837, the publication of The Posthumous Papers of Pickwick Club lifted him into a position of fame and fortune.Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose and criticize in his works all the property, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him. Dickens is a humorist. To match his humorous genius, Dickens is also noted for his picture of pathos. Dickens’ works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos. He seems to believe that life is itself a mixture of joy and grief. Life is delightful because it is at once comic and tragic.The first child hero Dickens created was Oliver Twist.Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)Thomas Hardy is one of the greatest literary figures of the 19th century, “Shakespeare of British novels”, “the greatest tra gedy master of British fictions”.His literary genius is apparent in his poems and novels. His novels had an indelible impact during his time and also till date many of his novels inspire theatre productions as well as films. His novels, which reflect the Victorian society with all its idiosyncrasies, were perceived as irreligious. Nevertheless, current scholars believe Hardy to be one of the greatest tragic novelists of English literature.The theme of Tess of the D’Urbervilles➢ A fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society➢The capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry➢Tess as a pure woman is a bused and destroyed by both Alec and Angel, agents of the destructive force of the societyModernismModernism is an omnibus term for a number of tendencies in the arts which were prominent in the first half of the 20th century; in English literature, it is particularly associated with the writings of T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, W. B. Yeats and F. M. Ford. Broadly,Modernism reflects the impact upon literature of the psychology of Freud and the anthropology of Sir J. Frazer. A sense of cultural relativism is pervasive in much modernist writing, as is an awareness of the irrational and the workings of the unconscious mind. Technically, it was marked by a persistent experimentalism. It rejected the traditional framework of narrative, description, and rational exposition in poetry and prose, in favor of stream-of-consciousness presentation of personality, a dependence on the poetic image as the essential vehicle of aesthetic communication, and upon myth as a characteristic structural principle.➢It takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.➢Concentrate more the private than the public, more on subjective than the objective➢More concerned with the inner being of an individualMain writers of ModernismOscar Wilde (1854-1900); George Bernard Shaw (1854-1900); T. S. Eliot(1888-1965); James Joyce(1882-1941); D.H. Lawrence (1879-1970); Virginia Woolf(1882-1930)Robert BrowningRobert Browning is famous for his Dramatic Monologue.Oscar WildeKnown for his barbed and clever wit, he was one of the most successful playwrights of late Victorian London, and one of the greatest celebrities of his day.Art for Art’s SakeArt for Art’s Sake is the theory that the fine arts are independent of social-historical reality and have nothing to do with moral or religious purposes. A work of art is free to seek beauty and its values are aesthetic. Oscar Wilde is a most famous writer practicing this theory.George Bernard ShawA brilliant dramatistHe regarded the establishment of socialism by the emancipation of land and industrial capital from individual and class ownership as the final goal. He was against the means of violent revolution or armed struggle in achieving the goal of socialism; he also had a distrust of the uneducated working class in fighting against capitalists. He held that only those superior intellects could have the ability to shoulder this task. And it was his ideal to bring about evolutionary socialism by legal and democratic means, by revealing the evil capitalists and by educating the common people.This reformist view caused him a painful, conscious, inner conflict between his sincere desire for the new world and his inability to break out of the snobbish intellectual isolation throughout his life and work.On literature, he was against “art for art’s sake” and thought that a rt should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people. Shaw followed the great traditions of realism. As a realistic dramatist, he took the modern social issues as his subjects with the aim of directing social reforms. Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems, thus can be termed as problem plays.One feature of Shaw’s characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another. His plays have plots but they do not work by plots, the plot is usually the disregarded backbone to one long, unbroken conversation. It is the vitality of the talk that takes primacy over mere story.Problem play: a play that explores a controversial social issue of its day.T. S. EliotAchievementT. S. Eliot was the most dominant literary figure between the two world wars. Poet William Carlos Williams describes the effect of The Waste Land as that of an atom bomb. He conceives a poem as an object, an organic thing in itself, demanding a fusion and concentration of intellect, feeling, and experience. He suggests that, through cultural memory, a poet unconsciously continues the tradition of his culture. His poetry presents difficulties of numerous allusions, use offoreign language, use of metaphysical conceit, and an absence of obvious narrative structure. The Waste Land, considered being a remarkable and extraordinary achievement, deals with the failure of Western civilization as shown by World War I.styleEliot’s style in the Waste Land was delibe rately impersonal, concrete, fragmentary, and discontinuous. (1) Impersonality means that an author does not express his own experience and emotion. At least, he does not voice it as his own, but describes things, invents, characters, or creates dramatic scenes, and thus embodies emotion objectively in the particulars he renders. (2) These particulars are concrete in the sense that they render sensations and actions as opposed to general ideas. (3) But in the Waste Land such concrete particulars are only fragments. The poem does not give complete descriptions, quotations, conversations, or actions, but only bits and pieces of them. (4)Such fragments are juxtaposed in unpredictable ways, and since each presents a different voice, action, emotion, and style, their sequence is at first disorienting (confusing). Gradually one finds interrelations within this discontinuity, but the interrelation is by leitmotifs (主旋律）.。