4Characteristic of Culture
跨文化
跨文化1.Nature of culture:♦ 1. Culture is like an iceberg.♦ 2. Culture is our software.♦ 3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in.♦ 4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.2. Characteristic:1. Culture Is Learned: not born with2. Culture Is Dynamic3. Culture Is Pervasive: Like the air we breathe, culture penetrates into every aspect of our life and influences the way we think, the way we talk, and the way we behave.4. Culture Is transmitted from generation to generation5. Culture Is Adaptive6.culture is ethnocentricComponent of communication:Sender/Source（信息源）A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.Message （信息）A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.Encoding （编码）Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.Channel /Medium（渠道）Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver amessage.Receiver （信息接收者）A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. Decoding （解码）Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.Feedback （反馈）The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is calledfeedback.Noise （干扰）Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchangeof messages, including external noise ，physiological noise,psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.Context:4.elements of intercultural communication:(1)perception{1}cultural values{2}world view {3}social organizations(2)verbal processesoral and writtenLanguage is not only a form of preserving culturebut also a means of sharing culture.different cultures have different symbols and different responses.carder干部associate professorvice-chairmandeputy directorpee poo damn it(3)nonverbal processescry smilebodily behavior-----------bodylanguageeye contactsmiletouchconcept of time----------planuse of space.------------5.major social cultural elements:1}cultural valueswhat is worth dying for?what is wrong protecting?what frightens people?individualism collectivenessmaterialism spiritualismcompetition cooperationwork leisureequality g ender rolestimesilenceformality and informalityassertiveness restraintinterpersonal harmony{2}world viewdiverse concepts produce different choices and behaviors------gods {3}social organizationsfamily is important.self -reliance,obediencesex role,aggressionloyaltyage rolessocial skills6.5 different verbal communication style?1.Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles➢In the direct verbal style, statements clearly revealthe speaker’s intentions.Eg. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request.➢In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbalstatements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intentions.Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement V erbal Styles➢The self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes theimportance of boasting about one’s accomplishments and abilities.Eg. In the classified ads, American ad might begin with, “A handsome, athletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner…”➢The self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand,emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself viaverbal restraints, hesitations and modest talk.Eg. In the classified ads, Japanese ad might read, “Although I am not ve ry good-looking, I’m willing to try my best.”3. Elaborate, Exacting and Succinct Styles➢An elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellishedlanguage. This style of communication can be seen inmany Arab, Middle Eastern, and Afro-American cultures.➢An exacting style, where persons say no more or less than is needed, is used by Americans.➢ A succinct style is characterized by the use of concisestatements, understatements, and even silence. A succinct style can be found in Japan, China, and some Native American cultures4. Personal and Contextual Style➢The personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker.Eg. English has only one form for the second person, that is, you.➢The contextual style highlights one’s ro le identity and status.Eg. Chinese, German and French, for example, have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you (你/您; du/Sie; tu/vous).5. Instrumental and Affective Style➢An instrumental verbal style is sender-based and goal-outcome based.The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome. The burden of understanding often rests with the speaker.➢An affective communication style is receiver and process oriented. The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication, but with the process. The responsibility of understanding rests with both the speaker and the listener.7.categories of nonverbal language:1. paralanguage(副语言)a. voice setthe context in which the speaker is speaking:the situation gendermood ageperson’s cultureb. voice qualitiesvolume pitchtempo rhythmarticulation resonancenasality accentc. vocalization:characterizers qualifierssegregates2. silence (沉默)Silence is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture. The use of silence in communication is also important. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy (冷漠), awe (敬畏), confusion, contemplation (沉思), disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings.Time and Space1. chronemics(时间行为)Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.2. proxemics (空间行为)Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and (c) personal space8.functions of nonverbal language:a. RepeatingPeople use nonverbal communication to repeat, clarify, and empasize their point of view.For example, nod as saying "yes".b. ComplementingNonverbal communication cues can add to or complement a verbal message. For example, scratch head.c. SubstitutingNonverbal messages may substituteverbal ones in certain settings.There are situations in which wordscannot be used. In a very noisy street, forexample, police officer might use handgestures to replace spoken messages.d. RegulatingNonverbal behaviors can help control verbal interactions by regulating them, such as turn-taking signals (hand raised) in conversationse. ContradictingCertain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spoken words.ponments of cultural patterns:Beliefs : A belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world..values: Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.social practice: Social practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow. Thus, social practices are the outward manifestations of beliefs, values, and norms.Norms: Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors. Norms may change over a period of time, whereas beliefs and values tend to be much more enduring.10.3 theories of cultural patterns:Edward T. Hall’s Context-culture theoryKluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s value orientationHofstede’s cultural dimensions11.5 dimensions of culture:They individually are power distance index(PDI), individualism (IDV), masculinity (MAS), uncertainty avoidance index (UAL), long-term orientation (LTO).PDI that is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.IDV on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups.MAS versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutions are found.UAI deals with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man's search for Truth.LTO versus short-term orientation：Values associated with Long Term Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and protecting one's 'face'.12.3 assumptions of communication:Communication is rule governed:People expect culturally determined patterns of behavior or rules to govern their interactionsContexts specify the appropriate rules:Contexts as a classroom, bank, church, hospital, courtroom, wedding, or funeral determine which communication rules applyRules are culturally diverse:Although cultures have many of the same social settings or contexts, they may employ different rules. Consequently, concepts of dress, time, language, manners, nonverbal behavior, and control of the communication flow can differ significantly among cultures. .13.Modes of acculturationa. Assimilation 同化is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.b. Integration 融合is a process of desiring a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.c. Separation and segregation分离和隔离Separation is when individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture. If such separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society, this is called segregationd. Marginalization (边缘化)Marginalization occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or hernative culture or with the host culture.14.Definitions and Symptoms of culture shockIt refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.a. physical symptoms:Physical symptoms are over-concern about cleanliness of food, bedding, and dishes, extreme stress on health and safety; fear or physical contact with anyone in the new country; great concern over minor pains and skin eruptions; craving “home cooking”; use of alcohol and drugs; and a decline in work quality.b.psychological symptoms:Psychological symptoms are insomnia, fatigue, isolation and loneliness, disorientation, frustration, criticism of new country, depression, nervousness, self-doubt, irritability, anger, and emotional and intellectual withdrawal.15.Stages of Intercultural AdaptationU-curve Pattern➢Honeymoon Period➢Crisis Period➢Adjustment Period➢Biculturalism PeriodW-curve Pattern16.Strategies for Avoiding Culture Shock and Engaging in Intercultural Adaptationa. Study the host cultureb. Study the local environmentc. Learn basic verbal and nonverbal language skillsd. Develop intercultural relationshipse. Maintain an intimate social networkf. Assume the principle of difference/Remember your perceptual contextg. Anticipate failure events17.Factors underlying Intercultural Communication Competence1.Significance of Competent Intercultural Communication2. The Imperative for Intercultural Competencea. The Economic Imperative for Intercultural Competenceb. The Technological Imperative for Intercultural Competencec. The Demographic Imperative for Intercultural Competenced. The Social Justice Imperative for Intercultural Competence18.The Components of Intercultural CompetenceThe Components of Intercultural Competence➢Individual Components of Intercultural Competence :Individual components usually include motivation, knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and skills.➢Contextual Components of Intercultural Competence19.The Dimensions of Intercultural Competence•The Knowledge Dimension•The Affective Dimension•The Psychomotor Dimension•The Situational Features Dimension20.Strategies and Skills for Improving Intercultural Competencea. Ethnocentrismb. Cognitive Complexityc. Self-esteem and Confidenced. Innovativenesse. Trust in Peoplef. Acculturation Motivation。
跨文化交流概念整理
CatalogueChapter 1 (2)Chapter 2 (5)Chapter 3 (6)Chapter 4 (8)Chapter 5 (9)Chapter 6 (11)Chapter 7 (12)Chapter 8 (15)Chapter 9 (16)Chapter 11．Culture ：➢Anthropological（人类学）：It consists of patterns, explicit（含蓄的）and implicit（明晰的）, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted（传承的）by symbols, constituting（组成）the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts（工艺品）; the essential core（核心）of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached（关联的）values.”➢Psychological（心理学）：Culture is the collective programming of the mind whichdistinguishes the members of one category of people from another.➢Sociological（社会学）：Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perception —including both verbal and nonverbal language attitudes, values, belief system, disbeliefsystems, and behavior.Culture pervades(遍及) all these areas：arts and artifacts, beliefs, behaviors, ceremonies, concept of self, customs, ideas and thought patterns, ideals, knowledge, laws, language,manners, morals, myths and legends, religion, rituals(仪式), social institutions(社会机构), tools, and values. Culture is the total sum of human society and its meanings.➢Intercultural（知性）:Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.➢Summary：We define culture as “the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations throughindividual and group striving.2．Visible Culture: According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”.3．Invisible Culture:4．The nature of Culture(文化属性):a)C ulture is like an iceberg.(参见9,10)b)C ulture is our software.c)C ulture is like the water a fish swims in：The fish takes the water for granted because itis totally surrounded by the water that it really cannot imagine another environment. Thesame is true for us. Our culture is so much a part of who we are and what the world is like for us that we do not notice it. We take it for granted.d)C ulture is the grammar of our behavior: In order to behave appropriately(合适地) in anysociety, people need to know the culture. It includes all the rules that make actionsmeaningful to the people around them.5．Characteristic of Culture ：a)C ulture is learned(习得的)：We learn our culture: ①through proverbs(谚语)②from folklore(民间故事)③through art④mass media(大众传媒).b)C ulture is dynamic(动态的):Four major aspects account for the change of cultures: ①technological invention②disaster: include natural and human calamities(灾难)③culturecontact(文化接触)④environment factors(环境因素).c)C ulture is pervasive(普遍的)：Like the air we breathe, culture penetrates(渗透) into everyaspect of our life and influences the way we think, the way we talk, and the way we behave.d)C ulture is integrated(综合的)：Culture functions as(起到作用) an integrated whole and it issystemic. You touch a culture in one place and everything else is affected.e)C ulture is adaptive(具有适应性的)：History abounds(富于) with examples of how cultureshave changed because of laws, natural disasters, wars, or other calamities.6．Cultural Identity(文化身份)：Cultural identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic(种族的；民族的) group.7．Formation of Cultural Identitya)Unexamined Cultural Identity (文化身份不确定阶段):take for granted;little interest;lack anawareness of.b)Cultural Identity Search(找寻文化身份阶段):c)Cultural Identity Achievement(习得文化身份阶段):8．Subculture(亚文化):➢It refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture(主流文化), and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.➢Subcultures refer to different social communities that share race, or ethnic background, or profession, or gender, or age, or sexual preference.➢A subculture resembles(类似，像) a culture in that it usually encompasses(包含) a relatively large number of people and represents(代表) the accumulation(积累) of generations ofhuman striving. However, subcultures have some important differences: they exist withindominant cultures(主流文化) and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.9．Co-culture(共文化): No one culture is superior to other co-exiting cultures. It refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.10．Subgroup(亚群体):It does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. Subgroups can be as small as a few people or as large as a major religion.11．Characteristics of Subgroups:a)“Deviant” label: It simply means differing from the cultural norm, such as vegetarians in ameat-eating society.b)T emporality: Members may participate for a time and later become inactive or separate from italtogether.c)“Wanna-be” behavior:An individual who imitates the behavior of a group he or she desires tobelong to.Chapter 2ponents of Communication(交际要素):a)Sender/Source (信息源): It is the person who transmits a message.b)Message: It is any signal that triggers(引发，引起) the response of a receiver.c)Encoding(编码): Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choosecertain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional(故意的，计划的) message.d)Channel /Medium: It is the method used to deliver a message.e)Receiver: It is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.f)Decoding(解码): It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to thewords or symbols he/she has received.g)Feedback (反馈): The response of a receiver to a sender’s message.h)Noise：is anything that distorts（interfere干扰）the message, including externalnoise(外界干扰)，physiological noise(生理干扰) ,psychological noise(心理干扰) andsemantic noise(语义干扰). Noise is inevitable(必然的，不可避免的).i)Context(语境): The setting or situation within which communication takes place.2.Intercultural communication(跨文化交际): It is the communication between people ofdifferent cultural backgrounds whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinctenough to alter the communication events.3.Intracultural communication(文化内交际): It is defined as communication between oramong members of the same culture.4.Interpersonal communication(人际交流): It is form of communication that involves a smallnumber of individuals who are interacting(交流) exclusively(专有地)with one another andwho therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations(解释) from them .5.International communication(国际交流): it takes place between nations and governmentsrather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized(仪式化的).6.Interracial communication(跨种族交际): It occurs when the sender and the receiverexchanging messages are from different races.7.Interethnic communication(跨民族交际): It refers to communication between people of thesame race but different ethnic backgrounds.8.Interregional communication(跨地域交际): This term refers to the exchange of messagesbetween members of the dominant culture within a country.These are members of a culture who share common messages and experiences over a long period of time. However, they live in different regions of the same country.Chapter 31.Sensation(感觉):It is the neurological(神经学上的) process by which people become aware oftheir environment.2.Perceiving:a)Perception(知觉)：I t is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, andespecially people and their behavior through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition(认知) in the interpretation(解释) of the sensory information.（知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。
culture-跨文化交际学
❖ Anthropologists most commonly use the term "culture" to refer to the universal human capacity to classify, codify（[‘kɔdifai] 把(法律)编成法典） and communicate their experiences symbolically.
❖ 2.1 From the perspective of sociology
❖ "The total, generally organized way of life, including values, norms, institutions, and artifacts, that is passed on from generation to generation by learning alone"
❖
-- Dictionary of Modern Sociology
❖ "Culture stems from the development and transmission of human belief in symbols”. "The language system is a series of symbols used to transmit cultural beliefs among members of a society“. "Messages about cultural expectations can be found in the media, government, religious institutions, educational systems, and the like.”
文化的定义特点英语作文
文化的定义特点英语作文标题，The Definition and Characteristics of Culture。
Culture is a complex concept that encompasses a broad range of human activities, beliefs, customs, and traditions. It shapes the way individuals perceive the world aroundthem and influences their behaviors and interactions. Inthis essay, we will explore the definition and characteristics of culture, delving into its significancein society.Firstly, culture can be defined as the collective expression of a group of people through various forms such as language, art, music, literature, religion, cuisine, and social customs. It is the unique identity thatdistinguishes one community from another and provides individuals with a sense of belonging and identity. Culture is not static; rather, it is dynamic and constantlyevolving as societies progress and interact with one another.One of the key characteristics of culture is its diversity. Each culture is distinct, shaped by its history, geography, and environment. Diversity enriches human experience, fostering tolerance, understanding, and appreciation for different ways of life. For example, while some cultures prioritize individualism and personal achievement, others emphasize collectivism and community harmony. Similarly, cultural practices surrounding family structure, gender roles, and social etiquette vary widely across different societies.Another important characteristic of culture is its transmission from one generation to the next. Through socialization processes such as education, storytelling, rituals, and ceremonies, individuals learn the values, norms, and traditions of their culture. This continuity ensures the preservation of cultural heritage andfacilitates the intergenerational transfer of knowledge and wisdom. For instance, oral traditions passed down through generations serve as a means of preserving historical narratives and cultural practices.Moreover, culture is inherently adaptive and responsive to change. As societies encounter new ideas, technologies, and influences from external sources, they incorporate these elements into their cultural fabric, leading to cultural innovation and hybridization. Globalization, in particular, has facilitated the exchange of cultural practices and ideas on a global scale, resulting incultural diffusion and the emergence of multicultural societies.Language also plays a crucial role in shaping culture. It serves as a medium of communication and a repository of cultural knowledge, reflecting the worldview, values, and social dynamics of a community. Linguistic diversity is an integral part of cultural diversity, with thousands of languages spoken worldwide, each carrying its own unique cultural nuances and expressions.Religion and spirituality are significant components of culture, providing individuals with a sense of meaning, purpose, and moral guidance. Religious beliefs andpractices influence various aspects of daily life,including social interactions, ethical decision-making, and rituals surrounding birth, marriage, and death. Religion often serves as a unifying force within communities, fostering solidarity and cohesion among its members.Cultural identity and heritage are sources of pride and belonging for individuals, contributing to their sense of self-esteem and well-being. Cultural expressions such as art, music, dance, and cuisine serve as vehicles for creativity, self-expression, and cultural exchange. Festivals and celebrations provide opportunities for communities to come together, strengthen social bonds, and reaffirm cultural traditions.In conclusion, culture encompasses a diverse array of human experiences, beliefs, and practices that shape societies and individuals alike. Its defining characteristics include diversity, transmission, adaptability, language, religion, and identity. Culture plays a vital role in fostering social cohesion, preserving heritage, and enriching human experience. Embracingcultural diversity and promoting intercultural dialogue are essential for building inclusive and harmonious societies in an increasingly interconnected world.。
文化有什么特点英语作文
文化有什么特点英语作文英文：Culture has many characteristics that make it unique and diverse. One of the key features of culture is its ability to shape the way people think and behave. For example, in Chinese culture, there is a strong emphasis on respect for elders and the importance of family. This is reflected in the way people address their elders with specific titles and the value placed on family gatherings and traditions. On the other hand, in Western culture, individualism and personal freedom are highly regarded, which can be seen in the emphasis on self-expression and independence.Another characteristic of culture is its influence on language and communication. Different cultures have their own unique languages, dialects, and communication styles, which can greatly impact the way people interact and express themselves. For instance, in Japanese culture,there are specific words and phrases used to show respect and politeness, such as using honorifics and polite speech when addressing others. In contrast, in Australian culture, people tend to use informal language and slang in their everyday communication, which reflects the laid-back and friendly nature of the culture.Furthermore, culture also plays a significant role in shaping traditions, customs, and rituals. For example, in Indian culture, the celebration of Diwali involves lighting oil lamps, exchanging gifts, and enjoying festive meals with family and friends. These traditions are deeply rooted in the culture and hold great significance for the people who celebrate them. Similarly, in Mexican culture, the Day of the Dead is a time for honoring and remembering deceased loved ones through colorful altars, music, and food offerings. These traditions are a reflection of thecultural beliefs and values held by the people.In addition, culture can also influence art, music, and entertainment. Different cultures have their own unique forms of artistic expression and entertainment, which canvary widely across the world. For instance, traditional Chinese music often features the use of instruments such as the guzheng and erhu, and is characterized by its melodic and soothing tones. On the other hand, American pop culture is known for its vibrant and energetic music, as well asits influence on global entertainment through movies, television, and fashion.In conclusion, culture is characterized by its ability to shape thinking and behavior, influence language and communication, shape traditions and customs, and influence art, music, and entertainment. These characteristics make culture rich and diverse, and contribute to the uniqueness of each society and its people.中文：文化有许多特点，使其独特而多样化。
新编跨文化交际英语教程 复习总结
Unit 11.The definition of INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION1.1“Inter-" comes from the Latin word for "between",and dictionaries define communication as exchanging information.Inter-"来自拉丁语，意思是"在之间"，字典把交流定义为交换信息。
Intercultural Communication refers to the exchange of information between people from different cultures.跨文化交际是指来自不同文化的人之间的信息交流。
As the very phrase suggests, Intercultural Communication emphasizes cross-cultural competence rather than language only.正如这句话所暗示的，跨文化交际强调的是跨文化能力，而不仅仅是语言。
1.2 what makes IC a common phenomenon: new technology, innovative communication system,globalization of the economy , changes in immigration patterns 新技术、创新的通讯系统、经济全球化、移民模式的变化2.The definition of globalizationGlobalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation,and trade between nations.全球化是区域经济、社会和文化通过国家之间的交流、运输和贸易而变得一体化的过程。
TheBasicFunctionofCulture
Culture is a complex, abstract, and pervasive matrix of social elements that functions as an all-encompassing form or pattern for living by laying out a predictable world in which an individual is firmly oriented. Culture enables us to make sense of our surroundings, aiding the transition from the womb to this new life.From the instant of birth, a child is formally and informally taught how to behave Children, regardless of their culture quickly learn how to behave in a manner that is acceptable to adults. Within each culture, therefore, there is no need to expend energy deciding what an event means or how to respond to it. The assumption is that people who share a common culture can usually be counted on to behave "correctly" and predictably. Hence, culture reduces the chances of surprise by shielding people from the unknown. Try to imagine a single day in your life without access to the guidelines your culture provides. Without the rules that govern your actions, you would soon feel helpless. From how to greet strangers to how to spend our time, culture provides us with structure.To lack culture is to lack structure. We might even go so far as to say that "our primary mode of biological adaptation is culture, not anatomy."Definition of CultureWe have already indicated that culture is a complex matrix of interacting elements. Culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex, and all-pervasive. Because it is so broad, there is not a single definition or central theory of what it is. Definitions of culture run the gamut from "an all-encompassing phenomenon" to descriptions listing nearly all human activity. For our purposes, we define culture as the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.The Ingredients of CultureAlthough scholars may lack a definitive ingredient list for culture, most agree that any description should include the three categories submitted by Almaney and Alwan. They contend that cultures may be classified by three large categories of elements: artifacts (which include items ranging from arrowheads to hydrogen bombs, magic charms to antibiotics, torches to electric lights, and chariots to jet planes); concepts (which include such beliefs or value systems as right or wrong, God and man, ethics, and the general meaning of life); and behaviors (which refer to the actual practice of concepts or beliefs). These authors provide an excellent example of how these three aspects might be reflected within a culture: "Whereas money is considered an artifact, the value placed upon it is a concept, but the actual spending and saving of money is behavior."Other inventories provide additional listings of the content of culture. Some of these additional ingredients of particular interest to intercultural communication include cultural history, cultural personality, material culture, role relationships, art, language, cultural stability, cultural beliefs, ethnocentrism, nonverbal behavior, spatial relations, time, recognition and reward, and thought patterns.Six characteristics of culture are of special importance to intercultural communication: (1) culture is learned, (2) culture is transmissible, (3) culture is dynamic, (4) culture is selective, (5) the facets of culture are interrelated, and (6) culture is ethnocentric. Culture Is Not Innate; It Is LearnedFrom infancy on, members of a culture learn their patterns of behavior and ways of thinking until they have become internalized. The power and influence of these behaviors and perceptions can be seen in the ways in which we acquire culture. Our culture learning proceeds through interaction, observation, and imitation. A little boy in North America whose father tells him to shake hands when he is introduced to a friend of the family is learning culture. The Arab baby who is read the Koran when he or she is one day old is learning culture. The Hindu child who lives in a home where the women eat after the men is learning culture. The Jewish child who helps conduct the Passover celebration is learning culture.All of this learning occurs as conscious or unconscious conditioning that leads one toward competence in a particular culture. This activity is frequently called enculturation, denoting the total activity of learning one's culture.Culture Is TransmissibleThe symbols of a culture enable us to pass on the content and patterns of a culture. We can spread our culture through the spoken word as when the recorded voice of radio actor Brace Beemer brings us the voice of the Lone Ranger from the 1940s or when the recorded voice of President Franklin Roosevelt tells us that the date December 7, 1941, will live on "in infamy." We can use the written word as a symbol and let others learn our history by reading about the War of Independence, learn about Abraham Lincoln through reading the Gettysburg Address, or even learn cultural strategies of persuasion by reading Aristotle's Rhetoric.We also can use nonverbal actions as symbols for example, showing others that we usually shake hands to greet one another. National flags symbolize our claim to territory or demonstrate our loyalty. Rolls Royce automobiles and Rolex watches are evidence of our success and status. A cross speaks of our love for God. The use of symbols is at the core of culture.The portability of symbols allows us to package and store them as well as transmit them. The mind, books, pictures, films, videos, and the like enable a culture to preserve what it deems to be important and worthy of transmission. Each individual, regardless of his or her generation, is heir to a massive "library of information that has been collectedin anticipation of his or her entry into the culture.Culture Is DynamicAs with communication, culture is ongoing and subject to fluctuation; cultures seldom remain constant. As ideas and products evolve within a culture, they can produce change through the mechanisms of invention and diffusion.Invention is usually defined as the discovery of new practices, tools, or concepts that most members of the culture eventually accept. In North America, the civil rightsmovement and the invention of television are two good examples of how ideas and products reshaped a culture.Change also occurs through diffusion, or borrowing from another culture. The assimilation of what is borrowed accelerates as cultures come into direct contact with each other. For example, as Japan and North America share more commerce, we see Americans assimilating Japanese business management practices and the Japanese incorporating American marketing tactics.In addition to invention and diffusion, other factors foster cultural change. The concept of cultural calamity illustrates how cultures change. Consider for a mo ment the effects of war or revolution. The calamity of Vietnam brought changes to both Vietnam and the United States. Not only did it create a new population of refugees, but it also forced us to reevaluate some cultural assumptions concerning global influence and military power. Currently, many cultural changes are taking place in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The elimination of the Berlin Wall, the unification of East and West Germany, the dissolution of the Soviet Union into numerous smaller states, and the problems of adjustment to new economies and governments are producing enormous changes in the affected cultures.Although cultures do change, most change affects only the surface structure of the culture. The deep structure resists major alterations. While visible changes in dress, food, transportation, housing, and the like are simply attached to the existing cultural value system. Elements associated with the deep structure of a culture - such as values, ethics and morals, work and leisure, definitions of freedom, the importance of the past, religious practices, the pace of life, and attitudes toward gender and age are so very deep in the structure of a culture that they tend to persist generation after generation. Even the demands for more liberal governments in China and Russia have their roots in the histories of those countries. In the United States, studies conducted on American values show that most of the central values of the 1990s are similar to the values of the past 200 years. When analyzing cultural change we cannot let ourselves be fooled just because downtown Tokyo looks much like Paris, London, or New York. Most of what is important in a culture is below the surface. It is like the moon we observe the front, which appears flat and one-dimensional, but there is another side and dimensions that we cannot see.Culture Is SelectiveEvery culture represents a limited choice of behavior patterns from the infinite patterns of human experience. This selection, whether it be what shoes to wear or how to reach God, is made according to the basic assumptions and values that are meaningful to each culture. Because each individual has only these limited cultural experiences, what we know is but an abstraction of what there is to know. In other words, culture also defines the boundaries of different groups.This characteristic is important to all students of intercultural communication for two reasons. First, it reminds us that what a culture selects to tell each succeed ing generation is a reflection of what that culture deems important. In the United States, for example, being healthy is highly valued, and therefore messages related to that idea are selected. Second, the notion of selectivity also suggests that cultures tend to separate onegroup from another. If one culture selects work as an end (Japan), while another emphasizes work as a means to an end (Mexico), we have a cultural separation.Facets of Culture Are InterrelatedThis characteristic serves to inform us that culture is like a complex system. As Hall clearly states, "You touch a culture in one place and everything else is affected." The women's movement in the United States may serve as an example of this. "Women's movement" may be but two simple words, but the phenomenon has been like a large stone cast into a pond. The movement has brought about changes in gender roles, sexual practices, educational opportunities, the legal system, career opportunities, and even female-male interaction.Culture Is EthnocentricThe characteristic of ethnocentrism, being centered on one's own group, might well relate most directly to intercultural communication. The important tie between ethnocentrism and communication can be seen in the definition of the word itself. Keesing notes that ethnocentrism is a "universal tendency for any people to put its own culture and society in a central position of priority and worth." Ethnocentrism, therefore, becomes the perceptual window through which a culture interprets and judges all other cultures. Ethnocentrism leads to a subjective evaluation of how another culture conducts its daily business. That this evaluation can only be negative is clear if you realize that a logical extension of ethnocentrism is the position that "our way is the right way." Most discussions of ethnocentrism even enlarge the concept to include feelings of superiority. Keesing notes, "Nearly always the folklore of a people includes myths of origin which give priority to themselves, and place the stamp of supernatural approval on their particular customs."As we have seen, culture is extremely complex and influences every aspect of our lives. There are, however, specific aspects of culture that are of particular interest in the study of intercultural communication. For the sake of simplicity and to put some limitation on our discussion, we will examine three major elements: perceptual processes, verbal processes, and nonverbal processes.These three interacting cultural elements are the constituent elements of intercultural communication. When we combine them, as we do when we communicate, they are like the components of a quadraphonic stereo system each one relates to and needs the other to function properly. In our discussion, we separate these elements to identify and discuss them, but in actuality they do not exist in isolation nor do they function alone.Heritage 104—Class InstructionsPlease compose written answers to the three questions below (and bring them with you to class on Friday).Please spell-check and proofread your work.1. A favorite management saying of the business executive who was put in charge of Ford Motor Company’s massive restructuring plan is “Culture eats strategy for breakfast.” What is culture? Why is it important? How is transmitted? And what did he mean by that statement (which is clearly figurative, since as far as I know culture doesn’t eat breakfast)?2. Why is enthnocentrism invariably part of every culture? Why is it simultaneously botha posi tive and a negative force? To what extent do you belong to a “single” or “mixed” culture (define them as you like)? Why?3. Select some object from your daily life that somehow represents something important about your (our) culture. What is that object? Why did you select it? And most importantly, what are the cultural messages and values connected with it?。
关于culture的词汇
absorb the quintessence 吸取精华aesthetic value 美学价值aesthetic adj.美学的，审美的ancestor n . 祖先，祖宗ancient adj.古代的，远古的antiquated idea 陈旧观念artistic value 艺术价值be on the way to extinction 接近灭绝的边缘be passed down 传递be proud of 感到骄傲be under threat of extinction 处于灭绝的境地bequeath v .遗留，传下brilliant and gorgeous culture 灿烂光辉的文化calligraphy n .说法carry forward 发扬光大celebrated adj.著名的characteristic adj.特有的，典型的；n .特性，特征cherish vt.珍视，珍爱，怀抱（希望等）civilization n .文明，文化，文明社会clever blend of traditional and modern 传统与现代的巧妙结合colorless adj.无色的，无趣味的cradle of culture 文化摇篮cross-talk n . 相声cultivate v .培养，养成cultural assimilation 文化同化cultural background 文化背景cultural habit 文化习惯cultural heritage 文化遗产cultural identity 文化特性cultural institution 文化机构cultural legacy 文化遗产cultural object and historic relic 文化古迹diverse culture 多元化的文化diversity n .差异，多样性dominant language 主流的语言embroidery n .刺绣品，刺绣，装饰endangered language 濒临灭绝的语言ethnic and cultural identity 民族文化特色folk art 民间艺术forced assimilation 强迫同化gallery n .戏院，美术陈列室，画廊genre n .流派globalization of culture 文化全球一体化great and profound 博大精深的hindrance n .妨碍，障碍historic relic 历史文物homogenous world culture 同一的世界文化identity n .民族特点，国家特色immortal adj.不朽的impediment n .妨碍，阻碍imperishable adj.不朽的in danger 处于危险之中in vogue 正时兴，正在流行indigenous language 本土语言ingrain notion 根深蒂固的看法living heirloom 传家宝mainstream lifestyle 主流生活方式national estrangement 民族隔阂national identity 民族特性national pride 民族自豪感national unity 民族团结obsolete adj.过时的，废弃的，陈旧的obstacle n .障碍，妨害物obstruction n .阻塞，妨碍，障碍物old-fashioned adj.过时的open-minded adj.思想开放的opera n.歌剧out of fashion 不流行的outmoded adj.过时的out-of-date adj.过时的outside influence 外来影响paper-cutting n .剪纸patron n .赞助人place of interest 名胜古迹prime n..精华；adj.首要的puppet show 木偶剧quintessence n .精萃，精华，典范reject the dross and assimilate the essence 剔除糟粕，吸取精华remains n .遗迹reservation n .保留，保护sense of belonging 归属感small ethnic group 少数民族spread v .传播state of endangerment 濒危的状态stylish adj.时髦的，漂亮的，流行的superficial adj.表面的，肤浅的，浅薄的take pride in 以……为荣traditional cultural education 传统文化教育traditional culture 传统文化treasure n .财富，财产；v .珍爱，爱惜unique adj.惟一的，独特的unorthodox adj.非正统的variety n .多样性，品种，种类，变化vessel of communication 交流的工具wave of cultural globalization 文化全球一体化的浪潮。
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Culture is learned. The members of the group learn to understand and apply culture. Younger people learn culture to sustain their social system. The culture is learned by many things from generation to generation. Culture is learn via family, school, and society
Culture is passed from on generation to the next generation. The practical knowledge is gradually added. The useless knowledge is gradually phased out
becomes apparent when teams develop a distinct identity and culture. To effectively build teams in global and matrixed organization, an understanding of how to collaborate in complex and dynamic situations is essential.
culture that deals with awareness of cultural dynamics and patterns by nationality. relevant for (a) entering a new market for product, service, and/or talent; (b) cross-border division of labor; and (c) international outsourcing relationships.
The group product is multi-dimension activities that provide the understanding and learning the elements of culture The group products primarily use language and education to ensure the culture of the tribe.
It is adaptive. Culture is adapted via times to times. Culture is adapted via the change of environment. It leads to new cultural dimension.
It is compulsory. Members of society live their lives with the bounds of beliefs, expectation, and norms. We can not avoid culture.
Culture is dynamic. It is continuously changed by the changing conditions of the societal life.
Culture is diversity. Culture is different from each other.
"building blocks" of culture are present, in both intrapersonal and interpersonal dynamics. important for successfully addressing the concerns at any level of culture.
Culture is share It shares by social interaction, exchange of social ideas. Then people can understand and learn culture. Culture shares via using language, communication technologies and commercial trade.
It is symbolic. Culture express via many symbols. The communicative symbols are such as arts, music, literature, history and other forms of societal actions.
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analyzing the diversification of society by gender, generation, ethnicity, religious affiliation, and other social groups. It is particularly relevant for workforce diversity and talent management concerns.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The group product is the by-product of culture made through social interaction. It provide important knowledge and experiences about the racial and ethnic activities. It’s a result of life long experiences made in a community It’s a uniqueness of humans adapted by the geographical conditions.
It is pattern and integrated by specific dimension of social life such as economic and political activities. Some activities we always do like that such as driving the car, cleaning the house. We have certain way of doing them.
addresses cross-functional effectiveness, based on the cultures created by specific business units. Cross-functional or management teams concentrate on functional cultures and leverage their differences carefully, bridging distinct cultural differences across their constituent units.
focuses on the experience of cultural dynamics in an organization. This is especially relevant for global organizations and those involved in M&A. M&A = A general term used to refer to the consolidation of companies. A merger is a combination of two companies to form a new company, while an acquisition is the purchase of one company by another in which no new company is formed.
1001201: Cultural Studies
Culture has ten characteristic as these follow. Share, group products, symbolic, learned, patterned, integrated, adaptive, compulsory, cumulative, dynamic and diverse.
In order to understand human culture clearly and avoid conflict or misunderstood, we should consider culture in regards to its levels. They are national/societal level, organizational level, identity group culture, functional culture, team culture, and individual culture