the impact of corrosion on storage tanks and piping

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雾霾对冰川的影响英语作文

雾霾对冰川的影响英语作文The impact of haze on glaciers is significant. It can accelerate the melting process of glaciers, leading to a reduction in their size and volume.Haze contains a high concentration of pollutants, such as black carbon and dust particles. When these pollutants settle on the surface of glaciers, they reduce the surface albedo, causing the glaciers to absorb more sunlight and heat, which in turn accelerates the melting process.In addition, the pollutants in haze can also affect the chemical composition of the snow and ice on glaciers. This can lead to changes in the pH levels of the meltwater, affecting the ecosystems downstream that rely on theglacier meltwater for their water supply.Furthermore, the presence of haze can also lead to an increase in air temperatures in the surrounding areas. This can further contribute to the melting of glaciers, ashigher temperatures can cause the glaciers to melt at a faster rate.Overall, the impact of haze on glaciers is a cause for concern, as it can contribute to the accelerated melting of glaciers, which in turn can have far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and communities that depend on glacier meltwater.。

腐蚀箔的制备工艺流程

腐蚀箔的制备工艺流程1.首先，将所需的金属箔材料切割成所需尺寸。

First, cut the required metal foil material into the required size.2.然后，在箔材料上涂覆一层腐蚀剂。

Then, apply a layer of etchant on the foil material.3.等待一定时间，使腐蚀剂能够有效作用于箔材料表面。

Wait for a certain period of time to allow the etchant to effectively work on the surface of the foil material.4.接下来，将箔材料进行清洗，以去除腐蚀剂和腐蚀产物。

Next, clean the foil material to remove the etchant and corrosion products.5.将清洗后的箔材料进行干燥，使其完全干燥。

Dry the cleaned foil material to completely dry it.6.完成上述步骤后，检查箔材料的表面质量。

After completing the above steps, inspect the surface quality of the foil material.7.如有必要，对箔材料进行修正处理，以达到所需的表面光洁度和质量。

If necessary, carry out corrective treatment on the foil material to achieve the required surface smoothness and quality.8.最后，将处理好的腐蚀箔进行包装和标识，以便存储和运输。

Finally, package and label the processed etched foil for storage and transportation.9.确定所需的金属箔材料种类和厚度。

宇宙科学潮汐锁定的英语范文

宇宙科学潮汐锁定的英语范文Title: The Intriguing Phenomenon of Tidal Locking in the Cosmos.Tidal locking, a fascinating astrophysical process, occurs when one celestial body in a binary system synchronizes its rotation rate with the orbital motion of its companion. This alignment results in a state where the same face of the tidally locked body always faces its partner, creating a unique and often breathtaking view of the cosmos. In this article, we delve into the science behind tidal locking, its implications for understanding our universe, and the remarkable examples we have observed throughout the cosmos.The Basics of Tidal Locking.Tidal locking, also known as synchronous rotation, occurs when the gravitational pull of one celestial body on another is strong enough to affect the rotation of thelatter. Over time, this interaction causes the rotationrate of the smaller body to slow down until it matches the orbital period of the larger body. Once this alignment is achieved, the smaller body effectively "locks" into place, with the same side always facing its companion.The mechanism behind this phenomenon can be traced to the uneven distribution of mass within the binary system.As the larger body orbits the smaller one, it creates atidal force that tugs on the smaller body's surface. This force is strongest on the side closest to the larger body, causing it to bulge slightly. Over time, the continuouspull of the larger body's gravity on this bulge slows down the rotation of the smaller body until it matches theorbital period.Implications for Understanding the Universe.Tidal locking provides valuable insights into the dynamics of binary systems and the evolution of celestial bodies. By studying these systems, astronomers can gain insights into the formation and evolution of planets, moons,and stars. For instance, tidal locking may have played a crucial role in the formation of the moon's characteristic features, such as its flat face always facing the earth.Moreover, tidal locking can also affect the atmospheres and geologies of tidally locked bodies. The constant exposure of one side to the radiation and gases of its companion can lead to unique atmospheric and geological features. This interaction can even influence the potential for life to exist on these bodies, as the constant exposure of one side to sunlight can create a habitable environment.Remarkable Examples of Tidal Locking.One of the most striking examples of tidal locking in our solar system is the moon. As the moon orbits the earth, it rotates on its axis once for every orbit, ensuring that we always see the same face of the moon. This alignment is thought to have occurred early in the moon's history, when its rotation rate was affected by the strong gravitational pull of the earth.Outside our solar system, tidal locking is even more common. Many moons of gas giants in our galaxy, such as those of Jupiter and Saturn, are tidally locked to their parent planets. This alignment creates a stunning view when observed through telescopes, with one side of the moon always illuminated, while the other remains in perpetual darkness.In addition to moons, some binary star systems also exhibit tidal locking. These systems, known as eclipsing binaries, consist of two stars orbiting each other soclosely that their gravitational pull affects theirrotation rates. As a result, the stars are locked into a synchronous rotation, with one star always facing the other.Conclusion.Tidal locking is a fascinating astrophysical phenomenon that occurs when the gravitational pull of one celestial body affects the rotation rate of its companion. This alignment creates a unique and often breathtaking view ofthe cosmos, providing valuable insights into the dynamicsof binary systems and the evolution of celestial bodies. As we continue to explore the universe, tidal locking remains an important tool for understanding the intricate dance of gravity and motion that shapes our vast and wondrous cosmos.。

The Chemistry of Corrosion

The Chemistry of Corrosion 腐蚀化学腐蚀是指金属在特定条件或环境下失去原有性能的现象。

它经常发生于水、氧气、酸、碱等介质中，引起金属表面发生一定程度的化学变化和极度的脆化。

这是由于金属原先的电位被腐蚀介质作用下，发生氧化还原反应，而失去电子而导致的。

在化学角度上，腐蚀也是一种极不稳定的化学反应。

首先，金属离子的析出是腐蚀的反应过程。

从该反应过程中，金属离子将锈迹进入外界介质，形成了电解质，这将成为腐蚀反应的催化剂。

接下来，随着离子流的出现，金属与外部介质的暴露面积不断增加，导致反应加剧。

这将使更多的金属离子暴露在反应区域内，引发更多的锈迹。

有时候腐蚀反应并不是显而易见，而是在电极-电解质界面上发生得非常微小的化学反应。

这些极微小的反应产生充足的机会，使得一些无害元素或化合物从外部环境中进入区域内。

一旦这些化合物混入了反应区域，它们将催化反应，并促进更多的金属离子溢出，加速腐蚀反应。

有许多类型的腐蚀反应，其中一种最常见的是电化学腐蚀。

这种现象通常发生在由电解质环境和不同电位的金属或合金构成的氧化反应中。

在这种反应中，金属离子向电解质传递电子，以满足电子亏损和在电化学反应中发生氧化还原反应。

这样，金属表面就会发生可见的腐蚀问题。

实际上，除了电化学腐蚀外，还有一些化学反应也会导致金属腐蚀的发生。

例如，金属与强氧化剂接触，或与硫酸等酸性介质发生反应，金属表面就会发生化学反应，从而散发出严重的腐蚀气味。

除了金属氧化反应之外，其他的化学反应也会参与到腐蚀问题中来。

例如，波尔氢离子（H2O）将电子泄漏到金属离子，使其电位降低，从而发生氧化还原反应。

在这样的化学反应中，有很多其他类型的离子和分子也参与其中，包括硝酸根、硝酸离子等化学物质。

在汽车、建筑、电器等行业，金属腐蚀问题经常出现。

不仅会破坏金属材料的结构和性能，而且会造成高昂的维修和替换成本。

因此，在金属腐蚀的防治和缓解方面，化学家们需要不断地进行深入的研究和探索。

塑料油箱制造工艺流程

塑料油箱制造工艺流程1.塑料油箱制造的第一步是设计产品图纸。

The first step in the manufacture of plastic fuel tanks is to design the product drawings.2.确定设计图纸后，需要选择合适的原料和添加剂。

After the design drawings are finalized, suitable raw materials and additives need to be selected.3.原料通常是高密度聚乙烯或聚丙烯。

The raw material is usually high-density polyethylene or polypropylene.4.添加剂包括防UV剂和耐化学腐蚀剂等。

Additives include UV inhibitors and chemical corrosion resistance agents, etc.5.通过搅拌混合原料和添加剂，使其均匀分散。

Mixing the raw materials and additives to uniform dispersion.6.混合好的物料通过挤出机挤出成型。

The mixed materials are extruded by an extrusion machine.7.利用注塑机对油箱进行注塑成型。

Using an injection molding machine for blow molding the fuel tank.8.油箱成型后，进行冷却定型处理。

After the fuel tank is formed, it undergoes cooling and shaping.9.需要进行泄漏测试，确保油箱密封性。

Leak testing is required to ensure the tightness of the fuel tank.10.对油箱进行外观检验和尺寸检测。

美国防腐标准一览表

NACE-STD(美国防腐蚀协会标准),SSPC-STD(美国涂装协会标准)NACE 6A100 01/01/2000 Coatings Used in Conjunction with Cathodic ProtectionNACE 6A192 12/01/2000 Dehumudification and Temperature Control During Surface Preparation, Application, and Curing for Coatings/Linings of Steel Tanks, Vessels, and Other Enclosed Areas-SSPC TR-3:12 2000NACE 6A195 01/01/1995 Introduction to Thick-Film PolyurethanesNACE 6A198 01/01/1998 Introduction to Thick-Film Polyurethanes, Polyureas, and Blends NACE 6A287 01/01/1997 Electroless Nickel CoatingsNACE 6G194 01/01/1994 Thermal Precleaning-SSPC-SP-TR 1NACE 6G197 01/01/1997 Design, Installation, and Maintenance of Coating Systems for Concrete Used in Secondary Containment-SSPC-TU 2 Publication No. 97-04NACE 6G198 05/01/1998 Wet Abrasive Blast Cleaning-SSPC-TR 2:1998NACE 6H188 01/01/1988 (R 1996) Coatings over Nonabrasive-Cleaned Steel SurfacesNACE 10D199 01/01/1999 Coatings for the Repair and Rehabilitation of the External Coatings of Buried Steel PipelinesNACE 2103 01/01/2003 Liquid-Applied Coatings for High-Temperature Atmospheric Service NACE 2203 01/01/2003 Design, Installation, and Maintenance of Protective Polymer Flooring Systems for Concrete-SSPC-TR 5NACE 24010 03/01/2000 Use of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys in Oilfield EnvironmentsNACE 24189 03/01/1996 Survey of CRA Tubular UsageNACE 34103 02/01/2004 Overview of Sulfidic Corrosion In Petroleum RefiningNACE 37507 01/01/1999 Corrosion Prevention by Protective Coatings-Second EditionNACE 37519 01/01/1985 Corrosion Data Survey - Metals Section-Sixth Edition; Hardcopy Available from Global Engineering DocumentsNACE 80200 12/01/2000 Preparation of Protective Coating Specifications for Atmospheric Service-SSPC TR-4:12/2000NACE ABOUT NACE N/A NACE International Informing the World on Corrosion Control NACE BOOK OF STANDARDS 01/01/2004 Nace Book of Standards-To Purchase Call 1-800-854-7179 USA/Canada or 303-397-7956 WorldwideNACE BOS VOL 1 01/01/2007 NACE International BOOK OF STANDARDS V olume 1-Item No 21807-4NACE BOS VOL 2 01/01/2007 NACE International BOOK OF STANDARDS V olume 2-Item No. 21807-4NACE INDEX 01/01/2007 SUBJECT INDEX-Item No. 21808NACE MR0103 05/23/2005 Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive Petroleum Refining EnvironmentsNACE MR0174 03/15/2001 Recommendations for Selecting Inhibitors for Use as Sucker-Rod Thread Lubricants-Item No. 21300NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 12/15/2003 Petroleum and natural gas industries Materials for use in H2S-containing Environments in oil and gas production Part 1: General principles for selection of cracking-resistant materials - Part 2: Cracking-resistant carbon and low alloy steels, and the use of cast irons - Part 3: Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other alloys-Item No 21306; ISO 15156-1,ISO 15156-2,ISO 15156-3; Technical Corrigendum 1:09/01/2005NACE MR0176 03/11/2006 Metallic Materials for Sucker-Rod Pumps for Corrosive Oilfield EnvironmentsNACE NO. 1 09/07/1999 Joint Surface Preparation Standard White Metal Blast Cleaning-Item No. 21065; SSPC SP 5: 1999NACE NO. 2 09/07/1999 Joint Surface Preparation Standard Near-White Metal Blast Cleaning-Item No. 21066; SSPC SP 10: 1999NACE NO. 3 09/07/1999 Joint Surface Preparation Standard Commercial Blast Cleaning-Item No. 21067; SSPC SP 6 1999NACE NO. 4 06/16/2000 Brush-Off Blast Cleaning-Item No. 21068; SSPC SP 7 2000NACE NO. 5 07/01/2002 Surface Preparation and Cleaning of Metals by Waterjetting Prior to Recoating-Item No. 21076; SSPC-SP 12: 2002NACE NO. 6 01/01/1997 (R 2003) Surface Preparation of Concrete-Item No. 21082; SSPC-SP 13 NACE NO. 7 09/01/2000 Interim Guide to Visual Reference Photographs for Steel Cleaned by Water Jetting-SSPC-VIS 4(I):2000; Bib Record only - Available in Hardcopy onlyNACE NO. 8 05/01/1999 Industrial Blast Cleaning-SSPC-SP 14-1999NACE NO. 10 02/01/2002 Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Linings Applied to Bottoms of Carbon Steel Aboveground Storage Tanks-SSPC-PA 6NACE NO. 11 03/15/2003 Thin-Film Organic Linings Applied in New Carbon Steel Process Vessels-Item 21099; SSPC-PA 8;NACE NO. 12 07/01/2003 Specification for the Application of Thermal Spray Coatings (Metallizing) of Aluminum, Zinc, and Their Alloys and Composites for the Corrosion Protection of Steel-AWS C2.23M; SSPC-CS 23.00; Item No. 21100NACE RP0100 01/01/2004 Cathodic Protection of Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipelines NACE RP0102 02/17/2002 In-Line Inspection of PipelinesNACE RP0104 12/03/2004 The Use of Coupons for Cathodic Protection Monitoring Applications NACE RP0105 10/15/2005 Standard Recommended Practice Liquid-Epoxy Coatings for External Repair, Rehabilitation, and Weld Joints on Buried Steel Pipelines-Item No. 21106NACE RP0169 04/11/2002 Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping SystemsNACE RP0170 03/27/2004 Protection of Austenitic Stainless Steels and Other Austenitic Alloys from Polythionic Acid Stress Corrosion Cracking During Shutdown of Refinery Equipment NACE RP0176 06/21/2003 Corrosion Control of Steel Fixed Offshore Structures Associated with Petroleum Production-Item 21018;NACE RP0177 09/19/2000 Mitigation of Alternating Current and Lightning Effects on Metallic Structures and Corrosion Control SystemsNACE RP0178 03/17/2003 Fabrication Details, Surface Finish Requirements, and Proper Design Considerations for Tanks and Vessels to Be Lined for Immersion ServiceNACE RP0180 12/03/2001 Cathodic Protection of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent ClarifiersNACE RP0185 01/01/1996 Extruded Polyolefin Resin Coating Systems with Soft Adhesives for Underground or Submerged PipeNACE RP0186 09/20/2001 Application of Cathodic Protection for External Surfaces of Steel Well CasingsNACE RP0187 01/01/1996 (R 2005) Design Considerations for Corrosion Control of Reinforcing Steel in ConcreteNACE RP0188 01/15/1999 Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of New Protective Coatings on Conductive SubstratesNACE RP0189 10/11/2002 On-Line Monitoring of Cooling WatersNACE RP0191 09/01/2002 The Application of Internal Plastic Coatings for Oilfield Tubular Goods and AccessoriesNACE RP0192 01/01/1998 Monitoring Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production with Iron Counts-Item No. 21053NACE RP0193 06/15/2001 External Cathodic Protection of On-Grade Carbon Steel Storage Tank BottomsNACE RP0195 03/15/2001 Recommended Practice for Corrosion Control of Sucker Rods by Chemical Treatment-Item No. 21069NACE RP0196 11/15/2004 Galvanic Anode Cathodic Protection of Internal Submerged Surfaces of Steel Water Storage TanksNACE RP0197 03/31/2004 Standard Format for Computerized Electrochemical Polarization Curve Data Files-Item No. 21080NACE RP0198 03/31/2004 The Control of Corrosion Under Thermal Insulation and Fireproofing Materials - A Systems ApproachNACE RP0199 02/12/2004 Installation of Stainless Chromium-Nickel Steel and Nickel-Alloy Roll-Bonded and Explosion-Bonded Clad Plate in Air Pollution Control EquipmentNACE RP0200 01/14/2000 Steel-Cased Pipeline Practices-Item No. 21091NACE RP0204 11/15/2004 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Direct Assessment Methodology NACE RP0205 10/15/2005 Recommended Practice for the Design, Fabrication, and Inspection of Tanks for the Storage of Petroleum Refining Alkylation Unit Spent Sulfuric Acid at Ambient Temperatures-Item No. 21107NACE RP0273 03/15/2001 Handling and Proper Usage of Inhibited Oilfield Acids-Item No. 21009NACE RP0274 03/31/2004 High-V oltage Electrical Inspection of Pipeline CoatingsNACE RP0281 01/01/2004 Method for Conducting Coating (Paint) Panel Evaluation Testing in Atmospheric Exposures-Item No. 21026NACE RP0285 04/06/2002 Corrosion Control of Underground Storage Tank Systems by Cathodic Protection-Item No. 21030NACE RP0286 04/11/2002 Electrical Isolation of Cathodically Protected Pipelines-Item No. 21032NACE RP0287 09/10/2002 Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Abrasive Blast-Cleaned Steel Surfaces Using a Replica TapeNACE RP0288 03/31/2004 Inspection of Linings on Steel and ConcreteNACE RP0290 06/16/2000 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection of Reinforcing Steel in Atmospherically Exposed Concrete Structures-Item No. 21043NACE RP0291 06/24/2005 Care, Handling, and Installation of Internally Plastic- Coated Oilfield Tubular Goods and AccessoriesNACE RP0292 11/14/2003 Standard Recommended Practice Installation of Thin Metallic Wallpaper Lining in Air Pollution Control and Other Process Equipment-Item No. 21054NACE RP0295 04/01/1995 (R 2003) Application of a Coating System to Interior Surfaces of New and Used Rail Tank CarsNACE RP0296 01/01/2004 Guidelines for Detection, Repair, and Mitigation of Cracking of Existing Petroleum Refinery Pressure Vessels in Wet H2S Environments-Item No. 21078NACE RP0297 03/31/2004 Maintenance Painting of Electrical Substation Apparatus Including Flow Coating of Transformer RadiatorsNACE RP0298 10/26/1998 Sheet Rubber Linings for Abrasion and Corrosion ServiceNACE RP0300/ISO 16784-1 03/01/2006 Corrosion of metals and alloys Corrosion and fouling in industrial cooling water systems Part 1: Guidelines for conducting pilot-scale evaluation of corrosion and fouling control additives for open recirculating cooling water systems-First Edition NACE RP0302 04/06/2002 Selection and Application of a Coating System to Interior Surfaces of New and Used Rail Tank Cars in Molten Sulfur Service-Item No. 21095NACE RP0303 11/14/2003 Standard Recommended Practice Field-Applied Heat-Shrinkable Sleeves for Pipelines: Application, Performance, and Quality Control-Item No. 21101NACE RP0304 06/24/2004 Design, Installation, and Operation of Thermoplastic Liners for Oilfield Pipelines-Item No. 21103NACE RP0375 03/11/2006 Field-Applied Underground Wax Coating Systems for Underground Pipelines: Application, Performance, and Quality Control-Item No. 21013NACE RP0386 01/01/2003 Application of a Coating System to Interior Surfaces of Covered Steel Hopper Rail Cars in Plastic, Food, and Chemical ServiceNACE RP0388 10/22/2001 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection of Internal Submerged Surfaces of Carbon Steel Water Storage Tanks-Item No. 21040NACE RP0390 03/14/2006 Maintenance and Rehabilitation Considerations for Corrosion Control of Atmospherically Exposed Existing Steel-Reinforced Concrete StructuresNACE RP0391 01/01/2001 Materials for the Handling and Storage of commercial Concentrated (90 to 100%) Sulfuric Acid at Ambient TemperaturesNACE RP0392 03/15/2001 Recovery and Repassivation after Low pH Excursions in Open Recirculating Cooling Water Systems-Item No. 21055NACE RP0394 02/17/2002 Application, Performance, and Quality Control of Plant-Applied, Fusion-Bonded Epoxy External Pipe Coating-Item No. 21064NACE RP0395 10/22/1999 Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coating of Steel Reinforcing Bars-Item No. 21071NACE RP0399 03/31/2004 Plant Applied, External Coal Tar Enamel Pipe Coating Systems: Application, Performance, and Quality ControlNACE RP0402 02/17/2002 Field-Applied Fusion-Bonded Epoxy (FBE) Pipe Coating Systems for Girth Weld Joints: Application, Performance, and Quality ControlNACE RP0403 11/14/2003 Standard Recommended Practice Avoiding Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steel Refinery Equipment and Piping-Item No. 21102NACE RP0472 12/02/2005 Methods and Controls to Prevent In-Service Environmental Cracking of Carbon Steel Weldments in Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments-Item No. 21006 NACE RP0475 01/01/1998 Selection of Metallic Materials to Be Used in All Phases of Water Handling for Injection into Oil-Bearing Formations-Item No. 21014NACE RP0487 01/14/2000 Considerations in the Selection and Evaluation of Rust Preventives and Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors for Interim (Temporary) Corrosion Protection-Item No. 21037 NACE RP0490 03/15/2001 Holiday Detection of Fusion-Bonded Epoxy External Pipeline Coatings of 250 to 760 Micrometers (10 to 30 Mils)-Item No. 21045NACE RP0491 01/01/2003 Worksheet for the Selection of Oilfield Nonmetallic Seal Systems NACE RP0495 01/01/2003 Guidelines for Qualifying Personnel as Abrasive Blasters and Coating and Lining Applicators in the Rail IndustriesNACE RP0497 03/31/2004 Field Corrosion Evaluation Using Metallic Test SpecimensNACE RP0502 10/11/2002 Pipeline External Corrosion Direct Assessment MethodologyNACE RP0572 03/10/2001 Design, Installation, Operation, and Maintenance of Impressed Current Deep Groundbeds-Item No. 21007NACE RP0575 09/20/2001 Internal Cathodic Protection Systems in Oil-Treating Vessels-Item No. 21015NACE RP0590 01/01/1996 Recommended Practice for Prevention, Detection, and Correction of Deaerator Cracking-Item No. 21046NACE RP0602 11/10/2002 Field-Applied Coal Tar Enamel Pipe Coating Systems: Application, Performance, and Quality ControlNACE RP0690 03/31/2004 Standard Format for Collection and Compilation of Data for Computerized Material Corrosion Resistance Database Input-Item No. 21047NACE RP0692 01/01/2003 Application of a Coating System to Exterior Surfaces of Steel Rail CarsNACE RP0775 06/25/1999 (R 2005) Preparation, Installation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Corrosion Coupons in Oilfield OperationsNACE RP0892 10/03/2001 Coatings and Linings over Concrete for Chemical Immersion and Containment ServiceNACE SP0106 12/01/2006 Control of Internal Corrosion in Steel Pipelines and Piping Systems-Item No. 21111NACE SP0181 06/02/2006 Liquid-Applied Internal Protective Coatings for Oilfield Production EquipmentNACE SP0206 12/01/2006 Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment Methodology for Pipelines Carrying Normally Dry Natural Gas (DG-ICDA)-Item No. 21112NACE SP0387 07/18/2006 Metallurgical and Inspection Requirements for Cast Galvanic Anodes for Offshore Applications-Formerly NACE RP0387NACE SP0398 03/15/2006 Recommendations for Training and Qualifying Personnel as Railcar Coating and Lining InspectorsNACE SP0492 07/18/2006 Metallurgical and Inspection Requirements for Offshore Pipeline Bracelet Anodes-Formerly NACE RP0492NACE SP0592 03/15/2006 Application of a Coating System to Interior Surfaces of New and Used Rail Tank Cars in Concentrated (90 to 98%) Sulfuric Acid ServiceNACE TM0101 11/07/2001 Measurement Techniques Related to Criteria for Cathodic Protection on Underground or Submerged Metallic Tank SystemsNACE TM0102 06/21/2002 Measurement of Protective Coating Electrical Conductance on Underground PipelinesNACE TM0103 01/17/2003 Laboratory Test Procedures for Evaluation of SOHIC Resistance of Plate Steels Used in Wet H2S ServiceNACE TM0104 12/03/2004 Offshore Platform Ballast Water Tank Coating System Evaluation NACE TM0105 06/24/2005 Test Procedures for Organic-Based Conductive Coating Anodes for Use on Concrete StructuresNACE TM0106 06/23/2006 Detection, Testing, and Evaluation of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) on External Surfaces of Buried Pipelines-Item No. 21248NACE TM0169 03/28/2000 Laboratory Corrosion Testing of MetalsNACE TM0172 03/10/2001 Determining Corrosive Properties of Cargoes in Petroleum Product Pipelines-Item No. 21204NACE TM0173 06/25/1999 (R 2005) Methods for Determining Quality of Subsurface Injection Water Using Membrane FiltersNACE TM0174 10/12/2002 Laboratory Methods for the Evaluation of Protective Coatings and Lining Materials on Metallic Substrates in Immersion ServiceNACE TM0177 12/03/2005 Laboratory Testing of Metals for Resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking and Stress Corrosion Cracking in H2S EnvironmentsNACE TM0183 03/13/2006 Evaluation of Internal Plastic Coatings for Corrosion Control of Tubular Goods in an Aqueous Flowing Environment-Item No. 21213NACE TM0185 03/01/1985 (R 2006) Evaluation of Internal Plastic Coatings for Corrosion Control of Tubular Goods by Autoclave Testing-Item No. 21217NACE TM0186 09/11/2002 Holiday Detection of Internal Tubular Coatings of 250 to 760 um (10 to 30 Mils) Dry Film ThicknessNACE TM0187 09/12/2003 Evaluating Elastomeric Materials in Sour Gas Environments-Item No 21220NACE TM0190 07/18/2006 Impressed Current Laboratory Testing of Aluminum Alloy Anodes NACE TM0192 09/12/2003 Evaluating Elastomeric Materials in Carbon Dioxide Decompression Environments-Item No 21222NACE TM0193 06/16/2000 Laboratory Corrosion Testing of Metals in Static Chemical Cleaning Solutions at Temperatures Below 93 Degrees C (200 Degrees F)-Item No. 21223NACE TM0194 11/15/2004 Field Monitoring of Bacterial Growth in Oil and Gas Systems NACE TM0197 04/11/2002 Laboratory Screening Test to Determine the Ability of Scale Inhibitors to Prevent the Precipitation of Barium Sulfate and/or Strontium Sulfate from Solution (for Oil and Gas Production Systems)-Item No. 21228NACE TM0198 01/01/2004 Slow Strain Rate Test Method for Screening Corrosion-Resistant Alloys (CRAs) for Stress Corrosion Cracking in Sour Oilfield ServiceNACE TM0199 03/15/2006 Standard Test Method for Measuring Deposit Mass Loading ("Deposit Weight Density") Values for Boiler Tubes by the Glass-Bead-Blasting Technique NACE TM0204 11/15/2004 Exterior Protective Coatings for Seawater Immersion ServiceNACE TM0284 01/17/2003 Evaluation of Pipeline and Pressure Vessel Steels for Resistance to Hydrogen-Induced CrackingNACE TM0286 03/15/2001 Cooling Water Test Unit Incorporating Heat Transfer Surfaces-Item No. 21219NACE TM0294 01/01/2001 Testing of Embeddable Anodes for Use in Cathodic Protection of Atmospherically Exposed Steel-Reinforced ConcreteNACE TM0296 04/10/2002 Evaluating Elastomeric Materials in Sour Liquid Environments-Item No. 21227NACE TM0297 04/10/2002 Effects of High-Temperature, High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide Decompression on Elastomeric Materials-Item No. 21229NACE TM0298 09/12/2003 Evaluating the Compatibility of FRP Pipe and Tubulars with OilfieldEnvironments-Item No 21233NACE TM0299 01/01/1999 Corrosion Control and Monitoring in Seawater Injection Systems NACE TM0304 12/03/2004 Offshore Platform Atmospheric and Splash Zone Maintenance Coating System EvaluationNACE TM0374 03/15/2001 Laboratory Screening Tests to Determine the Ability of Scale Inhibitors to Prevent the Precipitation of Calcium Sulfate and Calcium Carbonate from Solution (for Oil and Gas Production Systems)-Item No. 21208NACE TM0384 09/01/2002 Holiday Detection of Internal Tubular Coatings of Less Than 250 Micrometers (10 mils) Dry-Film ThicknessNACE TM0397 04/11/2002 Screening Tests for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Gypsum Scale Removers-Item No. 21230NACE TM0398 03/27/1998 Laboratory Corrosion Testing of Metals in Static Chemical Cleaning Solutions at Temperatures Above 100 Degrees C (212 Degrees F)NACE TM0399 06/25/1999 (R 2005) Standard Test Method for Phosphonate in Brine-Item No. 21238NACE TM0404 12/03/2004 Offshore Platform Atmospheric and Splash Zone New Construction Coating System EvaluationNACE TM0497 04/11/2002 Measurement Techniques Related to Criteria for Cathodic Protection on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems-Item No. 21231NACE TM0498 03/10/2006 Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Carburization of Alloys Used for Ethylene Cracking Furnace Tubes-Item No. 21235NACE TM0499 10/22/1999 Immersion Corrision Testing of Ceramic Materials-Item No. 21239。

潮汐锁定英语作文

潮汐锁定英语作文The Tidal LockThe concept of tidal locking is a fascinating phenomenon that has captivated the minds of scientists and astronomers for centuries. This unique process occurs when a celestial body's rotational period is equal to its orbital period around another body, resulting in one side of the object permanently facing the other. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent in binary star systems and planets with moons, where the gravitational interactions between the bodies lead to this remarkable synchronization.One of the most well-known examples of tidal locking is the relationship between the Earth and the Moon. The Moon's rotation period is exactly the same as its orbital period around the Earth, causing the same side of the Moon to always face our planet. This tidal lock has had a profound impact on the Earth-Moon system, shaping the dynamics and evolution of both bodies.The tidal locking process is driven by the gravitational forces exerted by the larger body on the smaller one. As the smaller body orbits the larger one, the uneven distribution of mass within the smaller bodycreates a gravitational imbalance. This imbalance causes a slight bulge on the side of the smaller body closest to the larger one, and a smaller bulge on the opposite side. These bulges, known as tidal bulges, create a torque that acts to slow down the smaller body's rotation until it matches its orbital period.Over time, as the smaller body's rotation slows down, the tidal bulges become more pronounced, further reinforcing the tidal locking process. This feedback loop continues until the smallerbody's rotation period is exactly equal to its orbital period, resulting in the permanent synchronization of the two bodies.The consequences of tidal locking are far-reaching and have significant implications for the habitability and evolution of celestial bodies. In the case of the Earth-Moon system, the tidal locking has led to the stabilization of the Earth's axial tilt, which is crucial for the maintenance of a stable climate and the development of complex life. The Moon's gravitational influence also plays a crucial role in the generation of tides, which have shaped the coastlines and influenced the evolution of marine life on Earth.Beyond the Earth-Moon system, tidal locking is observed in many other celestial bodies throughout the universe. For example, many of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn are tidally locked to their parent planets, and some exoplanets in binary star systems are also believedto be tidally locked to their host stars.The study of tidal locking has also led to important insights into the formation and evolution of planetary systems. By understanding the dynamics of tidal locking, scientists can better model the long-term stability and habitability of exoplanetary systems, as well as the potential for the development of life on other worlds.In conclusion, the tidal locking phenomenon is a remarkable example of the complex and intricate processes that shape the universe around us. From the Earth-Moon system to the most distant exoplanets, this fundamental principle of gravitational interactions continues to captivate and inspire scientists, offering new insights into the nature of our cosmos and the potential for life beyond our own planet.。

电化学方法与原理英文

电化学方法与原理英文Electrochemical Methods and PrinciplesElectrochemistry is a fundamental branch of chemistry that deals with the relationship between electrical and chemical phenomena. It encompasses the study of various processes, such as the generation of electricity from chemical reactions, the use of electrical energy to drive chemical transformations, and the behavior of materials in electrochemical systems. Electrochemical methods have a wide range of applications, from energy production and storage to corrosion protection and analytical techniques.One of the core principles of electrochemistry is the understanding of oxidation and reduction reactions, also known as redox reactions. In these reactions, electrons are transferred between chemical species, resulting in changes in their oxidation states. The driving force behind these electron transfers is the difference in the ability of the participating species to attract and release electrons, known as their reduction potential. By harnessing and controlling these redox processes, electrochemists can design and optimize various electrochemical devices and processes.Electrochemical cells are the fundamental building blocks of electrochemical systems. These cells consist of two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, immersed in an electrolyte solution. The anode is where oxidation occurs, and the cathode is where reduction takes place. The electrolyte provides the necessary ionic conduction between the two electrodes, allowing the flow of ions and the completion of the overall electrochemical reaction.One of the most widely recognized applications of electrochemistry is energy conversion and storage. Electrochemical cells, such as batteries and fuel cells, convert the chemical energy stored in fuels or reactants directly into electrical energy. Batteries, for example, use the principle of redox reactions to generate a flow of electrons, which can then be used to power various electronic devices. Fuel cells, on the other hand, generate electricity by combining fuel (such as hydrogen) and an oxidant (such as oxygen) in an electrochemical reaction.In addition to energy applications, electrochemical methods are also used in a variety of analytical techniques. Electroanalytical methods, such as potentiometry, voltammetry, and electrochemical sensors, utilize the principles of electrochemistry to detect and quantify the presence of specific chemical species in a sample. These techniques are widely used in fields like environmental monitoring, healthcare, and chemical analysis.Corrosion is another area where electrochemistry plays a crucial role. Corrosion is an electrochemical process that involves the deterioration of materials, usually metals, due to their interaction with the surrounding environment. Understanding the electrochemical principles underlying corrosion enables the development of effective strategies for corrosion prevention and mitigation, such as the use of protective coatings, cathodic protection, and the selection of corrosion-resistant materials.Electrochemistry also finds applications in the synthesis and processing of materials. Electrochemical techniques, such as electroplating and electrodeposition, are used to deposit thin filmsor coatings of various materials onto a substrate. These processes are employed in the production of electronic components, decorative finishes, and protective coatings.The field of electrochemistry is constantly evolving, with new developments and applications emerging as our understanding of the underlying principles expands. Researchers continue to explore innovative electrochemical technologies, such as energy storage systems, fuel cells, and electrochemical sensors, to address pressing global challenges related to energy, the environment, and healthcare.In conclusion, electrochemical methods and principles arefundamental to a wide range of scientific and technological fields. From energy conversion and storage to analytical techniques and material processing, the principles of electrochemistry underpin numerous important processes that shape our modern society. As we continue to push the boundaries of scientific knowledge, the importance of electrochemistry will only grow, making it a crucial area of study for scientists and engineers alike.。

美国天然气关联(American Gas Association)的天然气质量管理手册说明书

AN OVERVIEW OF THE AGA GAS QUALITY MANAGEMENT MANUALTerrence A. GrimleySouthwest Research Institute ®6220 Culebra RoadSan Antonio, TX 78238-5166 USAINTRODUCTIONThis paper provides an overview of the recently released Gas Quality Management Manual [1] that was developed by the American Gas Association Transmission Measurement Committee over a period of roughly seven years. The manual pulls together a wide range of information and provides context that allows both the expert and the novice to understand the “why, how and what” needed to develop a plan for managing gas quality. BACKGROUNDIn the early 2000’s changing sources for natural gas supply that initially were anticipated to involve a substantial increase in the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and other concerns, including hydrocarbon liquid dropout, caused a renewed interest in gas quality. In 2005, the Natural Gas Council Plus (NGC+) working groups published white papers on gas interchangeability [2] and liquid drop out [3] which established interim guidelines for gas interchangeability and identified many of the topics that were subsequently expanded upon in the gas quality management manual. The gas quality management manual grew from its original form as an engineering technical note on gas quality into a comprehensive guide to the management of gas quality. Projections in the growing supply of natural gas and changes in the sources shown in Figure 1 [4] suggest the importance of managing gas quality.Figure 1. Historical and Projected Gas Sources(Trillion Cubic Feet)The sections that follow provide brief descriptions of each of the six major sections of the document (and the appendices) and extract a few key pieces of information from various sections. The Gas Quality Management Manual contains nearly 200 pages of information; however, it is not intended to replace existing standards and references, but rather provide context and perspective for those reference documents. 1. OVERVIEWSection 1 provides an introduction to the document and defines the overall scope.The manual is intended to provide sufficient background and reference information to allow the variables that define a gas quality management plan to be assessed, monitored, and managed. The essential information that should be gained from the document includes understanding:• the fundamental constituents and properties ofnatural gas, the resulting properties, and their potential effects on delivery and end use,• the basis of historical pipeline receipt and marketarea delivery data, and• the pipeline and delivery system designincluding limitations at potentially sensitive points within the pipeline system. In addition, the reader should understand what is necessary for conducting the ongoing data collection and retention necessary to define gas quality for a system, and to manage gas quality changes within that system. 2. UNDERSTANDING NATURAL GAS CONSTITUENTS AND PROPERTIESThis section provides an introduction to natural gas including the constituent hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases that make up natural gas and parameters and that need to be understood when creating a gas quality management plan.Although it’s common to refer to “pipeline quality,” the term has a very broad meaning since there is a considerable range of mixtures that are commonly accepted in pipelines. Table 1 illustrates the range of values for various gas quality indicators that are currently present in existing contracts and tariffs. In addition to indicators of the gas constituents and heating value, also20157%510152025301990199520002005201020202025203020357%1%7%9%included are specifications for water content limits, sulfur limits, and limits for other particulates and contaminants.Table 1. Tariff Gas Quality SpecificationsGas Quality Specification Range of Values Found in Tariffs Minimum Heat Content 1 Maximum Heat Content 1 900 – 1,000 BTU/scf 1,075 – 1,200 BTU/scfMinimum Wobbe Number Maximum Wobbe Number 1,279 – 1,340 1,380 – 1,400 Minimum Temperature Maximum Temperature20 to 65°F 80 to 140°FMaximum Hydrocarbon Dew PointCricondentherm HDP (CHDP) C4+Liquefiable Fraction (GPM)C5+ C5+Liquefiable Fraction (GPM) C6+ 0 – 25°F at either fixed or operating pressures15 – 20°F 0.75 – 1.50% 0.2 – 0.3 gallons/Mscf0.12 – 0.25% 0.05 gallons/Mscf Maximum Water Vapor Content 4 – 7 lbm/MMscf Maximum Total Sulfur Compounds, as Sulfur0.5 – 20 grains/100 scf Maximum Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)0.25 – 1 grain/100 scf Maximum Mercaptans (RSH) 0.20 – 2.0 grains/100 scfMaximum Solid Particles Size 3 – 15 microns Maximum Hydrogen400 – 1,000 ppmMaximum Diluent Gases Total Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Nitrogen (N2) Oxygen (O2)3 – 6% 1 – 3% 1 – 4% 0.001 – 1%1Dry, Higher heating value (HHV) at 14.73 psia, 60°FThe properties and parameters shown Table 1 are among those that are described in Section 2 of the document. Explanations of the different types of heating values, use of hydrocarbon dew point curves, and computation of basic gas properties are covered along with an introduction to combustion interchangeability parameters such as the Wobbe number.For example, a hydrocarbon dew point curve (also known as a phase diagram) similar to that shown in Figure 2 is explained in the context of various pipeline operations (e.g., gas sampling, pressure regulation), as well as relative to gas quality specifications.Figure 2. Example Hydrocarbon Dew Point Curve3. UNDERSTANDING PIPELINE SYSTEM IMPACTSThe major topic areas covered in Section 3 are provided in the list that follows:• System Considerations• Contract and Tariff Considerations • Supply Source Considerations• Gas Processing Operations and Economics • Pipeline Facilities• Storage Facilities and Operations• Imported LNG and Peakshaving Operations(LNG & Propane-Air)• LDC and Direct Connect Issues with Delivery,Infrastructure and Utilization• Measurement and Gas Quality Analysis• Effect of Gas Quality Changes on CompressorFacilities and Operations • Regulation and Flow Control Examples of the general characteristics, including the compositional variation and heating value of different gas sources, are provided. Issues related to condensate formation, and specific methods for avoiding condensation are discussed. Also included is an overview of common gas processing methods and their relative efficiency as well as the economics involved in the decision of whether or not the gas should be processed. Issues related to the impact of gas quality on storage operations are summarized and details of potential problems related to the presence of liquid hydrocarbons, contaminants, and other adverse quality conditions are provided.Many of the same quality issues that affect storage operations also impact the operation of local distribution companies (LDCs) and other industrial users that directly connect to the pipeline. In addition, for the effect of high/low heating values (or Wobbe numbers) on end-use equipment needs to be considered for maintaining safe and efficient equipment operation.Pipeline compression facilities, measurement stations, and regulation and control facilities are all impacted by gas quality issues. Specific considerations and potential adverse effects on different types of equipment are summarized. For example, the combustion efficiency and emission levels for engines and turbines are affected not only by heating value, but also on the distribution of gas constituents.4. MONITORING GAS QUALITYCentral to the idea of managing gas quality is the realization that gas quality can vary significantly with the source of gas and with the processing and transportation of the gas. In order to provide accurate gas measurement and to maintain the quality of gas in the pipeline, the gas quality must be measured.Section 4 includes a discussion of data collection approaches and the potential effect of a given approach may have on the ability to manage gas quality.There is also a broad description of analytical tools and methods that can be used for measuring various gas quality parameters. This includes a summary of gas sampling systems and direct and indirect methods of determining heating value. Also included are basic descriptions and explanations of gas chromatographs, dew point measurement systems, CO 2 and H 2O monitoring systems as well as sulfur analyzers. Some analytical tools and devices are introduced at the concept level, while others, like the gas chromatograph shown in Figure 3 [1] have a significant level of detail.5. DETERMINING AND MAINTAINING HISTORICAL GAS QUALITY DATAHistorical records of gas composition and other properties as well as operational information on pressure and temperature conditions are important to managing the gas quality of a pipeline system. Section 5 provides the background information needed to understand which parameters may be desirable to gather for assessing different purposes (e.g., interchangeability, hydrate formation, liquid dropout, corrosion, etc.), and the frequency at which the information should be recorded. The document describes how an understanding of the historical range of gas quality can be used to establish the effect of changes in the gas supply and gas quality on various end-use equipment. It is recognized that without knowledge of the potential ranges of adjustment gases previously used, interchangeability of “new” gas cannot be assessed.A discussion of practical and regulatory issues related to creating archival information on gas quality is also included in this section.6. DEVELOPING A GAS QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANSection 6 provides suggestions on items that should be considered when developing a plan. The major topics included are listed below:• Establishing Gas Quality Goals • Application of Specifications• Understand the History, System Constraints andEnd Use Limitations• Establishing an Ongoing Monitoring andCorrective Action Program• Summary and Recommendations• Gas Quality Management Plan ChecklistIt is recognized that a “one size fits all” solution is typically too restrictive for establishing gas quality specifications; therefore, the plan should consider regional differences in the system, sources, and end-use needs when establishing limits, and other specifications. The plan should include an approach for monitoring gas quality, archiving gas quality information, and establishing a response plan when limits are violated. The approach for inclusion of new sources and significant expansion of existing supplies should be planned for. The checklist given in Section 6 provides a useful tool for ensuring that the gas quality management plan considers all the critical issues that have been described in the previous sections of the document. APPENDICESA total of 14 appendices are included in the document. These appendices provide supplemental information on a variety of topics ranging from basic hydrocarbon chemistry to a detailed discussion of the development of interchangeability parameters. A brief description of each of the appendices follows.Figure 3. Block Diagram Example of a Gas ChromatographA.Definitions and Industry Publications, Standards,and ReferencesThis section provides select definitions specifically as used in the context of the Gas Quality Management Manual, and references to the important industry standards related to the measurement, evaluation, and computation of gas quality as well as information on gas interchangeability and other critical gas quality references.B.Fundamentals of Hydrocarbon Chemistry —Structure and Properties of Hydrocarbon Molecules This section provides introductory information regarding the chemistry of hydrocarbons that are commonly present in natural gas mixtures.C.NGC+ Typical Gas Composition Data by Region andStateThe tables provided in this section summarize two snapshots of the ranges of gas composition on a state-by-state basis that existed around 1995 and around 2002 and a comparison of the changes that occurred over this time period.D.Chemical and Physical Properties of Natural GasConstituentsThe gross heating value tables in this section are extracted from AGA Report No. 5 and are included in the manual for convenience.E.Moisture Correction and Saturation TablesThis section provides a discussion of the effect of water in natural gas and summarizes a method to compute the correct energy content in the presence of water.F.The Gas LawsA summary of ideal gas laws is presented for reference purposes.G.Predicting Hydrocarbon Liquid DropoutThis section provides a tutorial of hydrocarbon dew point measurement, prediction, and a discussion of the importance of understanding hydrocarbon dew point relative to proper gas sampling and quality determination. H.Stoichiometric Combustion and Calculation ofVolumetric Heating ValueThis section provides an overview of the basic combustion equations related to natural gas components and the method for computing the heating value of a natural gas.I.Interchangeability Parameters and Combustion FirstPrincipalsThis section provides a tutorial on natural gas combustion with emphasis on the parameters typically used to assess the interchangeability of various natural gas mixtures. J.Development of Weaver and AGA Bulletin 36 Interchangeability Indices and LimitsA discussion of the basis for the development of the subject interchangeability indices is provided.K.Mercaptan and Sulfur Compound Measurement and Conversion TableThis section includes a table that lists the amount of sulfur contained in various compounds.L.Sample CalculationsThis section contains example calculations for ideal and real heating value, conversion of heating value to other base conditions, calculation of Wobbe number, and other calculations that are typically used in assessing gas quality.M.Biogas or BiomethaneA tutorial on the unique characteristics and sources of biogas and biomethane is provided in this section.N.LNG Storage, Liquefaction & Propane-Air Peakshaving Gas Quality ConsiderationsThis section provides an overview of quality considerations both in the use and generation of LNG. SUMMARYThe Gas Quality Management Manual brings together information from a number of relevant resources and provides a comprehensive treatment of the subject of developing a plan for managing gas quality. The document does not replace existing reference documents, but instead provides contextual information that will allow the reader to better apply existing industry references.REFERENCES1.AGA Transmission Measurement Committee, GasQuality Management Manual, American Gas Association, August, 2013, Washington, DC.2.Natural Gas Council Plus Interchangeability WorkGroup, White Paper on Natural Gas Inter-changeability and Non-Combustion End Use,February, 2005.3.Natural Gas Council Plus Liquid Hydrocarbon DropOut Task Group, White Paper on LiquidHydrocarbon Drop Out in Natural Gas Infrastructure, February, 2005.4.U.S. Energy Information Administration, AnnualEnergy Outlook 2012 Early Release Overview,January, 2012.。

储罐防腐及涂料的选择

前言储罐是化工企业中广泛使用的存储设备，包括各种类型的拱顶储罐、浮顶储罐和卧式储罐。

就我国目前石油储罐的使用状况来看，面临这一个严肃的问题，那就是储罐腐蚀现象颇为严重，对于储罐而言，不同的部位、不同的介质、不同的环境，发生腐蚀的程度和原因也有所不同。

因此对于不同结构的储油罐的不同部位，不同的腐蚀环境，需选择的防腐措施也不同。

而如何提高石油储罐内外防腐的有效性是至关重要的。

1 储罐的腐蚀油罐所储存的油品往往含有氢、硫酸、有机盐和无机盐以及水分等腐蚀性化学物质，加上罐外壁受环境因素影响，油罐的寿命会大大缩短[1]。

金属储罐的腐蚀有许多表面状态（如均匀腐蚀、点腐蚀、缝隙腐蚀、沉积腐蚀、晶间腐蚀、层间腐蚀、冲刷腐蚀、空泡腐蚀、磨损腐蚀、环境腐蚀、双金属腐蚀、杂散电流腐蚀等），但主要原因仍是化学腐蚀和电化学腐蚀。

其中化学腐蚀只在原油储罐和其他特定的场所才会发生，对杂质较少的成品油罐而言，化学腐蚀发的机率很小。

因此，电化学腐蚀是使金属储罐腐蚀的主要原因[2]。

2 储罐的内防腐2.1 石油储罐的内防腐机理就我国目前石油储罐的内腐蚀现象来看，主要来自于液体腐蚀和气体腐蚀两种，腐蚀的部位主要分布在气相部位、储油部位和储罐底部。

其中气相部位与储罐底部腐蚀现象较为严重。

因为对于气相部位，油品本身挥发出来的二氧化硫和硫化氢等酸性气体与氧气和水在经历温度升高和降低之后，在罐顶和上层罐壁上会形成一层液膜，在这种也莫的作用下，氧的去极化反应会更加强烈，从而导致储罐的腐蚀也会较为严重。

对于储罐底部的腐蚀，主要是因为储罐在长期使用的过程中，不断会有水分沉积于此，加上油品中各种杂质沉降或溶解于其中，这些物质融合在一起会具有很大的腐蚀性，久而久之，储罐底部就会受到严重的腐蚀[3]。

对于储油部位的腐蚀，其腐蚀来源主要是来自油品本身，属于液体腐蚀。

通常情况下，该部位的腐蚀不会很明显，而如果储存介质本身腐蚀性较强，如酸性水等，那么就会给储罐罐壁带来较大程度的腐蚀。

飞逝的巨礁其他学科知识

飞逝的巨礁其他学科知识The topic "The Vanishing Reefs and Other Disciplinary Knowledge" explores the alarming decline of coral reefs around the world and the interconnectedness with various academic disciplines. Coral reefs are not only incredibly biodiverse ecosystems, but they also provide numerous ecosystem services such as coastal protection, fisheries, and tourism.From a biological perspective, the loss of coral reefs has devastating consequences for marine life. Coral polyps, which are the building blocks of reefs, provide a habitat for a wide range of species, including fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. The decline in coral reefs leads to a loss of habitat and disrupts the delicate balance of the marine ecosystem.From an environmental science standpoint, the decline of coral reefs can be attributed to a combination of factors. Climate change, specifically rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification, poses a significant threat to coral health. Increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere lead to ocean acidification, which weakens coral structures and makes them more susceptible to bleaching.Additionally, pollution, overfishing, and destructive fishing practices also contribute to reef degradation.Geographically, coral reefs are found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Understanding the distribution and characteristics of coral reefs requires knowledge of physical geography and oceanography. Factors such as water temperature, salinity, and nutrient availability influence the growth and health of coral reefs.Sociologically, the decline of coral reefs has implications for coastal communities that rely on them for their livelihoods. Fishing communities that depend on coral reefs for sustenance and income are particularly vulnerable. The loss of coral reefs can lead to food insecurity and economic instability, exacerbating social inequalities.In conclusion, the vanishing reefs highlight the interconnectedness of various academic disciplines. To effectively address the decline of coral reefs, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary, involving biology, environmental science, geography, and sociology. Only through a holistic understanding of the issuecan we work towards sustainable solutions and the preservation of these invaluable ecosystems.中文回答：题为“飞逝的巨礁和其他学科知识”的主题探讨了世界各地珊瑚礁的惊人衰退以及与各种学科的相互关系。

火山对生物的影响英语作文

火山对生物的影响英语作文The Impact of Volcanoes on Life。

Volcanoes, magnificent yet terrifying, have fascinated humanity for centuries. These natural wonders shape landscapes and ecosystems, yet their eruptions can devastate life in an instant. In this essay, we will explore the multifaceted impacts of volcanoes on life on Earth.Introduction。

Volcanoes are geological features formed by the release of molten rock, ash, and gases from the Earth's interior. While they are often associated with destruction, they also play a vital role in shaping the planet's surface and supporting diverse ecosystems.Formation and Types of Volcanoes。

Volcanoes can be classified into several types based on their shape, composition, and eruption style. The most common types include shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes, and cinder cone volcanoes. Each type has distinctcharacteristics and can produce different types of eruptions, ranging from gentle lava flows to explosive pyroclastic events.The Impact on Landscapes。

关于储罐分类的英文作文

关于储罐分类的英文作文Different Types of Storage Tanks。

Storage tanks play a crucial role in various industries by providing a safe and efficient way to store liquids and gases. They are used in industries such as oil and gas, chemical, pharmaceutical, and food processing. Storage tanks are designed to store different types of materials, and they come in various shapes and sizes. In this essay, we will explore the different types of storage tanks and their applications.1. Fixed Roof Tanks:Fixed roof tanks, also known as atmospheric tanks, are the most common type of storage tanks. They are used to store liquids with low vapor pressure, such as water, oil, and chemicals. These tanks have a cone or dome-shaped roof that remains fixed in place. Fixed roof tanks are cost-effective and easy to construct. However, they are notsuitable for storing volatile substances as they do not have the ability to withstand pressure changes caused by vaporization.2. Floating Roof Tanks:Floating roof tanks are designed to store volatile liquids, such as gasoline and crude oil. They have a floating roof that moves up and down with the liquid level inside the tank. This floating roof helps to minimize the vapor space above the liquid, reducing the risk of explosion and evaporation. Floating roof tanks are equipped with a rim seal system to prevent the escape of vapors. They are commonly used in the oil and gas industry.3. Cone Roof Tanks:Cone roof tanks have a cone-shaped roof that is fixed to the tank shell. These tanks are suitable for storing liquids with high vapor pressure, such as ammonia and propane. The cone-shaped roof allows for the expansion and contraction of the vapor space, accommodating the changesin pressure. Cone roof tanks are commonly used in the chemical and petrochemical industries.4. Spherical Tanks:Spherical tanks are used to store gases under high pressure, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and compressed natural gas (CNG). The spherical shape of these tanks allows for maximum volume with minimum surface area, making them ideal for high-pressure storage. Spherical tanks are often seen in refineries, gas processing plants, and transportation of gases.5. Underground Storage Tanks:As the name suggests, underground storage tanks are buried underground to store liquids such as gasoline, diesel, and chemicals. These tanks are made of corrosion-resistant materials and are designed to withstand the external pressure of the soil. Underground storage tanks are commonly used in gas stations, airports, and industrial facilities.In conclusion, storage tanks come in various types and are designed to store different types of liquids and gases. The choice of tank depends on the properties of the material being stored, such as vapor pressure and flammability. Understanding the different types of storage tanks and their applications is essential for ensuring the safe and efficient storage of liquids and gases in various industries.。

电极材料英语

电极材料英语In the realm of energy conversion and storage technologies, electrode materials play a pivotal role, influencing both performance and efficiency. As the needfor sustainable and efficient energy systems increases, the significance of electrode materials in fields like batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors is becoming increasingly apparent. In this article, we delve into the current status of electrode materials, exploring various types, their applications, and challenges, while alsolooking ahead to potential advancements and future trends.**Types of Electrode Materials**Electrode materials can be broadly categorized intothree types: metallic, carbon-based, and composite materials. Metallic electrodes, such as lithium, nickel,and cobalt, offer high energy densities but can suffer from issues like corrosion and dendrite formation. Carbon-based electrodes, including graphite, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, provide excellent conductivity and stability but may not offer the same level of energy density as metallics. Composite materials, which combine the benefits of bothmetallics and carbon-based materials, are being actively researched to address the limitations of both.**Applications of Electrode Materials**Electrode materials find applications across a range of electrochemical devices. In lithium-ion batteries (LIBs),for instance, they enable the storage and release of energy through redox reactions. In fuel cells, electrodes catalyze the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. Supercapacitors, on the other hand, rely on electrodes with high surface areas and conductivity to store charge rapidly. **Challenges and Future Trends**Despite their widespread use, electrode materials face several challenges. These include improving energy density, enhancing cycling stability, and reducing costs. To address these issues, researchers are exploring innovativematerials like silicon composites, sulfur cathodes, and metal oxides. These materials offer the potential forhigher energy densities and improved cycling stability, but they also come with their own set of challenges, such as volume expansion and instability.Looking ahead, the future of electrode materials islikely to be driven by the need for even more efficient and sustainable energy storage and conversion solutions. One promising trend is the development of solid-state batteries, which use solid electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes. This innovation could lead to safer, faster-charging batteries with longer lifetimes. Another trend is the integration of electrode materials with other technologies, such as nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, to create more intelligent and adaptive energy systems.In conclusion, electrode materials are crucial to the advancement of energy conversion and storage technologies. As we move towards a more sustainable and efficient energy future, it is essential to continue exploring anddeveloping innovative electrode materials that can meet the demands of tomorrow's energy systems.**电极材料的现状与未来发展**在能源转换和储存技术领域，电极材料扮演着至关重要的角色，影响着能源系统的性能和效率。

浓硫酸储罐设计规范

浓硫酸储罐设计规范篇一:浓硫酸储罐课程设计荆楚理工学院课程设计成果学院:__化工与药学院_____ 班级:13级过程装备与控制工程2班学生姓名: 黄超学号: 2013402020220设计地点(单位)__________化工实验楼A411 ___________ 设计题目:____ 32t浓硫酸储罐设计____________________完成日期:年月日指导教师评语: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _ 成绩(五级记分制):______ __________ 教师签名:_________________________荆楚理工学院课程设计任务书1教研室主任: 指导教师:石腊梅2016年 11 月18日目录第一章第二章介质特性 ................................................................. ........................................ 3 设计参数的选择 ................................................................. ............................. 3 2.1 筒体材料的选择 ................................................................. ...................................... 3 2.2公称直径的确定 ................................................................. ....................................... 3 2.3设计压力 ................................................................. ................................................... 3 2.4设计温度 ................................................................. ................................................... 4 2.5焊接接头系数 ................................................................. . (4)第三章设备的结构设计 ................................................................. .. (5)3.1圆筒厚度的设2计 ................................................................. ....................................... 5 3.2封头的设计 ................................................................. .. (5)3.2.1封头厚度的设计 ................................................................. ........................... 5 3.2.2封头的结构尺寸 ................................................................. ........................... 6 3.3鞍座选型和结构设计 ................................................................. . (6)3.3.1鞍座选型 ................................................................. ....................................... 6 3.3.2鞍座位置的确定 ................................................................. ........................... 7 3.4卧式储罐的附件及其应用 ................................................................. .. (8)3.4.1接管和法兰 ................................................................. ................................... 9 3.4.2垫片的选用 ................................................................. ................................. 10 3.4.3螺栓(螺柱)的选3择 ................................................................. ................. 10 3.5人孔的选择 ................................................................. ............................................. 11 3.6液位计的选择 ................................................................. .. (11)第四章容器强度的校核 ................................................................. (11)4.1水压试验应力校核 ................................................................. ................................. 11 4.2.筒体轴向弯矩计算 ................................................................. .. (11)4.2.1圆筒中间截面上的轴向弯矩 ................................................................. ..... 12 4.2.2鞍座平面上的轴向弯矩 ................................................................. ............. 12 4.3筒体轴向应力计算及校核 ................................................................. ..................... 13 4.4.筒体和封头中的切向剪应力计算与校核 . (14)4.5.封头切向剪应力计4算 ................................................................. ............................ 14 4.6.筒体的周向应力计算与校核 ................................................................. ................ 14 4.7.鞍座应力计算与校核 ................................................................. . (16)4.7.1腹板水平分力及强度校核 ................................................................. ......... 16 4.8地震引起的地脚螺栓应力 ................................................................. (18)4.8.1倾覆力矩计算 ................................................................. ............................. 18 4.8.2由倾覆力矩引起的地脚螺栓拉应力 . (18)4.8.3由地震引起的地脚螺栓剪应力 (19)第五章开孔补强设计 ................................................................. (19)5.1人孔补强 ................................................................. . (19)5.1.1补强设计方法判5别 ................................................................. (19)5.1.2有效补强范围 ................................................................. .............................20 5.13有效补强面积 ................................................................. ...............................20 5.1.4补强面积 ................................................................. ................................ (21)1篇二:200M3浓硫酸卧式储罐毕业设计摘要本文介绍了压力容器分析设计与常规设计的不同、应力分类,厚壁圆筒体的应力分析和压力容器中对各类应力的限制,并通过实例讲述了在分析设计中,根据应力发生的原因,性质及对导致容器破坏所起的不同作用加以分类,分清主次,分别根据各类应力对容器强度影响的程度,采用不同的安全系数和不同的许用应力加以限制,达到设计合理,节省材料,以保证压力容器在各类应力作用下都能安全可靠地工作。

The influence of CO2 and H2O on the storage properties of Pt-Ba Al2O3 LNT catalyst studied

In this case a cooperative effect operates between the noble metal and the nearby storage component so that NO is oxidized and adsorbed as NO2 − at the Ba site before it is oxidized to NO2 . Notably, at variance to the nitrate pathway, the nitrite route accomplishes the storage of NOx in the form of nitrites only. The stored nitrites might be further oxidized to nitrates by O2 , so that the formation of nitrates is expected as consecutive reaction (reaction (5)): NO2 − + 1 O2 → NO3 − 2 (5)
Please cite this article in press as: S. Morandi, et al., The inﬂuence of CO2 and H2 O on the storage properties of Pt-Ba/Al2 O3 LNT catalyst studied by FT-IR spectroscopy and transient microreactor experiments, Catal. Today (2014), /10.1016/j.cattod.2013.12.036
S. Morandi a , F. Prinetto a , G. Ghiotti a , L. Castoldi b , L. Lietti b,∗ , P. Forzatti b , M. Daturi c , V. Blasin-Aubé c

土壤污染 Soil Pollution 英语作文

Soil PollutionSoil is an essential component of our nature. There are many reasons as to why and how soil gets polluted. And this soil pollution has become one of the major crises for the ecosystem and humankind because it causes an imbalance in nature. Soil pollution both directly and indirectly concerns and affects us. Therefore we must understand the causes and effects of soil pollution to reduce it.To help students write an essay on ‘Soil Pollution,’ we will provide them with long and short essay samples. Along with this, we willalso give ten pointers about the topic that will work as guidance for framing the essay.Long Essay on Soil Pollution 500 words in EnglishSoil is the uppermost dry layer of the Earth made up of organic and inorganic materials. The importance of soil is to sustain terrestrial life on this planet, and it is also the component where the sources of life like water and sunlight air come together. Soil pollution can be declared to be the presence of toxic chemicals that pollute the soil, to high concentrations, to risk the ecosystem and human health. Several factorscause soil pollution and many adverse effects that are resulted in it.There are two types of soil pollution, one nature’s doing or other human-made (anthropogenic soil pollution). The causes of soil pollution include: Chemicals and heavy metal solvents are some toxic elements that cause soil pollution.When saline water gets mixed with the soil, sometimes it destroys the good qualities of the land during Tsunami and other natural calamities. Acid rain is one of the primary causes of soil pollution and one of the biggestconcerns in environmental issues. Excess use of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, etc. in agriculture has resulted in a lot of soil pollution.With time and because of corrosion, accidents like seepage through a landfill, rupture of underground storage tanks, or mixing of contaminated water into the soil can result in polluting the soil. Industrial wastes, nuclear wastes (radioactive wastes), etc. are also some primary reasons for soil pollution.Due to deforestation, soil erosion takes place, which turns the area into a wasteland. Industrial accidents like the oil spill, acid or chemical spills,etc. are also hazardous and can cause soil pollution. Effects of soil pollution are the ones that negatively impact our environment and change the excellent natural qualities of the soil and cause harm to the life cycle of every living being on the planet.Some effects of soil pollution to name are: The toxicities of the soil can reduce the productivity quality of it, and this affects the healthy growth of crops and plants. If plants are not grown in the amount or condition they should, it also affects the food cycle for humans and other animals.If the productivity of the soil decreases due to soil pollution, then the economy is also affected by it. Soil pollution can also cause water pollution by contaminating the drinkable water. Hence, soil pollution also concerns human health. If soil erosion increases, then accidents like landslides and floods can happen. The soil is responsible for the health and development of humankind; hence it is our responsibility to keep it safe and pure and avoid conditions that can cause soil pollution.Short Essay on Soil Pollution 150 words in EnglishSoil is a vital element of this planet, and it is directly connected to our survival. The pollution of this precious element has now turned into a global problem and not the only country’s concern. Soil pollution can be defined as the increase of persistent toxic elements in the soil like the presence of chemicals, salts, disease-causing agents, radioactive wastes, or anything that changes the soil’s quality and causes an adverse effect in the growth of the plant and on human health.Soil pollution can be reduced by proper regulated waste dumping and by avoidinglittering, reduced use and throwing of toxic material, recycling of waste materials, decreasing the use of toxic fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and instead opting for organic products, stop deforestation by growing more plants (reforestation). It is our role as students to understand the importance of preserving the purity in soil and saving it from contamination by educating others on the matter through the spreading of awareness. we will soonly update Soil Pollution essay in Hindi, Kannada, Punjabi and Telugu.10 Lines on Soil Pollution Essay in EnglishSoil is the outermost layer of the Earth’s surface, which is the foundation of essential environmental functions.Drinkable underground water is also possible because the soil layer acts as a filter and a source of essential nutrients to that water.Soil also plays a significant role in regulating the Earth’s temperature to make it livable.A soil pollutant is an agent that degenerates the quality, composition, mineral quantity of the soil.There are two ways by which soil can get polluted: Natural and Anthropogenic.Soil contamination or soil pollution should concern us because when the toxic elements of the soil enter the human body because of food-chain, it can cause harm to the inner body-system.Corrupt agricultural practices ruin the excellent qualities of the soil in that particular area.Contaminants that cause soil pollution are metals, inorganic ions, and salts, including sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, carbonates, etc.Organic compounds like lipid, fatty acids, alcohols, proteins, hydrocarbons, etc.Anthropogenic or man-caused soil pollution can be controlled with enough effort by making changes in our industrial processes and some daily activities.Soil pollution is an environmental issue that concerns every aspect of life.FAQ’s on Soil Pollution EssayQuestion 1.How does soil pollution cause harm to human health?Answer:Soils are essential and connected to human health in many ways, such as being the base for growing plants. The land is also a significant source of nutrients, and they act as a natural filter to remove contamination from the drinkable water. Similarly, soil pollution also can leave an adverse effect on human health as contaminated soil contains heavy metals, toxic chemicals, pathogens, etc. that negatively impact human health by entering the bodythrough food directly or indirectly. Soil pollution can cause neuromuscular blockade, nausea, depression, headaches, eye irritation, fatigue, and skin rash.Question 2.What are the significant causes of soil pollution?Answer:With the ever-evolving and developing science, industrialization also advances. However, the blessings of manufacturing come with the boon of pollution like industrial or by-product wastes.Question 3.How does soil pollution affect us other than causing adverse effects on health?Answer:Other than our health, soil pollution causes harm to the nutrients in the soil by decreasing its fertility. This results in the damage of crop production and eventually affects our economy.Question 4.How can the necessary household activities cause soil pollution?Answer:Littering is one of the most fundamental reasons for soil to get polluted. Other than this, excessive urbanization and cutting of trees cause soil erosion. The sewage channel or underground storage, if not done right then it can cause soil pollution. Similarly, if detergent used soap water is dumped on a particular soil, it can harm the soil quality.。

保丽龙铸件的制造工艺流程

保丽龙铸件的制造工艺流程1.原料准备：筛选最优质的铝合金材料。

Material preparation: Select the highest quality aluminum alloy materials.2.材料加热：将铝合金材料加热至一定温度。

Material heating: Heat the aluminum alloy material to a certain temperature.3.铸造模具准备：准备好保丽龙铸件的铸造模具。

Preparation of casting molds: Prepare the casting molds for the production of polycarbonate castings.4.浇注铸造：将加热后的铝合金材料倒入铸造模具中。

Pouring casting: Pour the heated aluminum alloy into the casting molds.5.冷却固化：待铸造完成后，让铸件在模具中进行冷却和固化。

Cooling solidification: After the casting is complete, allow the casting to cool and solidify in the mold.6.模具打开：打开模具，并取出初步成型的保丽龙铸件。

Opening the mold: Open the mold and remove the preliminary formed polycarbonate casting.7.修整加工：对初步成型的保丽龙铸件进行修整和加工。

Trimming processing: Trim and process the preliminary formed polycarbonate casting.8.热处理：将铸件进行热处理，使其具有更好的物理性能。

Heat treatment: Heat treat the castings to give them better physical properties.9.表面处理：进行表面清理和涂层处理，提高保丽龙铸件的表面质量。