The Renaissance Period

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Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period1.The Renaissance marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval(中世纪) to the modern world.2.时间：It refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries.3.地点：It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature.4.起因：The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival,"(复兴) is actually a movementstimulated by a series of historical events(历史事件), such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography & astrology (占星术), the religious reformation & the economic expansion.5.目的：(1) to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe 古代封建思想(2) to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie 资产阶级(3) to recover purity of early church from corruption of Roman Catholic Church 罗马天主教6. The Renaissance in BritainHenryThe literary giants: Shakespeare, Spenser,Jonson, Sidney, Marlow, Bacon, and Donne2) Henry VIII →religious reformation and cultural development(1) A steady increase in the national power + the entrance of the religious reformation from the Continent: Martin Luther; Henry VIII’s marriage; Catholicism and Protestantism (天主教与新教); Elizabeth I (Protestantism, firmly established, compromise); Class struggle (bourgeoisie and feudal class).(2) Strong national feeling + the cultural development in English: Classical culture & Italian humanistic ideas; W. Caxton: first to introduce printing into England3) First Period: Imitation and assimilationPetrarch: 英国作家都尊意大利作家彼德拉克为文学的源泉；爱情诗Wyatt & Surrey: engrave the forms and graces of Italian poetry upon native stock (将意大利是个中的韵味与形式深入自己的作品当中)；Wyatt：Introduce the Petrarchan sonnet into England (将十四行诗引进英国)；Surrey：Introduce blank verse (无韵体诗), i.e. the unrhymed iambic pentameter line (不押韵的五音步抑扬隔诗行)Sidney: sestina and terza rima (隔行押韵)Marlowe: give new vigor to the blank verse with his mighty linesJohn Donne: metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人)Elizabethan Drama: the real mainstream of the English Renaissance; most famous dramatists: Christopher, Marlowe, Shakespeare, Ben JonsonFrancis Bacon: the first important English essayist; the founder of modern science in England; the representatives of the English Renaissance7. 文艺复兴的精神所在：Humanism (人文主义) is the essence of the renaissance.(1) Man is the measure of all things. 人是衡量万物的标准。

Lecture-2-The-Renaissance-Period英美文学课件

Comedies Tragedies
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3) Great tragedies
Four tragedies Dark comedies 4) Romantic tragicomedies
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2 long narrative poems
154 sonnets
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Queen Elizabeth (Tudor) (1558-- 1603) “Balance”
the rising middle class ------ feudal lords Protestants ------ Catholics
1588
English navy
Spanish navy
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Representative works:
• Tamburlaine the Great (1587-1588)
• The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (1589)
• The Jew of Malta (1590) • “The passionate shepherd to his love”
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Edmund Spenser
(1552-- 1599)
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The Faerie Queene
incomplete English epic poem
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This masterpiece is dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. Spenser plans 12 books, each one with a hero standing for a different moral virtue.

英国文学史上-The Renaissance

The Renaissance PeriodReference: 1) 16th century, Thomas More, “sheep devoured men”羊吃人的时代2) At the beginning of the 16th century, absolute monarchy was formed in England. King Henry VIII broke off with the Pope, dissolved all the monasteries修道院and abbeys大修道院in the country, confiscated没收their lands and proclaimed himself head of the Church of England.3) The absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.4) Beginning of the 16th century, Thomas More, a outstanding humanist杰出的人文主义者, wrote Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’s suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.5) In the 1st half of the 16th century, there appeared lyrical poems抒情诗by Thomas Wyatt怀亚特. Wyatt was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature. In the 2nd half of the 16th century lyrical poetry became widespread in England. Famous lyrical and epic poets of the time were Philip Sidney菲利普•锡德尼, Thomas Campion托马斯•坎皮恩and Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞(<The Faerie Queene>仙后)6) Various types of novels were developed in the 16th century. John Lyly约翰•黎里and Thomas Lodge托马斯•洛奇were authors of novels dealing with the court life and gallantry.(宫廷生活和侠士风流)John Lyly→Euphues: The Antatomy of Wit艳词(首创euphuism绮丽体这一修辞手段) Thomas Deloney托马斯•德洛尼&Thomas Nashe托马斯•纳什→developed the realistic tendencies发展了小说中的现实主义风格(devoted to the everyday life of craftsmen, merchants and other representatives of the lower classes)7) Drama→the greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗•马洛. He made blank verse the principle vehicle of expression in drama.(把无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达方式His work→The Jew of Malta; The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus)8) A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.9) Three historical events of the Renaissance—rebirth or revival:①new discoveries in geography and astrology(占星术)②the religious reformation and economic expansion③rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureDefinition of important literary terms:Renaissance:the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.William Shakespeare 1564~1616 P61Works: Stage1→1590 The Second Part of King Henry VIThe Third Part of King Henry VI1591 The First Part of King Henry VI1592 The Life and Death of King Richard IIIThe Comedy of Errors1593 Titus Andronicus泰特斯•安德鲁尼克斯(复仇悲剧)The Taming of the Shrew训悍记1594 The Two Gentlemen of Verona维罗纳两绅士Lover’s Labour Lost爱的徒劳Romeo and Juliet1595 The Life and Death of King Richard IIA Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦1596 The Life and Death og King JohnThe Merchant of Venice维纳斯商人1597 The First Part of King Henry IVThe Second Part of King Henry IV1598 Much Ado About Nothing无事生非The Merry Wives of Windsor温莎的风流娘儿们The Life of King Henry V1599 The Life and Death of Julius Caesar尤里乌斯•凯撒As You Like It 皆大欢喜(Figure: Rosalind)1600 Twelfth Night, or What You Will第十二夜Stage2→1601 The Tragedy of Hamlet, Price of Denmark(复仇悲剧)√1602 Troilus and Cressida 特罗伊斯与克瑞西达(黑暗喜剧)All’s Well That Ends Well 终成眷属(黑暗喜剧)1603 Measure for Measure 一报还一报(黑暗喜剧)Othello, the Moore of Venice 奥赛罗(Figure: Desdemona)1605 King Lear李尔王(Figure: Cordelia)The Tragedy of Macbeth 麦克白1606 Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼和克利奥佩特拉1607 The Tragedy of Coriolanus 克利奥拉鲁斯Timon of Athens 雅典的泰门1608 Pericles, Prince of Tyre 佩里克里斯Stage3→（均为传奇剧）1609 Cymbeline, King of Britain 辛白林1610 The Winter’s Tale 冬天的故事The Tempest 暴风雨The Life and Death of Henry VIII( Comedy:—Tragedy:—)Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜<Twelfth Night>第十二夜<A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦<Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人Four Tragedies:<Hamlet>哈姆莱特<Othello>奥赛罗<King Lear>李尔王<Macbeth>麦克白Shakespeare Sonnet: 154 <The Sonnets> (ababcdcdefefgg) 18(shall I compare thee)、29(when in disgrace)、106(when in the chronicle of wasted time)Shakespeare’s 2 narrative poems: Venus and Adonis维纳斯与阿多尼斯Lucrece露克里丝受辱记Figures and things mentioned: <In Hamlet> Horatio (Hamlet’s friend)霍拉旭Elsinore Castle埃利塞纳城堡Claudius (Hamlet’s uncle)克劳迪斯Gertrude (Hamlet’s mother)乔特鲁德Rosencrantz(Hamlet’s friend)罗森克兰茨Guildenstern(Hamlet’s friend)吉尔登斯坦Ophelia(Hamlet’s girlfriend)奥菲利亚Polonius (girlfriend’s father)波洛琉斯Laertes(girlfriend’s brother)雷欧提斯<In The Merchant of Venice>Bassanio 巴萨尼奥Antonio(Bassanio’s Friend)安东尼奥Portia鲍西娅Shylock (the wealthy Jew)Jessica(Shylock’s daughter, who ran off with Bassanio’s friend Lorenzo罗兰佐)Gratiano (Bassanio’s friend, fell in love with Portia’s waiting-woman Nerissa尼莉莎) Definition of important literary terms:1)Renaissance: Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Itfirst started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word“Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which theEuropean humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Churchauthorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.2)Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.The rhymescheme in the Italian form as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch(彼得拉克)is abbaabbacdecde. The Petrarchian sonnet has two divisions: the first is of eight lines (the octave), and the second is of six lines (the sestet). The rhyme scheme of the English, or Shakespearean sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg. The change of rhyme in the English sonnet is coincidental(一致) with a change of theme in the poem.3)Spenserian Stanza: Spenser invented a new verse form for his poem. The verse form hasbeen called "Spenserian Stanza" since his day. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter form, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步抑扬格) line. The rhythm scheme is abab bcbc c.4) Humanism: it refers to the main literary trend and is the keynote of English Renaissance.Humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement. They think that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill.FrancisBacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626 P103（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了“知识就是力量”这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。

The Renaissance Period

Sonnet # 127 – 152: describe a ‘dark lady’ who is a lover of the author. The lady is very charming but prurient (淫乱淫乱). 淫乱 The common themes of the sonnets: Friendship and love
约翰. John Milton (约翰. 弥尔约翰顿, 1608 – 1674)
Major works: 3 long narrative poems (1) “Paradise Lost ” (失乐园 1667) 失乐园, 失乐园 The theme: the tragedy of the fall of man. 人类 – 即指祖先亚当和夏娃因为即指祖先亚当和夏娃, 魔鬼撒旦的引诱, 魔鬼撒旦的引诱违背了上帝的旨意而沉沦, 最后失去了天堂乐园
William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616)
Major works: (38 plays in total) The types of plays: A. History plays (e.g. the King Henry series) B. Comedy (e.g. the Merchant of Venice) C. ‘Black comedies’ (悲喜剧 ( e.g. ‘The 悲喜剧) 悲喜剧 tempest’, 暴风雨暴风雨) D. Tragedy (e.g. Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth, Romeo & Juliet)
(2) The tragic History of Doctor Faustus (浮士浮士德博士的悲剧, 德博士的悲剧 1589) The theme: 赞扬了人对知识力量与欢乐的热赞扬了人对知识, 切, 揭示了人们在当时严酷的道德秩序中这些渴求要付出的代价. 渴求要付出的代价 (3) The Jew of Malta (马耳他岛的犹太人马耳他岛的犹太人, 马耳他岛的犹太人 1590) The theme: criticises character of the inhumanity and avarice of capitalist 对灭绝人性的资产者进行了批判 The Jew is the archetype of Shylock in “Merchant of Venice” by Shakespeare

英国文学

English Literature 英国文学主要分类一、The Old English Literature中古英国文学二、The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期文学（伊丽莎白时代，14-16世纪）三、The 17 century English Literature17世纪英国文学四、The18 century English Literature18世纪英国文学（启蒙时期）五、Literature of Romantic Age浪漫主义时期文学六、Literature in Victoria Period维多利亚时期文学七、Literature in Modern Period现在时期英国文学The main content to know•Background knowledge (from history,culture atmosphere) •Important Literary Terms•Important Writers and Literary WorksThe Old English Literature（一）General Introduction（总体介绍）The Old English literature（which lasted from 499 to 1066）isexclusively a verse（诗篇）literature in oral form.There were two groups of English poetry in this period-the first was the pagan（异教的）poetry represented by Beowulf，the second was the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf.In the 8th century,Anglo-Saxon prose appeared.The most famous prose writers of that period were Venerable bede and Alfred the Great.After the Norman Conques,three languages existed in England,which were French spoken by the Normans,English spoken by the lower class and Latin spoken by the scholars and clergymen. The prevailing from of literature in the feudal England was the Romance.The Romance prospered for 300 years(1200-1500)from which we see an epitome（缩影）of the Middle Ages.In the 15th century,English ballads became very popular and the only important writer was Thomas Malory.（二）Important Literary TermsOld English（古英语）：language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons is called the Old English,which is the foundation of English language and literature.Romance(中世纪的传奇故事）：The Romance was the prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages.It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.（三）Important Writers and Literary Works1.Beowulf(《贝奥武甫》）Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language and the most important spe-cimen of Anglo-Saxon literture.The main stories are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes.2.Religious Poets(宗教诗人）Caedmon(卡德蒙，610-680)Caedmon is the first known religious poet of England.He is known as the father of English song, Caedmon’s Hymn (《卡德蒙的赞美诗》）is a praise poem in honor of god.Cynewulf(基涅武甫，公元九世纪）Cynewulf lived in the 9th century. He produced four poems, of which The Christ(《基督》）is the most characteristic. Throughout the poem, a deep love for Christ and reverence for Virgin Mary(圣母利亚）are expressed.3.Prose Writers（散文作家）Venerable Bede(可敬的比德，672-735)Bede,also referred to as Saint Bede(圣比德）or the Venerable Bede,is well known as an author and scholar,and his most famous work, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, or An Ecclesiastica History of the English People(《英吉利人教会史》）,gained him the title “The Father of English History”(英国史学之父）Alfred the Great(阿尔弗雷德大帝，849-899）Alfred is the only English monarch to be accorded the epithet “the Great”(唯一一个被授予“大帝”名号额英格兰国王）.He was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself “King of the Anglo-saxons”(将自己命名为“盎格鲁-撒克逊之王”的西撒克逊国王）.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle(《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》）is a collection of annals(年鉴）in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. original manusript of the Chronicle was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex,duing the reign of Alfred the Great.4.The Romance(传奇）Sir Gawain and the Green Knight（《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》）It is a romance of 2,530 lines derived from Celtic legend(凯尔特骑士）.Sir Cawain, nephew of King Arthur, accepted the challenge of the Green Knight in the Green Chapel（绿教堂）. At last, he got a girdle （腰带）as a gift from the Knight and his story became widely known.5.Age of Chaucer(乔叟时代）The 14th century is called “Age of Chaucer”.Chaucer and Langland(朗格兰，1332-1400，英国诗人），were the most important writers of age.Ceoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里·乔叟，1343-1400）Chaucer is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry”（英国诗歌之父），but also as “the father of English fiction (英国小说之父）.His masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》），is one of the most famous works in all literatures.Chaucer wrote in vivid and exact language; his poetry is full vigor and swiftness.Book of the Duchess 《公爵夫人之书》The House of Fame《声誉之宫》The Parliament of Fowls 《百鸟会议》The Legend of Good Women 《贤妇传说》Troilus and Criseyde 《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》6. The 15th Century Ballads(民歌，歌谣）Thomas Malory(托马斯·马洛礼，1405-1471）Tomas Malory wrote an important work called Le Morte d’Arthur（《亚瑟王之死》）.The central concern is with the adventures of Arthur and his famous Knights of the Round Table（圆桌骑士）.The book is very important in English literature.Its Arthurian materials have a strong influence on literature of later centuries.The Renaissance Period伊丽莎白时代，14—16世纪一）General Introduction（总体介绍）The Renaissance（文艺复兴）was a European phenomenon, which originated in Italy. The English Renaissance encouraged the reformation of the Church.In Elizabethan（伊丽莎白）period, English literature developed with great speed. The most distinctive achievement of Elizabethan literature is drama. Next to drama is the lyrical poetry（抒情诗）,remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feeling.In that period, writing peotry became a fashion and England became “a nest of singing birds”. In tha same period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which make him one of the best essayists（散文家）in English literature.（二）Important Literary Terms1）Renaissance：In the Renaissance Period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievements of human culture. So humanism（人文主义）became the keynote of English Renaissance. English Renaissance is divied into three periods:①the 1st period from 1516 to 1578 is called the beginning of the Renaissance.②The 2nd period from1578 to 1625 is known as the flowering period.③The 3rd period from 1625 to 1660 is the epilogue（尾声）of the Renaissance.2) Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗体）Spenser invented a new verse form. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line.（每个诗节由九行组成，前八行为五步抑扬格，第九行为六步抑扬格。

我最喜欢文艺复兴时期的艺术家英语作文

我最喜欢文艺复兴时期的艺术家英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Renaissance period, spanning from the 14th to the 17th century, was a time of great cultural and artistic growth in Europe. It was during this period that many of the world's most famous artists emerged, creating timeless masterpieces that continue to inspire and captivate audiences today. Among these artists, my personal favorite is Leonardo da Vinci.Leonardo da Vinci was a true Renaissance man, excelling in a wide range of disciplines including painting, sculpting, architecture, science, and engineering. His most famous works include the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, which are widely considered to be among the greatest masterpieces of all time. Da Vinci's ability to capture the beauty and essence of the human form, as well as his mastery of light and shadow, make his paintings truly remarkable.What sets da Vinci apart from other artists of his time is his insatiable curiosity and thirst for knowledge. He was not content to simply paint, but instead sought to understand the worldaround him through scientific inquiry and experimentation. Da Vinci's notebooks are filled with detailed sketches and observations on a wide range of subjects, from anatomy to engineering to botany. His groundbreaking studies on human anatomy, in particular, have had a lasting impact on the field of medicine.In addition to his artistic and scientific pursuits, da Vinci was also an accomplished engineer and inventor. He designed concepts for flying machines, armored vehicles, and even a robotic knight. Although many of his inventions were never actually built, they demonstrate his visionary thinking and innovative spirit.Overall, I admire Leonardo da Vinci not only for his artistic talent, but also for his intellectual curiosity, creativity, and ingenuity. His work continues to be celebrated and studied centuries after his death, a true testament to his enduring legacy as one of the greatest artists of all time. Leonardo da Vinci will always hold a special place in my heart as my favorite artist of the Renaissance period.篇2I really have a deep appreciation for the artists of the Renaissance period. The Renaissance, which took place between the 14th and 17th centuries, was a time of great cultural and artistic innovation in Europe. During this period, artists were able to break free from the constraints of medieval art and explore new techniques and styles that laid the foundation for much of the art we see today.One of my favorite Renaissance artists is Leonardo da Vinci. Da Vinci was a true polymath – he was not only a painter, but also a sculptor, architect, scientist, and engineer. His most famous painting, the Mona Lisa, is a masterpiece of the Renaissance period and one of the most well-known works of art in the world. Da Vinci's attention to detail, his use of light and shadow, and his ability to capture the human form with incredible accuracy are all qualities that make his work truly exceptional.Another artist that I admire from the Renaissance period is Michelangelo. Michelangelo was a sculptor, painter, and architect, and is best known for his work on the Sistine Chapel ceiling in Vatican City. The ceiling is a breathtaking fresco that depicts scenes from the Bible and is considered one of the greatest works of art in Western civilization. Michelangelo's skillin capturing the human form and his use of perspective and anatomy are truly remarkable.Lastly, I also have a great admiration for Raphael, another prominent artist of the Renaissance period. Raphael was known for his paintings of the Madonna and Child, which were characterized by their soft colors and gentle expressions. His work is highly regarded for its beauty and grace, and he is considered one of the greatest painters of the Renaissance period.In conclusion, the artists of the Renaissance period were truly remarkable in their ability to push the boundaries of art and create works that have stood the test of time. Their attention to detail, mastery of technique, and ability to capture the human form in all its glory are qualities that continue to inspire artists and art lovers alike to this day. I am grateful for the incredible contributions of artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, and I look forward to exploring more of their work in the future.篇3The Renaissance period was a time of great artistic and cultural flourishing in Europe, and it produced some of the mosticonic artists in history. Among these artists, my favorite has always been Leonardo da Vinci.Leonardo da Vinci was a true Renaissance man, excelling in multiple fields such as painting, sculpture, engineering, and scientific research. His most famous works include the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, both of which are considered masterpieces of Western art. What I admire most about da Vinci is his ability to combine art and science seamlessly, creating works that are not only visually stunning but also scientifically accurate.One aspect of da Vinci's work that I find particularly fascinating is his attention to detail and his mastery of techniques such as sfumato, a painting technique that creates a soft, blurred effect. This technique is evident in the Mona Lisa, where the subtle gradations of light and shadow give the painting a sense of depth and realism. Da Vinci's meticulous approach to his art is something that I strive to emulate in my own creative endeavors.Aside from his artistic achievements, da Vinci's scientific research also sets him apart from other artists of his time. He was a pioneer in the fields of anatomy, engineering, and mathematics, and his drawings and sketches of inventions such as flying machines and war machines are a testament to his curiosity andinnovative spirit. Da Vinci's ability to bridge the gap between art and science is something that I find truly inspiring.In conclusion, Leonardo da Vinci's contributions to art and science during the Renaissance period have left an indelible mark on the history of Western civilization. His works continue to inspire artists and scientists alike, and his legacy as a true Renaissance man will undoubtedly endure for centuries to come. Leonardo da Vinci will always hold a special place in my heart as my favorite artist of the Renaissance period.。

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期

文艺复兴时期: 14th –mid 17th c. started in ItalyA series of historical events:1.rediscovery of ancient Roman & Greek cultures2.new discoveries in geography & astrology (占星学)3.the religious reformation4.the Enclosure Movement & economic expansion5. a centralized monarchy and War with SpainProfessional writers emerged, who wrote for theaters and publishers breaking away from the patron system.The Renaissance—rebirth or revival- the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present lifeBest representatives: Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe, William ShakespeareThe Elizabethan drama: the real mainstream of English RenaissanceMost famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Ben Jonson1552?-99- the poets’ poetThe Shepheardes’ Calender《牧人日历》a pastoral poem in 12 parts, gives different descriptions of the English countryside.The Faerie Queen《仙后》an epic poem of 12 parts, but unfinished, is dedicated to Queen Elizabeth I. (chivalric romance + Biblical allegory)Heroes and heroines: Arthur - who possess 12 virtuesGloriana – the Fairy QueenMarlowe’s achievement s:1) It is Marlowe who brought vitality (活力) and grandeur (伟大) into the blank verse (无韵诗歌) with his ―mighty lines,‖ which carry strong emotions.2) his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.3) Masterpiece: The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness– playwright & poet1.History plays: Henry VI, Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, King John…edies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, TwelfthNight …3. Tragedies: Romeo and Juliet romantic tragedy. To praise the faithfulness of love and defiance of feudal discord.1). Four tragedies -Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth2). Tragicomedies/romances:The Tempest 《暴风雨》READING:1. Sonnet 18A nice summer’s day is usually transient(短暂的), but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.2. Sonnet 29He complains of his own miseries and dissatisfaction in life and becomes happier upon the thought of the one he loves.3. Excerpt from HamletHamlet is pondering over the question of life and death. He, world weary, wants to commit suicide and he also wants to fight or take a revenge, not only for his father, but also for all the people suffering from social injustice. But he thinks too much that he fails to act successfully.Hamlet is melancholy and sensitive, a Renaissance idealist, free from medieval prejudices and superstitions. He has an unbounded love for the world instead of the heaven. The world for him is ―this goodly frame the earth, this most excellent canopy the air, the brave o’erhanging firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire.‖Like other humanists, he cherishes a profound reverence for man, and a firm belief in man’s power and destiny: ―What a piece of work is a man! how noble in reason! How infinite in faculties! in form and moving how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god!‖ Such a delight in nature and man is characteristic of the humanists of the Renaissance.1572-1637 a poet, critic and playwrightAs a playwright he adhered to the classic rules of tragic art, taking a firm stand for the ―three unities‖—unity of action, place and time. As a critic he is a forerunner of classicism (古典主义) in the 18th century English literature.1561-1626–philosopher, scientist, essayist, lay the foundation for modern science《论文集》is the first example of that genre in English literature. Bacon suggests the inductive reasoning 归纳法(i.e. proceeding from the particular to the general) in place of Aristotelian method, the deductive reasoning 演绎法(i.e. proceeding from the general to the particular)READING: Of Studies 《论读书》Of Studies uses and benefits of study—―reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.‖。

英美文学选读英国部分第一章文艺复兴时期

英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章文艺复兴时期(The Renaissance Period)二、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史文化背景(Historical and cultural background)(1)文艺复兴是从中世纪向近代过渡时期发生在欧洲许多国家的一场思想文化运动。

它是在一些历史因素的合力作用下而引发的，如对希腊罗马古典文化的重新发现，宗教改革运动，地理和自然科学领域的探索，以及资本主义经济的扩张等。

(2)人文主义是文艺复兴的主要特征。

它颂扬人性，强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放，反对神秘主义和中古神权，反对野蛮和兽性。

(3)16世纪的宗教改革导致了新教的创立。

英格兰同罗马教皇的决裂最初源于国王亨利八世决定与其第一位妻子离婚但遭到教皇否决。

宗教教义的改革则发生在后来的爱德华六世和女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间。

(4)工商业持续发展，中产阶级逐渐壮大，非神职人员获得受教育的机会，王权巩固，宫廷成为文化生活的中心，以及海外扩张和科学探索日益拓展人们的视野，所有这些都为文学提供了新的推动力和发展方向。

威廉·卡克斯顿首次将印刷术介绍到英国，使那里的出版社迅速增加，随之而来的是印刷书籍的繁荣。

2、英国文艺复兴时期文学的特点(Features of English Renaissance literature)(1) 诗歌(Poetry)开创文艺复兴时期一代新的华丽诗风的两个最重要的人物是菲利普·悉尼爵士和埃德蒙·斯宾塞。

在他们的抒情和叙事作品中，展现出一种词藻华丽、精雕细琢的文风。

到16世纪末，出现了两类新的诗歌风格。

第一类以约翰·邓恩和其他玄学派诗人为代表；第二类风格的典范是本·琼森和他所代表的流派。

英国文艺复兴时期的最后一位大诗人是清教作家约翰·密尔顿，他的诗歌具有惊人的震撼力和优雅的韵致，同时传达出深邃的思想。

Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period

Chapter 1 The Renaissance PeriodThe Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means rebirth or revival, is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。

英美文学选读1.The Renaissance Period

1. Generally speaking, the Old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: the religious group and the secular one.2. Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded as the epic of the Anglo-Saxons.3. Geoffrey Chaucer is one of the greatest poets in English.●The Renaissance Period (14th---mid17th)◆William Shakespeare: (38 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long poems)1.作品：Henry IV, The Merchant of Venice, Romeo and Juliet, Sonnet 18, The Tempest2. Greatest tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.3. The Tempest is known as the best of Shakespeare’s final romance. The playwright resorts and to the supernatural atmosphere and to the dreams to solve the conflict. And this play is also a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late years.4. William Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principal that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.5.Try to analyze Hamlet Hamlet is a man of speculation, umbrage and contemplation.Hamlet is neither a frail and weak minded youth nor a thought sick dreamer. He has none of the single minded blood lust of the earlier revengers. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so questioning and so contemplative that action, when it finally comes, seems almost like defeat. Trapped in a nightmare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father's death, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of constant role playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger. By characterizing Hamlet, Shakespeare successfully makes a philosophical exploration of life and death. Hamlet is also a humanist, a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions. He has an unbounded love for the world rather than heaven. He cherishes a profound reverence for man and a firm belief in man's power over destiny.6. What did Shakespeare criticize in his play?The conscientious playwright criticized various kinds of human vices and sins, like greed, betrayal, pride, prejudice and deception, including acts of social inequality, sexual and racial discriminations in plays such as The Merchant of Venice and The Tempest. In his tragedies, he condemned the hypocrisy, treachery and general corruption at the royal court. He does not hesitate to describe the cruelty and anti-natural character of the civil wars against religious persecution and the corrupting influence of money and gold. In King Lear, he criticized the bourgeois egoism while he feared anarchy, hated rebellion and despised democracy.7. Soliloquy is a nature medium for Hamletto release his anguish.8.The theme of Sonnet 18 is that a nicesummer’s day is usually transient, but thebeauty in poetry can last for ever.9.Discuss the four periods ofShakespeare’s dramatic career.The first period of Shakespeare’s dramaticcareer was one of apprenticeship. He wrotefive history plays (e.g. Henry VI), fourcomedies (The Comedy of Errors). In thesecond period, Shak espeare’s style andapproach became highly individualized. Hewrote five histories (e.g. Henry IV), sixcomedies (The Merchant of Venice) andtwo tragedies (e.g. Romeo and Juliet). Histhird period includes his greatest' tragedies(e.g. Hamlet) and his so called darkcomedies (Measure for Measure). The lastperiod includes his principal romantictragicomedies (The Tempest).10. Briefly discuss Shakespeare’s artisticachievement in characterization, plotconstruction and languageA. Shakespeare’s major char acters areneither merely individual ones nor typeones; they represent certain types; they areindividuals representing certain types. Byemploying a psycho-analytical approach,Shakespeare succeeds in exploring thecharacters’inner world. Shakespeare alsoportrays his characters in pairs. Contrastsare frequently used to bring vividness to hischaracters.B. Shakespeare seldom invents his own plot;instead, he borrows them form old plays orstorybooks, from ancient Greek or Romansources. In order to make the play morelively and compact, he would shorten thetime and intensity the story. There areusually several clues running through theplay, thus providing the story with suspenseand apprehension.C. Shakespeare can write skillfully indifferent poetic forms, such as the sonnet,the blank verse and the rhymed couplet. Hehas an amazing wealth of vocabulary andidiom. His coinage of new words anddistortion of the meaning of the old wordsalso creates striking effects on the reader.11. About the four tragedies: What arethe characteristic of the four tragedies incommon? Briefly summarize each hero’sweakness of natureEach portrays some noble hero, who facesthe injustice of human life and is caught ina difficult situation and whose fate isclosely connected with the fate of the wholenation.Each hero has his weakness of nature:Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince,faces the dilemma between action and mind;Othello’s inner weakness is made use of bythe outside evil force; the old king Lear isunwilling to totally give up his power; andMacbeth's lust for power stirs up hisambition and leads him to incessant crimes.◆John Milton1.作品：Paradise Lost，Paradise Regained，Samson Agonistes，Lycidas2.John Milton’s greatest poetical workParadise Lost is the only generallyacknowledged epic in English literaturesince Beowulf3.His literary achievement can be dividedinto 3 groups: the early poetic works, themiddle prose pamphlets and the last greatpoems.4. Milton wrote his three major poeticalworks after the Restoration.5. Paradise Lost is taken from Genesis ofthe Bible; the theme is “the fall of man”6. According to the setting of the poemParadise Lost, discuss the theme, theauthor’s intention to create it and theimplication that the poem expresses.A. The theme of the poem Paradise Lost isthe "Fall of Man”, i. e. man's disobedienceand the loss of Paradise, with its primecause-Satan.B. The author's intention to write this poemis to expose the ways of Satan and to"justify the ways of God to men".C. In this poem, the author implicitlyexpresses his fundamental concern withfreedom and choice and his belief that theunquestionable truth of Biblical revelationmeans that an all knowing God was just inallowing Adam and Eve to be tempted andof their free will to choose sin and itsinevitable punishment.7. What is M ilton’s fundamental concernin Paradise Lost?At the center of the conflict between humanlove and spiritual duty lies M ilton’sfundamental concern with freedom andchoice. The theme is the” Fall of Man,” i. e.man’s disobedience and the loss of Paradise.In the fall of man Adam discovered his fullhumanity. The freedom of the will is thekeystone of Milton's creed.1.Shall I compare thee to a summerday?thou art more lovely an d moretemperate:rough winds do shake thedarling buds of May.adn summers leasehath all too short a date:答：sonnet 18,ShakespeareSpeech Figure PersonificationThem of the poem:A nice summer’s day isusually transient but the beauty in poetrycan last forever.2.So long as men can breathe or eyes cansee,/So long lives this,and this gives life tothee.答：Implication of the work: the beauty inpoety can last forever,Idea of the two line express:Shakespeare’sfaith in the permanence of poetry.3.For herein Fortune shows herself morekind/than is he custom.It is still her use/Tolet the wretched man outlive his wealth/toview with hollow eye and wrinkledbrow/An age of poverty:from which lingring penance/Of such misery doth she cutme off.答：Shakespeare, She refer to Fortune.Mean:Antonio thinks Fortune is more kindtoward him because Fortune is taking awayboth his wealth and life,which meansAntomio will not feel the pain of losingeverything.4.To be or not to be-that is the question:答：William Shakespeare, Hamlet.Mean:To live on in this world or to die:tosuffer or to take action.Characteristic of the protagonist:He is aman of speculation,umbrage andcontemplationWhat does the third line imply:Theprotagonist lived in a world that was full oftrouble, and he was often determined totake up arms against troubles that sweepupon him like a sea,But he did not succeed.5. If thou beest he -but O how fallen! Howchanged/From him who in the happyrealms of light/Clothed with transcendentbrightness didst outshine/Myriads,thoughbright! If he whom mutual league /Unitedthoughts and counsels,equal hope/Andhazard in the glorious enterprise,/Joinedwith me once,now misery hath joined/Inequal ruin:into what pit thou seest...答：Paradise lost John MiltonThe story is taken from Genesis of theBible,The theme is the Fall of Man.What does the poet intend to do in writingit? Intended to expose the ways of Satanand to “justify the ways of God to men.The word he refers to God.。

The Renaissance Period

The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期1.The English RenaissanceThe Renaissance, which is originated in Italy, was a European phenomenon. It encouraged the reformation of the Church.English literature developed with a great seed in Elizabethan period. The most distinctive achievement is the drama. The lyrical poetry also developed and was remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feeling. England became “a nest of singing birds”. In the same period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which made him one of the best essayists in English literature.2.Literary TermsRenaissance文艺复兴In the Renaissance period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievements of human culture. So humanism became the keynote of English Renaissance. Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体每个诗节由九行组成，前八行为五步抑扬格，第九行为六步抑扬格。

英国文学史The Renaissance Period

The word "Renaissance" means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, therefore, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in ail areas placed by the Roman church authorities.
狭义的人文主义指充斥于文艺复兴时期艺术和哲学之中的独特思维习惯
The Renaissance Period
English Literature
English Renaissance Historical Background
Breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundation of capitalism ◇ The Hundred Years’ War ◇ The war of the Roses ◇ Discovery of America ◇ Reformation of the church ◇ Enclosure Movement ◇ The defeat of the Spanish Armanda ◇ The strengthening of the absolute monarch ( Henry Ⅷ , Elizabeth)

英美文学概述

英国文学The old periods450 —— 1066The medieval periods1066 —— mid-14th centuryThe renaissance periods14th century —— mid-17th centuryThe neoclassical periods1660 —— 1789(the return of the Stuarts to the English to publishment of Lyrical Ballads)The romantic periods1789 —— 1832(publishment of Lyrical Ballads to Sir Walter Scott’s death)The victorian periods1836 —— 1901The modern periodsthe second half of the 19th century —— the early of the 20th century英国文学— The old and medieval periods1．Beowuf这部作品Romance是这个时期最流行的文学形式；Chaucer第一个引进“英雄偶句”诗体。

Beowulf（贝奥武甫(八世纪初的一篇古英语史诗;该史诗中的主角)）, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic (民族史诗) of the Anglo-Saxons. Literary position: The poem was originally in an oral form, it is written down in the 10th century. Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.Romance (骑士抒情诗)，a popular literary form in the medieval period) uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or otherheroic deeds, whose motifs（主题, 主旨） of the quest is for truth, beauty and kindness.Chaucer(乔叟): whose masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》. The famous character of his works is the Wife of Bath. Chaucer employed the heroic coupletverse form (英雄双韵诗形式)with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature. He is the father of English poetry.英国文学—The renaissance periods1.《仙后》一部寓言(allegory), 人物象征意义与主题.The Faerie is an allegory.The Red-crosse Knight stands for St.George, the patron saint of England, and he also represent Holiness.A lovely Ladie, virgin Una, symbolizes the thruth or the true faith of religion.A milke white lambe reprents the God.Dragon and infernall feend refer the SatanThe theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic—“fiece warres and faithful loves”.2. 斯宾塞的诗歌特点The five main quailites of spenser’s poetry are:1) a perfect melody;2) a rare sense of beauty;3) a splendid imagination;4) a lofty purity and seriousness;5) a dedicated idealism.3.《浮士德》的主题Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil. The play’s dominant moral is human than religious. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness; it also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order. And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of man’s condition.4.《威尼丝商人》的故事及主题The play has a double plot:1) Bassanio——Portia2) Antonio——ShylockThe traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship betweem Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of greate beaulity, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Tody, many people tend to regard the play as a satire of the christians’ hypocrisy and their false standards of frindship and love, their cunning way of pursuing worldliness(俗心, 俗气) and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews.5．Milton的三部作品Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.英国文学—The neoclassical periods1．Bunyan的《天路历程》是一部寓言(allegory)，其主题及《名利场》的寓意The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and all kinds of social evils. Its predominant metaphor —life as a journey — is simple and familiar. The objects that Christian meets are homely and commonplace, and the scence presented a typical English ones, but throughout the allegory a spiritual signifiance is added to the commonplace details.The Vanity Fair symbolizes human world, for “All that cometh is vanity.”Everything and anything in this world is “vanity”, having no value and no meaning. The Vanity Fair, a “marcket selling nothingness” of all sorts, is a dirty place originally built up by devils, but, this town “lay”in the way to the Celestial City, meaning pilgrims had to resist the tempatations there way through. So, the depiction of the “Fair”in selling things worldly and in attracting people bad, represents John Bunyan’s rejection of the worldly seekings and pious longing for the pure and charming “Celestial City” his Christian ideal.2．鲁宾逊的意义Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century Enlish middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in stuggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.3．Gulliver’s Travel的四个部分The book contains four parts.The first part —— LilliputThe second part —— BrobdingnagThe third part —— flying IslandThe fourth part —— Houyhnhnm land, YahooAs a whole, the book is one of the most effcetive and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in then English and European life —socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally.4．Fielding的贡献Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel”.He was first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structure and syle. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either the Episolary form or the picaresque form, but fielding adopted “the third-person narration,” in which the author become the “all-knowing God”.英国文学—The romantic periods1．Blake青春之歌与经验之歌的比较The Song of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and suffering.His Songs of Experiecnce paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with melancholy tone.The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making compiant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect(景色, 前景) of “illusory happiness;” the poem from the Songs of the Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor child.2．拜伦式英雄Buyron’s chief contribution is his creation of the“Byronic hero,”a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burdens of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustilbe energies.3．KEATS的希腊古瓮颂的主题Ode on an grecian Urn shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transcience of human passion.4．奥丝丁的三种婚姻观Stories of love and marriage provide the major theme in all Jane Austen’s novels, in which female chatacters are always playing an active part. In their pursuit of a marriage, they ate usually categorize into three types according to their different attitudes: those who would marry for material wealth and social position, those who would marry just for beauty and passion, and those who would marry for true love with a consideration of the partner’s personal merit as well ad his economical and social status.5.《傲慢与偏见》的故事及主题Pride and Prejudice mainly tells of the love story between a rich, pround young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizaeth Bennet. None of the daughters can inherit the estate of the family for it has been entailed upon the nearest male heir, Willian Collins, Collins intends to marry and he decides to shoose Elizabeth as a way of making amends for inheriting the family’s estate. Collins is a preposterous(荒谬的) suitor, and Elizabeth rejects the proposal. Another young man called Darcy proposes her, but she has prejudice against him because she thinks that he has nothing but pride. After many twists and turns, they are happily united. This book tells us a great deal about attitude toward marriage in Austen’s time.Stories of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her novels, Jane Austen tries to say that it is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marry without it.as it is said in the book that it is a truth universally acknowledged that a singe man in possession of a good foutune must be in want of a wife.英国文学—The victorian periods1．Dickens小说的3种角色类型及创作生涯。

文艺复兴1therenaissanceperiod知识讲解

The Protestant reformation:
1. Jonh Wycliffe (1320-1384)---the Morning Star of the Reformation
2. Man stands directly under God and needs no mediation from church and priest.
2. The keen interest in activities of humanity---
admire human beauty and human achievement
• Humanism ( the key-note of the Renaissance)
• According to humanist: both man and the world are hindered only by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason.
2. The Reformation
Henry VIII (1509-1547) declared him to be the “supreme Head of the English Church and Clergy , confiscated the property of the Church, thus enriching the new bourgeoisie nobility.
1. The New Monarchy

专八文学(二)

克里斯托夫·马洛 Christopher Marlowe （代表作《浮士德博士的悲剧》根据德国民间故事书写成;完善了无韵体诗。）
《浮士德博士的悲剧》The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus
Tamburlaine the Great 《帖木儿大帝》
《英语大词典》Dictionary
《愚人记》Dunciad
十八世纪小说的崛起
丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）
《鲁滨逊漂流记》Robinson Crusoe
约翰·邓恩 John Donne （“玄学派”诗人 Metaphysical Poetry）
约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。）
《失乐园》 Paradise Lost
1．考核知识点和考核要求：
1) 主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色、代表作品及其语言风格
2) 名词解释：十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗
2. 英国文艺复兴时期主要作家：
埃德蒙·斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser （后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。）
2) 启蒙运动产生的背景。
2．英国新古典主义时期文学主要作家：
王政复辟时期
约翰·德莱顿 John Dryden（批评家和戏剧家；在英国被封为第一位“桂冠诗人”；最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的“英语双韵体”,成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。）
《天路历程》The Pilgrim’s Progress
三、英国新古典主义时期文学（The Neoclassical Period）和十八世纪文学

文艺复兴喜欢的一位艺术家英语作文

文艺复兴喜欢的一位艺术家英语作文英文回答：During the Renaissance period, there were numerous artists who were admired and celebrated for their innovative and creative works. One of the most beloved artists of the era was Leonardo da Vinci.Leonardo da Vinci was a true Renaissance man, excelling in various fields such as painting, sculpture, architecture, science, and engineering. He is best known for his iconic paintings such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, which showcase his mastery of light, shadow, and perspective.Not only was da Vinci a talented painter, but he was also a skilled inventor and scientist. He made groundbreaking discoveries in anatomy, botany, and engineering, and his sketches and notes demonstrate his curiosity and intellect.Da Vinci's works were characterized by their realism, attention to detail, and emotional depth. His paintingscaptured the beauty and complexity of the human form, and his scientific studies revolutionized our understanding of the natural world.In addition to his artistic and scientific achievements, Leonardo da Vinci was also known for his philosophical and humanitarian beliefs. He believed in the power of knowledge and education to improve society, and his writings reflect his deep concern for the well-being of humanity.Overall, Leonardo da Vinci was a true Renaissance man whose artistic, scientific, and philosophical contributions continue to inspire and influence us to this day.中文回答：在文艺复兴时期，有许多艺术家因其创新和创意作品而备受推崇和赞美。

The-Renaissance-Period文艺复兴时期

Queen Elizabeth (Tudor) (1558-- 1603) “Balance” Protestants新教徒 ------ Catholics天主教徒 1588 English navy海军 Spanish navy
the rising middle class中产阶级 ------ feudal lords封建贵族
Lecture 2 The Renaissance Period
Comments on Spenser Spenser was the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan Age. Spenser has been called the “poets’ poet”, because of his idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite精美的，敏锐的 melody旋律. Spenser has exerted施加影响 great influence on later poets. 一
It is a very popular verse form in English poetry. It was extensively employed in English poetry of the Renaissance.
Lecture 2 The Renaissance Period
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus Adapted from a popular old German legend Tired with the study of Medieval knowledge (Theology, Philosophy, Medicine, Law), Dr. Faustus turns to magic books and signs a contract with the devil Mephistopheles. He sells his soul to the devil on the condition that the latter will satisfy every demand of his for a period of 24 years.

the Renaissance Period 思维导图英美文学选读

the Renaissance period•time:between the 14th and mid-17th centuries.•it first started in Italy. painting,sculpture and culture.•marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world.•is a movement stimulated by a series of historical events.o the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.o the new discoveries in geography and astrology.o the religious reformation and the economic expansion.•in essence,is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,to introdue new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.•the Renaissance was slow in reaching Englando England's separation from the Continento its domestic unrest.•show its effect in Englando it was not until the reign of Henry VIII(from 1509 to 1547)▪The Oxford reformers,scholars and humanists introduced classicalliterature to England.▪religious reformation from the Continent.▪Martin Luther(1483-1546)a German Protestant,who initiatedthe Reformantion.who believed that every true Christian washis own priest and was entitled to interpret the Bible forhimself.▪the colorful and dramatic ritual of the CatholicChurch was simplified.Indulgences,pilgrimages andother practices were condemned.▪in the early stage of the continental Reformantion,he was regardedas a faithful son of the Catholic Church and named "Defender of theFaith",by the pope.▪his need for a legitimate male heir,and hence a new wife,led him tocut ties with Rome.the common english people had long beendissatisfied with the corruption of the church and inspired by thereformers'ideas from the Continent.▪1534,he was the Supreme Head of the Church of England,▪Bible in English was placed in every church andservices were held in English instead of Latin.so thatpeople could understand.▪Edward VI,Henry's son, the reform of the church's doctrine andteaching was carried out▪After Mary ascended the throne ,there was a violent swing toCatholicism▪by the middle of Elizabeth's reign,Protestantism had been firmlyestablished,with a certain extent of compromise between Catholicismand Protestantism.•had no sharp break with the past,Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation.•Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.o it sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on itsconscious,intellectual side,for the Greek and Roman civilization was based onsuch a conception that "man is the measure of all things"o Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capableof individual development in the direction of perfection,and that the worldthey inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question,explore,andenjoy.Thus ,by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importanceof the present life,they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have theright to enjoy the beauty of this life,but had the ability to perfect himself andto perform wonders.o Humanism began to take hold in England when the Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus(1466-1536) came to teach the classical learning,first at Oxford andthen at Cambridge.o Thomas More,Christopher Marlowe,William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.•Strong national feeling in the time of the Tudors gave a great incentive to the cultural development in England.o English schools and universities were established in place of the old monasteries.with classical culture and the Italian humanistic ideas coming intoEngland,the English Renaissance began flourishing.o William Caxton,for he was the first person who introduced printing into England.▪printed Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales" and Malory's "Morte Darthur".▪with the introduction of printing, an age of translation came into being.▪Plutarch's"Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans" wastranslated by North.▪Ovid's"Metamorphoses" by Golding▪Homer's "The Iliad" by Chapman▪Montaigne's"Essays" by Florio.•The first period of the English Renaissanc was one of imitation and assimilation.o Academies after the Italian type were founded.o Petrarch was regarded as the fountainhead of literature by the English writers.▪he and his successors who established the language of love and sharply distinguished the love poetry of the Renaissance from itscounterparts in the ancient world.▪Wyatt and Surrey began engraving the forms and graces of Italian poetry upon the native stock.▪Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.▪Surrey brought in blank verse.▪Sidney followed with the sestina and terza rima and withvarious experiments in classic meters.▪Marlowe gave new vigor to the blank verse with his "mightylines"▪"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love", innocent.o Spenser's "The Shepheardes Calender" pastoral.•in the early stage of the Renaissance,poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms.o they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.o The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.▪Lively,vivid native English material was put into the regular form of the Latin comedies of Plautus and Terence,Tragedies were in the styleof Seneca.▪the most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe,William Shakespeare,and Ben Jonson. •Francis Bacon(1561-1626) the first important English essayist,he was also the founder of modern science in England.•VIP Writerso William Shakespeare(1564-1616)▪playwright and poet.with his 38 plays,154 sonnets and 2 long poems.▪born into a merchant's family in Stratford-on-Avon.his father,John Shakespeare,his wife Anne Hathaway gave birth to threechildren:Susanna,and the twins,Judith and Hamnet.1586 or 1587 heleave home to London.▪he worked as actor and playwright in King's Men,Robert Greene,"University Wits" declared him to be" an upstart crow"▪ 2 long narrative poems,"Venus and Adonis" and "The Rape of Lucrece",they were dedicated to the Earl of Southampton.(1593-1594) ▪his dramatic career is divided into four periods.▪the first period- one of apprenticeship.▪five history plays:"Henry VI,Parts I,II,and III" "RichardIII" and "Titus Andronicus"; four comedies:"TheComedy of Errors" "The Two Gentlemen of Verona""Taming of the Shrew" "Love's Labour's Lost"(5,4,0)▪second period-style and approach became highlyindividualized.▪five histories: "Richard II" "King John" "Henry IV,PartsI and II" "Henry V"; six comedies:"A MidsummerNight's Dream" "The Merchant of Venice" "Much AdoAbout Nothing" "As You Like It" "Twelfth Night" "TheMerry Wives of Windsor"; two tragedies:"Romeo andJuliet" "Julius Caesar"(5,6,2)▪third period-greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies.▪two comedies:"All's Well That Ends Well" "Measurefor Measure": seven tragedies:"Hamlet" "Othello""Macbeth" "King Lear" "Antony and Cleopatra""Troilus and Cressida" "Coriolanus"(0,2,7)▪last period-romantic tragicomedies and two final plays.▪four romantic tragicomedies:"Pericles" "Cymbeline""The Winter's Tale" "The Tempest"; two finalplays:"Henry VIII" "The Two Noble Kinsmen".▪prevalent Christian teaching ofatonement.he seems to have entered animagined pastoral world.he could achievewhat he failed to in the real world.▪"The Tempest",the characters areallegorical and the subject full ofsuggestion.the humanly impossibleevents can be seen occurringeverywhere in the play. the wildstrom becomes magic,answeringProspero's every signal.,it is a typicalexample of his pessimistic viewtowards human life and society in hislate years.▪154 sonnets▪1-126 are addressed to a young man,beloved of the poet,of superior beauty and rank but of somewhat questionablemorals and constancy.▪127-152,they involve a mistress of the poet, a mysterious "Dark Lady",who is sensual,promiscuous,and irresistible.▪153-154,they are translations or adaptations of some version of a Greek epigram,and they evidently refer to the hot springsat Bath.▪99,126,154,three exceptions,▪history plays▪mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.▪romantic comedies▪an optimistic attitude toward love and youth.▪"The Merchant of Venice" ,praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio.to idealize Portia as a heroine of greatbeauty,wit,and loyalty.and to expose the insatiable greed andbrutality of the Jew.▪after centuries' abusing of the Jews,especially theholocaust committed by the Nazi Germany duringthe Second World War,it is very difficult to seeShylock as a conventional evil figure.and manypeople today tend to regard the play as a satire ofthe Christians' hypocrisy and their false standards offriendship and love,their cunning ways of pursuingworldliness and their unreasoning prejudice againstJews.▪romantic tragedy▪"Romeo and Juliet",which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.though a tragedy,ispermeated with optimistic spirit.▪great tragedies▪each portrays some noble hero,who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whosefate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.each hero has his weakness of nature.▪"Hamlet",the melancholic scholar-prince,faces thedilemma between action and mind,▪base on northernEurope,Denmark,Claudius,his father'sbrother,who murdered his father,taken bothhis father's throne and widow.By revealingthe power-seeking,the jostling for place,thehidden motives.the courteous superficialitiesthat veil lust and guilt,Shakespearecondemns the hypocrisy and treachery andgeneral corruption at royal court.▪"Othello",his inner weakness is made use of by theoutside evil force.▪"King Lear",who is unwilling to totally give up hispower makes himself suffer from treachery andinfidelity;▪he has shown to us the two-foldeffects,exerted by the feudalist corruptionand the bourgeois egoism,which havegradually corroded the ordered society.▪"Macbeth" ,his lust for power stirs up his ambitionand leads him to incessant crimes.▪selected reading▪sonnet 18▪is one of the most beautiful sonnets written byShakespeare,in which he has a profound meditationon the destructive power of time and he eternalbeauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.Anice summer's day is usually transient,but the beautyin poetry can last for ever.Thus Shakespeare has afaith in the permanence of poetry.▪"The Merchant of Venice"▪An impoverished young Venetian,Bassanio,asks hisfriend, Antonio,for a loan so that he might gain inmarriage the hand of Portia,a rich and beautifulheiress of Belmont.Antonio's money is all invested inmercantile expeditions;in order to help Bassanio hehas to borrow from Shylock,the Jewishusurer.Shylock has made a strange bond thatrequires Antonio to surrender a pound of his flesh ifhe fails to repay him within a certain period of time.▪"Hamlet"▪to live on in this world or to die;to suffer or to takeaction.o John Milton(1608-1674)▪born in London,his father was both a scholar and a cated at St.Paul's School and Cambridge.1638 travelon the Continent.▪he once had an ambition to write an epic which England would "not willingly let die",but the English Revolution broke out his dream.hewas entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for humanfreedom.1649,he was appointed Latin Secretary to Cromwell'sCouncil of State. 1652,blind because strains.after the restoration ofCharles II,he was imprisoned for a short time and then retired toprivate life.▪"Paradise Lost" was finished in 1665,after 7 years' labor in darkness.▪"Paradise Regained",1666 started,▪"Samson Agonistes",1671,last important work.the most powerful dramatic poem on the Greek model.▪three groups▪the early poetic works▪"Lycidas"(1637),composed for a collection of elegiesdedicated to Edward King,a fellow undergraduate ofMilton's at Cambridge,who was drowned in the IrishSea.▪the middle prose pamphlets▪"Areopagitica"(1644) is probably his mostmemorable prose work.it is a great plea for freedomof the press.rather smooth and calm.▪the last great poems▪after the Restoration in 1660,when he was blind and suffering,and when he was poor and lonely,Miltonwrote his three major poetical works:▪"Paradise Lost",the only generallyacknowledged epic in English literature since"Beowulf"▪divided into 12 books.taken fromGenesis 3:1-24 of the Bible.thetheme is the "Fall of Man".the poemgoes on to tell how Satan tookrevenge by tempting Adam andEve,the first human beings createdby God,to eat fruit from the tree ofknowledge against God'sinstructions.Eden.intending toexpose the ways of Satan andto"justify the ways of God tomen"and then the tragedy was re-enacted,but with a difference-"Manshall find grace",but he must lay holdof it by an act of free will.thefreedom of the will is the keystone ofMilton's creed.▪"Paradise Regained"▪show how mankind,in the person ofChrist,withstands the tempter and isestablished once more in the divinefavor.▪"Samson Agonistes",is the most perfectexample of verse drama after the Greek stylein English.▪Milton again borrows his story fromthe Bible.but this time he turns to amore vital and personal theme.thewhole poem strongly suggestsMilton's passionate longing that hetoo could bring destruction downupon the enemy at the cost of hisown life.in this sense,Samson isMilton.in his life,Milton showshimself a real revolutionary, a masterpoet and a great prose writer,Hefought for freedom in all aspects asa Christian humanist,while hisachievements in literature make himtower over all the other Englishwriters of his time and exert a greatinfluence over later ones.▪selected reading▪"Paradise Lost"▪the story is taken from the Old Testament.Satan andother angels rebel against God,but they are defeatedand driven from Heaven into Hell.。

文艺复兴时候艺术家英语作文

文艺复兴时候艺术家英语作文The Renaissance Artists: Shaping the Future through Creativity and Innovation.The Renaissance period, spanning from the 14th to the 17th century, marked a significant turning point in European history, culture, and art. This era was characterized by a renewed interest in classical learning, a flourishing of scientific and intellectual inquiries, and a remarkable outburst of artistic creativity. The artists of this period were not just painters or sculptors; they were visionaries, thinkers, and innovators who used their craft to challenge societal norms, explore new ideas, and create works that would resonate for centuries.One of the most prominent figures of the Renaissance was Leonardo da Vinci. His paintings, such as the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, are renowned worldwide for their realism, attention to detail, and the神秘depth of emotional expression. But Leonardo's genius did not justlie in his paintings; he was also a renowned scientist, engineer, and inventor. His notebooks are filled with sketches and diagrams of flying machines, war machines, and anatomical studies, evidence of his curiosity and desire to understand the world.Michelangelo Buonarroti was another artist who left an indelible mark on the Renaissance. Known primarily as a sculptor, his works such as the Pieta and the David statue demonstrate his exceptional skill in capturing the essence of the human form. His sculptures are not just static representations; they are dynamic and full of life, embodying the spirit and energy of the subject. Michelangelo's paintings, although fewer in number, are equally as impressive, displaying his mastery of light and shadow and his ability to evoke strong emotional responses.The works of these artists were not just aesthetic achievements; they were also political and social commentaries. The Renaissance artists used their craft to criticize the church and the ruling classes, to question traditional values and beliefs, and to promote the idea ofhumanism the belief that the individual and human reason were the highest authorities. This was a radical departure from the medieval era, where art was primarily used toglorify God and the church.The Renaissance artists also experimented with new techniques and materials, pushing the boundaries of their craft. They introduced the use of oil paints, which allowed for more realistic and detailed representations of the human form and landscapes. They also experimented with perspective, using mathematical principles to create a more realistic and three-dimensional illusion in their paintings. These innovations not only transformed the art of painting but also influenced other fields such as architecture and sculpture.The Renaissance period was also marked by a strongsense of collaboration and community among artists. Studios became centers of creativity and innovation, where artists worked together, shared ideas, and learned from each other. This collaborative spirit fostered a sense of competition and excellence, leading to the creation of numerousmasterpieces that would be remembered for centuries.In conclusion, the Renaissance artists were not just painters and sculptors; they were visionaries and thinkers who used their craft to shape the future. Their works,filled with creativity and innovation, not only transformed the art world but also had a profound impact on society, politics, and culture. Their legacy is not just in the masterpieces they created but also in the ideas and values they promoted a belief in the power of human reason and creativity, and a commitment to social justice and progress.。