Statutes and Ordinances, Statute D
法律英语沙丽金版阅读文本问答规范标准答案
Law1.What’s the relationship between civilization and law?The fairness of a nation’s laws and the extent to which the legal system justly administers the laws is a measure of the enlightenment, humanity, and degree of civilization of its people.2.What’s law?Law consists of the whole body of rules applied and enforced under the authority of established government in determining what conduct is proper and should be permitted and that which should be denied or penalized.3.Can you list the roles of law in society?Without law, there would be anarchy. Law is the means through which society is able to exist by providing protection for the individual; by establishing and maintaining order, health, and safety; by providing a peaceful means of dispute resolution; by providing stability and flexibility in economic relations between people; and by prohibiting conduct destructive to society.4. How can law be best understood?Law is best understood by viewing the legal system as a process——a means of pulling together society’s needs and goals and translating them into guides for fairness and reasonableness in conduct.5. What are the events that promote the development of the English legal system? Norman Conquest. William replaced the local and highly varied systems of law with a common system of law.6. Why did the people in England petition to the King and what would be the result?Because of the extremely rigid, frequently overly technical procedural requirements of the common-law system, people were sometimes unable to obtain fair relief in the courts. In time, some persons who felt that the form of relief was inadequate petitioned to the King directly.This practice gave rise to a second court system, called the Court of Chancery.7. What was the situation of equity courts in North America?American court systems in the nineteenth century resulted in simplification of judicial procedures and elimination of equity courts as separate courts in most states.8.Was the statutes developed fast in North America? Why?9. What are the disadvantages of statues and the advantages of the common law rules?10. Who has the power to make the ordinances?The legislative body of a municipal corporationLegal System1.What is the relationship between the civil law system and Roman Law?The civil law is based on Roman Law.2.Who is the Justinian and what is his contribution?Byzantium Emperor. Compiling codes after the enthronement3.Which is the primary source of law in Europe, Roman Law or local laws?Local customs4.Why was the concept of codification developed in the 17th and 18th centuries?As an expression of both Natural Law and the ideas of the Enlightenment.5.What did the opponents of codification think about codification of law?Its opponents claimed that codification would result into the ossification of law.6.What is the main feature of common law?Its inclusion of extensive non-statutory law reflecting precedent derived from centuries of judgments by working jurists.7.What is the difference between statutes and regulations?Statues are enacted by a legislature, while regulations are promulgated by executive branch agencies pursuant to a delegation of rule-making authority from a legislature.8.Where should people go if they wanted to apply for injunctions before the20th century? Why?Courts of equity. Only courts of equity have the authority to do it.9.What is the difference between the selections of judges in civil law countriesand that in common law countries?Civil law judges are usually trained and promoted separately from advocates, whereas common law judges are usually selected from accomplished and reputable advocates.10.What are the differences in the criminal procedures of the two major legalsystems?In general, the judge in a civil law system plays a more active role in determining the facts of the case. Most civil law countries investigate major crimes using a so-called inquisitorial system. Also, civil law systems rely much more on written argument than oral argument.Court System1.What is the main characteristic of the court system of the United States?Courts are operated in both state and federal governments.2.Are there any uniform rules for creating state courts?No. but it has a general pattern.3.What are the functions of the inferior courts at the bottom of the state judicialhierarchy?Trying minor civil cases involving small sums of money, and minor criminal cases involving light penalties and conducing preliminary hearings in the more serious criminal cases.4.Do all states have the same terminology for courts and judges? Please giveexamples.No. For examples, a man who sits on the highest court of New Jersey is calleda justice of the supreme court of that state, while a man who holds anequivalent position in New York is called a judge of the court of appeals.5.What are the duties of the judges who sit on appellate courts?They do no trial work, being occupied exclusively in hearing appeals. They review the proceedings of trial courts upon the basis of written records. They hear oral arguments and read written arguments, called briefs, in an effort to discover whether errors were committed in the trial court of such a nature as to require reversal of the judgment or a new trial.6.How many tiers of courts are there in the federal court system in the U.S.?What are they?There are three levels of courts: trial, intermediate appellate and top appellate.7.Does each state have a federal trial court? What decides the number of thefederal trial court in each state?Each state has at least one United States district court.The population of the district8.What types of cases will be tried by federal courts?Prosecutions for federal crimes civil claims based upon federal lawcivil claims between citizens of civil actions.9.Which authority has the power to create federal circuit courts?Congress10.Does the Supreme Court of the U.S. review all the cases appealed? Dose theSupreme Court of the U.S. have the power to review all the decisions made by the state highest courts?No. Yes.Constitution1.What are usually established in a constitution?A constitution establishes the rules and principles by which an organization,or political entity, is governed. In the case of countries, this term refers specifically to a national constitution, which defines the fundamental political principles and establishes the power and duties of each government.2.What are the examples that show the limitation imposed by the constitutionto the organizations in the United States?An example from the constitutional law of nation-states would be a provincial government in a federal state trying to legislate in an area exclusively enumerated to the federal government in the constitution.3.What are the relationships regulated by the U.S. Constitution?The relationship among institutions of the state. In a basic sense the relationship among the executive, legislative and the judiciary, but also the relationship of institutions within those branches.4.How do you describe an uncodified constitution?An uncodified constitution is one that is not contained in a single document, consisting of several different sources, which may be written or unwritten.5.Why is an unwritten constitution not an accurate synonym for uncodifiedconstitution?Because all modern democratic constitutions consist of some written sources, 6.What do the codified and uncodified constitutions respectively result from?Codified constitutions are usually the product of dramatic political change, such as revolution. Uncodified constitutions are the product of an “evolution”of laws and conventions over centuries.7.Is it easy to amend a constitution? Why or why not?No. an extraordinary procedure is required for constitutional amendments involve some procedures that makes obtaining a constitutional amendment more difficult than passing a simple law.8.What happens if there are conflicts between the constitution and a statute ina country using codified constitution?All or part of the statue can be declared ultra vires by a court and struck down as unconstitutional.9.What are the sources of uncodified constitution of Britain?Written sources: e.g. constitutional statues enacted by the Parliament and also unwritten sources: constitutional conventions, observation of precedents, royal prerogatives, customs and traditions.10.Are there any differences between the constitutional law and statutory law instates using uncodified constitutions?No. Both can be altered or repealed by a simple majority in Parliament.Criminal Law1.Who do ordinary people think of crimes?People think of crimes as acts that threaten public safety, security or morality.Crime can be defined as anti-social conduct that is sufficiently serious to require state intervention and punishment.2.What is the accurate definition of crime?A crime is any act or omission that is contrary to the criminal law.3.What are the elements that may establish a crime?Criminal liability, guilty mind,4.What is the standard of proof for the prosecution to prove that a person isguilty?Beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the actus reus of the crime, while at the same time having the required mens rea5.What does the actus reus include?Conduct, circumstance and consequence6.Will all omissions lead to liability?No7.What are the circumstances where criminal liability has been imposed for anomission?8.What is shared by the cases about omission?A defendant has accepted or been placed under a duty to act, and his/heromission constitutes a failure to discharge that duty—the omission is no longer pure.9.In what kind of cases is causation required?The defendant’s conduct caused the unlawful consequence10.How is the subjective nature of criminal liability proved?Show a criminal state of mindCriminal Procedure1.What is the function of criminal procedure law?The law governing the series of procedures through which the substantive criminal law is enforced.2.What are the sources of criminal procedure law?The United States Constitution, (2) federal statutes (3) the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (d) local district court rules (e) rulings of federal courts based on their common law decisional authority or their supervisory authority over the administration of criminal justice in the federal courts (f) the internal regulations of the Department of Justice and other agencies involved in the administration of the federal process.3.What is a known offence?Where the police conclude that a crime may well have been committed, it willbe recorded as a “known offence”4.Who has the power to conduct investigation before arrest?Police, prosecutorial and other non-police investigations5.What are usually done in the process of booking?The arrestee’s name, the time of his arrival, the offense for which he was arrested are noted in the police “log”, the arrestee also will be photographed and fingerprinted.6.How many types of charging instruments are there in the felony cases?Complaint information, indictment7.Are there any differences between First Appearance and PreliminaryHearing?8.What will be done in the process of a grand jury review?Determining whether there is sufficient evidence to justify a trial on the charge sought by the prosecution. If a majority of the grand jurors conclude that the prosecution’s evidence is sufficient, they will issue the indictment requested by the prosecutor.9.What are the characteristics of criminal trial?（a）the presumption of defendant’s innocence (b) the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt (c) the right of the defendant not to take the stand(d) the exclusion of evidence obtained by the state in an illegal manner10.How many types of sentences are used in criminal cases?Financial sanctions, some form of release into the community, and incarceration in a jail or prisonCivil Procedure1.How do people resolve their disputes?One is to engage in “self-help”, by which you redress the wrong personally.Another is to contact the person who harmed you and demand some compensation or other remedies.2.Which way of settling disputes is acceptable in the society?Litigation3.Why is litigation a publicly funded dispute resolution?The taxpayers provide the courtroom, the judge, and the instrumentalities by which the dispute is resolved.4.Who usually initiates a civil litigation, a government or an individual?Individual5.Is civil litigation time consuming? Why?Yes. Because there are many more parts to the process than the trial,6.Why is the question of forum selection important?The decision implicates a variety of important doctrines. And there are questions of tactics and ideal for the defendant.7.What should be decided by a plaintiff and his /her lawyer before filing a suit?What to put in the complaint.8.Where can the elements of claims be found?Substantive law9.What is the function of civil procedure law?Civil procedure provides the mechanism—the process—by which disputes over such substantive claims are resolved. It provides a theoretically content-neutral mechanism for resolving disagreements. It establishes the method by which someone would vindicate a right given to her by the law. 10.What are the stages in civil litigation?Pleadings, motions, discovery, possible pretrial adjudication, conferences, and meetingsTorts1.What are the functions of tort law?The purpose of torts is to compensate an injured party through the award of damages for the injuries incurred during a tortious act.2.What is the difference between a tort and a crime?The difference is that a tort is a wrong against an individual, whereas a crime is a wrong against society as a whole.3.How do you prove the intent of a defendant?Intent is most often proved through circumstantial evidence: the defendant’s conduct, in the context of his or her surroundings and what he or shepresumably knew and perceived.4.What are the elements of false imprisonment?(a)Intent to confine a person within a certain area (b) actual confinement(c) Awareness of plaintiff of the confinement or injury to plaintiff due toconfinement; and (d) Prevention of exit or no safe exit possible by plaintiff 5.What needs to be proved in case of trespass?An act, coupled with the intent to cause entry by the defendant, and an invasion of the plaintiff’s land6.What does standard of care mean?As a general rule, all persons are under a duty to conduct themselves in sucha manner as not to create unreasonable risks of physical harm to others.7.How do you make defense for a negligent conduct?Contributory or comparative negligence and assumption of the risk8.What is the difference between the two types of comparative negligence?Pure comparative negligence simply means that if a plaintiff is 90 percent at fault, he or she can still recover 10 percent. Another name for partial comparative negligence is 50percent rule, which means that if the plaintiff is more than 50 percent at fault, he or she cannot recover.9.In what situation is the defense of assumption of risk applied?The plaintiff’s own actions trigger this defense, which is the plaintiff’s knowing and voluntary consent to encountering a known danger.10.Can a plaintiff get recovery if the defendant has no fault under strict liabilitydoctrine? Why?Yes. Legal fault stems from a deviation from a standard of conduct needed to protect society and its citizens.Contact1.In what situation is there an implied contract?An implied contract is one that is inferred from the conduct of the parties.2.What is the difference between bilateral contracts and unilateral contracts?A bilateral contract is one in which the parties exchange promises to do somefuture act. A unilateral contract is one in which one party acts immediately in response to the offer. The response is in the form of immediate action rather than a mutual exchange of promises.3.What is the difference between a void contract and a voidable contract?A void contract is a nullity from its beginning, and damages do not result. Avoidable contract is one that is binding until it is disaffirmed or canceled by the party with the authority to do so.4.What are the key elements for the formation of a contract?(1)the capacity of parties; (2) offer and acceptance (3) Consideration5.How does a corporation enter into a contract?The law creates a legal fiction that corporations are persons.6.Are the shareholders of a corporation involved in the contract concluded bythe corporation?No. This device allows corporations to sue and be sued and to conduct business transactions as entities without involving individual shareholders. 7.What may decide the capacity of a person to enter into a contract?The age of the individual or from a party’s being mentally incapable of understanding the ramifications 后果of the contract8.Are there any special provisions about minors’ making contract? What arethey?Minors are under an obligation to return any consideration received under the contract9.How can misunderstandings about terms in complex contracts be avoided?Complex contracts often contain sections that clearly define certain terms. 10.How do you decide whether the two parties of a contract have the mutualagreement?On an objective standard, and the subjective intent of the parties is usually irrelevantLaw of Corporation1.Why was the corporation proved to be an ideal instrument for the industrialdevelopment?It could raise large amounts of capital from numerous investors and yet provide centralized direction of large industrial concerns.2.Who has the power to approve the individual corporate charter originally?State legislatures3.Which state is the winner in the race of attracting companies?Delaware4.What is the procedure for the formation of a corporation?Filing an appropriate document with a state official, and paying the appropriate fee5.What can corporations do as artificial persons?The artificial person may conduct a business or businesses in its own name much in the same way that a “real” person could.6.What is the most obvious advantage that a corporation has?The corporation is unlimitedly liable for the debts and obligations of the business but the shareholders are not, since in theory all debts are the artificial entity’s obligations, not the shareholders.7.Why does a corporation have continuity of life?The existence of the corporation is not dependent on who the owners or investors are at any time. If shareholders die, or decide to sell out, the corporation continues to exist as a separate entity.8.How do you understand the sentence “the corporation does not have alimited life span”?It does not really mean that all corporations will continue until the end of time but rather that a corporation will continue indefinitely until the owners decide to dissolve it or merge it into another business.9.What rights do shareholders have?Very specific rights such as a limited right to inspect the books and records of the corporation10.Who has the right to decide the transfer of shareholders’ ownership ofinterests?oneselfIntellectual Property1.How are intellectual property and intellectual rights defined?Products of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, any symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce.Rights given to people over the creation of their minds2.Are “ideas” the product of the mind? And are the “ideas” protected byintellectual property law?Yes, no3.What do the various kinds of intellectual property have in common?Patents, copyrights, industrial designs, trademarks and confidential information4.Why do the intellectual property rights have much in common with the rightsassociated with real property?Intellectual property rights can be assigned or bequeathed.Intellectual property is itself intangible, it will be embodied in real objects.5.Do the different intellectual property rights have the same history? Why?Each of the diverse intellectual property rights has its own separate history. 6.What is the shaping of the intellectual property law closely related to?Change economic and social conditions7.Are there any differences in the attitudes towards intellectual property rights?What are they?Important economic assets rewards for mental laborA reward for individual creativity products of the market8.In what way the ownership in intellectual property is limited?Time9.How are most intellectual property actions settled?Most are settled at the pre-trial stage and the usual remedy, where the claimant is successful, is a permanent injunction together with costs.10.What are the remedies in intellectual property cases?Delivery up, damages and an account of profits。
全国大学英语CET四级考试试卷及解答参考
全国大学英语CET四级考试模拟试卷及解答参考一、写作（15分）Section I: Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic “The Advantages and Disadvantages of Studying Abroad”. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Writing Sample:Studying abroad is an experience that can be both exhilarating and challenging. On one hand, it offers numerous advantages that contribute to personal growth and career development. When students go abroad, they are exposed to new cultures, which can broaden their perspectives and foster a deeper understanding of the world. Additionally, international study programs often provide access to cutting-edge research and technology, as well as opportunities to learn from leading experts in various fields. Furthermore, studying in a foreign country can enhance language skills and communication abilities, which are highly valued by employers around the globe.On the other hand, there are also some disadvantages associated with studying overseas. The cost of living and tuition fees in many countries can be significantly higher, placing a financial burden on students and their families. Moreover, being away from home for an extended period can lead tofeelings of homesickness and isolation, especially if the student struggles to integrate into the local community. There’s also the challenge of adapting to a different educational system, which might not always align with the student’s learning style or previous academic experiences.In conclusion, while studying abroad has its pros and as well as cons, it is up to each individual to weigh these factors and decide whether such an opportunity is right for them. It is important to consider personal goals, financial circumstances, and adaptability before making the decision to embark on this life-changing journey.Analysis:•Introduction: The writer starts by acknowledging the dual nature of studying abroad, highlighting that it is both exciting and filled with challenges. This sets the stage for a balanced discussion.•Body Paragraphs:•The first body paragraph focuses on the benefits of studying abroad. The writer points out three key advantages: exposure to new cultures, access to advanced resources, and improvement in language and communicationskills. Each point is briefly explained to support the claim.•In the second body paragraph, the writer addresses the potential drawbacks.The high costs, emotional difficulties like homesickness, and the need to adapt to a new educational system are all mentioned. These points help to present a realistic view of the experience.•Conclusion: The concluding paragraph summarizes the main ideas and suggests that the suitability of studying abroad depends on thei ndividual’s personal circumstances. It encourages readers to carefullyconsider their own situation before deciding, reinforcing the idea that while the experience can be beneficial, it is not without its challenges.•Language and Style: The sample uses clear and concise language, appropriate for a formal essay. Transitions between paragraphs and within paragraphs are smooth, ensuring that the flow of the argument is logical and easy to follow. The use of specific examples (e.g., “access tocutting-edge rese arch and technology”) adds credibility to the arguments presented.This writing sample effectively demonstrates how to structure a balanced argumentative essay, providing a good model for students preparing for the CET-4 writing section.二、听力理解-短篇新闻（选择题，共7分）第一题News 1A team of archaeologists has discovered a well-preserved ancient city in the desert of northern China. The city, believed to be around 1,500 years old, was found near the Gobi Desert. The discovery includes buildings, roads, and even some artifacts. Experts say the city could provide valuable insights intothe ancient Silk Road trade route.Questions:1、What was the age of the ancient city discovered in the desert of northern China?A) 1,000 years old.B) 1,200 years old.C) 1,500 years old.D) 1,800 years old.2、What is the main discovery made by the archaeologists?A) A large number of ancient artifacts.B) A well-preserved ancient city.C) A new trade route.D) Remains of an ancient Silk Road post.3、What is the significance of this discovery according to the experts?A) It reveals the secrets of ancient Silk Road traders.B) It provides information about the climate change in the region.C) It helps understand the ancient trade routes.D) It confirms the existence of a mythical city.Answers:1、C) 1,500 years old.2、B) A well-preserved ancient city.3、C) It helps understand the ancient trade routes.News Content:The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) announced yesterday that it will launch a global initiative aimed at promoting digital literacy among young people around the world. The program, called “Code for All,” is design ed to equip students with basic coding skills and an understanding of digital ethics. It aims to reach at least one million students in its first year, providing them with free online courses and resources.Questions:1、According to the news item, what is the name of UNESCO’s new global initiative?A. Digital FutureB. Code for AllC. Global Ethics OnlineAnswer: B. Code for All2、What is the primary goal of the “Code for All” program?A. To provide free computers to underprivileged studentsB. To teach students about digital ethics and coding basicsC. To promote the use of digital devices in classroomsAnswer: B. To teach students about digital ethics and coding basics3、How many students does UNESCO aim to reach with this program in its firstA. At least fifty thousandB. At least five hundred thousandC. At least one millionAnswer: C. At least one million三、听力理解-长对话（选择题，共8分）第一题Part ThreeSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear a long conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will hear some questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.ConversationW: Hi, John. I’m glad to see you here. How was your vacation?M: Oh, it was great. I went hiking in the mountains with my friends.W: That sounds wonderful. How long did you stay there?M: We stayed for a week. It was really beautiful up there. The scenery was just stunning.W: I can imagine. Did you do anything special while you were there?M: Yes, we went on a trek. It was challenging, but I enjoyed it a lot.W: That sounds exciting. Did you see any wildlife?M: Yes, we saw a lot of birds and some animals. It was amazing to see them in their natural habitat.W: It must have been a memorable experience. Do you plan to go hiking again?M: Definitely. I think it’s a great way to relax and enjoy nature.Questions1、What did John do during his vacation?A) He went on a trek.B) He visited his friends.C) He stayed in a hotel.D) He went hiking.2、How long did John stay in the mountains?A) A few days.B) A week.C) Two weeks.D) A month.3、What did John think of the scenery in the mountains?A) It was average.B) It was beautiful.C) It was boring.D) It was dangerous.4、What did John enjoy the most about his vacation?A) Hiking.B) Relaxing.C) Visiting his friends.D) Seeing wildlife.第二题Listen to the following long conversation and then answer the questions that follow. The conversation will be spoken twice.Conversation:M: Hey, Sarah, how’s it going with your final project for Professor Johnson’s environmental science class?W: Oh, hi, Tom. It’s coming along, but I’m really struggling with the research on renewable energy sources. There’s just so much information out there, it’s hard to know wh ere to start.M: Yeah, I can imagine. Have you considered focusing on solar or wind energy? Those seem to be the most developed technologies right now.W: Well, I’ve read quite a bit about solar energy, but I’m not sure if it’s the best topic for my projec t. What do you think?M: I think it would be a good choice because there’s a lot of current research on improving efficiency and reducing costs. Plus, there are plenty of real-world applications to discuss.W: That sounds like a good point. But isn’t wind energy also important?Maybe I should compare the two?M: Definitely! Comparing them could make your project stand out. You could talk about the advantages and disadvantages of each and maybe even touch on their implementation in different countries.W: Hm m…that gives me an idea. Thanks, Tom. I’ll start working on that angle right away!1、What is Sarah working on?A) A final exam preparation.B)An environmental science project.C) A presentation on renewable energy.D) A report on real-world applications.Answer: B) An environmental science project.2、Why is Sarah finding her research challenging?A)She is unsure about the focus of her project.B)She has too many resources on solar energy.C)She lacks information on renewable energy sources.D)She finds it difficult to organize her notes.Answer: A) She is unsure about the focus of her project.3、What suggestion does Tom give Sarah regarding her project?A)To concentrate solely on wind energy.B)To choose between solar and wind energy.C)To include both solar and wind energy in her study.D)To disregard solar energy as it’s too common.Answer: C) To include both solar and wind energy in her study.4、What aspect of renewable energy might Sarah consider discussing according to Tom?A)The historical development of solar technology.B)The cost-effectiveness of nuclear energy.C)The implementation of solar and wind energy globally.D)The theoretical basis of hydroelectric power.Answer: C) The implementation of solar and wind energy globally.四、听力理解-听力篇章（选择题，共20分）第一题PassageThe rise of automation in the workplace has sparked a debate about the future of employment. While many argue that automation will lead to job losses, others believe it will create new opportunities. In this article, we explore both perspectives and discuss the potential impact on the workforce.In the short term, automation is likely to displace workers in certain industries. For example, the manufacturing sector has already seen a significant reduction in jobs due to the introduction of robots and automated machinery. Similarly, the service industry, particularly in areas such as retail and food service, may experience a decrease in employment as self-service kiosks and automated systems become more common.However, proponents of automation argue that it will also create new job opportunities. As technology advances, new industries and professions will emerge. For instance, the demand for professionals skilled in programming, robotics, and artificial intelligence is expected to grow. These new roles will require a different set of skills, which may necessitate a shift in education and training programs.Moreover, automation can lead to increased productivity and efficiency, potentially boosting overall economic growth. With more tasks automated, employees can focus on higher-value work, which may lead to job satisfaction and improved job performance.Despite these positive aspects, the transition to automation may not be smooth for all workers. The initial displacement of jobs could lead to social and economic challenges. For example, workers who lose their jobs due to automation may struggle to find new employment, particularly if they lack the necessary skills to adapt to the changing job market.Questions:1、What is the main concern expressed about automation in the workplace?A) It will lead to increased productivity.B) It will create new job opportunities.C) It will cause job losses in certain industries.D) It will boost economic growth.2、According to the passage, which of the following is a potentialconsequence of automation in the manufacturing sector?A) An increase in manufacturing jobs.B) A decrease in manufacturing jobs.C) No significant change in manufacturing jobs.D) A shift in the types of jobs available in manufacturing.3、What is one of the positive impacts of automation mentioned in the passage?A) It will reduce the need for education and training.B) It will lead to job satisfaction and improved job performance.C) It will decrease the overall economic growth.D) It will eliminate the need for higher-value work.Answers:1、C2、B3、BSecond Part: Listening Comprehension - Listening PassageDirections: In this part, you will hear a passage about campus life. Listen carefully and then choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You will hear the passage only once.Passage:The university has recently renovated its library facilities in order to provide students with a more comfortable and conducive environment for study. The renovations include new seating arrangements that promote group work as wellas individual study booths equipped with power outlets for laptops and charging devices. Moreover, there’s an increased number of computers ava ilable for student use, all connected to a high-speed internet network. The library now also offers extended hours during exam periods, staying open until midnight to accommodate students’ needs. Finally, the library staff has implemented a new system for reserving books online, which allows students to request materials from the comfort of their dorms or homes.Questions:1、What recent change has been made to improve the library experience?A. Extended opening hours throughout the yearB. Addition of more individual study booths onlyC. Implementation of a system for online book reservationsD. All of the aboveAnswer: D. All of the above2、、Which feature was added to support both collaborative and solo learning?A. High-speed internet connectionB. Extended library hours during examsC. New seating arrangements including group work spaces and individual boothsD. An increase in the number of available computersAnswer: C. New seating arrangements including group work spaces and individual booths3、、How can students now reserve books according to the passage?A. By visiting the library’s information deskB. Through an online reservation systemC. By calling the library’s front deskD. Books cannot be reserved; they must be collected in personAnswer: B. Through an online reservation system第三题Passage OneIn recent years, there has been a growing concern about the impact of technology on human relationships. With the advent of smartphones and social media, people are more connected than ever before. However, some argue that this technological advancement has led to a decline in face-to-face interactions and the quality of relationships.The first paragraph introduces the topic by highlighting the increasing reliance on technology for communication. It mentions that while technology has brought convenience, it has also raised concerns about its impact on human interactions.1、What is the main topic of the passage?A) The benefits of technology in communication.B) The decline of face-to-face interactions.C) The rise of social media.D) The impact of technology on relationships.2、According to the passage, what is the main concern regarding the use of technology?A) It enhances the efficiency of communication.B) It leads to a decrease in the quality of relationships.C) It replaces traditional forms of communication.D) It creates more opportunities for socializing.3、The author implies that:A) Technology has completely replaced face-to-face interactions.B) The use of technology has no negative effects on relationships.C) People are increasingly aware of the negative impacts of technology on relationships.D) Social media is the only way to maintain relationships in the modern world.Answer:1、D2、B3、C五、阅读理解-词汇理解（填空题，共5分）第一题Reading PassageIn recent years, the importance of online education has grown significantly. With the rapid development of technology, especially the internet, people cannow access educational resources from anywhere in the world. This has led to a rise in the number of online courses and platforms offering a wide range of subjects. While online education offers numerous benefits, such as flexibility and convenience, it also presents challenges that need to be addressed.The following paragraph contains a list of words or phrases, each of which is followed by five examples. Choose the example that best keeps the meaning of the word or phrase in the context of the passage.Vocabulary Understanding1.The rapid development of technology has led to a significant increase in the number of online courses and platforms.a)The number of new businesses in the tech sector has surged.b)The number of students enrolling in online courses has gone up dramatically.c)The number of traffic accidents has decreased due to better road designs.d)The number of people using social media has increased exponentially.e)The number of jobs available in the renewable energy sector has declined.2.Online education offers flexibility and convenience, making it an attractive option for many students.a)The ability to study at any time of the day or night.b)The convenience of not having to travel to a physical location.c)The opportunity to learn from experts in their field.d)The guarantee of better job prospects after completing the course.e)The assurance of a high-quality education regardless of location.3.This has led to a rise in the number of online courses and platforms offering a widerange of subjects.a)The variety of subjects available online has expanded.b)The number of students interested in online education has decreased.c)The number of teachers offering online courses has gone up.d)The number of traditional educational institutions has increased.e)The number of jobs in the online education industry has decreased.4.While online education offers numerous benefits, it also presents challenges that need to be addressed.a)The challenges faced by online students are similar to those in traditional education.b)Online education does not require any challenges to be overcome.c)The challenges of online education are often overlooked.d)The challenges of online education are unique and require specific solutions.e)The challenges of online education are not a concern for most students.5.It also presents challenges that need to be addressed.a)The solutions to these challenges are straightforward.b)These challenges can be easily resolved.c)These challenges require careful consideration and planning.d)These challenges are not significant enough to warrant attention.e)These challenges are beyond the scope of this discussion.Answers:1.b2.a3.a4.d5.c第二题Reading Passage:The Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and conduct business. With just a few clicks, we can connect with people from all over the world, access a vast amount of information, and even shop online. However, this convenience comes with its own set of challenges. One of the most significant challenges is the need to stay informed about the latest developments in technology and cybersecurity. In this article, we will discuss some of the key factors that contribute to the importance of staying informed in the digital age.Vocabulary Understanding:Please choose the correct word from the list below to complete each sentence. Write the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) corresponding to the correct answer in the blank space provided.1.The rapid A. evolution / B. revolution / C. evolutionism / D. evolutionist of technology has made it crucial for individuals to stay informed about the latest advancements.2.In order to protect their personal information, users must be aware of the potential risks associated with A. cybercrime / B. cybernetics / C. cyberneticist / D. cybernetic3.The article highlights the importance of A. vigilance / B. vigilance /C. vigilantly /D. vigilant in the face of increasing cyber threats.4.Staying informed about new developments in cybersecurity is essential forbusinesses to A. safeguard / B. safeguarding / C. safeguarded / D. safeguarding5.The author emphasizes the need for continuous learning to keep up with the ever-changing landscape of the digital world.Answers:1.A. evolution2.A. cybercrime3.D. vigilant4.A. safeguard5.A. keep up with六、阅读理解-长篇阅读（选择题，共10分）第一题Passage OneChina’s cultural revolution, which lasted from 1966 to 1976, was a social movement with a political motive, led by the Communist Party of China. It aimed to purify the Party and society from capitalist and cultural influences. The movement was marked by widespread violence, including the persecution of intellectuals and the destruction of cultural relics. Despite its tragic consequences, the cultural revolution has left a lasting impact on Chinese society and its people.Questions:1、What was the main purpose of the cultural revolution?A. To promote economic development.B. To reform the education system.C. To purify the Party and society.D. To strengthen the military.2、Which of the following was not a consequence of the cultural revolution?A. Widespread violence.B. The persecution of intellectuals.C. The destruction of cultural relics.D. The improvement of the economy.3、What was the impact of the cultural revolution on Chinese society?A. It led to economic prosperity.B. It brought about social stability.C. It left a lasting impact on Chinese society and its people.D. It had no significant impact on Chinese society.4、Who was the leader of the cultural revolution?A. Mao Zedong.B. Zhou Enlai.C. Deng Xiaoping.D. Li Xiannian.5、What was one of the tragic consequences of the cultural revolution?A. The improvement of education.B. The enhancement of cultural heritage.C. The promotion of political unity.D. The persecution of intellectuals.Answers:1、C. To purify the Party and society.2、D. The improvement of the economy.3、C. It left a lasting impact on Chinese society and its people.4、A. Mao Zedong.5、D. The persecution of intellectuals.第二题Reading PassageIn recent years, the concept of “soft skills” has gained increasing attention in the job market. While technical skills are crucial for many positions, soft skills, such as communication, teamwork, and problem-solving, are becoming equally important. This passage discusses the importance of soft skill s and provides examples of how they can impact one’s career.1.The first paragraph introduces the growing importance of soft skills. Which of the following best describes the author’s tone in this paragraph?A. CondescendingB. BoredC. EnthusiasticD. Indifferent2.According to the passage, why are soft skills becoming more significant in the job market?A. They are becoming less relevant in the digital age.B. They are being overlooked by employers.C. They complement technical skills and enhance job performance.D. They are no longer taught in schools.3.The passage mentions a study that shows the impact of soft skills on job performance. What was the main finding of this study?A. Soft skills have no significant impact on job performance.B. Soft skills can lead to a 10-15% increase in job performance.C. Technical skills are more important than soft skills for job success.D. Soft skills are only beneficial in certain industries.4.The passage discusses the importance of communication skills in the workplace. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of how communication skills can be beneficial?A. Clear and concise communication can prevent misunderstandings.B. Effective communication can help build strong relationships with colleagues.C. Communication skills are only important for jobs that involve a lot of speaking.D. Good communication can lead to better collaboration and teamwork.5.The passage concludes by emphasizing the need for continuous improvement in soft skills. What is the author’s final point?A. Soft skills are innate and cannot be improved.B. Technical skills should be prioritized over soft skills.C. Employers should focus on developing soft skills in their employees.D. Soft skills are not important until one is in a leadership position.Answers:1.C2.C3.B4.C5.C七、阅读理解-仔细阅读（选择题，共20分）第一题Reading PassageIn recent years, the rise of online education has sparked a heated debate among educators and the public. While some argue that it offers numerous benefits, such as flexibility and accessibility, others express concerns about its potential drawbacks, including the lack of personal interaction and the potential for cheating.Questions:1、What is the main topic of the passage?A. The benefits of online educationB. The drawbacks of online educationC. The impact of online education on traditional educationD. The debate surrounding online education2、The passage states that some educators and the public are concerned about the lack of what in online education?A. FlexibilityB. AccessibilityC. Personal interactionD. Cheating3、According to the passage, what is one of the advantages of online education mentioned?A. It requires less personal interactionB. It is less accessible to studentsC. It offers more flexibilityD. It is more likely to lead to cheating4、The author suggests that the debate about online education is:A. Unnecessary, as the benefits outweigh the drawbacksB. Necessary, as it affects the future of educationC. Unimportant, as online education will eventually replace traditional educationD. Irrelevant, as the benefits of online education are well-documented5、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a concern about online education in the passage?A. The potential for students to get distractedB. The lack of face-to-face communicationC. The possibility of cheatingD. The difficulty of assessing students’ understandingAnswers:1、D2、C3、C4、B5、ASecond QuestionRead the following text carefully and then answer the questions below.In the small town of Willow Creek, there was a local library that had been a cornerstone of the community for over a century. The library, known affectionately as “The Cornerstone,” was more than just a place to borrow books; it was a hub of cultural activities, a source of information, and a gathering spot for residents of all ages.One day, the library faced a significant challenge. The town’s mayor, who was a strong advocate for education and community development, announced that due to budget cuts, the library would have to close its doors. The news spread quickly through the town, causing a wave of concern and sadness among the residents.1、The library in Willow Creek was referred to as “The Cornerstone” because:A. It was built at the center of the town.B. It was the oldest building in the town.C. It played a vital role in the community.D. It had a cornerstone made of a unique stone.2、The main issue facing the library was:A. A lack of books for the community.B. A decrease in the number of visitors.C. Budget cuts that threatened its closure.D. The mayor’s disinterest in its operations.3、The response to the library’s potential closure was:A. The mayor proposed building a new library elsewhere.B. The residents ignored the news and continued their daily routines.C. The community held a peaceful protest in front of the library.D. The local businesses offered to donate books to the library.4、Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a role the library played in the community?A. A hub of cultural activities.B. A source of employment for the town.C. A place for educational programs.D. A gathering spot for residents.。
安徽省阜阳市颍上县人和私立高中2023-2024学年高一下学期第四次月考英语试卷
安徽省阜阳市颍上县人和私立高中2023-2024学年高一下学期第四次月考英语试卷一、阅读理解Congratulations on having been offered, and accepting, a place to study at Cambridge! This page offers some tips that will hopefully make your arrival at Cambridge as stress-free as possible.◆Before you arriveYour college or department will send you all the information you need to prepare yourself for your time in Cambridge, including college information, for example, accommodation, course information, and similar related details. You will be sent an email asking you to complete the University’s Student Registration exercise. It will only take a few minutes.◆Prearrival Freshers’ Events this summerAround the world in August and September, Cambridge Alumni (毕业生) Groups will be hosting prearrival Freshers’ Events for new students coming to Cambridge this autumn. These events are a great opportunity to prepare for university and make some friends before you arrive. There will be the chance to meet current students and alumni from whom you can get tips and advice for living and studying in Cambridge.◆MatriculationMatriculation marks the formal admission of a student to membership of the university, and a college may not normally allow an unmatriculated student to be a resident member of the college. Every freshman for matriculation must agree with the following belief by signing the Matriculation Registration Form: I promise to observe the statutes and ordinances of the university as far as they concern me, and to pay due respect and obedience to the chancellor and other officers of the university.1．Who will be interested in this text?A．Senior high students.B．Junior high students.C．Primary school students.D．New university students.2．What can you get from the Prearrival Freshers’ Events?A．Registration and ceremony activities.B．Suggestions for the coming college life.C．Accommodation and similar related details.D．Current students and alumni’s agreements.3．What is the aim of signing the Matriculation Registration Form?A．To make their arrival at Cambridge as free as possible.B．To complete the University’s Registration exercise.C．To have the students obey the school rules.D．To mark the formal admission of a student.Most children have ever heard their parents yell “sit up straight!” or “don’t hang your head !” when they eat dinner. Nowadays, it is also heard around another activity — video games.Ten-year-old Owaish admits it takes him three to four hours a day to play games on his tablet computer. In addition, he plays for about two hours on the smart phone every day. As a result, he started suffering a serious pain in the neck around June or July. What’s worse the pain has spread to the hand and back gradually, which makes his mother Mehzabin become concerned.The doctors note the number of young children with the chronic pain(慢性病) in their necks, arms and shoulders is on the increase sharp in recent years . They are not aging, they haven’t had an accident, the blood reports are fine, their X-rays are fine, and their MRIs are fine. Facts have proved that the pain is from the poor posture(姿势) while they are playing video games on smart phones or other electronic devices. 19-year –old student Nida feels pain in the finger which holds the weight of her smart phone most of the day. Nida almost uses her smart phone 24/7, which means 24 hours a day, seven days a week, or all the time.Health experts predict there will be not only physical（身体的）but mental(精神的) problems resulting from the overuse of electronic devices. They encourage people to often take breaks and exercise from using computers, smart phones or other devices. Stand up! Stretch(伸展) the legs, back, shoulders and arms in all the possible directions. That’s the most effective way and maybe the key to solving the problem completely. After all, the medication doesn’t help sometimes. 4．What is Mehzabin worried about?A．Her son has no table manners.B．Her son’s physical problems get worse.C．Her son doesn’t work hard at school.D．Her son spends much money on games.5．What do we know about the chronic pain?A．Using a heavy smart phone will cause it.B．Adults don’t have the problem.C．It is caused by the wrong body positionD．Children with it often have other diseases.6．According to health experts, _______.A．best treatment for the chronic pain is exercisingB．people must take medicine to cure the chronic painC．people should stop using smart phonesD．the chronic pain has nothing to do with one’s mental health7．What may be the best title for the text?A．To Play Games Well, Sit Up StraightB．Too Much Gaming Is A Pain In The NeckC．How To Avoid The Pain In The NeckD．How To Be More Fit By Playing GamesVitamin B could help reduce the effects of the dangerous type of air pollution, according to a new study published on Monday. In the first study of its kind, a team of international researchers looked into the damage caused by one of the pollutants that have the severest impact on health — PM2.5.They found that Vitamin B supplement could effectively reduce the impact of the tiny particles (颗粒) on the human body, although they stressed that the research was in its early stages. According to the WHO, 92% of the world's people are living in places where the PM2.5 level goes beyond the recommended level. So it’s urgent to find a solution to the problem.According to this study, published in the PNAS, 10 volunteers were initially exposed to clean air and given a placebo (安慰剂) to check their baseline responses. The group then kept ontaking placebos tor tour weeks before being exposed to heavily polluted air from downtown Toronto, where an estimated 1,000 cars passed every hour. The bad air was delivered to the volunteers through an "oxygen type" face mask. The experiment was then repeated, with each volunteer taking a Vitamin B supplement daily, made up of 2.5mg of folic acid, 50mg of Vitamin B6, and l mg of Vitamin B12.Vitamin B6 can be found in liver, chicken, nuts and other things, and Vitamin B12 in fish, meat, eggs, milk and some cereals. The researchers found that four weeks of Vitamin B supplements — the damage of PM2.5 effects by 28-76%. The results emphasized how prevention at an individual level could be used to fight against the damage of PM2.5, the researchers said. 8．What's the newly discovered effect of Vitamin B in Paragraph 1?A．It can be used to replace other vitamins in our daily life.B．It can help lower the air pollution level in the open air.C．It can reduce the impact of PM2.5 on human bodies.D．It can get rid of the pollutants remaining in our body.9．What can be learned from the second paragraph?A．Further study about the effect of Vitamin B needs to be done.B．Vitamin B is the most important to human's health.C．The tiny particles in the air are made up of PM2.5.D．92% of the world's people are affected by PM2.5.10．How did researchers draw the new conclusion about Vitamin B?A．By referring to a journal.B．By performing experiments.C．By interviewing scientists.D．By comparing vitamins.11．You may read the passage on a website about .A．environment B．medicineC．education D．healthEverybody hates rats. But in the earthquake capitals of the world—Japan, Los Angeles, Turkey—rats will soon be man’s new best friends.What happens after an earthquake? We send in rescue dogs. Why? Because they can smell people. Dogs save lives. They help rescuers to find living people. But dogs are big and they can tget into small spaces. So now a new research project is using a smaller animal to save lives: the rat.How does it work? First, the rat is trained to smell people. When this happens, the rat’s brain gives a signal (信号). This is sent to a small radio on its back, and then the rescuers follow the radio signals. When the rat’s brain activity jumps, the rescuers know that someone is alive. The rat has smelled that person.Although there are already robots which can do this job. rats are better. Christian Linter at Cornell University—New York says. “Robots’ noses don’t work well when there are other smells around. Rats are good at that. ” Rats can also see in the dark. They are cheaper and quicker to train than dogs and unlike robots, they don’t need electricity!The “rat project” is not finished, but Julie Ryan of International Rescue Corps in Scotland says. “It would be wonderful. A rat could get into spaces we couldn’t get to and a rat would get out if it wasn’t safe.” Perhaps for the first time in history, people will be happy to see a rat in a building (but only after an earthquake, of course).12．In the world earthquake capitals, rats will become man s best friends because they can________.A．take the place of man’s rescue jobsB．find the position of people alive who are trapped in buildingsC．serve as food for people alive who are trapped in buildingsD．get into small spaces13．The rescuers can judge a person is alive by ________.A．the noise made by the ratB．the rat’s unusual behaviorC．the signal sent by the radio on the rat’s backD．the smell given off by the person14．In doing rescue jobs, ________.A．rats smell better than dogsB．dogs don’t need to be trained to smell peopleC．rats can see in the dark and smaller than all the robotsD．robots’ sense of smell can be affected by other smells around15．Rats have all the following advantages EXCEPT that ________ .A．they are more wonderful than other animalsB．they are less expensive to train than dogsC．they don’t need electricityD．they are small and can get into small placesMany kids and teenagers have cell phones in their hands. However, is it really necessary for them to have phones at school? Here are the pros and cons.ProsThey can get in touch when necessary. The main benefit of having a phone is that your children can get in touch with you whenever they need to. 16 They can call the emergency services if necessary. If your children are in immediate danger, they can use their phones to call not only you but the emergency services. This is of great benefit and could potentially save your children’s lives.17 As long as your children remember to do this, their phones won’t cause distraction in class. Giving them a standard instead of a smartphone will also reduce the risk of distraction.ConsThe latest smartphones can almost double as a computer. It means they offer far more of a distraction to kids than they used to. 18 All these characteristics could disturb your children’s concentration if they play with them in class.Cell phones could interrupt lessons. Many children, even though they are asked to do so, forget to turn off their phones during lessons and their phones may make sounds. 19 Besides the distraction problem, cell phones can also be used to look up answers on the Internet.20 The possibility of children having access to these during exams could be attractive for them.A．Cell phones can be turned off or put on mute.B．Children use ordinary phones instead of smartphones.C．This allows you to feel they are safe.D．Without cell phones, campus life would be less colourful.E．They have some other functions — a calculator and the ability to save notes.F．This not only annoys other pupils, but also prevents them from learning well. G．Nowadays, children can not only text and make calls with their phones, but also play games, surf the Internet and listen to music.二、完形填空James shook his money box again. Nothing!He carefully 21 the coins that lay on the bed, $24. 52 was all that he had. The bicycle he wanted was at least $90!He knew that his friends all had bicycles. It was 22 to hang out with people when you were the only one without a bicycle. He thought about what he could do. There was no 23 asking his parents, for he knew they had no money to 24 .There was only one way to get money, and that was to 25 it. He would have to find a job. But who would hire him and what could he do? He decided to ask Mr Clay for advice, who usually had 26 on most things.“Well, you can start right here,” said Mr Clay. “My windows need cleaning and my car needs washing. ”That was the 27 of James’ business. For three months he worked every day after finishing his homework. He was amazed by the 28 of jobs that people found for him to do. He took dogs and babies for walks, and cleared out cupboards. He lost count of the number of cars he washed and windows he cleaned, but the 29 increased and he knew that he would soon have 30 for the bicycle he longed for.The day 31 came when James counted his money and found $94. 32. He 32 no time and went to pick up the bicycle he wanted. He rode 33 home, looking forward to showing his new bicycle to his friends. It had been hard 34 for the money, but James knew that he valued his bicycle more since he had bought it with his own money. He had 35 what he thought was impossible, and that was worth even more than the bicycle.21．A．cleaned B．covered C．counted D．checked 22．A．brave B．smart C．unfair D．hard 23．A．result B．harm C．point D．right24．A．separate B．spare C．spend D．save 25．A．borrow B．collect C．raise D．earn 26．A．decisions B．experience C．knowledge D．opinions 27．A．introduction B．beginning C．requirement D．ending 28．A．varieties B．similarities C．quality D．suitability 29．A．effort B．pressure C．trouble D．money 30．A．enough B．all C．much D．some 31．A．instantly B．normally C．finally D．regularly 32．A．gave B．wasted C．left D．took 33．A．patiently B．silently C．proudly D．tiredly 34．A．working B．asking C．looking D．applying 35．A．deserved B．achieved C．benefited D．learnt三、语法填空语法填空Your body language will give out a lot more information. 36 (base ) on your body language it can be seen whether you are self－confident.It can also show if you are a busy or a quiet type and it helps give 37 impression of whether you are speaking 38 (truthful) or not.Body language can show how enthusiastic you are and if you are a nice person, someone who 39 (take)his work seriously or who has a sense of humour and can enjoy a joke from time 40 time.The members of the application committee will ask you questions，41 your answers won't only be oral.The committee will not only pay attention to 42 you say，but also to how you say it! Body language will determine first if it “clicks”，and sometimes all it takes is just a few 43 (second)．Everybody 44 (use) body language, but it takes place mostly at a subconscious (下意识的) ing body language appropriately, you can definitely increase your chances of 45 (get) a job.四、书信写作46．假如你是李华。
关于fidic合同条件中文版翻译问题的探讨
关于FIDIC合同条件中文版翻译问题的探讨国际咨询工程师联合会（FIDIC，中译“菲迪克”）出版的1999年第一版FIDIC合同条件一共有四本，分别是《FIDIC施工合同条件》（新红皮书）、《FIDIC生产设备和设计-施工合同条件》（新黄皮书）、《FIDIC设计采购施工（EPC）/交钥匙工程合同条件》（银皮书）和《FIDIC 简明合同格式》（绿皮书）。
它们已经被翻译成中文版，这对于中国人学习和研究FIDIC合同条件有很大帮助。
但是笔者发现有的译文存在一些问题，有的是小问题，而有的却是典型的误译。
现列举几条，供大家参考。
以下均《FIDIC施工合同条件》为例。
1. 第1.1.5.6款Section工程：工程项目的总称，如一输电工程项目。
分项工程：工程项目下第一层分解，可单独进行接收或验收，如输电工程项目，包括，输电塔基础，输电塔、光纤、电线等。
分部工程：分项工程下的第二层分解，不可以单独地进行接收或验收，如塔基础的各个部分。
因此，Section应为Works(工程)下第一层分解内容，翻译为“分项工程”，更为适当。
2. 第1.1.6.5款Laws原文是：“Laws”means all national (or state) legislation, statutes, ordinances and other laws, and regulations and by-laws of any legally constituted public authority.译文是：“法律”系指所有国家（或州）的法律、条例、法令和其他法律，以及任何合法建立的公共当局制定的规则和细则等”。
1）“state”一词在美国是指“州”，在中国是指“省、自治区或直辖市”，而在行政区划里，中文的“州”是指省市之下与县同级的行政地区，英文翻译为“prefecture”2）根据《中华人民共和国立法法》：（1）全国人民代表大会制定法律；（2）国务院制定行政法规，由总理签署国务院令发布；（3）省、自治区、直辖市的人民代表大会及其常务委员会制定地方性法规；（4）民族自治地方的人民代表大会制定自治条例和单行条例；（5）国务院各部、委员会、中国人民银行、审计署和具有行政管理职能的直属机构，在本部门的权限范围内，制定规章。
The Legal System 西方宪法介绍 英文
Back
A Law Court
It is a place where legal matters are decided by a judge and jury or by magistrate（地方法官）.
Supreme Court
Back
Types of Law Courts
the supreme court（最高法院） a court of appeal（上诉法院）(in U.K. the House of Lords（上议院）) a criminal court（刑事法庭） a civil court（民事法庭） a juvenile court（未成年人法庭）
The Legal System
--by Vicky Yao 江苏教育学院
The Legal System
Constitution(宪法)
Two main branches of the law
A law court Process
A landmark decision
Legal advice, legal aid
Types of Constitution
1 written constitution The U.S.
2 unwritten constitution Britain
The British Constitution
The British Constitution
The British Constitution
mainsubdivisionsofthecivillaw?thefamilylaw家庭法?thelawofintellectualproperty知识产权法?thelawofcontract合同法?thelawoftorts民事侵权法?thelawofproperty财产法?theadministrativelaw行政法?thelawoflabour劳动法?themercantilelaw商业法?thecompanylaw公司法backalawcourt?itisaplacewherelegalmattersaredecidedbyajudgeandjuryorbymagistrate地方法官
厂房租赁合同英语版6篇
厂房租赁合同英语版6篇篇1Factory Lease AgreementThis Factory Lease Agreement ("Agreement") is made and entered into on this [insert date], by and between [Insert Lessor Name], having its principal place of business at [Insert Lessor Address] (hereinafter referred to as "Lessor"), and [Insert Lessee Name], having its principal place of business at [Insert Lessee Address] (hereinafter referred to as "Lessee").1. Lease Property: Lessor agrees to lease to Lessee, and Lessee agrees to lease from Lessor, that certain real property located at [Insert Property Address] (hereinafter referred to as the "Premises"), for the purpose of operating a factory.2. Lease Term: The initial term of this Lease shall be for a period of [Insert Lease Term] commencing on [Insert Commencement Date] and ending on [Insert Termination Date]. Lessee shall have the option to renew the Lease for successive periods of [Insert Renewal Term] upon written notice to Lessor at least [Insert Notice Period] days prior to the expiration of the then-current term.3. Rental Payment: Lessee shall pay to Lessor monthly rent in the amount of [Insert Monthly Rent] on the first day of each calendar month during the Lease Term. The first month's rent is due upon signing this Agreement.4. Security Deposit: Lessee shall deposit with Lessor the sum of [Insert Security Deposit Amount] as a security deposit, to be held by Lessor to secure Lessee's performance under this Agreement. The security deposit shall be returned to Lessee within [insert number] days after the termination of this Lease, less any deductions for damages or unpaid rent.5. Use of Premises: Lessee shall use the Premises exclusively for manufacturing purposes and shall not use the Premises for any other purpose without the prior written consent of Lessor.6. Repairs and Maintenance: Lessee shall be responsible for all repairs and maintenance of the Premises, except for those repairs that are the result of normal wear and tear. Lessor shall be responsible for structural repairs to the Premises.7. Insurance: Lessee shall maintain liability insurance coverage, including fire and extended coverage, for the Premises in the amount of [Insert Insurance Amount], with Lessor listed as an additional insured party.8. Default: In the event of any default by Lessee under this Agreement, Lessor shall have the right to terminate this Lease and re-enter the Premises. Lessee shall be responsible for all costs and expenses incurred by Lessor as a result of such default.9. Governing Law: This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [Insert Jurisdiction]. Any disputes arising under this Agreement shall be resolved through arbitration in [Insert Arbitration Location].IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the date first above written.LESSOR:____________________________[Insert Lessor Name]LESSEE:____________________________[Insert Lessee Name]Date: ________________________篇2Factory Lease AgreementThis Factory Lease Agreement (the "Agreement") is entered into by and between the Lessor [Name of Lessor], with a principal place of business at [Address of Lessor], and the Lessee [Name of Lessee], with a principal place of business at [Address of Lessee]. The Lessor and Lessee are collectively referred to as the "Parties".1. Premises:The Lessor hereby leases to the Lessee and the Lessee hereby leases from the Lessor the premises located at [Address of Factory], including all buildings, improvements, fixtures, and equipment located on or in the premises (the "Premises").2. Term:The term of this Agreement shall commence on [Commencement Date] and continue for a period of [Duration of Lease Agreement] months, unless earlier terminated as provided herein.3. Rent:The Lessee shall pay rent to the Lessor in the amount of [Monthly Rent Amount], payable on the [Rent Payment Date] of each month. Rent payments shall be made in advance and without demand or notice.4. Use of Premises:The Lessee shall use the Premises exclusively for [Permitted Use] and shall not use the Premises for any unlawful purpose. The Lessee shall comply with all laws, statutes, ordinances, and regulations applicable to the use of the Premises.5. Maintenance and Repairs:The Lessee shall maintain the Premises in good repair, reasonable wear and tear excepted. The Lessee shall be responsible for all repairs and maintenance necessary to keep the Premises in good condition.6. Insurance:The Lessee shall maintain insurance coverage for the Premises, including general liability insurance, property insurance, and workers' compensation insurance. The Lessor may require the Lessee to provide evidence of insurance coverage at any time.7. Default:If either Party fails to perform any obligation under this Agreement, the non-defaulting Party may provide written notice of default to the defaulting Party. If the default is not cured within [Cure Period] days after receipt of notice, thenon-defaulting Party may terminate this Agreement.8. Assignment:The Lessee may not assign its rights under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the Lessor. Any assignment without consent shall be void.9. Governing Law:This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [State/Country].IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Parties have executed this Agreement as of the Effective Date.LESSOR: [Signature of Lessor]LESSEE: [Signature of Lessee]Date: [Date of Execution]篇3Factory Lease AgreementThis Factory Lease Agreement ("Agreement") is made and entered into as of [date], by and between [Landlord], having its principal place of business at [address] (“Landlord”) and [Tenant], having its principal place of business at [address] (“Tenant”).1. Lease of PremisesLandlord hereby leases to Tenant, and Tenant hereby leases from Landlord, the premises commonly known as [address] (the “Premises”). The Premises are to be used for the manufacturing and distribution of [products] only. Tenant shall not use the Premises for any other purpose without the prior written consent of Landlord.2. TermThe term of this Lease shall commence on [start date] and shall continue for a period of [term]. Tenant shall have the option to renew this Lease for an additional [term] upon written notice to Landlord at least thirty (30) days prior to the expiration of the initial term.3. RentTenant shall pay to Landlord a monthly rent of [amount] on the first day of each month. Rent payments shall be made to Landlord at the address specified in writing by Landlord. Late payments shall incur a late fee of [fee].4. Maintenance and RepairsTenant shall keep the Premises in good repair and condition, and shall promptly make all necessary repairs and replacementsat its own expense. Landlord shall be responsible for structural repairs and maintenance.5. InsuranceTenant shall obtain and maintain throughout the term of this Lease, at its own expense, comprehensive general liability insurance with limits of not less than [$amount] per occurrence.6. IndemnificationTenant shall indemnify and hold Landlord harmless from and against any and all claims, damages, liabilities, costs, and expenses arising from Tenant’s use of the Premises.7. Assignment and SublettingTenant shall not assign this Lease or sublet the Premises without the prior written consent of Landlord, which shall not be unreasonably withheld.8. DefaultIf Tenant fails to pay rent when due, or if Tenant breaches any other provision of this Lease, Landlord may terminate this Lease and re-enter the Premises without prejudice to any remedies or rights Landlord may have in law or equity.9. Governing LawThis Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of [state].IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the day and year first above written.[Landlord]By: __________________________Name: ________________________Title: _______________________[Tenant]By: __________________________Name: ________________________Title: _______________________This Factory Lease Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof, and supersedes all previous agreements and understandings, written or oral, between the parties with respect to the Premises. This Agreement may only be amended in writing signed by both parties.篇4Industrial Building Lease AgreementThis Lease Agreement (the "Agreement") is made and entered into by and between [Company Name], with its principal place of business at [Company Address] (the "Landlord"), and [Tenant Name], with its principal place of business at [Tenant Address] (the "Tenant") on this [Date] day of [Month], [Year].1. Lease TermThe Landlord hereby agrees to lease to the Tenant, and the Tenant hereby agrees to lease from the Landlord, the following described real property for a term of [Number of Years] years, commencing on [Commencement Date] and ending on [End Date].2. RentThe Tenant shall pay to the Landlord annual rent of [Rent Amount] payable in equal monthly installments of [Monthly Rent Amount] in advance on the first day of each month.3. Security DepositUpon execution of this Lease Agreement, the Tenant shall deposit with the Landlord the sum of [Security Deposit Amount] as a security deposit to be held by the Landlord as security forthe faithful performance of all obligations of the Tenant hereunder.4. Maintenance and RepairThe Tenant shall keep the leased premises in good repair and tenantable condition. The Tenant shall be responsible for all repairs, maintenance, and alterations to the leased premises.5. Use of Leased PremisesThe leased premises shall be used only for industrial purposes and the Tenant shall not use the leased premises for any activities that are illegal or may create a nuisance.6. InsuranceThe Tenant shall maintain in effect throughout the term of this Lease Agreement a policy of commercial general liability insurance with limits of not less than [Insurance Amount] per occurrence.7. DefaultIf the Tenant defaults on any of the terms of this Lease Agreement, the Landlord shall have the right to terminate this Lease Agreement and evict the Tenant from the leased premises.8. Governing LawThis Lease Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of [State].IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Lease Agreement as of the date and year first above written.[Landlord Signature][Tenant Signature]篇5Factory Lease AgreementThis Factory Lease Agreemen t (the “Agreement”) is entered into on this [date] by and between [Landlord Name], with a principal place of business at [Landlord Address] (“Landlord”), and [Tenant Name], with a principal place of business at [Tenant Address] (“Tenant”).1. Premises. Landlord agrees to lease to Tenant and Tenant agrees to lease from Landlord the premises located at [Factory Address] (the “Premises”), for the term of [lease term]. The Premises shall be used for the operation of a factory.2. Term. The term of this Agreement shall be for [lease term] commencing on [commencement date] and ending on [termination date]. Tenant shall have the option to renew thelease for an additional term upon written agreement between the parties.3. Rent. Tenant agrees to pay Landlord monthly rent of [rent amount] on the first day of each month. Rent shall be paid in advance and in full without deduction or setoff. Late payments shall incur a late fee of [late fee amount].4. Security Deposit. Tenant shall provide a security deposit of [security deposit amount] upon execution of this Agreement. The security deposit shall be held by Landlord to cover any damages to the Premises beyond normal wear and tear.5. Utilities. Tenant shall be responsible for all utilities, including but not limited to water, electricity, gas, and trash removal, during the term of this Agreement.6. Maintenance and Repairs. Landlord shall be responsible for maintenance and repairs of the Premises, including structural repairs and replacements. Tenant shall be responsible for routine maintenance, such as cleaning and minor repairs.7. Indemnification. Tenant agrees to indemnify and hold harmless Landlord from any liability, claims, damages, or expenses arising from Tenant’s use of the Premises.8. Insurance. Tenant shall maintain a comprehensive general liability insurance policy with coverage of at least [coverage amount] during the term of this Agreement.9. Default. In the event of default by Tenant, Landlord may terminate this Agreement and evict Tenant from the Premises. Any unpaid rent or damages shall be deducted from the security deposit.10. Governing Law. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of [jurisdiction]. Any disputes arising from this Agreement shall be resolved through arbitration.11. Entire Agreement. This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties and supersedes any prior agreements or understandings, whether oral or written.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the date first above written.[Landlord Name] [Tenant Name]_____________________ _____________________Landlord Tenant篇6Factory Lease AgreementThis Factory Lease Agreement (the "Agreement") is entered into as of [Date], by and between [Company Name] (the "Landlord"), with a principal place of business at [Address], and [Tenant Name] (the "Tenant"), with a principal place of business at [Address].1. Lease of PremisesLandlord hereby leases to Tenant, and Tenant hereby leases from Landlord, the premises located at [Address] (the "Premises"), for the term of [Duration] beginning on [Start Date] and ending on [End Date].2. RentTenant agrees to pay to Landlord rent in the amount of [Rent Amount] per month, payable in advance on the first day of each month. The first month's rent shall be paid on or before the execution of this Agreement.3. Security DepositTenant shall deposit with Landlord the sum of [Security Deposit Amount], to be held by Landlord as security for the faithful performance by Tenant of all terms and conditions of this Agreement. The security deposit shall be returned to Tenantwithin [Number] days after the termination of this Agreement, less any deductions for damages or unpaid rent.4. Use of PremisesTenant shall use the Premises only for the purpose of [Description of Use]. Tenant shall not use the Premises for any illegal, immoral, or hazardous purposes.5. Repairs and MaintenanceTenant shall maintain the Premises in good repair and condition, and shall be responsible for any repairs or maintenance required during the term of this Agreement.6. InsuranceTenant shall obtain and maintain throughout the term of this Agreement comprehensive liability insurance coverage in the amount of [Amount] and property insurance coverage in the amount of [Amount], naming Landlord as an additional insured.7. DefaultIf Tenant fails to pay rent when due, or otherwise breaches any term or condition of this Agreement, Landlord may terminate this Agreement and evict Tenant from the Premises.8. Governing LawThis Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of [State].9. Entire AgreementThis Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof, and supersedes all prior agreements and understandings, whether written or oral.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the date first above written.[Landlord Name][Landlord Signature][Tenant Name][Tenant Signature]。
法律英语 沙丽金版 阅读文本问题答案
Law1.What’s the relationship between civilization and law?The fairness of a nation’s laws and the extent to which the l egal system justly administers the laws is a measure of the enlightenment, humanity, and d egree of civilization of its peopl e.2.What’s law?Law consists of the whol e body of rul es applied and enforced und er the authority of established government in d etermining what conduct is proper and shoul d be permitted and that which should be d enied or penalized.3.Can you list the rol es of law in society?Without law, there woul d be anarchy. Law is the means through which society is abl e to exist by providing protection for the individual; by establishing and maintaining ord er, health, and safety; by providing a peaceful means of dispute resolution; by providing stability and fl exibility in economic relations between peopl e; and by prohibiting conduct d estructive to society.4. How can law be best und erstood?Law is best und erstood by viewing the l egal system as a process——a means of pulling together society’s needs and goals and translating them into guid es for fairness and reasonabl eness in conduct.5. What are the events that promote the d evelopment of the English l egal system? Norman Conquest. William replaced the l ocal and highly varied systems of law with a common system of law.6. Why did the peopl e in England petition to the King and what woul d be the result?Because of the extremely rigid, frequently overly technical procedural requirements of the common-law system, peopl e were sometimes unabl e to obtain fair relief in the courts. In time, some persons who felt that the form of relief was inad equate petitioned to the King directly.This practice gave rise to a second court system, call ed the Court of Chancery. 7. What was the situation of equity courts in North America?American court systems in the nineteenth century resulted in simplification of judicial procedures and elimination of equity courts as separate courts in most states.8.Was the statutes d eveloped fast in North America? Why?9. What are the disadvantages of statues and the advantages of the common law rul es?10. Who has the power to make the ordinances?The l egislative body of a municipal corporationLegal System1.What is the relationship between the civil law system and Roman Law?The civil law is based on Roman Law.2.Who is the Justinian and what is his contribution?Byzantium Emperor. Compiling cod es after the enthronement3.Which is the primary source of law in Europe, Roman Law or l ocal laws?Local customs4.Why was the concept of codification d evel oped in the 17th and 18th centuries?As an expression of both Natural Law and the id eas of the Enlightenment.5.What did the opponents of codification think about codification of law?Its opponents claimed that codification woul d result into the ossification of law.6.What is the main feature of common law?Its inclusion of extensive non-statutory law reflecting preced ent d erived from centuries of judgments by working jurists.7.What is the difference between statutes and regulations?Statues are enacted by a l egislature, whil e regulations are promulgated by executive branch agencies pursuant to a d elegation of rul e-making authority from a legislature.8.Where shoul d peopl e go if they wanted to apply for injunctions before the 20thcentury? Why?Courts of equity. Only courts of equity have the authority to d o it.9.What is the difference between the selections of judges in civil law countriesand that in common law countries?Civil law judges are usually trained and promoted separately from advocates, whereas common law judges are usually sel ected from accomplished and reputabl e advocates.10.What are the differences in the criminal procedures of the two major l egalsystems?In general, the judge in a civil law system plays a more active rol e ind etermining the facts of the case. Most civil law countries investigate majorcrimes using a so-call ed inquisitorial system. Also, civil law systems rely much more on written argument than oral argument.Court System1.What is the main characteristic of the court system of the United States?Courts are operated in both state and fed eral governments.2.Are there any uniform rul es for creating state courts?No. but it has a general pattern.3.What are the functions of the inferior courts at the bottom of the state judicialhierarchy?Trying minor civil cases involving small sums of money, and minor criminal cases involving light penalties and conducing preliminary hearings in the more serious criminal cases.4.Do all states have the same terminol ogy for courts and judges? Please giveexampl es.No. For exampl es, a man who sits on the highest court of New Jersey is call ed a justice of the supreme court of that state, whil e a man who holds an equivalent position in New York is call ed a judge of the court of appeals.5.What are the duties of the judges who sit on appellate courts?They d o no trial work, being occupied exclusively in hearing appeals. They review the proceedings of trial courts upon the basis of written records. They hear oral arguments and read written arguments, call ed briefs, in an effort to discover whether errors were committed in the trial court of such a nature as to require reversal of the judgment or a new trial.6.How many tiers of courts are there in the federal court system in the U.S.?What are they?There are three l evels of courts: trial, intermediate appellate and top appellate.7.Does each state have a fed eral trial court? What d ecid es the number of thefed eral trial court in each state?Each state has at least one United States district court.The population of the district8.What types of cases will be tried by fed eral courts?Prosecutions for fed eral crimes civil claims based upon fed eral lawcivil claims between citizens of civil actions.9.Which authority has the power to create fed eral circuit courts?Congress10.Does the Supreme Court of the U.S. review all the cases appealed? Dose theSupreme Court of the U.S. have the power to review all the d ecisions mad e by the state highest courts?No. Yes.Constitution1.What are usually established in a constitution?A constitution establishes the rul es and principles by which an organization, orpolitical entity, is governed. In the case of countries, this term refers specifically to a national constitution, which d efines the fundamental political principles and establishes the power and duties of each government.2.What are the exampl es that show the limitation imposed by the constitution tothe organizations in the United States?An exampl e from the constitutional law of nation-states woul d be a provincial government in a fed eral state trying to l egislate in an area exclusively enumerated to the fed eral government in the constitution.3.What are the relationships regulated by the U.S. Constitution?The relationship among institutions of the state. In a basic sense the relationship among the executive, l egislative and the judiciary, but also the relationship of institutions within those branches.4.How d o you d escribe an uncodified constitution?An uncodified constitution is one that is not contained in a singl e document, consisting of several different sources, which may be written or unwritten. 5.Why is an unwritten constitution not an accurate synonym for uncodifiedconstitution?Because all mod ern d emocratic constitutions consist of some written sources, 6.What d o the codified and uncodified constitutions respectively result from?Codified constitutions are usually the product of dramatic political change, such as revolution. Uncodified constitutions are the product of an “evolution”of laws and conventions over centuries.7.Is it easy to amend a constitution? Why or why not?No. an extraordinary procedure is required for constitutional amendments involve some procedures that makes obtaining a constitutional amendment more difficult than passing a simpl e law.8.What happens if there are conflicts between the constitution and a statute in acountry using codified constitution?All or part of the statue can be d eclared ultra vires by a court and struck d own as unconstitutional.9.What are the sources of uncodified constitution of Britain?Written sources: e.g. constitutional statues enacted by the Parliament and also unwritten sources: constitutional conventions, observation of preced ents, royal prerogatives, customs and traditions.10.Are there any differences between the constitutional law and statutory law instates using uncodified constitutions?No. Both can be altered or repeal ed by a simple majority in Parliament.Criminal Law1.Who d o ordinary peopl e think of crimes?Peopl e think of crimes as acts that threaten public safety, security or morality.Crime can be d efined as anti-social conduct that is sufficiently serious to require state intervention and punishment.2.What is the accurate d efinition of crime?A crime is any act or omission that is contrary to the criminal law.3.What are the elements that may establish a crime?Criminal liability, guilty mind,4.What is the standard of proof for the prosecution to prove that a person isguilty?Beyond a reasonabl e d oubt that the d efendant committed the actus reus of the crime, while at the same time having the required mens rea5.What d oes the actus reus includ e?Conduct, circumstance and consequence6.Will all omissions lead to liability?No7.What are the circumstances where criminal liability has been imposed for anomission?8.What is shared by the cases about omission?A d efendant has accepted or been placed under a duty to act, and his/heromission constitutes a failure to discharge that duty—the omission is no l onger pure.9.In what kind of cases is causation required?The d efendant’s conduct caused the unlawful consequence10.How is the subjective nature of criminal liability proved?Show a criminal state of mindCriminal Procedure1.What is the function of criminal procedure law?The law governing the series of procedures through which the substantive criminal law is enforced.2.What are the sources of criminal procedure law?The United States Constitution, (2) fed eral statutes (3) the Fed eral Rul es of Criminal Procedure (d) l ocal district court rul es (e) rulings of fed eral courts based on their common law d ecisional authority or their supervisory authority over the administration of criminal justice in the fed eral courts (f) the internal regulations of the Department of Justice and other agencies involved in the administration of the fed eral process.3.What is a known offence?Where the police conclud e that a crime may well have been committed, it will be record ed as a “known offence”4.Who has the power to conduct investigation before arrest?Police, prosecutorial and other non-police investigations5.What are usually d one in the process of booking?The arrestee’s name, the time of his arrival, the offense for which he was arrested are noted in the police “l og”, the arrestee also will be photographed and fingerprinted.6.How many types of charging instruments are there in the felony cases?Complaint information, indictment7.Are there any differences between First Appearance and PreliminaryHearing?8.What will be d one in the process of a grand jury review?Determining whether there is sufficient evidence to justify a trial on the charge sought by the prosecution. If a majority of the grand jurors conclud e that the prosecution’s evid ence is sufficient, they will issue the indictment requested by the prosecutor.9.What are the characteristics of criminal trial?（a）the presumption of d efendant’s innocence (b) the requirement of proof beyond a reasonabl e d oubt (c) the right of the d efendant not to take the stand(d) the exclusion of evidence obtained by the state in an ill egal manner10.How many types of sentences are used in criminal cases?Financial sanctions, some form of release into the community, and incarceration in a jail or prisonCivil Procedure1.How d o people resolve their disputes?One is to engage in “self-help”, by which you redress the wrong personally.Another is to contact the person who harmed you and d emand some compensation or other remedies.2.Which way of settling disputes is acceptabl e in the society?Litigation3.Why is litigation a publicly fund ed dispute resolution?The taxpayers provid e the courtroom, the judge, and the instrumentalities bywhich the dispute is resolved.4.Who usually initiates a civil litigation, a government or an individual?Individual5.Is civil litigation time consuming? Why?Yes. Because there are many more parts to the process than the trial,6.Why is the question of forum sel ection important?The d ecision implicates a variety of important d octrines. And there are questions of tactics and id eal for the d efendant.7.What should be d ecid ed by a plaintiff and his /her lawyer before filing a suit?What to put in the complaint.8.Where can the elements of claims be found?Substantive law9.What is the function of civil procedure law?Civil procedure provid es the mechanism—the process—by which disputes over such substantive claims are resolved. It provid es a theoretically content-neutral mechanism for resolving disagreements. It establishes the method by which someone woul d vindicate a right given to her by the law. 10.What are the stages in civil litigation?Pl eadings, motions, discovery, possibl e pretrial adjudication, conferences, and meetingsTorts1.What are the functions of tort law?The purpose of torts is to compensate an injured party through the award of damages for the injuries incurred during a tortious act.2.What is the difference between a tort and a crime?The difference is that a tort is a wrong against an individual, whereas a crime is a wrong against society as a whol e.3.How d o you prove the intent of a d efendant?Intent is most often proved through circumstantial evid ence: the d efendant’s conduct, in the context of his or her surroundings and what he or she presumably knew and perceived.4.What are the elements of false imprisonment?(a)Intent to confine a person within a certain area (b) actual confinement(c) Awareness of plaintiff of the confinement or injury to plaintiff due toconfinement; and (d) Prevention of exit or no safe exit possibl e by plaintiff 5.What needs to be proved in case of trespass?An act, coupl ed with the intent to cause entry by the d efendant, and an invasion of the plaintiff’s land6.What d oes standard of care mean?As a general rul e, all persons are und er a duty to conduct themselves in such a manner as not to create unreasonabl e risks of physical harm to others.7.How d o you make d efense for a negligent conduct?Contributory or comparative negligence and assumption of the risk8.What is the difference between the two types of comparative negligence?Pure comparative negligence simply means that if a plaintiff is 90 percent at fault, he or she can still recover 10 percent. Another name for partial comparative negligence is 50percent rul e, which means that if the plaintiff is more than 50 percent at fault, he or she cannot recover.9.In what situation is the d efense of assumption of risk applied?The plaintiff’s own actions trigger this d efense, which is the plaintiff’s knowing and voluntary consent to encountering a known danger.10.Can a plaintiff get recovery if the d efendant has no fault und er strict liabilityd octrine? Why?Yes. Legal fault stems from a d eviation from a standard of conduct need ed to protect society and its citizens.Contact1.In what situation is there an implied contract?An implied contract is one that is inferred from the conduct of the parties.2.What is the difference between bilateral contracts and unilateral contracts?A bilateral contract is one in which the parties exchange promises to d o somefuture act. A unilateral contract is one in which one party acts immediately inresponse to the offer. The response is in the form of immediate action rather than a mutual exchange of promises.3.What is the difference between a void contract and a voidabl e contract?A void contract is a nullity from its beginning, and damages d o not result. Avoidabl e contract is one that is binding until it is disaffirmed or canceled by the party with the authority to d o so.4.What are the key el ements for the formation of a contract?(1)the capacity of parties; (2) offer and acceptance (3) Consid eration5.How d oes a corporation enter into a contract?The law creates a l egal fiction that corporations are persons.6.Are the sharehol d ers of a corporation involved in the contract conclud ed bythe corporation?No. This d evice allows corporations to sue and be sued and to conduct business transactions as entities without involving individual shareholders. 7.What may d ecid e the capacity of a person to enter into a contract?The age of the individual or from a party’s being mentally incapabl e of und erstanding the ramifications 后果of the contract8.Are there any special provisions about minors’making contract? What arethey?Minors are und er an obligation to return any consid eration received und er the contract9.How can misund erstandings about terms in compl ex contracts be avoid ed?Compl ex contracts often contain sections that cl early d efine certain terms. 10.How d o you d ecid e whether the two parties of a contract have the mutualagreement?On an objective standard, and the subjective intent of the parties is usually irrelevantLaw of Corporation1.Why was the corporation proved to be an id eal instrument for the industriald evel opment?It coul d raise large amounts of capital from numerous investors and yetprovid e centralized direction of large industrial concerns.2.Who has the power to approve the individual corporate charter originally?State legislatures3.Which state is the winner in the race of attracting companies?Delaware4.What is the procedure for the formation of a corporation?Filing an appropriate d ocument with a state official, and paying the appropriate fee5.What can corporations d o as artificial persons?The artificial person may conduct a business or businesses in its own name much in the same way that a “real” person coul d.6.What is the most obvious advantage that a corporation has?The corporation is unlimitedly liabl e for the d ebts and obligations of the business but the sharehol d ers are not, since in theory all d ebts are the artificial entity’s obligations, not the sharehol d ers.7.Why d oes a corporation have continuity of life?The existence of the corporation is not d epend ent on who the owners or investors are at any time. If sharehol d ers die, or d ecid e to sell out, the corporation continues to exist as a separate entity.8.How d o you und erstand the sentence “the corporation d oes not have a limitedlife span”?It d oes not really mean that all corporations will continue until the end of time but rather that a corporation will continue ind efinitely until the owners d ecid e to dissolve it or merge it into another business.9.What rights d o sharehold ers have?Very specific rights such as a limited right to inspect the books and records of the corporation10.Who has the right to d ecid e the transfer of sharehol d ers’ownership ofinterests?oneselfIntellectual Property1.How are intellectual property and intellectual rights d efined?Products of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, any symbols, names, images, and d esigns used in commerce.Rights given to people over the creation of their minds2.Are “id eas”the product of the mind? And are the “id eas”protected byintellectual property law?Yes, no3.What d o the various kinds of intellectual property have in common?Patents, copyrights, industrial d esigns, trad emarks and confid ential information4.Why d o the intellectual property rights have much in common with the rightsassociated with real property?Intellectual property rights can be assigned or bequeathed.Intellectual property is itself intangibl e, it will be embodied in real objects.5.Do the different intellectual property rights have the same history? Why?Each of the diverse intell ectual property rights has its own separate history. 6.What is the shaping of the intellectual property law cl osely related to?Change economic and social conditions7.Are there any differences in the attitud es towards intellectual property rights?What are they?Important economic assets rewards for mental laborA reward for individual creativity products of the market8.In what way the ownership in intellectual property is limited?Time9.How are most intellectual property actions settl ed?Most are settled at the pre-trial stage and the usual remedy, where the claimant is successful, is a permanent injunction together with costs.10.What are the remedies in intellectual property cases?Delivery up, damages and an account of profits。
考研英语《经济学人》翻译实践+词汇积累
考研英语《经济学⼈》翻译实践+词汇积累（6）This picture of dedication and loneliness stands in sharp contrast to the popular image. Mr Zhang says he is as disgusted as the general public is with official corruption. He notes that, like many civil servants, he works in a job without the kind of power that could be abused. The leaders in his office work longer hours than he does and still ride bicycles to work.虽尽⼼尽⼒，但总感到孤独，与⼤众对公务员的印象形成鲜明对⽐。
Zhang Minfu说，与普通⼤众⼀样，⾃⼰也痛恨贪腐。
他特别提醒，如同众多公务员那般，⾃⼰没有可滥⽤的职权。
其办公室的领导⼯作时间⽐他还长，现在仍是蹬车上班。
译后习得Dedication解释：V-T If you say that someone has dedicated themselves to something, you approve of the fact that they have decided to give a lot of time and effort to it because they think that it is important.投⾝举例：For the next few years, she dedicated herself to her work.随后的⼏年⾥，她全⾝⼼地投⼊⼯作。
解释：ADJ投⾝于…的举例：He's quite dedicated to his students.他奉献很多给他的学⽣们。
中文版Comparative Constitutional and Administrative law
I. INTRODUCIONGlobalization and its counterpart "localization' are well-known challenges in today's world. The development of globalization will cause the integration of national legal systems through the enactment of formal international laws, such as bilateral treaties and multilateral organizations, and through the factual internationalization of markets, science, environmental protection, traffic, migration, and communica- tion. The question is whether the traditional legal systems are prepared for such developments or whether they will impede them or simply implode, as the communist system did.全球化和其对应的“本土化”是当今世界知名的挑战。
全球化的发展将通过国际正式制定法律使国家法律系统的集成，如双边条约和多边组织，并通过市场，科技，环保，交通，迁移实际的国际化，和通信方法。
问题是，传统的法律系统是准备这样的发展，或者他们是否会阻碍它们或完全崩溃，作为共产主义制度做了。
TULANE LA W REVIEWThe obvious challenge for comparative lawyers is to discover the basic legal problems of the integration of these legal systems, to analyze the possibilities of this integration, and to determine when partnership and cooperation are indispensable in order to foster diversity. This Article analyzes the primary historical roots of the differ- ences between common law and the continental legal systems with regard to constitutional and administrative law. Although both common law and the continental legal systems are committed to the constitutionalism of the modernity, their diversities are fundamental. To see such diversities as the enrichment of our global society should enlighten us; therefore, those diversities should not be destroyed by unreflected integration but should be fostered as an indication of respect for human nature and culture.比较律师明显的挑战是发现这些法律制度的一体化的基本法律问题，分析这种一体化的可能性，并确定在伙伴和合作是必不可少的以培育多样性。
statute词根词缀
statute词根词缀statute这个词源于拉丁文的“statutum”，意为“法规、规定”，根据这个词根，我们可以发现它在英语中的一些派生词汇。
下面将为大家列举相关的词汇并作简要解释。
一、statutory该词是statute的形容词形式，表示“根据法规的、法定的”的意思。
在法律领域被广泛使用，例如“statutory law”（法定法律）、“statutory requirements”（法定要求）等。
二、status这个词源于同样的拉丁文词根“statum”，意为“状态、地位、身份”。
在英语中常用来描述人或组织的社会地位、职位等。
例如“social status”（社会地位）、“legal status”（法律地位）等。
三、constitute该词在拉丁文中是“constitutus”，意为“组成、构成”，在英语中使用较广，特别是在法律、政治等领域。
例如“constitute a crime”（构成犯罪）、“constitution”（宪法）、“constituent”（选民、组成部分）等。
四、institution这个词的本意是“设立、建立”，但在现代英语中，它更常用来指代各种机构、组织、机构等。
例如“educational institution”（教育机构）、“cultural institution”（文化机构）、“public institution”（公共机构）等。
五、restitution该词在拉丁文中是“restitutio”，意为“归还、补偿”，在现代英语中常用来指代在法律中对于受害者给予的补偿。
例如“restitution order”（补偿令）、“restitution for damages”（偿还损害赔偿）等。
六、substitute该词源于拉丁文的“substitutus”，意为“代替、替代”，在英语中主要是指代替某人、某物或某种方法等。
例如“substitute teacher”（代课老师）、“substitute medication”（替代药物）等。
法律英语法律英语课程教学大纲
法律英语法律英语课程教学大纲《法律英语》课程教学大纲（Legal English）课程编号：070434适用专业：法律（本科）总学时数：54课时学分：3分编制单位：社会科学系法学教研室查晓雯编制时间：xx年11月30日一、课程的地位、性质和任务(The Status, Character and the Teaching Purpose)《法律英语》是依据《大学英语教学大纲》对大学英语应用提高阶段在专业英语方面的教学要求，适应中国加入世贸组织后进一步扩大对外交流形式的需要，以培养更多既有扎实法律专业知识又精通外语的法律人才的需求，所开设的法学专业本科必修课程的课程。
本课程以英美法为教学核心内容,包括英语法律术语、英美法系与大陆法系的比较、英美律师职业介绍、英美主要部门法、WTO 法律文件选读、国际经贸法律、法学研究技巧与资源的运用。
本课程历时一个学期，其教学目的旨在培养和提高学生在法律领域里应用英语的能力。
在教师的指导下，学生通过阅读一些精选的法律类英语文章掌握法学基本概念和基本理论以及专业术语。
在教学过程中着重于扩大学生的专业词汇量，提高学生的英语阅读理解水平。
同时，本课程采用个人发言和小组讨论等多种形式以增加学生的语言实践机会，使他们能将专业知识与英语知识很好地结合，最终具有较强的英语口头交流能力和翻译能力Aording to the Teaching Criteria of the College English, Legal English, as a required course for the law school students, is aimed at training much more law experts whom are familiar with the foreign legal system.The main content of this course is Anglo-American Law system, including thelegal terminology, the international business and trade law, the parison between the Anglo-American law system and the Continental law system, the introduction of legal profession, the legal departments of the Anglo-American, the supplementary reading material of WTO, and the techniques and sources for legal research (skills for presenting and legal writing).Legal English lasts one semester with its purpose of developing students’ ability to take use of English in the legal field. With help of the teachers, the students can suessfully master some basic legal terminology and theories, and in Law by reading some well-selected English legal essays. In process of teaching and learning, the emphasis is placed on enlarging students’ vocabulary in legal English and on raising their English reading prehensive levels. Meanwhile, the course adopts individual speeches or group discussions and other teaching methods in order to provide as more lingual practice as possible for students, helps them well-bine their knowledge both in major and English. At last, they can suessfully plete the course study paratively good English oral skills in munication and translation.二、本课程与其他专业课程的关系（本课程学习所必备的知识）(Necessary knowledge)学生要重视其他各法律核心和专业课程的学习, 掌握基本法律知识和概念，在学习的同时还要对英美法律制度认真研习。
statutory词根词缀
statutory词根词缀"Statutory" 是由 "statute" 这个词根组成的一个形容词，表示符合法律规定的、法定的、法定制定的。
在英语中，“statutory” 这个词通常用来形容法律、规章等，常见的用法包括 statutory law（法定法律）、statutory regulation（法定规定）、statutory requirement（法定要求），等等。
下面是一些与 "statutory" 相关的词根、词缀及其含义。
1. Statute- (词根)：法规、立法、法定。
例如：statute law（法定法律）、statute book（法规手册）。
2. -ory (词缀)：表示形容词或名词的词缀，意思是“与...有关的、属于...的、形成的”。
例如：mandatory（强制的）、regulatory（调节的）、observatory（观测台）。
3. -ation (词缀)：表示“...过程”或“...状态”的词缀。
例如：legislation（立法过程）、designation（指定状态）、authorization（授权状态）。
4. -al (词缀)：表示名词转化为形容词的词缀，常常具有“...的、有关的”之意。
例如：judicial（司法的）、constitutional（宪法的）、governmental（政府的）。
5. -ify (词缀)：表示“使...成为”的词缀。
例如：ratify（批准，使生效）、clarify（澄清，使明了）。
6. Un- (前缀)：表示否定或相反的意思。
例如：unlawful（非法的）、unconstitutional（违反宪法的）、unauthorized（未经授权的）。
7. Pro- (前缀)：表示“支持、赞成”的意思。
例如：procedural（程序性的）、prohibit（禁止的）、proactive（积极主动的）。
英国政治--英文介绍
Many have parliamentary systems of government on the British model.
English is an official language.
Court system in England and Wales 5
Criminal Courts (in England and Wales)
Magistrates’ Courts: the less serious offences and the vast majority of criminal cases (theft, the less serious cases of burglary and some assaults)
Much of the constitution is based on unwritten customs and rules called conventions. And it is embodied in a number of separate laws.
2
the main sources of law include:
9
Legal profession: Barristers Solicitors
10
Police: bobby, peeler; “Scotland Yard”
unarmed tradition
11
British Foreign Relations
Decline of the British Empire, decline of the British influence worldwide
General Manager - Legal - Job Description-Bruce.V2
Job Description职位：法务总经理TITLE:General Manager – Legal工作编号：JOB CODE:日期：2002年1月14日DATE: 14th January 2002_____________________________________________________________________ 岗位概述：POSITION OVERVIEW:向行政管理总监汇报。
该职位向恒安提供所有有关法律方面的建议，包括法定权利，义务和特别权力，以此来支持恒安成为中国妇女与儿童卫生用品龙头企业的总体目标。
Reporting to the Director Administration, this position advises HengAn on all legal rights, obligations, and privileges to support HengAn’s overall mission to become China’s leading supplier of women’s and children’s hygiene products.基本职责：ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES•研究宪法，法令，法律决议，以及准司法体的条例。
Studies Constitution, statutes, decisions, and ordinances of quasi-judicial bodies.•为公司诠释法律，法规和规则。
Interprets laws, rulings, and regulations for corporation.•审阅法律数据以决定公司是否应该提起法律诉讼和进行法律辩护。
Examines legal data to determine advisability of defending or prosecuting lawsuit.•在各种法律事务中担任公司的代理。
法律英语期末考试部分总结（仅供参考）
法律英语期末考试部分总结一、词汇（一）诉讼词汇1.Damages--损害赔偿2.Joint and several liability—负有连带责任的3.Retainer—律师雇佣协4.Appearance（enter an appearance）--呈交应诉书，出庭5.Attorney of record—记录在案的律师6.Wrongdoer—侵权人，违法犯罪者7.Forum—法院8.Estate—不动产，地产，财产9.Diversity of citizenship—居民多样化身份10.Venue—具体审判地plaint—起诉状12.pleading—诉讼文书13.Plaintiff –原告14.Cause of action—诉由15.Ad damnum—索赔条款16.Jury trial—陪审团陪审17.Service of process--送达18.Summons—传票，传唤19.Process server—送达人20.Affidavit—宣誓书20.Statute of limitations—诉讼时效21.In personam jurisdiction—属人管辖权22.Procedural law—程序法，诉讼法23.Answer—答复书24.Default judgment—缺席判决25.Defense—辩护26.Affirmative defense—积极抗辩27.Counterclaim—反诉28.Tangible evidence—实物证据29.Introduce—采用，提出，30.Set for trial—安排审判31.Bailiff—法警32.Voir dire—预备询问，预先审查33.Challenge for case—有因回避请求34.Rule on witness—证人规则35.Burden of proof—举证责任36.Overrule—驳回37.Objection—反对,异议38.Recess—休庭，休息39.Move……into evidence—请---（法庭）采纳证据40.Rest one’s case—举证完毕41.Adjourn—休庭42.Directed verdict—直接裁决43.Take……under advisement—搁置44.Standard of proof—举证规则45.Closing argument—终结辩论46.Judgment—判决47.Appeal—上诉48.Stay—中止执行49.Notice of appeal—上诉通知书50.Bond—债51.Res judicata—一事不再理原则52.Appellant—上诉人53.Appellee—被上诉人54.Brief—上诉状55. Opinion—意见书56.Affirm—维持57.En banc—全席听审58.Prosecution--，(刑事)检控59.Indictment—公诉书60.Arraignment—提审，控告（二）笔记中词汇1.false imprisonment—非法拘禁2.null and void—无效的3.lodging suit –提起诉讼4.The Intermediate People’s Court—中级人民法院5.unjustly enriched—不当得利6.Pecuniary loss—经济损失7.cause of action—诉由8.Patent infringement action—专利侵权诉讼9.subpoena—传票10.Good Faith Clause—诚实信用条款11.principal offender—首要罪犯12.accomplice under duress—胁从犯13.quid pro quo—对价交换14.valid consent—有效允诺15.justice delayed is justice denied---迟到正义不是正义16.party in breach—违约方17incidental damages—附带损失18.loss of profit—利润损失二、句子改错（一）使用实意动词，减少be动词的使用。
statute翻译
statute翻译statute：是指一种法律文件，由立法机关制定并以法律形式颁布，具有强制性。
例句：1. Each state has its own specific statutes that governthe laws within that state. 每个州都有其特定的法规来管理该州的法律。
2. Any plans must comply with local statute. 任何计划必须遵守当地法规。
3. We need to review this document to ensure it complies with the applicable statutes. 我们需要审查这个文件，以确保它符合适用法规。
4. He was found guilty of violating several federal statutes. 他被发现违反了几条联邦法规，罪名成立。
5. Statutes are different for each state, so you will need to refer to your state's statutes to determine applicable law. 各州的法规是不同的，因此您需要参考本州的法规来确定适用法律。
6. The language of the statute is very clear. 法令的措辞非常清晰。
7. Statutes are enforceable by the courts. 法规可由法院强制执行。
8. All of the laws in the United States are ultimately derived from statutes. 美国的所有法律最终都是源于法规。
9. The court may interpret the statute differently. 法院可能会对法规有不同的解释。
法律英语重点专业词汇研究
法律英语重点专业词汇研究引言法律英语是法学专业研究的重要组成部分，掌握法律英语的关键词汇对于法学专业学生来说至关重要。
本文将研究法律英语中的重点专业词汇，对其涵义和用法进行探讨，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些词汇。
专业词汇研究1. StatuteStatute是英美法系中常用的重要词汇，指的是由立法机关通过的正式法律文件。
Statute在法律英语中常被翻译为“法令”或“法规”，其在法学领域中扮演着重要的角色。
2. JurisdictionJurisdiction是指法院或其他法律机构行使法律权力的范围和权力。
在英语中，jurisdiction可指特定地区的管辖权，也可指法院对某个特定案件的管辖权。
3. DefendantDefendant是指在民事诉讼或刑事诉讼中被控告的被告方。
在法律英语中，defendant常用于指代民事诉讼中的被告方，相对应的，刑事诉讼中的被告方通常被称为accused。
4. PlaintiffPlaintiff是指在民事诉讼中提起诉讼的原告方。
Plaintiff是一个重要的法律英语词汇，对于理解民事诉讼程序和原告方权利义务有重要意义。
5. ContractContract是指双方或多方通过书面或口头协议达成的法律约束力的协议。
Contract是商业和民事法领域中常见的术语，在法律英语中它可被翻译为“合同”。
6. TortTort是指民事法上的侵权行为，包括不法行为、疏忽行为和故意行为等。
Tort是法学专业中的重要概念，对于理解民事责任和损害赔偿有重要意义。
7. ConstitutionConstitution是指国家或组织内部的基本法律文件。
Constitution通常规定了国家行政机构的职权、公民的权利和义务等内容，是国家法律体系的核心。
8. PrecedentPrecedent是指判例法中的判决和裁定，它在英美法系中具有重要意义。
Precedent是法律英语中常见的词汇，它指的是法院在之前类似案件中做出的决策，对后续案件具有指导意义。
毕业论文英文翻译举例(FIDIC合同一般规定)工程、管理等专业
FIDIC合同一般规定General Provisions of FIDICGeneral Provisions of FIDICInternational Advisory Engineer Association Keyword：FIDIC，Contract，laws·General ProvisionsDefinitions:In the Conditions of Contract (“these Condition s〞), which include Particular Conditions and these General Conditions, the following words and expressions shall have the meaning stated. Words indicating persons or parties include corporation and other legal entities, except where the context requires otherwise.The Contract1. “Contract〞means the Contract Agreement, these Conditions, the Employer’s Requirement, the Tender, and further document (if any) which are listed in the Contract Agreement.2. “Contract Agreement〞means the contract agreement referred to in Sub-Clause 1.6 [Contract Agreement], including any annexed memoranda.3. “Employer’s requirements〞means the document entitled employer’s requirements, as included in the Contract, and any additions and modifications to such document in accordance with the Contract. Such document specifies the purpose, scope, and/or design and/or other technical criteria, for the Works.4. “Tender〞means the Contractor’s signed offer for the Works and all other documents which the Contractor submitted therewith (other than these Conditions and Employer’s Requirements, if so submitted), as included in the Contract.5.“Performance Guarantees〞and “Schedule of payments〞mean the documents so named (if any), as included in the Contract.Parties and Persons1. “Party〞means the Employer or the Contractor, as the context requires.2. “Employer〞means the person named as employer in the Contract Agreement and the legal successors in title to this person.3.“Contractor〞means the person(s) named as contractor in the Contract Agreement and the legal successors in title to this person(s).4. “Employer’s Representative〞means the person named by the Employerin the Contract or appointed from time to time by the Employer under Sub-Clause 3.1 [ the Employer’s Representative], who acts on behalf of the Employer.5. “Contractor’s Representative〞means the person named by the Contractor in the Contract or appointed from time to time by the Contractor Sub-Clause 4.3 [the Contractor’s Representative], who acts on behalf of the Contractor.6. “Employer’s Personnel〞means the Employer’s Representative, the assistants referred to in Sub-Clause 3.2 [Other Employer’s Personnel] and all other staff, lab our and other employees of the Employer and of the Employer’s Representative; and any other personnel notified to the Contractor, by the Employer or the Employer’s Representative, as Employer’s Personnel.7. “Contractor’s Personnel〞means the Contractor’s Representative and all personnel whom the Contractor utilizes on Site, who may include the staff, lab our and other employees of the Contractor and of each Subcontractor, and any other personnel assisting the Contractor in the execution of the works.8“Subcontractor〞means any person named in the Contract as a subcontractor, or any person appointed as a subcontractor, for a part of the Works; and the legal successors in title to each of these persons.9. “DAB〞means the person or three persons so named in the Contract, or other person(s) appointed under Sub-Clause 20.2 [Appointment of the Dispute Adjudication Board] or Sub-Clause 20.3 [Failure to Agree Dispute Adjudication Board].10. “FIDIC〞means the Federation International des Ingenieurs-Conseils, the international federation of consulting engineers.Dates, Test, Periods and Completion1. “Base Date〞means the date 28 days prior to the latest date for submission of the Tender.2. “Commencement Date〞means the date notified under Sub-Clause 8.1 [Commencement of Works], unless otherwise defined in the ContractAgreement.3. “Time for Completion〞means the time for completing the Works or a Section (as the case may be) under Sub-Clause 8.2 [Time for Completion], as stated in the Particular Conditions (with any extension under Sub-Clause 8.4 [Execution of Time for Completion]), calculated from the Commencement Date.4.“Tests on Completion〞means the tests which are specified in the Contract or agreed by both Parties or instructed as a Variation, and which are carried out under Clause 9 [Tests on Completion] before the works or a Section (as the case may be) are taken over by the Employer.5. “Taking-Over Certificate〞means a certificate issued under Clause 10 [Employer’s Taking Over].6. “Tests after Completion〞means the tests (if any) are specified in the Contract and which are carried out under Clause 12 [Tests after Completion] after the works or a Section (as the case may be) are taken over by the Employer.7. “Defects Notification Period〞means the period for notifying defects in the Works or a Section (as the case may be) under Sub-Clause 11.1 [Completion of Understanding Works and Remedying Defects], as stated in the Particular Conditions (with any extension under Sub-Clause 11.3 [Extension of Defects Notification Period]), calculated from the date on which the Works or Section is competed as certified under Sub-Clause 10.1 [Taking Over of the Works and Sections]. If no such period is stated in the Particular Conditions, the period shall be one year.8. “Performance Certificate〞means the certificate issued under Sub-Clause 11.9 [Performance Certificate].9. “Day〞means a calendar day and “year〞means 365 days.Money and Payments1.“Contract Price〞means the agreed amount stated in the Contract Agreement for the design, execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects, and includes adjustment (if any) in accordancewith the contract.2. “Cost〞means all expenditure reasonably incurred (or to be incurred) by the Contractor, whether on or off the Site, including overhead and similar charges, but does not include profit.3. “Fina l Statement〞means the statement defined in Sub-Clause 14.11[Application for Final Payment].4. “Foreign Currency〞means a currency in which part (or all) of the Contract Price is payable, but not the Local Currency.5. “Local Currency〞means the currency of the Country.6. “Provisional Sum〞means a sum (if any) which is specified in the Contract as a provisional sum, for the execution of any part of the Works or for the supply of Plant, Material or services under Sub-Clause 13.5 [Provisional Sums].7. “Ret ention Money〞means the accumulated retention moneys which the Employer retains under Sub-Clause 14.3 [Application for Interim Payments] and pays under Sub-Clause 14.9 [Payment of Retention Money].8. “Statement〞means a statement submitted by the Contractor as part of an application for payment under Clause 14 [Contract Price and Payment]. Works and Goods1. “Contractor’s Equipment〞means all apparatus, machinery, vehicles and other things required for the execution and completion of the Works and remedyin g of any defects. However, Contractor’s Equipment excludes Temporary Works, Employer’s Equipment (if any), Plant, Materials and any other things intended to form or forming part of the Permanent Works.2. “Goods〞means Contractor’s Equipment, Materials, Pl ant and Temporary Works, or any of them as appropriate.3. “Materials〞means things of all kinds (other than Plant) intended to form or forming part of the Permanent Works, including the supply-only materials (if any) to be supplied by the Contractor under the Contract.4. “Permanent Works〞means the permanent works to be designed and executed by the Contractor under the Contract.5. “Plant “means the apparatus, machinery and vehicles intended to form or forming part of the Permanent Works.6. “Section〞means a part of the Works specified in the Particular Conditions as a Section (if any).7. “Temporary Works〞means all temporary works of every kind (other than Contractor’s Equipment) required on Site for the execution and completion of the Permanent Works and the remedying of any defects.8. “Works〞means the Permanent Works and the Temporary Works, or either of them as appropriate.Other Definitions1. “Contractor’s Documents〞means the calculations, computer programs and other software, drawings, manuals, models and other documents of a technical nature supplied by the Contractor under the Contract; as described in Sub-Clause 5.2 [Contractor’s Documents].2. “Country〞means the country in which the Site (or most of it) is located, where the Permanent Works are to be executed.3. “Employer’s Equipment〞means the apparatus, machinery and vehicles (if any) made available by the Employer for the use of the Contractor in the execution of the Works, as stated in the Employer’s Requirements; but does not include Plant which has not been taken over by the Employer.4. “Fore Majeure〞is defined in Clause 19 [Fore Majeure].5. “Laws〞means all national (or state) legislation, statutes, ordinances and other laws, and regulations and by-laws of any legally constituted public authority.6. “Performance Security〞means the security (or securities, if any) under Sub-Clause 4.2 [Performance Security].7. “Site〞means the places where the Permanent Works are to be executed and to which Plant and Materials are to be delivered, and any other places as may be specified in the Contract as forming part of the Site.8. “Variation〞means any change to the Employer’s Requirements or the Works, which is instructed or approved as a variation under Clause 13[Variation and Adjustment].·InterpretationIn the Contract, except where the context requires otherwise:(a) Words indicating one gender include all genders;(b) Words indicating the singular also include the plural and words indicating the plural and words indicating the plural also include the singular.(c) Provisions including the word “agree〞, 〞agreed〞or “agreement〞require the agreement to be recorded in writing, and(d) “Written〞or “in writing〞means hand-written, type-written, printed or electronically made, and resulting in a permanent record.The marginal words and other headings shall not be taken into consideration in the interpretation of these Conditions. ·CommunicationsWherever these Conditions provide for the giving or issuing of approvals, certificates, consents, determinations, notices and requests, these communications shall be:(a) In writing and delivered by hand(against receipt), sent by mail or courier, or transmitted using any of agreed systems of electronic transmission as stated in the Particular Conditions; and(b) Delivered, sent or transmitted to the address for the recipient’s communications as stated in the Contract. However:(i) If the recipient gives notice of another address, communications shall thereafter be delivered accordingly; and(ii) If the recipient has not stated otherwise when requesting an approval or consent, it may be sent to the address from which the request was issued. Approval, certificates, consents and determinations shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.· Law and LanguageThe Contract shall be governed by the law of the country (or other jurisdiction) stated in the Particular Conditions.If there are versions of any part of the Contract which are written in more than one language, the version which is in the ruling language stated in the Particular Conditions shall prevail.The language for communications shall be that stated in the Particular Conditions. If no language is stated there, the language for communications shall be the language in which the Contract (or most of it) is written.· Priority of DocumentThe documents forming the Contract are to be taken as mutually explanatory of one another. For the purposes of interpretation, the priority of the documents shall be in accordance with the following sequence:(a)the Contract Agreement;(b)the Particular Conditions;(c)these General Conditions;(d)the Employer’s Requirements;(e)the Tender and other documents forming part of the Contract .· Contract AgreementThe Contract shall come into full force and effect on the date stated in the Contract Agreement. The costs of stamp duties and similar charges (if any) imposed by law in connection with entry into the Contract Agreement shall be borne by the Employer.·AssignmentNeither Party shall assign the whole or any part of the Contract or any benefit or interest in or under the Contract. However, either Party:(a) May assign the whole or any part with the prior agreement of the other Party, at the sole discretion of such other Party, and(b) May, as security in favor of a bank or financial institution, assign its right to any moneys due, or to become due, under the Contract.·Care and Supply of DocumentEach of the Contractor’s Documents shall be in the custody and care of the Contractor, unless and until taken over by the Employer. Unless otherwise stated in the Contract, the Contractor shall supply to the Employer six copies of each of the Contractor’s Documents.The Contractor shall keep, on the Site, a copy of the Contract, publications named in the Employer’s requirements, the Contractor’s Documents, and Variations and other communications given under the Contract. The Employer’s Personnel shall have the right of access to all these documents at all reasonable times.If a Party becomes aware of an error or defect of a technical nature in a document which was prepared for use in executing the Works, the Party shall promptly give notice to the other Party of such error or defect.· ConfidentialityBoth Parties shall treat the details of the Contract as private and confidential, except to the extent necessary to carry out obligations under it or to comply with applicable Laws. The Contractor shall not publish, permit to be punished, or disclose any particulars of the Works in any trade or technical paper or elsewhere without the previous agreement of the Employer.· Employer’s Use of Contractor’s DocumentsAs between the Parties, the Contractor shall retain the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Contractor’s Documents and other design documents made by(or on behalf of) the Contractor.The Contractor shall be deemed (by signing the Contract) to give to the Employer a non-terminable transferable non-exclusive royalty-free license to copy, use and communicate the Contractor’s Documents, including making and using modifications of them. This license shall:(a) Apply throughout the actual or intended working life (whichever is longer) of the relevant parts of the Works,(b)Entitle any person in proper possession of the relevant part of the Works to copy, use and communicate the Con tractor’s Documents for the purposes of completing, operating, maintaining, altering, adjusting, repairing and demolishing the Works, and(c)In the case of Contractor’s Documents which are in the form of computer programs and other software, permit their use on any computer on the Site and other places as envisaged by the Contract, including replacements of anycomputers supplied by the Contractor.The Contractor’s Documents and other design documents made by (or on behalf of) the Contractor shall not, with out the Contractor’s consent, be used, copied or communicated to a third party by (or on behalf of) the Employer for purposes other than those permitted under this Sub-Clause.· Contractor’s Use of Employer’s DocumentsAs between the Parties, the Employer shall retain the copyright and other intellectual property rights in the Employer’s Requirements and other documents made by (or on behalf of) the Employer. The Contractor may, at his cost, copy, use, and obtain communication of these documents for the purposes of the Contract.They shall not, without the Employer’s consent, be copied, used or communicated to a third party by the Contractor, except as necessary for the purposes of the Contract.· Confidential DetailsThe Contractor shall not be required to disclose, to the Employer, any information which the Contractor described in the Tender as being confidential. The Contractor shall disclose any other information which the Employer may reasonably require in order to verify the Contractor’s compliance with the Contract.·Compliance with LawsThe Contractor shall, in performing the Contract, comply with applicable Laws. Unless otherwise stated in the Particular Conditions:(a)the Employer shall have obtained (or shall obtain) the planning, zoning or similar permission for the Permanent Works, and any other permissions described in the Employer’s Requirements as having been (or being) obtained by the Employer; and the Employer shall indemnify and hold the Contractor harmless against and from the consequences of any failure to do so; and (b)the Contractor shall give all notices, pay all taxes, duties and fees, and obtain all permits, licensees and approvals, as required by the Laws in relation to the design, execution and completion of the Works and remedying of any defects; and the Contractor shall indemnify and hold the Employerharmless against and from the consequences of any failure to do so.·Joint and Several LiabilitiesIf the Contractor constitutes (under applicable Laws) a joint venture, consortium or other unincorporated grouping of two or more persons:(a) These persons shall be deemed to be jointly and severally liable to the Employer for the performance of the Contract;(b) These persons shall notify the Employer of their leader who shall have authority to bind the Contractor and each of these persons; and(c) The Contractor shall not alter its composition or legal status without the prior consent of the Employer.FIDIC合同一般规定国际咨询工程师协会关键词：FIDIC，合同，法律·一般规定定义:在合同条件〔“本条件〞〕，包括专用条件和通用条件中，以下词语和措辞应具有以下所述的含义。
侧面接触器手册说明书
SIDE CONTACT MANUAL963100.3.01Conductor Bar Manual Side ContactThe technical data and images which appear in this manual are for informational purposes only. NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE CREATED BY THE DESCRIPTIONS AND DEPICTIONS OF THE PRODUCTS SHOWN IN THIS MANUAL. Conductix makes no warranty (and assumes no liability) as to function of equipment or operation of systems built according to customer design or of the ability of any of its products to interface, operate or function with any portions of customer systems not provided by Conductix.Seller agrees to repair or exchange the goods sold hereunder necessitated by reason of defective workmanship and material discovered and reported to Seller within one year after shipment of such goods to Buyer.Except where the nature of the defect is such that it is appropriate, in Seller’s judgment, to effect repairs on site, Seller’s obligation hereunder to remedy defects shall be limited to repairing or replacing (at Seller’s option) FOB point of original shipment by Seller, any part returned to Seller at the risk and cost of Buyer. Defective parts replaced by Seller shall become the property of Seller.Seller shall only be obligated to make such repair or replacement if the goods have been used by Buyer only in service recommended by Seller and altered only as authorized by Seller. Seller is not responsible for defects which arise from improper installation, neglect, or improper use or from normal wear and tear.Additionally, Seller’s obligation shall be limited by the manufacturer’s warranty (and is not further warranted by Seller) for all parts procured from others according to published data, specifications or performance information not designed by or for Seller.Seller further agrees to replace or at Seller’s option to provide a refund of the sales price of any goods that do not conform to applicable specifications or which differ from that agreed to be supplied which non-conformity is discovered and forthwith reported to Seller within thirty (30) days after shipment to the Buyer. Seller’s obligation to replace or refund the purchase price for non-conforming goods shall arise once Buyer returns such goods FOB point of original shipment by Seller at the risk and cost of Buyer. Goods replaced by Seller shall become the property of Seller.There is no guarantee or warranty as to anything made or sold by Seller, or any services performed, except as to title and freedom from encumbrances and, except as herein expressly stated and particularly, and without limiting the foregoing, there is no guarantee or warranty, express or implied, of merchantability or of fitness for any particular purpose or against claim of infringement or the like.Seller makes no warranty (and assumes no liability) as to function of equipment or operation of systems built to Buyer’s design or of the ability of any goods to interface, operate or function with any portions of Buyer’s system not provided by Seller.Seller’s liability on any claim, whether in contract, tort (including negligence), or otherwise, for any loss or damage arising out of, connected with, or resulting from the manufacture, sale, delivery, resale, repair, replacement or use of any products or services shall in no case exceed the price paid for the product or services or any part thereof which give rise to the claim. In no event shall Seller be liable for consequential, special, incidental or other damages, nor shall Seller be liable in respect of personal injury or damage to property not the subject matter hereof unless attributable to gross misconduct of Seller, which shall mean an act or omission by Seller demonstrating reckless disregard of the foreseeable consequences thereof.Seller is not responsible for incorrect choice of models or where products are used in excess of their rated and recommended capacities and design functions or under abnormal conditions. Seller assumes no liability for loss of time, damage or injuries to property or persons resulting from the use of Seller’s products. Buyer shall hold Seller harmless from all liability, claims, suits and expenses in connection with loss or damage resulting from operation of products or utilization of services, respectively, of Seller and shall defend any suit or action which might arise there from in Buyer’s name - provided that Seller shall have the right to elect to defend any such suit or action for the account of Buyer. The foregoing shall be the exclusive remedies of the Buyer and all persons and entitles claiming through the Buyer.2SIDE CONTACT MANUAL963100.3.01.0 Safety Instructions2.0 Installation3.0 Special Applications4.0 Operation5.0 Maintenance6.0 Troubleshooting7.0 Replacement Parts3 963100.3.0SIDE CONTACT MANUAL1.1 Safety Warnings1.1.1 Disconnect Power and follow all lock-out tag-out procedures as described in Appendix A of OSHA Section 1910.147.1.1.2 All personnel must practice strict adherence to both local and national safety procedures, codes, regulations, and ordinances.1.1.3 All personnel installing a power rail system should be familiar with the layout details and the component locations.1.1.4 W arning: The law recognizes that electrical energy as commonly utilized in industrial and transit operations is dangerous and capable of causingserious damage, injury or death. Requirements governing the handling and use of electricity, some general and some very specific and detailed,are found in various statutes like the Workmen’s Compensation Acts, Employer’s Liability Acts, National Electrical Safety Code (U.S. Dept.of Commerce), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), etc. and city or local ordinances. When using electrical power, the law imposes the general obligation to use care to protect against accidental injury or damage to properties.2.1 General Notes2.1.1 Required Hand ToolsTorque WrenchSocket Wrench SetSmall Ball Peen HammerHacksawScrewdriver Set3/8” Drill & Drill Bit SetSmall File Set2.1.2 All Installations2.1.2.1 S tore conductor bar overnight in the installation environment to assure that all bar has equalized to the ambient air temperature. The barmust be installed with a relatively uniform temperature to allow proper gauging of the expansion section gap setting.2.1.3 Standard Mounting2.1.3.1 Side Contact conductor bar is typically installed with bar profile oriented laterally and the collector shoe entering from the side.2.1.4 Nomenclature2.1.4.1 Anchor Tight: The clamping force required to overcome movement due to the heating and cooling of the conductor bar (60 in-lbs).2.1.4.2 S liding Tight: The clamping force required to hold the bar in place while allowing movement due to the heating and cooling of theconductor bar. Hanger Clamps are designed to provide a sliding tight fit (30 in-lbs).2.1.4.3 All hangers that are not specified to be anchor tight must be installed sliding tight to assure reliable operation.2.1.5 A dditional Information: Any questions about the installation or use of Conductix-Wampfler Conductor Bar that are not addressed in this manualcan be answered by Conductix-Wampfler Engineering. Contact the factory: (800) 521-48884SIDE CONTACT MANUAL963100.3.06SIDE CONTACT MANUAL 963100.3.02.4.1 Note: Trolleys on which collectors are mounted must be stabilized, particularly in discontinuous circuit systems. An acceptable method uses guide rollers on the edge of the track flange.2.5.1 I nstallations that include curved sections require special consideration. Please contact the factory for assistance.< < Web Mounted on Flanged Monorail > >(“M” Head, “L” Base Collector shown.)Web Mounted on Conveyor Tracks > > >(“M” Head, “L” Base Collector shown.)7SIDE CONTACT MANUAL963100.3.02.6 Typical Collector Mounting2.6.1 C aution: Do not use collectors as power switchingdevices, since resultant arcing may cause rapiddeterioration of both the contact shoes and conductor bars.2.6.2 A mpere capacity of conductor bars, powerfeeds, jumpers,etc., should be the same as specified for the system.2.6.3 C onsult factory for systems using tandem mountedcollectors and special requirements.2.6.4 Contact Shoe Pressure: All collectors — 4 to 6 lbs.2.7 Expansion Sections2.7.1 Expansion Sections are installed in the same manner as standard 10’ Sections of Conductor Bar. (See Section 2.5.)2.7.2 E xpansion sections are shipped with two guide bracket clamps secured anchor tight and the other two guide bracket clamps at sliding tight. Notethat the anchor tight side is the side with the pin installed at the end of the bar. (see Fig. 2.7.2 on the next page.)2.7.3 After the expansion section has been installed, set the expansion gap according to the Table 2.7.3 on the following page.2.7.4 T ighten the two sliding tight guide bracket clamps anchor tight. Note that the ones to be tightened are on the side without the pin at the end of theconductor bar. Proceed with installation of the remaining conductor bars.2.7.5 I MPORTANT: After all conductor bars have been installed, loosen the two clamp bolts on one side of guide bracket which was tightenedto anchor tight (as done in 2.7.4 above) on all expansion sections to sliding tight. Recheck the expansion gap after installation and adjust if necessary.2.7.6 L ocation of expansion sections is critical for proper functioning of the system. Follow installation drawing, or, if no drawing is available, refer toFig. 2.7.6 on the next page.8SIDE CONTACT MANUAL 963100.3.0Table 2.7.3 Expansion Gap Settings TableAmbient Temp Range (ºF) 0º-100ºF 20º-120ºF Ambient Temp (ºF) 0 25 50 75 100 20 45 70 95 120 40 65 90 115 140 Gap Setting (in) 2.50 1.94 1.38 0.8 0.25 2.50 1.94 1.38 0.81 0.25 2.50 1.94 1.38 0.81 0.2540º-140ºFA MAXB MAXSteel Bar - 175 Ft. 300 Ft.Copper Bar - 125 Ft. 200 Ft.AAAABBBBBAnchor ExpansionEndcap Fig. 2.7.6 Expansion and Anchor DiagramFig. 2.7.2 Expansion Gap and Anchoring Requirements2.8 Installation ProcedureStep 1 Install Hanger & Anchor Clamps2.8.1 Attach hanger clamps to hanger brackets as required.2.8.2 M ount side contact conductor hanger clamp and bracket assemblies on steelwork at 4 ft. (3 ft.on curves) Conductor minimum centerline spacing 1-3/8” (Torgue 8-12ft. Lbs). 2.8.3 N ote: To obtain proper alignment, do not tighten Single Conductor Hanger Clamp bolts until allconductor bar is installed.2.8.4 A ll hanger clamps must be sliding tight (30 in-lbs)on straight runways except at anchor points(30 in-lbs). Check layout drawings for anchor point locations. If there are no drawings, anchor at the center of the runway or in center between expansion sections.2.8.5 C AUTION:collector shoes will not clear.9SIDE CONTACT MANUAL963100.3.0Step 2 Install Conductor Bar2.8.6 Install conductor bar. (For expansion section installation see Section 2.7.)2.8.7 Snap side contact conductor into hanger clamp then tighten mounting bolt (see Fig. 2.8.4). Step 3 Join Conductor BarFig. 2.8.10Step 4 Install Powerfeeds2.8.9 I nstall Powerfeeds at locations shown on installation drawings. Ifno drawing was provided, locate powerfeeds at any point along a straight run, staggered between adjacent conductors (see Fig. 2-8.13). When possible, locate at a joint (or toward the center of standard conductor lengths) in order to avoid creating short lengths of cover which can work loose. 2.8.10 C ut out a 1 13/16” section of cover for each powerfeed (see Fig.2.8.10).2.8.11 Each Powerfeed Assembly includes:2.8.12 R emove the knockout from one of the case halves to allow thecable insulation to completely enter the cover and lay flushagainst the powerfeed. Drill open the knockout for larger cable as required. (See Fig. 2.8.12).2.8.13 N OTE: The customer’s cable should be flexible enough toallow movement of the bar as it expands and contracts. Also, powerfeeds must be offset on adjacent conductors to allow for proper cable clearance (see Fig. 2.8.13).(See Figs. 2.8.11 and 2.8.12.)Item Quan.DescriptionA 1 Terminal Clamp B1 Clamp HalfC 2 Socket Bolt, H’D, 1/4-20 x 3/4D 4 Setscrew, 3/8-16 x 1/2E 2 Case HalfF2 Binding Screw, H’D, 8-32 x 1/2 G 2 Jam Hex Nut, 8-32H2Shockproof Washer, #8Fig. 2.8.11User’s CableA BF G HFig. 2.8.12EUser’s Cable1-9/16”REF1-3/4”REF 2-5/8”REFStep 5 Install End Covers/Transfer Caps2.8.14 Center pins of End Cover/Transfer Cap on the end of the bar. Tap lightly with a hammer until securely seated.Step 6 Install Collectors2.8.15 Refer to installation dimensions in Section 2.6.Step 7 Final Inspection2.8.16 S ight down the installed conductor runs and straighten any areas where conductor bar is out of alignment. Verify all mounting bolts on hangersare torqued to their proper values.2.8.17 Make sure collectors are aligned properly with the conductor bar.2.8.18 Check the distance between the centerline of the collector mounting staff and contact surface of conductor bar.2.8.19 Make sure anchor clamps are properly positioned and anchor tight.2.8.20 M ake sure clamps on one side of expansion section have been made sliding tight. Verify that the expansion section air gap is correct for theambient bar temperature.2.8.21 Check all electrical connections.2.8.22 P rior to introducing the system to service, run the application at slow speed through the entire runway length In both directions to verifyoperation. This will also allow you to identify any potential obstacles that were overlooked during installation. Pay special attention to CollectorArm movements. The alignment of collector to collector (phase to phase) should be relatively uniform.3.0 Special Applications3.1 Field Cutting3.1.1 Cut conductor and cover with a hacksaw to desired length.3.1.2 Deburr/File field cut end as necessary.3.1.3 R eam conductor lobes:40, 110-350 amp bar — “D” size drill bit90 amp bar — “M” size drill bit3.1.4 Install as usual.3.2 Curves3.2.1 Install curved sections of conductor bar before any straight sections.3.2.2 Maximum hanger spacing on curves is 3 ft.3.2.3 C urves are generally anchored at the apex, at midway between the straight sections. Contact the factory with specific application questions forfurther information.10SIDE CONTACT MANUAL 963100.3.04.0 Operation4.1 S ight down the installed conductor runs and straighten any areas where conductor bar is out of alignment. Verify all mounting bolts on hangers aresecure.4.2 Make sure collectors are aligned properly with the conductor bar.4.3 C heck the distance between the centerline of 1/2” x 3/4” flat bar collector mounting staff and contact surface of conductor bar. Distance should be1-3/4”. Note: If using “M” Head, “H” Base collector, distance from centerline of 1” square bar to contact surface is 3-3/4”.4.4 Make sure anchor clamps are properly positioned and anchor tight.4.5 M ake sure clamps on one side of expansion section have been made sliding tight. Verify that the expansion section air gap is correct for theambient bar temperature.4.6 Make sure, if applicable, all joint keepers are securely in place.4.7 Check all electrical connections.4.8 P rior to introducing the system to service run the application at slow speed through the entire runway length in both directions to verify operation.This will also allow you to identify any potential obstacles that were overlooked during installation. Pay special attention to Collector Arm movements.The alignment of collector to collector (phase to phase) should be relatively uniform.11 963100.3.0SIDE CONTACT MANUAL5.1 Contact shoes should be checked for wear on a monthly basis until a wear pattern can be established.5.2 Check alignment of collector to conductor bars.5.3 Check conductor system to ensure no damage to insulation cover.5.4 In environments that are subject to considerable build up of dust, especially conductive dust, remove this dust at regular intervals by brushing.5.5 Check that collector pivot points are free from any contamination.6.1 P roperly installed and normally inspected rigid conductor systems very seldom require extensive maintenance. When properly installed, shoeinspection and replacement is usually all that is necessary. The following table can be used as a normal maintenance check list, as well as a troubleshooting list.Conductor Bar TroubleshootingProblem Probable Cause SolutionBurned joints of burned cover at joints Loose joint, excess vibration, or over tightenedhanger clamps.Joint Keeper not installed correctly.Tighten joint, install joint keeper, check hanger clamps, and replace joint cover.Distorted Cover Too high ambient temperature, under-rated e high or medium heat cover. Check totalcurrent draw under worst conditions.Pitted or burned conductor Improper shoe pressure or worn out shoe.Check collector mounting and spring pressure.Check for worn out shoe. If the above arecorrected and condition persists, install tandemcollectors.Damaging environment Acid fumes, salt air, extremely dirty atmosphere.May require copper or stainless steel conductor.Under these conditions conductor should alwaysbe mounted for vertical entry. Collector TroubleshootingProblem Probably Cause SolutionShoes wearing unevenly Collector not mounted directly in line withconductor. Square bar is rotated out of square.Remount or adjust collector.Lead wire not slacked.Loosen lead wire.Collector movement too tight.Free collector movement & lubricate.Shoes pitted or burned Insufficient shoe pressure. Excessive bouncingor hand-pulled trolley not stable.Check shoe pressure and mounting distance. Excessive bouncing can be reduced with tandem collectors. Install guide rollers on hand pulled trolleys. Also see: Pitted or burned conductor.De-tracking Distorted cover or splice cover. Check condition, replace as necessary.Misalignment at switches or crossovers.Re-align and re-anchor.Check switch movement.Improperly installed.Correct misalignment. Bad misalignmentmay require long arm collectors or expansionsections.Hanger clamp (cross-bolt type) too tight making bar “snake” to where collectors interfere with each other. Loosen hangers so bar will slide. Tighten one hanger in center or between each expansion section.12SIDE CONTACT MANUAL963100.3.07.1 T he following is a suggested list of maintenance parts for use inthe field:• One extra set of contact shoes for each collector• One extra spring for each collector• S ix extra lengths of bar or 5% of total footage for average size installations.• O ne clamp connector and cover for each extra length of bar where clamp replacement is desirable.• Three complete collectors for 3 phase system, where use is severe.13SIDE CONTACT MANUAL 963100.3.014SIDE CONTACT MANUAL963100.3.015 963100.3.0SIDE CONTACT MANUALSIDE CONTACT MANUAL963100.3.0Contact us for our Global Sales Offices© C o n d u c t i x -W a m p fl e r | 2017 | S u b j e c t t o T e c h n i c a l M o d i fi c a t i o n s W i t h o u t P r i o r N o t i ce16。
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Computer Science Teaching Handbookit is the duty of all holders of University offices specified in Schedule J to devote themselves to the advancement of knowledge in their subject,to give instruction therein to students,to undertake...examining of students...Statutes and Ordinances,Statute DVersion8,September22,2000Computer LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCopyright c 2000University of CambridgePrefaceThe purpose of this handbook is to provide an overview of the Computer Laboratory’s teaching,in all its aspects.It aims not to be comprehensive but to provide links to the many other Laboratory documents:for example,on the Examination structure or the procedures for Part II supervisions.The handbook is intended for all staff whose work relates to teaching.Compared with many other subjects,Computer Science is not straight-forward to teach.There are huge differences among our incoming students in their programming skills.Moreover,the body of knowledge is constantly puter power has increased thousand-fold over the past25 years,and countless new techniques and application areas have developed in that time.Much of what was known25years ago remains relevant today and will continue to be valuable for understanding techniques yet to be in-vented.Much else has become obsolete(such as algorithms for sorting on magnetic tape),and many other things have arrived with great fanfare and then faded away.To cope with the pace of change,we review our teach-ing annually,identifying which new topics must be added to the curriculum and which old ones must go to make way for them.Somehow we have to determine whether a new idea will prove be of lasting value or is just a fad.Our Mission Statement summarizes the points made above:We shall provide an education in Computer Science that will re-tain its value throughout a graduate’s career,in the presence oftechnological change.To this end we emphasize the principleswhich underlie the construction and the analysis of computingsystems.We strike a balance between theory and applications,and we include in the curriculum appropriate elements of recentresearch.We expect our graduates to play leading roles in indus-try,the professions and government.Course StructureThe course structure is described in detail elsewhere[10].Syllabuses for the Computer Science Tripos and Diploma are available on the Internet[6,7]. Here is a brief overview of these courses:11.Part I A and Mathematics with Computer Science.In thefirst year,the Computer Science Tripos provides two alternative courses of study commonly known as the50%option and the25%option.For the 50%option,students take courses on Foundations of Computer Sci-ence,Discrete Mathematics,Java,etc.Students also take the Mathe-matics course from the Natural Sciences Tripos,and one other Natural Science subject.The25%option is similar,but students take only half of the Com-puter Science courses and instead take a further Natural Science sub-ject.Mathematics with Computer Science includes the same Computer Science courses,with the rest of the material taken from the Mathe-matics Tripos.The50%option is the recommended route into Part I B Computer Sci-ence,whereas the otherfirst-year options allow students to learn some Computer Science while pursuing a different course of study.2.Part I B.The second year course gives students broad coverage of thesubject and a foundation for the more specializedfinal-year options.Students are expected to acquire a reasonable grounding in all the ma-jor areas of Computer Science,both hardware and software.The prac-tical work includes a group project,which gives students the experience of working collaboratively.3.Part II.The third year covers advanced topics,which often build uponlecture courses given in Part I B.The examination structure gives stu-dents the freedom to specialize.The practical work consists of an ex-tended project,agreed between the student and the Department.The student submits a dissertation describing the project.An alternative course is Part II(General).This is a one year course for students who have not taken Part I B.It gives a broad coverage of core Computer Science subjects.4.Diploma in Computer Science.This is a one year course for studentswho have a degree in some subject other than Computer Science.Its course content resembles that of Part II(General),but it differs by hav-ing a project and dissertation as its practical element.Although for-mally the Diploma is a graduate course,it is supervised as if it were an undergraduate course.AdmissionsUndergraduate admissions is one topic on which we can say little,for it is almost entirely a matter for Colleges.The Department’s requirements appear2in the Undergraduate Prospectus[16],which the University publishes annu-ally.The current edition stipulates single subject Mathematics as the only mandatory A-level.Also desirable will be a physical science(Physics,Chem-istry or Geology)at A level and Further Mathematics at AS level if not taken at A level.Candidates for admission will be encouraged to take the exten-sion paper in Mathematics.We do not ask for Computer Science at A-level or even demand prior experience with computing.3Contents1Teaching Procedures61.1Lectures and supervisions (6)1.2Practical work (8)1.3Feedback and monitoring (9)1.4How supervisions are organized (11)1.5Assessment and examination (11)1.5.1The Examiners (12)1.5.2Marking structure (12)1.5.3Method of assessment (13)1.6Syllabus design and modification (13)2Documentation and Records152.1The Student Administration Office (15)2.2Lecture notes and supervision guides (15)2.3Undergraduate and Diploma practical work (16)2.4Student records (16)2.5Course Prospectuses (16)2.6Accreditation reports (16)2.7Tripos and Diploma Examinations (17)3Departmental Organization for Teaching183.1Computer Science Syndicate (18)3.1.1Membership (18)3.1.2Remit (18)3.1.3Meetings (19)3.2Steering Group for Teaching(SGT) (19)3.2.1Membership (19)3.2.2Remit (19)3.2.3Meetings (19)3.3Teaching Committee(TC) (19)3.3.1Membership (20)3.3.2Remit (20)3.3.3Meetings (20)43.4Staff-Student Consultative Committee(SSCC) (20)3.4.1Membership (20)3.4.2Remit (21)3.4.3Meetings (21)3.5Directors of Studies Committee (21)3.5.1Membership (21)3.5.2Remit (21)3.5.3Meetings (21)4Transferable Skills224.1Skills to be developed by all students (22)4.1.1Intellectual skills (23)4.1.2Communication skills (23)4.1.3Organizational skills (23)4.1.4Inter-personal skills (23)4.2Skills which are more course specific (23)4.2.1Research skills (23)4.2.2Numeracy (24)4.2.3Computer literacy (24)4.2.4Summary statements (24)4.3General remarks about Transferable Skills (24)5Support and Guidance265.1The Colleges (26)5.2The Department (27)6External Influence286.1University Departmental reviews (28)6.2Accreditation bodies (29)6.3Teaching Quality Assessment (30)7Staff Development and Training317.1Appointment (31)7.2College membership (31)7.3Induction courses (32)7.4Mentoring (32)7.5Probation and teaching record (33)7.6Appraisal (33)7.7The University programme (34)5Chapter1Teaching ProceduresThe teaching process consists of many levels.In this chapter,we describe it starting at the coalface and working upwards.At the lowest(most impor-tant)level is the core process,the teaching and learning itself;this occurs via lectures and associated supervisions,and by practical work.Above that is the feedback and monitoring of this process.Higher again is the assessment process.At the uppermost is the design and modification of syllabus.The following sections correspond to this outline.Of course,one can go higher still and speak of educational strategy and the introduction of new programmes of study.The Department’s Steering Group for Teaching(§3.2)exists partly for this strategic purpose,but follows no defined procedure in its strategic deliberations.It will be influenced from many sources:the evolution of Computer Science as an academic discipline; the academic strengths of the Department;student demand and the avail-ability of funding;and the influence of external organizations and reviews (Chapter6),some of which reflect the concerns of industry and commerce.1.1Lectures and supervisionsIn the core process of learning and teaching,other than in practical work,1 three groups interact:students,lecturers and supervisors.The lecturers work on behalf of the Department and are assigned courses by its Head on the advice of the Teaching Committee;the supervisors work on behalf of the Colleges and are enlisted by each College’s Director of Studies for Computer Science.The Department makes three important inputs to the process:1.At the start of the academic year the Department distributes a‘Direc-tors of Studies pack,’containing full information about examinations, set practical work,and the year’s teaching programme.1Practical work is treated below(§1.2).62.Before each lecture course,the lecturer typically prepares lecture notesfor the students,presenting the material in detail either directly or via textbooks to which they refer.Many lecturers will place the notes or other course material on the Laboratory’s teaching material Web pages[8].3.The lecturer also prepares a Supervision Guide for supervisors.It maybe on the Web page,or in paper form in the Student Administration Office(§2.2).It contains any material useful for supervisors which is not made available to students;for example,an indication of how the material is divided among the available lecture hours,solution notes for exercises and past Examination questions,and a list of Frequently Asked Questions.Which of these are provided will vary from course to course.On the basis of this information the Director of Studies in each College enlists supervisors,each of whom will supervise students in small groups(usually of size two)for one or more courses.It is up to each Director of Studies to decide how many hours of supervision to provide for each course.It is not unusual to have one hour of supervision per four orfive lectures.During each course there is strong interaction among students,lecturers and supervisors.The following diagram shows Department activity to the left,College activity to the right:Communicationflows both ways between each pair of groups.Lecturers and students interact in lectures;students and supervisors interact in supervisions. In addition,there are general mechanisms for communicating with lecturers:•During the course,the lecturer will post any up-to-the-minute infor-mation upon an electronic noticeboard accessible to supervisors.This may take various forms:a change in the timing or ordering of topics in the lectures,a supplement to what was said in a lecture,or an answer to a supervisor’s query which is of general interest.The Laboratory7maintains mailing lists for each category of students.Messages can be broadcast to all students using the newsgroup cl.cam.students and to all Directors of Studies using the mailing list undergrad-directors-of-studies@.•Supervisors may at any time send queries or suggestions to the lecturer, who may choose to respond either publicly via the noticeboard or per-sonally.1.2Practical workPractical work is a vital part of the teaching process.There are several kinds. First,there are exercises associated with lecture courses;these are not for-mally assessed,but play an important part in the interaction between stu-dents and supervisors.It is the responsibility of each supervisor to choose appropriate exercises for students to do;typically students will hand in solu-tions and the supervisor will discuss them in a supervision.Second,there is assessed practical work,which contributes to thefinal examination result.The type of work varies from year to year.In Part I A, the50%option has twenty tickable problems(eleven for the25%option). They are discussed with a demonstrator appointed by the Department,who also assesses them.Part I B has four assessed exercises.Two of them are set and marked by a member of the Laboratory’s teaching staff.The other two exercises take the form of a Group Project for which the class divides into teams of about six members.These projects are carried out in the Lent term, and each team is monitored and assessed by a member of teaching staff[3].In each of thefirst two years,practical work is returned to the student after marking.The student keeps a portfolio of marked work and submits it at the end of the year.This submission is a formality of the Examination process;the work is not re-marked.Finally,in Part II and the Diploma there is an individual project for each student.When choosing their project topics,students receive considerable assistance.1.The Department maintains a portfolio of project suggestions,some ofwhich are‘Model Project Proposals’intended primarily for Diploma students with limited computing background.2.Past project dissertations are available for inspection in the Library.3.The student’s Director of Studies will offer advice,and is also respon-sible on behalf of the College for appointing a project supervisor.4.For each student the Department appoints two teaching staff membersas project overseers,whose job is to scrutinize the project proposal.8They look for a suitable level of difficulty,realistic milestones,objective criteria for success and an acceptable degree of ter they monitor the project’s progress.Thus the support for students in project work is another instance of Depart-ment/College collaboration.The procedure for projects is fully described in the Project Briefing Document [13].In Part II (General)there are four assessed exercises.Like the Part I B ones,they are set and marked by a Teaching Officer.1.3Feedback and monitoringThere are many forms of feedback between the teaching activity and other individuals and groups,including committees.A lecturer is often also a su-pervisor or a Director of Studies,so there is much informal interaction which is often of great value.In addition,important feedback is formally recorded.The feedback paths are shown in an extended diagram,as follows.Note that feedback may be concerned with either lecture courses or practical work,so ‘Departmental Staff’includes lecturers and demonstrators,while ‘College Supervisors’includes both course supervisors and project mitteeCommittee for Teaching The four committees mentioned here are described in more detail below (Chapter 3).The feedback works as follows:1.In each College,both students and supervisors interact formally or in-formally with the College’s Director of Studies,who in turn will raise matters of concern in the Directors of Studies Committee.2.The Directors of Studies Committee sends appropriate comments to the Steering Group for Teaching and to the Teaching Committee.3.Students raise problems and make suggestions via their representatives on the Staff-Student Consultative Committee.94.The Staff-Student Consultative Committee usually publishes its min-utes on the Department’s Web page[4];it also transmits problems and suggestions to the Teaching Committee.5.Students offer comments at the end of each lecture course via a paperor electronic questionnaire,which is considered by the Teaching Com-mittee.6.Members of the Teaching Committee often sit in on one or more lec-tures(sometimes even the whole)of a course,especially when it is given for thefirst time.This provides the Teaching Committee with detailed understanding of course content,and especially of the relationship be-tween the content of different courses.7.The Teaching Committee builds experience of course content and lo-gistics,as reported by all the above means,into future design of courses and syllabus,in liaison with lecturers where appropriate(§1.6).It re-ports back to the Staff-Student Consultative Committee when appro-priate.8.The Steering Group for Teaching advises the Head of Department onfuture teaching strategy and modification of teaching procedures,in the light of experience reported by the Teaching Committee and the Directors of Studies Committee.This feedback,and resulting action,is appropriately minuted by the com-mittee concerned;this is often valuable when one wishes to trace the origin and subsequent effect of a particular action.Besides this minuted feedback,additional private feedback to the lecturer is gained in other ways:1.The paper questionnaire mentioned in item5above is typically dis-tributed and collected by the lecturer,who can read the comments be-fore passing the questionnaires to the Student Administrator.(Students who prefer to give the questionnaires directly to the Student Adminis-trator may do so.)2.The lecturer’s appraiser(§7.6)sits in on a lecture given by the appraiseeshortly before each appraisal interview.The appraiser,following a standard aide-memoire,records an assessment which is discussed at the appraisal.The appraisee completes the record with his/her own comments and the result is lodged confidentially.3.Lecturers typically set and mark the examination questions for theircourses(§1.5).The number and quality of the students scripts tell the lecturer much about the course’s effectiveness.101.4How supervisions are organizedSupervision,the teaching of undergraduates in small groups(often just two students),is one of the main pillars which support learning.Supervision is the responsibility of the Colleges.The Director of Studies for Computer Science in each College enlists supervisors for all the College’s students taking the Tripos or Diploma,apart from Part II of the Tripos.As explained above (§1.1),the Director of Studies schedules supervisions appropriately for each student.At the end of each term,the supervisor reports to the Director of Studies on the progress of each student in each course.The situation is different with Part II of the Tripos.In science and en-gineering disciplines the third-year courses are often specialized,and it is difficult for Directors of Studies to enlist appropriate supervisors.For some courses,supervisions are not needed,or are needed to a lesser degree;in some cases examples classes are more appropriate.In1998/99,after discus-sion with Directors of Studies and with the Senior Tutors’Committee(on which each College is represented)the Laboratory agreed to devise a scheme to organize appropriate supervisions for Part II lecture courses on behalf of the Colleges.The main features of the scheme are as follows:•supervisors are enlisted as appropriate by the course lecturer;•the course lecturer recommends the number and timing of supervisions;•the Department administers the assignment of students to supervisors;•if not enough supervisors are available,the lecturer runs examples classes as a substitute.The supervisor’s report on each student still goes to the student’s Direc-tor of Studies,and the supervisor is still paid by the College,for the College retains the responsibility to guide each student’s learning.A Laboratory doc-ument[9]describes the Part II supervision system in more detail.Supervision on Part II(General)and Diploma lecture courses is arranged by the Colleges,as for Parts I A and I B of the Tripos.Project supervisors in Part II and the Diploma are appointed by the Colleges.1.5Assessment and examinationThe full process of assessment and examination is documented in an official paper of the Computer Science Syndicate[11].The summary in this section covers the Examiners,the marking structure and the method of assessment, but does not deal with the method by which marks are normalized,nor with how classes are assigned.11Great care is devoted to uniformity of process.This is applied both to the style(linguistic and typographical)of the papers,and also to the detailed execution of the examination task year-upon-year.An important role in this is played by the Examinations Continuity Officer,a member of staff who is not an Examiner but is the guardian of the Department’s examination process through the years.This Officer maintains a record of detailed changes to the process,and the reasons for changes,ensuring controlled improvement and avoidance of unnecessary change.1.5.1The ExaminersFor Part I A two members of teaching staff are appointed as Examiners each year.Typically each member does a two-year stint,the second year as Senior Examiner.They receive marks from the Natural Sciences Tripos(for the 50%and25%options)and supply marks to the Mathematics Examiners (for students reading Mathematics with Computer Science).For Parts I B,II,II(General)and the Diploma three Examiners are ap-pointed.Typically each member does a three-year stint,the third year as Chairman.In addition an External Examiner,a senior UK academic,is ap-pointed for a spell of three years.The Chairman of Examiners reports each year to the Computer Science Syndicate on the conduct of the examinations,and the External Examiner re-ports each year to the Vice-Chancellor.All these reports are seen not only by the Syndicate but also by the Steering Group for Teaching and by the Teach-ing Committee.Either of these committees may initiate appropriate action if a report raises a matter of concern.In addition,the important aspects of the reports are transmitted to students via the student representatives on the Syndicate.1.5.2Marking structureFor Parts I A,I B and II(General)of the Tripos the examination consists of four written papers and assessed exercises.For Part I A(50%)two,and for Part I A (25%)three,of the written papers are from the Natural Sciences Tripos.As indicated previously(§1.2),the nature and number of the assessed exercises varies between the years,but the principle of assessment is the same.There is no grading of the exercises—students are only required to complete them to an adequate standard.Students do not receive marks,but merely a‘tick’for each completed exercise;they are penalized for any tick not received,and the penalty is such that any student with no ticks would lose one quarter of the possible marks for the year.The intention is the students should succeed; to this end,a limited amount of resubmission is allowed.For Part II and the Diploma there are respectively three and four writ-ten papers,and an individual project.The project counts for a quarter(for12Part II)and a third(for the Diploma)of the total marks.The method of project assessment is outlined below.1.5.3Method of assessmentAll written examinations are marked anonymously(without knowing the candidate’s name).For Part I A this is done partly by those who set the ques-tions,partly by the two Examiners.For the other Parts and the Diploma, the questions are marked by those who set the questions;also the External Examiner is asked to check the marking on a number of scripts at random —or,in the case of Part II,scripts chosen at certain points on the order-of-merit for each paper.The External Examiner may comment and recommend further action.Assessed exercises are assessed by a demonstrator,who will conduct afive to ten minute interview with each student;this suffices to detect any work which been copied,and more positively allows the demonstrator to offer critical comments.In the case of Part I B two of the four assessed exercises are for the group project,in which the size of each group is about six.Each group is monitored by a member of teaching staff at a series of meetings throughout the Lent term;this suffices for to determine whether each group member has contributed significantly,and if so the ticks are awarded.Each individual project dissertation in Part II or the Diploma is read by three assessors.These are the internal Examiners,plus(for Part II only)a fourth member of teaching staff who shares the load.It is unrealistic to mark dissertations anonymously.Each project,with its three independent markings,is discussed.The External Examiner is invited to take part in these discussions.If there is significant discrepancy one or more experts may be consulted,and thereby a marking agreed.1.6Syllabus design and modificationThe Teaching Committee coordinates all design and modification of courses. The Department’sfirm belief is that a course programme should be as little as possible subjected to abrupt large change;if such change occurs frequently it damages the polished quality which comes from internal evolution of the programme.For design and modification within each course the Committee largely relies upon the individual lecturer;only this will ensure detailed quality and internal coherence for that course.For overall coherence of the programme, the Committee continually reviews the consistency and continuity between courses in the same subject area(for example,in operating systems),and also the degree of relevance existing,and precedence required,between courses in different areas.They are assisted in this by the detailed syllabus[6,7],aims13and objectives with which each course is provided.For the coherence of courses in a particular subject area they will,when appropriate,co-opt an expert in that area for assistance in re-designing that part of the programme. After consultation with individual lecturers this may result in the transferral of material between courses,sometimes between one year and the next,and also in the increase and decrease of material.New material often enters the Tripos from experimental courses in Part II. Part II courses are of two broad kinds:those which go more deeply into ma-terial already encountered in earlier years,and experimental courses which present new topics,arising from research in the Department or elsewhere. After a number of years,an experimental course may be dropped,may con-tinue,or may serve as the basis for a new course in Part I A or I B.Another motive for introducing new material is external influence from,for exam-ple,academic review or an assessment by a professional accreditation body (Chapter6).In managing this evolution,the Teaching Committee will also use in-formation from many internal sources of feedback(§1.3):from the Staff-Student Liaison Committee,the Directors of Studies Committee,the student questionnaires on each course,the performance of students on each topic in examinations which is preserved on record by the Examinations Conti-nuity Officer,and of course from internal discussion of the whole teaching programme.14Chapter2Documentation and Records2.1The Student Administration OfficeThe Student Administrator is Lise Gough,lmg30@.Her office is A201,on the secondfloor of the Arup building.She can supply copies of various documents:•lecture notes•supervision guides•syllabus booklets and reading lists*•structure of examinations•lecture appraisal form*•Form and Conduct of Examinations Notices•the Lecture List and related schedules*•information on practical work•the Department’s research handbook*The items labelled with an asterisk are also available via the Laboratory’s Web page.Most of these documents are updated annually at the start of Michaelmas Term.2.2Lecture notes and supervision guidesLecturing staff submit master copies of their lecture notes to the Student Administrator,who arranges for sufficient numbers to be reproduced in the print room.Notes are delivered to the lecture theatre.Spare copies are15。