天津医科大学眼科学2018年考博真题试卷

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首都医科大学眼科学2018年考博真题考博试卷

攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
医学考博真题试卷
首都医科大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：眼科学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、单选题 1.视功能检查主要是 A.光视觉 B.形视觉 C.D 2.视觉发育的关键期是 3.结膜的血供 4.Honor 综合征的表现 5.抗青光眼药物的作用说法错误的是
二、名词解释 1.假性翼状胬肉 2.Mechasiny 综合征 3.VKH 4.acomdation 5. RAPD 马切山尼综合症（英文）
三、简答题 1.角膜的组织结构 2.动态视野和静态视野 3.铁质沉着症的临床特点 4.后发性白内障的发生机制 5.类固醇的副作用 6.病理性瞳孔阻滞 7.RPE 功能
四、论述题 1.前房角的结构 2 急性闭角型青光眼的分期及诊断标准
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3.视网膜出血的类型和表现 4.ICE 的临床表现和鉴别诊断 5.六条第1页共1页

眼科考题

一. 名词解释1. Devic氏综合征（3分）2. 雪盲（3分）3. 弱视（3分）4. 眼球萎缩（3分）5. 水眼（3分）6. 交感性眼炎（3分）7. Sherrington氏定律（2分）8. Horner 氏综合征（3分）9. 调节作用（3分）10. Fuchs综合征（2分）二. 填空（共22分，每空一分）1.脉络膜的Bruch氏膜由外向内依次由下列各层组成-------，--------，--------，--------，-------。

2. 急性视网膜坏死的主要临床体征：---------，--------，--------，--------。

3. 视网膜色素上皮细胞越过锯齿缘向前延伸为睫状体的-------细胞，继续向前延伸至虹膜，为虹膜-----肌上皮。

4.Zinn总键环位于-------，Zinn小带又叫-----，其生理功能为----------。

Zinn动脉环为-----动脉发出的分支形成的血管环，主要供血给---------5.泪膜的最外层谓-----层，由-----腺分泌形成；泪膜的中层谓----层，由----腺分泌形成；泪膜的内层谓-----层，由----分泌形成。

三. 问答题（共50分，每题10分）1. 试述恶性青光眼的发病机理及临床处理原则。

2. 简述糖尿病可能引起致盲的眼部并发症3. 急性虹膜睫状体炎是致盲疾患之一，试述其致盲的临床病理过程4. 简述急性球后视神经炎，前部缺血性视乳头病变及视乳头水肿的鉴别诊断5. 简述眼球的血液供应北京大学医学部（第一附属医院眼科）2002年度攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（眼科学）一. 名词解释（20分）1. 视角2. 水眼3. 配偶肌4. 后胚胎环5. 黑朦猫眼6. 血影细胞性青光眼7. Duane`s综合征8. 带状角膜变性9. Marfan`s 综合征10. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome二. 填空（20分）1. 黄斑樱桃红点见于----，----，---。

南开大学2018年博士研究生入学考试(病理及眼科学)真题

南开大学2018年博士研究生入学考试（病理及眼科学）真题病理
一. 单选（1.5x20）
二.名解（英翻中）
1.R-S细胞
2.蜂窝织炎
3.新月体肾小球肾炎
4.转移性钙化
5.Barret食管
6.伤口2期愈合
7.粥样斑块
8.肿瘤干细胞
9.肉芽肿
10.心衰细胞
三.简答
1.肿瘤三级分级及TNM分期
2.肝硬化的病理表现、原因及形态学分类
3.骨折愈合过程及影响因素
4.化生的定义、分类、结局和对机体的影响。

并举一例说明。

眼科
一. 名解（英翻中3X10）
1.上睑下垂
2.ROP
3.伪装综合征
4.铁质沉着症
5.前房角
6.真菌性角膜炎
7.白塞氏病
8.TAO
9.屈光参差
二. 简答（5X8）
1.视网膜静脉周围炎的临表及治疗
2.弱视的危险因素、诊断标准及分类
3.眼的胚胎发育过程
4.眼眶横纹肌肉瘤的临表
5.原发性闭角型青光眼的临床分期及临表
6.Fuch综合征的临表
7.后段玻璃体切割术的适应症
8.圆锥角膜的临表和治疗
三.论述（10X3）
1.白瞳症的鉴别
2.飞秒激光在眼科学中的应用
3.抗VEGF治疗进展。

历年考博专业课真题

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TCR/CD3 complex 5. hematopoietin receptor family 6. individual idiotype(IdI) 7. integrin 8. colony-stimulatory factor (CSF) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 免疫球蛋白重链的基因如何进行类别转换(class switching )? 2. 简述杀伤性 T 细胞(Tc)杀伤病毒感染靶细胞的机理. 3. 生物应答调节剂( biological response modifier,BRM)主要有哪几类?简要介绍在传染性疾病防治中的作用. 4. 简述抗原提呈细胞(APC)与辅助性 T 细胞(Th)相互作用的关系. 三. 问答题(每题 18 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述干扰素的分类及其生物学作用特点. 主要可以治疗哪些传染性疾病?简述干扰素检测的方法和原理. 2. 何为基因工程抗体?目前国内外在基因工程抗体研究中有哪些主要进展? 第四军医大学一九九三年攻读博士学位入学考试试题学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科考试科目: 免疫学一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD4 2. T cell receptor(TCR) 3. immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) 4. selectin 5. anti-idiotypic antibody (αId)6. major histocompatibility complex(MHC) 7. immunotolerance 8. biological reponse modifier(BRM) 9. immune reponse gene (Ir gene) 10. reshaped antibody (or reconstituted antibody) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 6(IL-6)主要的生物学活性. 2. 细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞(Tc 或 CTL)与抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒(ADCC)杀伤机理有何不同? 3. 简述第Ⅳ型(迟发型)变态反应的发生机理. 4. NK 细胞有哪些主要的表面标记?NK 细胞有哪些主要的生物学活性? 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分) 供传染病学专业试题: 1. 机体有哪些免疫细胞和免疫分子参与抗病毒感染?它们是如何发挥病毒免疫作用的? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在病毒学中有哪些主要用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 供消化内科专业试题: 1. 目前体内和体外检测肿瘤患者免疫功能的方法主要有哪些?分别叙述每种方法的原理和结果测定? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在肿瘤学中有哪些主要的用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 第四军医大学一九九四年攻读博士学位入学考试试题学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科考试科目: 免疫学一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD8 2. T cell receptor α and β chain (TCRαβ ) 3. immunoglobulin fold(Ig fold) 4. cadherin (Ca-dependent cell adhesion moleculers) 5. idiotype-anti-idiotypic antibody immune network theory 6. HLA class II antigen 7. complementarity-determining region (CDR)8. perforin(or pore-forming protein ,PFP) 9. high affinity IL-2 receptor 10. artificial active immunization 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 2(IL-2)主要的生物学活性及其在临床治疗中的应用. 2. 请比较第Ⅰ型(速发型)超敏反应与第Ⅳ型(迟发型)超敏反应的发病特点. 3. 试述分泌型 IgA(secretory IgA)的结构特点和合成分泌过程. 4. 试比较 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(如表面抗原,表面受体等)的异同点. 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分.请注意:每位考生只能从 1,2 题中选一题,3,4 题中选一题,共答两题,多答者不计分.) 1. 目前检测细胞因子主要有生物学活性检测法和免疫学检测法,请举例分别叙述两种方法的实验原理. 2. 为了避免 IgG 抗体 Fc 段非特异性作用,常应用胃蛋白酶水解的 F(ab')2 段,试问如何应用 SDS-PAGE 方法对 F(ab')2 进行鉴定? 3. 试述抗肿瘤基因工程抗体的研究进展. 4. 试述抗病毒基因工程抗体的研究进展. 第四军医大学一九九五年攻读博士学位入学考试试题学科专业:免疫学,传染病学,消化内科考试科目:免疫学一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. immunoglobulin gene rearrangement 2. the common chain of cytokine receptor (or a cytokine receptor subunit shared by some cytokine receptors) 3. flow cytometry(FCM) 4. carrier effect 5. positive selection of T lymphocytes in thymus 6. mouse TH1(Th1) and TH2(Th2) subsets 7. perforin (pore-forming protein ,PFP) 8. ADCC(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 9. SH-2(src-homology region 2) 10. Ab2β (internal image) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分)1. 近年来在人类白细胞分化抗原(CD)研究领域中有哪些主要进展? 2. 参与活化 T 细胞与活化 B 细胞相互作用的分子主要有哪些?简述其结构和功能? 3. 试述 HLA 在临床上的主要应用. 4. 例举三种从人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中纯化 T 细胞的方法,分别叙述其实验原理和主要操作步骤. 5. 评价红细胞生成素(EPO),干扰素(IFN)和集落刺激因子(CSF)在临床某些疾病的应用. 三. 选择问答题(每题 10 分,共 20 分.请按报考专业答题,如答非本专业题或多答题均视为无效.) 免疫学专业: 1. 试述细胞因子受体中,Ig 超家族,造血因子受体超家族,神经生长因子受体超家族以及趋化因子受体超家族的主要结构特点,每个超家族例举出 2 个成员. 2. 试比较人 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(表面标记)的异同点,它们分别参与哪些主要的免疫功能? 传染病学专业: 1. 人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染人体后,免疫功能可发生哪些主要的变化?机理是什么?如何进行相应的免疫学功能检测? 2. 请评述肾综合征出血热病毒(HFRSV)感染后机体免疫学变化的与病理损伤的关系. 消化专业: 1.试述与消化系统有关的肿瘤相关抗原研究的进展. 2.简述粘膜相关淋巴样组织(mucosal assiociated lymphoid tissue,MALT)的组成和功能特点.分泌型 IgA 是如何进行合成和分泌的? 第四军医大学一九九六年攻读博士学位入学考试试题免疫学试题一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. Fas(CD95)/FasL 2. common chain of cytokine receptor 3 . TCR/CD3 complex 4. negaive selection of thymocytes 5. artificial active immune 6. anti-idiotypic 7. IgSF 8. Integrin9. chemokine 10. B7/CD28 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 60 分) 1. 比较 MHCⅠ和 MHCⅡ类抗原参与的加工提呈抗原的过程. 2. 比较 CTL 和 NK 杀伤靶细胞时识别和杀伤机制的特点. 3. 比较免疫学检测法和生物学活性检测法检测细胞因子的优缺点. 4. 发现一种新的白细胞分化抗原或肿瘤相关抗原,并制备了单克隆抗体,试设计实验方案克隆此基因. 5. 选择下述中一个专题,叙述我国在这一研究领域的现状及面临的挑战 src="./images/smilies/sad.gif" border=0 smilieid="2">1)肿瘤免疫;(2)基因治疗; (3)CD 抗原. 第四军医大学一九九七年博士研究生入学考试免疫学试题一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. B7/CD28 2. Th1 subset 3. seven predicated transmembrane domain receptor superfamily(STR superfamily) 4. antibody affinity maturation 5. AP-1 6. single chain variable fragment(ScFv) 7. NK cell receptor 8. Zinkernagel-Doherty phenomenon 9. Ig fold 10. CD40/CD40L 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述胸腺微环境对胸腺细胞的选择作用及其与 T 细胞功能性亚群形成的关系. 2. 试述体液免疫应答的规律,回忆反应和抗体类别转换的机制是什么? 3. 试从结构和功能等角度,阐述白细胞分化抗原(CD),粘附分子(integrin)和免疫球蛋白超家族(IgSF)三类分子的相互关系.目前在这一领域中主要研究热点是什么? 三. 问答题(24 分,第 1 题为免疫学专业考生试题,第 2 题为血液病学科考生试题,第 3 题为消化内科考生试题,只允许答本专业试题)1. 试比较 TCR 和 BCR 结构及其识别抗原,淋巴细胞活化信号的分子机理. (免疫学专业). 2. 试述白血病免疫学分型理论和方法的研究进展.(血液病学专业). 3. 试述肿瘤疫苗的研究进展.(消化内科专业). 一九九八年博士研究生入学考试试题 (免疫学专业和专业基础) 一.名词解释(每题 3 分,共 45 分) 1.Co-stimulators (or co-stimulating molecules) 2.NK-kB 3.Immunoglobulin superfamily 4.antigen-presenting cell (APC) 5.death domain R and CXCR 7.Lectin (or mitogen) 8.Clusters of differentiation, CD) 9.B7 family 10.Cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL) 11.IL-15 and IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) 12.MHC restriction 13.Affinity-chromatography 14.Cyctosprin A, CsA 15.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC) 二.问答题(每题 10 分,共 30 分) 1.何为 Th1 和 Th2 亚群?如何检测?在临床上有何意义? 2.试述免疫球蛋白(Ig)的结构与功能的关系. 3.试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR/CD3)与 B 细胞受体(BCR)的组成,结构及其识别抗原的特点. 三.选择问答题(各专业考生只答一道本专业试题,25 分) 免疫学专业: 1.试述 B7/CD28, CTLA-4,CD40/CD40L,LFA-1/ICAM-1,CD2/LFA-3 的结构,分布以及相互作用后介导的主要生物学功能.消化内科: 2.肿瘤抗原分为哪几类?机体抗肿瘤免疫主要有哪些因素(机制)?简述提高抗肿瘤免疫研究的略策. 血液病学专业: 3.何为白血病的免疫学分型?何为移植物抗宿主反应(GVHR)?GVHR 发生的主要原因(条件)是什么? 一九九年九博士生入学考试试题 (专业基础: 免疫学) 一.名词解释(每题 5 分,共 45 分) 1. ADCC(antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 2. 环孢菌素(cyclosporin) 3. KIR(killer cell inhibitory receptor) 4. HLDA(human leucocyte differentiation antigen) 5. Interleukin 18(IL-18) 6. 整合素(integrin) 7. Fas/FasL 8. FcR(免疫球蛋白 Fc 段受体) 9. 细胞间粘附分子(ICAM) 10. Th1/Th2 11. 基因疫苗(DNA 疫苗) 12. chemokines and chemokine receptor 13. 免疫耐受 14. 共刺激分子 15. 死亡结构域(death domain) 二.问答题(第 1,2 题各 18 分,第 3 题 19 分) 1. 试比较杀伤性 T 细胞(CTL)与自然杀伤细胞(NK)在杀伤靶细胞过程中,识别细胞毒及介导免疫功能有何不同? 2. 70 年代以来,有关 Ig 和体液免疫研究存在以下几项重大发现和突破而获得医学和生物学诺贝尔奖,请分别阐述它们的理论意义及在医学实践中的应用. (1)1972 年:胃蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶水解 Ig,获得 Fab,Fc,F(ab')2 等片段 (2)1977 年:放射免疫法 (3)1984 年:淋巴细胞杂交瘤和单克隆抗体(4)1987 年: Ig 基因的结构 3. 近年来在肿瘤免疫研究领域中有哪些重要进展?试述当前提高机体抗肿瘤免疫的主要策略. 一九九九年博士生入学考试试题(免疫学专业) 问答题(每题 25 分) 1. 试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR),B 细胞受体(BCR)和 NK 细胞受体(NKCR)的组成,识别配体以及信号转导的异同点. 2. 以胸腺依赖抗原刺激机体产生抗体的免疫应答为例,T 细胞和 B 细胞是如何相互作用? 有哪些粘附分子和共刺激分子参与 T,B 细胞的相互作用? 3. 肾综合征出血热(HFRS)病毒的结构基因已经搞清楚,为了证实 HFRS 病毒感染机体(以 Balb/C 小鼠为例)可产生 HFRS 病毒核衣壳蛋白(NP)特异性 CTL,并在免疫防护中起重要作用, 请应用免疫学理论和方法,设计一系统实验,加以证实. 4. 例举二个近年来细胞和分子免疫学研究中出现的新的热点,请分别评述其研究意义,发展趋势以及应用前景.中科院动物所博士生入学试题生物化学和高级生物化学中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1996 年博士研究生入学试题 1.蛋白质和蛋白质相互分离时主要根据它们之间的种有差别的特征,这些差别特征有哪些方面?并举例说明. 2 试述三种粘多糖的名称,在动物体内的主要分布, 主要构成单糖及其它糖类. 3 试举例说明蛋白质和它的前体的一级结构关系. 4 J. D. Watson 因其证明 DNA 的双螺旋结构,曾与 Crick 共获诺贝尔奖.这位科学泰头在他后来一体名著中解释 DNA 形状时写过这样一段话:"Does DNAchain fold up into a regular configulation dominated by its regular backbone? If so, the configulation would most likely be a helical one in which all the sugar-phosphate groupl would have identical chemincal environments". 你认为他在这里用 configulation 一词描述 DNA 的三维结构确切吗?为什么? (此段英原文不必译出, 但须回答为什么, 否则无分) 中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1998 年博士研究生入学试题一, 填充题 1 DNA 具有的两个重要功能是 , 核糖体的功能是 2 逆转录酶是一种多功能酶,它兼有指导的 DNA 聚合酶, 指导的 DNA 聚合酶. 3 能够用来将外源的 DNA 片段转移到活细胞内部的 , 或统称为克隆载体. 4 绝大多数真核生物信使 RNA3'端有 . 5 证明 DNA 是遗传信息携带者的科学家是 . 6 蛋白质可与碱共热而水解,碱水解引起 , , 和的破坏. 7 蛋白质的三维构象也称或 . 8 生物膜主要是由和两大类物质组成, 生物膜的基因结构形式是 . 膜两侧的物质和离子转运主要是通过 ,和等方式进行. 9 1997 年诺贝尔化学奖授予 , 主要是基于他们阐明了反应机制分子结构及酶的作用机制. 10 脂肪和磷脂的合成主要是来自和 . 11 糖蛋白的糖链,是由专一性很低强的 ,从糖核苷酸上把单糖一个一个转移上去而形成的.二,解释名词和英文符号的科学含义 1 △Gp 2 Q cycle 3ABC 4 Kcat 5 protomnotive force 6 Synonycodon 7 RT-PCR 8 genomic library 9 DNAfinger printing 10 DNAfoot printing 三,问答题 1 热力学第二定律证明任何体系的它的外围环境必须不断增加它的熵, 然而活的生物体却从比较无序状态的物质不断建立起高度有序的结构,这是否说明活的生物体不遵守热力学第二定律?为什么? 2 回答下述问题是对或是错,假若是错请解释为什么? 1) 在底物饱和的条件下,酶的催化反应速率与酶浓度成比例. 2) 在底物浓度成为反应限速因子是,酶的催化反应速率随反应时间而下降. 3 举例简述生物体系中的氧化还原反应的重要意义. 4 在静息态的神经细胞中,胞内外的 K 与 Na 浓度的不同分布导致胞膜内侧表现为负电荷较大, 此种浓度梯差和电荷梯差的总称是什么?假若以△G'代表在这种离子浓度梯差存在时的离子跨膜转运的能量变化, 其反应表示为请解释上述充应式中的符号参量表示什么?其意义何在? 5 举例简述对细胞中多种膜系统结构与功能的研究对神经系统疾病的重要性. 6 什么是回文结构(palindrome)? 请举例说明. 7 试述氨基酸顺序与三维结构构象的关系. 8 什么是核蛋白体(nucleoprotein) 比较重要的核蛋白体有那些? 9 举例说明三种糖蛋白的名称, 化学组成及其生理意义. 10 什么是终止密码子,已知的终止密码了有那些? 11 分子杂交是分子生物学重要的研究手段,在核酸分子杂交中哪些参数是研究人员设计实验时必须考虑的基本参数? 中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学 1999 年博士研究生入学试题一, 填充题 1 主动运输的主要特点是 , , , , . 2 辅酶中 A 分子中含有 , , , . 3 线粒体 DNA 的复制方式是 , 其复制特点是 . 4 高能磷酸化物可分为 , , , . 5 糖类物质是含和化合物;常见的糖有和 ,它们分解后可分为 , , , . 6 蛋白质按其分子外型的对称程度可分为和蛋白质,按生物功能可分为 , , , , . 7 酶作为生物催化剂的特点是 , , , , . 二,解释基本概念 1 呼吸控制 2 DDRT-PCR 3 装配型质粒 4 翻译阻遏 5 离子载体 6 Seliwanoff 反应 7 茚三酮反应 8 萜类 9 蜡 10 同工酶三,问答题(任选 7 题) 1 试述逆转录酶的生物学意义. 2 简要介绍免疫系统中程序化细胞死亡. 3 简述生物膜运送的分子机理. 4 写出 20 种常见氨基酸的中文名称和三字母符号. 5 分光光度计测定蛋白质含量的基本原理是什么? 6 简述测定一种酶活力的基本原则. 7 说明磺胺药治病的基本原理. 8 举例说明激素作用原理的四种不同方式. 9 根据你的生理学,细胞生物学和分子生物学的知识, 构思一实验方案, 差异筛选和考虑克隆某器官或组织与发育或病理改变相关的特异功能基因. 中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题一, 解释基本概念 1 关向异构体 2 甘油三酯 3 花生四烯酸 4 溶菌酶 5 多酶体系 6 别构酶 7 辅酶 I 和辅酶 II 8 叶酸 9 激素 10 G-蛋白 11 叶绿素 12 前列腺素 13 脱氨基作用 14 转氨酶 15 卟啉 16 密码子 17 质粒 18 基因文库 19 钙调蛋白 20 线粒体二, 回答问题 (其中 7,8 两题任选一题) 1 阐述糖蛋白及其生物功能. 2 阐述生物界蛋白质的多样性及其在生物进化和生物功能中的意义. 3 RNA 在那些类型?比较它们的结构与功能. 4 阐述生物大分子跨膜运送的方法及其作用机制. 5 试述脂蛋白的种类, 化学组成和生物功能. 6 说明真核生物的 DNA 聚合酶的种类及其生理功能. 7 根据你所掌握的知识阐述细胞质和细胞核的相互关系.中国科学院发育生物学所博士研究生入学试题中国科学院发育生物学所分子生物学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题 (一,二,三题为必答题,五和六可任选一题) 一, 请解释下列名词,并写出它们的英文术词: 1 基因家族 2 持家基因 3 同形异位盒 4 基因沉默 5 功能基因组学 6 信号肽 7 信号传递 8 细胞编程性死亡二, 限制性内切酶是如何发现的? 限制性内切酶可分成几类?如何使用限制内切酶进行分子生物学的研究? 三, 请分别列出用于蛋白质和核酸的电泳分析和分离的技术,并说明这些技术与蛋白质和核酸的性质的关系. 四, 请比较植物和动物基因工程的异同,并在你所熟悉的生物(植物或动物)的范围内探讨基因工程的前沿和瓶颈问题. 五, 获得一个功能未知的基因克隆后,怎样才能阐明该基因的功能?请你根据自己熟悉的某种真核生物提出具体的研究方案. 六, 在真核生物基因的 DNA 序列中,哪些部分的核苷酸序列的变异会影响其编码的蛋白质的结构和功能?。

眼科考博历年真题答案解析

眼科考博历年真题答案解析近年来，眼科考博成为越来越多医学学子的追求目标。

为了帮助考生更好地备考，本文将对眼科考博历年真题进行解析，帮助考生更好地理解和掌握考试内容。

一、眼科领域真题解析首先，我们来看一道眼科领域的历年真题，并进行解析。

题目如下：题目：白内障手术常见并发症及处理？该题属于眼科手术的基础知识，其中考查了考生对白内障手术并发症的认识和处理策略的掌握情况。

解析：白内障手术是一种常见的眼科手术，但并发症的发生仍然是不可忽视的。

常见的白内障手术并发症包括：术后感染、后囊膜混浊、视网膜脱离等。

对于这些并发症的处理，要根据病情的严重程度和具体病因进行相应的治疗。

术后感染可以使用抗生素进行治疗，后囊膜混浊可以通过激光治疗或手术治疗来解决，视网膜脱离则需要进行手术复位。

二、眼科疾病真题解析除了眼科手术的相关知识外，眼科疾病的诊断和治疗也是考博重点内容。

以下是一道关于眼科疾病的历年真题：题目：糖尿病视网膜病变的病理变化及防治策略？该题考查考生对糖尿病视网膜病变病理变化和防治策略的理解。

解析：糖尿病视网膜病变是糖尿病的常见并发症之一，病理变化主要包括微血管病变和视网膜出血、渗出。

根据不同阶段的病变，治疗策略也不同。

在早期阶段，通过控制血糖、血压、血脂等因素，可以减缓病变进程；在中晚期阶段，需要进行激光光凝治疗或手术治疗，以防止病变进一步恶化。

三、眼科研究方法真题解析眼科考博除了考查医学知识外，还涉及到一定的研究方法。

下面是一道与眼科研究方法相关的历年真题：题目：眼动仪在眼科研究中的应用？该题目考查考生对眼动仪的了解以及其在眼科研究中的应用。

解析：眼动仪是一种专门用于测量眼球运动轨迹的仪器。

在眼科研究中，眼动仪可以被用于研究人眼在不同条件下的注视模式和眼球运动规律。

通过观察和分析眼动仪的数据，可以揭示眼睛对特定刺激的反应和认知过程。

例如，眼动仪可以用于研究青少年近视的发展机制，或者研究眼动过程中注意力的变化等。

天津医科大学眼科医院

天津医科大学眼科医院2019年度优秀大学生暑期夏令营招生简章天津医科大学眼科医院（原天津医科大学眼科中心）创建于1989年，前身是世界人工晶体中国天津培训中心，是由国际友人捐资建设的一所集医疗、教学、科研、培训于一体的三级甲等眼科专科医院，是天津医科大学唯一附属眼科医院，天津医科大学眼科学博（硕）士学位授权点，眼视光学博（硕）士学位授权点，天津医科大学眼科学博士后科研流动站、天津市第五期重点专科以及天津医科大学“十三五”综合投资特色学科。

为了给全国重点院校的优秀应届毕业生提供了解天津医科大学眼科医院学术、科研和日常学习生活环境的机会，了解当前眼科学、眼视光学的发展现状；我院在天津医科大学研究生院的整体安排下，将于2019年7月15 -17日举办全国优秀大学生暑期夏令营活动。

一、申请资格1.具有推荐免试研究生资格的全国重点高校（含本校）2020年应届本科毕业生；2.具有良好的品德，在学期间学习成绩优秀，截止目前本科总评成绩排名（班级或年级）前30％，身体健康；3.具有生物学、医学等相关专业背景，对生命科学和医学有浓厚的兴趣，愿意从事临床医疗工作或基础医学研究工作；4.通过国家英语六级考试，且成绩达到500分及以上；5.学术学位相关专业均可接收跨专业申请，临床医学专业学位不接收跨专业申请。

招生专业及导师情况详见附件1。

二、申请材料1.申请人填写天津医科大学优秀大学生夏令营活动申请表.doc（附件2）及2019年度夏令营学生个人情况汇总表.xls （附件3）（汇总表请于7月1日前发至邮箱：iiitc1989@）；2.个人风采展示PPT（包括自我介绍、科研经历以及未来学习和研究的计划、目标等）（PPT请于7月1日前发至邮箱：iiitc1989@16）；3.专家推荐信.doc （附件4）2封，需要2位相关或相近专业副教授（含）及以上职称的专家分别推荐，且密封并在封口骑缝处签字；4.本科阶段成绩单（截至目前），专业排名证明，需加盖教务或学生部门公章；5.大学英语六级成绩单或其他英语水平证明（如近两年内TOEFL成绩或近三年内GRE成绩等）复印件；6.其他证明材料（如体现自身学术水平的代表性学术论文或其他原创性工作成果复印件、获奖证书复印件等）。

天津医大专业博士考题

1998年解剖一：名词中缝核视交叉上核马尾无长突细胞环池后连合后屈束穹窿褪黑激素前脑内侧束大脑大静脉隔核底丘脑核古皮质二：简答1．边缘系统组成2．臂丛的干束3．小脑和脊髓的互相联系4．大脑与说话有关的区域5．听神经（核心投射，环带投射）6．丘脑腹侧核团的传入传出纤维7．三叉神经脊束（孤束）8．海绵窦与颅外静脉交通三：论述1．脑干脑神经核的功能位置2．锥体束的大概走行及支配横纹肌的大概情况1999年解剖一：名词海马外囊后连合基底核环池纹状区胼胝体压部视旁核黑质穹窿缰三角新纹状体蓝斑二：简答1．三叉神经鞘瘤2．脊髓半切综合症3．延髓的脑神经核4．额叶的功能定位5．皮质纹状体回路6．视路7．皮质核束的走行8．静脉窦的位置三：论述1．内囊的分部及走行2．脊丘束的传导2000年解剖一：名词脚间池后连合前连合大脑脚纹状体透明隔后屈束室周器齿状韧带视上核苍白球缰核环池二：简答1．延髓内颅神经核位置功能2．脊髓外侧束位置功能3．内侧纵束位置功能4．大脑浅静脉留入硬膜窦5．头面痛觉传导路6．下丘脑激素传送图径三：论述1．丘脑核群划分上下联系2．大脑皮质功能定位3．躯干四肢意识性本体感觉传导路2001年解剖一：名词抑制性突触 E 视上核E 红核 E 上丘臂E BBB 丘脑髓纹E 终纹E 视交叉池垂体门脉最外囊穹窿终板隔区前脑内侧束伸长细胞二：简答1．大脑动脉在皮层的分部2．内囊的特异性投射3．基底节的组成4．大脑内静脉位置，汇成静脉及位置5．皮质脊髓束走行，支配肌肉情况6．躯干痛觉纤维走行7．脊髓半切（胸6）症状及原因8．迷走神经的始核和终核9．三：论述1．海绵窦与颅外静脉的沟通，位置，穿行物2．下丘脑的分区，核团的名称3．脑干网状结构核及上行至皮层的通路1998神经外科一：名词1．马尾回避2．对冲伤3．眼镜征4．陈-施呼吸5．TIA6．钱氏线7．Arnold-Chiori氏畸型8．Brun征9．Quechensted试验10．二：简答1．颅内高压的处理原则2．动脉瘤HUNT分级3．SAH的原因4．转移瘤的五个来源5．脊髓空洞征的治疗6．脑囊虫的临床分型三：问答1．动脉瘤SAMPSON分级2．动静脉瘘的症状和治疗3．DIA的临床病理诊断四：进展1．伽玛刀与X刀的不同点2．脑胶质瘤的现状和进展1999年神外一：名词1．感觉分离2．阿罗氏瞳孔3．脑疝4．去脑强直5．垂体卒中6．脑震荡7．挥鞭样损伤8．Brown-sequard syndrone 9．10．二：简答1．减速性脑损伤2．椎管内肿瘤类型3．交通性脑积水的原因4．减速伤机制5．枕大孔畸形6．后颅窝骨折临床三：论述1．小脑幕疝临床2．垂体瘤诊断3．缺血性脑血管病治疗四：进展1．脑膜瘤原因2．立体定位应用2000年神外一：名词1．柯兴氏反应2．减速伤3．去皮层状态4．灌注压突破5．Parrimand cerstman 6．Forst-kennedy 7．Battle 8．Moyamoya9．10.二：简答1．脑膜瘤部位2．常见颅内肿瘤3．CPA鉴别4．垂体瘤入路5．三叉神经瘤手术入路6．正常压力脑积水三：论述1．胶质瘤分类2．动脉瘤HUNT分级四：进展1．介入技术在脑外的应用2．脑立体定向术适应症2001年神经外科一：名词1．布娃娃眼E2．凋亡E3．脊髓压迫症E4．霍那氏征E5．运动性失语E6．正常颅压脑积水E 7．逆行性遗忘8．亚急性颅内血肿9．交叉瘫10．二：简答1．对冲伤机制2．动脉瘤好发部位3．前颅窝骨折表现4．减少血流量降低颅内压的方法5．6．三：论述1．髓内髓外肿瘤的鉴别2．颅内压调节机制3．脑死亡的临床表现及诊断标准四：进展题1．间质放疗在神经外科的应用2．垂体瘤病因进展2002解剖名词解释：海马边缘系统触液神经元螺旋神经节内脏大神经纹状体颅颈交接部简答：1．脊髓动脉的走行、来源2．椎静脉网的分布3．5-Hz神经元位于什么核团，作用4．前臂、手肌的神经支配5．头面部腺体的神经支配6．胸神经前支的分布7．植物神经的神经节8．硬脑膜形成的特殊结构论述：1．面神经干的走行、分支、支配2．下丘脑垂体纤维联系3．哪些血管阻塞会引起脑桥背侧综合症，损伤的结构及表现4．？2002神外名词：神经干细胞脊髓半切综合症感觉性失语小脑幕切迹疝微侵袭神经外科简答：1．CPA肿瘤的鉴别2．依次举出常见的5种颅内原发肿瘤3．EDH, SDH的区别4．GCS评分5．立体定向神经外科适应症、常用放射源6．脑水肿分类论述：1．神经上皮肿瘤的分类（93年）2．AVM的临床表现及治疗3．胶质瘤的发病机制、治疗策略的进展4．？2003解剖名词：septal area 绒球小结叶杏仁体鼓索 microglia 长突cell 穹窿孤束核简答：1.脊神经的分支、分布2.嗅觉传导路3.口裂以下（包括耳前）痛觉传导路4.腰丛的分支分布5.腹股沟区神经分配6.延髓外侧索综合征7.基底A分支分布8.副交感N低级中枢部位与周围N 节问答：1.海绵窦位置、结构、交通2.迷走N走行、分支、分布3.皮质--脑桥--小脑--皮质环路4.γ-氨基丁酸路径2003神外名词：脊髓半切综合症小脑幕切迹疝微侵袭神经外科外伤性迟发颅内血肿 parmaud综合征交通性脑积水简答：1.颞叶肿瘤、枕叶肿瘤对视路影响不同2.凹陷性骨折处理原则3.GCS记分、分级4.转移瘤5个常见病因5.髓内、外病变鉴别6.γ刀定义、适应征7.三叉N痛临床表现、治疗方法8.问答：1.2000年神经上皮肿瘤分类2.DAI发病机理、临床表现3.自发性SAH最常见病因、临床鉴别要点4.20世纪后期N外科在临床诊治、基础研究方面进展2004解剖名词：γ神经元; neural crest Ⅶ; 绒球小结叶; 孤束核；Habenular nucleus;盆内脏神经；内侧纵束；tectum简答问答：化学性突触黑质的位置脑干上行网状系统下丘脑的分区与核团左足底深感觉传导路Benedict syndrome脑干中神经纤维成分与核团硬膜的结构特点；海绵窦交通皮质--脑桥--小脑--皮质环路2004神外名词：Forst-kennedy；PET；上、下位神经元瘫；微侵袭神经外科；简答：青少年与老年颅内肿瘤的特点听瘤的鉴别诊断GCS记分、分级颅颈交界部畸形；Willis环分支缺血性脑血管病外科治疗问答：高颅压的病因，临床表现2000年神经上皮肿瘤分类DAI发病病理、临床表现神经系统肿瘤的治疗20世纪后期N外科在临床诊治、基础研究方面进展2007年一、神经外科学1.名词解释：Jackson 癫痫，脑疝，迟发性血肿，延髓背外侧综合征，奎根试验2.简答：急性闭合性颅脑创伤的分型2000年WHO的肿瘤分类方法原则，上皮细胞肿瘤分类癫痫持续状态的概念，及治疗自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的原因及治疗方法腰骶丛的组成及分布18F-DG-PET的诊断原理小脑幕裂孔疝的临床表现脑出血的MRI表现3.问答：动脉性脑梗塞的急性期治疗DAI垂体瘤的分类4.进展题：胶质瘤治疗的新进展二、解剖1.名词解释前穿质，内侧纵束，白交通支，小脑核团，孤束核2.问答：迷走神经的走行下丘脑的核团上肢的神经分布颈丛的组成及分支脑干的感觉核团中脑下丘的结构瞳孔对光反射发生3.问答：大脑髓质基地核的组成及功能小脑的分叶及纤维联系脑干网状结构的核团。

天津医科大学眼科学考试真题

天津医科大学眼科学考试真题
天津医科大学眼科学考试真题
一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分）
1、眼表
2、圆锥角膜
3、规则散光
4、对比敏感度
5、基底细胞癌
6、AMD
7、ROP
8、Exotropia
9、Epicanthus
10、Fungal keratitis
二、简答题（每题5分，共40分）
1、简述青光眼临床分类
2、简述干眼症临床表现
3、简述Fuchs综合征临床特点
4、简述调节性内斜视的临床分类
5、简述真菌性角膜炎的.临床表现
6、简述低视力概念及国际诊断标准
7、简述视网膜色素变性临床表现及遗传方式
8、简述增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）的临床表现
三.问答题（共40分）
1.介绍房水成分，作用及循环径路（10分）
2.说明弱视的临床分类，主要发病机制，治疗时机和方法（15分）
3.试述眼科影像诊断技术的进展（15分）。

2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题

2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2018年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once,after you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question Number1.1. A.On campus B.At he dentist'sC.At the pharmacyD.In the laboratory2. A.Pain B.Weakness C.Fatigue D.Headache3. A.Their weird behavior at school.B.Their superior cleverness over others'.C.Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D.Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.4. A.John will be angry. B.John will be disappointed.C.John will be attracted.D.John will be frightened.5. A.They're quite normal. B.They're not available.C.They came unexpected.D.They need further explanation.6. A.He knows so little about Lady GagaB.He has met Lady Gaga before.C.He should have known Lady GagaD.He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.7. A.In the ward. B.Over the phone.C.In the emergency room.D.On their way to the hospital8. A.Health care B.Health reformC.Health educationD.Health maintenance9. A.Learning to act intuitively.B.Learning to argue academically.C.Learning to be critical of oneself.D.Learning to think critically and reason10. A.She is a pharmacist. B.She is a medical doctor.C.She is a scientist in robotics.D.She is a pharmacologist.11. A.She's pessimistic about the future.B.She's pessimistic about the far future.C.She's optimistic about the far future.D.She's optimistic about the near future.12. A.Negligence may put a patient in danger.B.Patients must listen to doctors and nurses.C.Qualified doctors and nurses are in bad need.D.Patients should be careful about choosing the right hospital.13. A.The man works at eh ER.B.The man can do nothing but wait.C.The woman's condition is critical.D.The woman is a capable paramedic.14. A.A gynecologist. B.A psychologistC.A neurologist.D.A nephrologist.15. A.She has only one friend.B.She isolates herself from others.C.She suffers from a chronic disease.D.She is jobless and can't find a job.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages,after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.DialogueQuestions16-20are based on the following dialogue.16. A.Because she couldn't do other jobs well.B.Because it was her dream since childhood.C.Because she was fed up with all her previous jobs.D.Because two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.17. A.The Self/Nonself Model B.The Danger ModelC.The vaccination theoryD.The immunological theory18. A.Being overactive B.Being mutantC.Being selectiveD.Being resistant19. A.It can help cure most cancers.B.It can help develop new drugs.C.It can help most genetic diseases.D.It can help change the nature of medicine.20. A.We should ignore the resistance.B.We should have the model improved.C.We should have the experiments on animals.D.We should move from animals to human.Passage One21. A.The profits form medical tourism.B.The trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.C.The soaring health care costs around the word.D.The steps to take in developing medical tourism22. A.Affordable costs B.Low pace of livingC.Five-star treatmentD.Enjoyable health vacation23. A.It is a$100billion business already.B.It is growing along with medical tourism.C.Its costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.D.It offers more medical options than western medicine.24. A.To set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.B.To modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.C.To buy and affordable medical insurance.D.To explore online to get well informed.25. A.A travel brochure.B.A lecture on medical tourism.C.A chapter of a medical textbook.D.A webpage promotional material.Passage TwoQuestions26-30are based on the following passage.26. A.Song sparrows take good care of their babies.B.Young song sparrows back the skills and experience of their parents.C.There are different kind of song sparrows in different seasons.D.Young and old song sparrows experience climate change different.27. A.In the warmer spring B.In the hottest summerC.In the coolest autumnD.In the coldest winter28. A.Because they lack the skill and experience to find food.B.Because they have not developed a strong body yet.C.Because they cannot endure the unusual heat.D.Because they cannot find enough food.29. A.They are less sensitive to the effect of climate change thanks to their parents.B.They are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.C.They experience food insufficiency due to climate change.D.They are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.30. A.Body size B.Migration routeC.Food preferenceD.Population growthPartⅡVocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.The medical team discussed their shared____to eliminating this curable disease.A.obedienceB.susceptibilityC.inclinationD.dedication32.Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain,weakness,oremotional_____is to ignore it,to tough it out.A.TurmoilB.rebellionC.temptationD.relaxation33.Those depressed kids seem to care little about others,____communication and indulge in theirown worlds.A.put downB.shut downC.settle downD.break down34.The school board attached great emphasis to____in students a sense of modesty and a sense ofcommunity.A.dilutingB.inspectingC.instillingD.disillusioning35.Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not______to what we need tobe attending to.A.pertinentB.permanentC.precedentD.prominent36.New studies have found a rather____correlation between the presence of small particles andboth obesity and diabetes.A.collaboratingprehendingpromisingD.convincing37.We must test our____about what to include in the emulation and at what level at detail.A.intelligenceB.imitationsC.hypothesisD.precautions.38.We must____the problem____,which is why our map combines both brain structure andfunction measurements at large scale and high resolution.A.set...backB.take...overC.pull...inD.break...down39.Asthma patient doesn't need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather____thanpersistent.A.intermittentB.precedentC.dominantD.prevalent40.It is simply a fantastic imagination to_____that one can master a foreign language overnight.A.conceiveB.concealC.convertD.conform Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer an the ANSWER SHEET.41.The truly competent physician is the one who sits down,senses the"mystery"of anotherhuman beings,and often the simple gifts of personal interest and understanding.A.imaginableB.capableC.sensibleD.humble42.The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.A.conservedB.theorizedC.realizedD.persistedrge community meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviatedtensions.A.facilitateB.intimidateC.terminateD.mediate44.Catalase activity reduced glutathione and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively insubjects with active disease.A.definitelyB.trulyC.simplyD.solely45.Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitrofertilzation.A.FetusesB.descendantsC.seedsD.orphans46.Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing ourchildren.A.breachB.griefC.threatD.abuse47.A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlledway.A.definitelyB.desperatelyC.intentionallyD.identically48.Big challenges still await companies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.A.applyingB.relatingC.relayingD.transforming49.Concern have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects,suchas memory loss,fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.A.ensueB.encounterC.impedeD.induce50.A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai,which means having one's view of the importantovershadowed by the trivial.A.insignificantB.insufficientC.substantialD.unexpectedPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEIET.The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging,improve detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist's workload,which,51,can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented52data on a CAD(computer-aided diagnosis)program they've designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 53CT scanning.Their study was54by the NIH and the university.In the study,CAD was applied to32low-dose CT scanning with a total of50lung nodules,38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinical exam.55the 38missed cancers,15were the result of interpretation error(identifying an image but56it as non cancerous)and2357observational error(not identifying the cancerous image).CAD found32of the38previously missed cancers(84%sensitivity),with false-positive58of 1.6per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer,it won't replace radiologists,said Sgmuel G Armato,PhD,lead author of the study."The computer is not perfect,"Armato said."It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that59.The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that the computer may60something suspicious.It's a spell-checker of sorts,or a second opinion.51.A.in common B.in turn C.in one D.in all52.A.preliminary B.considerate C.deliberate D.ordinary53.A.being used B.to use ing e54.A.investigated B.originated C.founded D.funded55.A.From B.Amid C.Of D.In56.A.disseminating B.degenerating C.dismissing D.deceiving57.A.were mistaken for B.were attributed to D.result in D.gave away to58.A.mortalities B.incidences C.images D.rates59.A.don't B.won’t C.aren’t D.wasn’t60.A.stand for B.search for C.account for D.mistake forPartⅣReading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhen Tony Wagner,the Harvard education specialist,describes his job today,he says he's"a translator between two hostile tribes"—the education world and the business world,the people who teach our kids and the people who give them jobs.Wagner's argument in his book"Creating Innovations:The Making of Young People Who Will Change the World"is that our K-12and college tracks are not consistently"adding the value and teaching the skills that matter most in the marketplace."This is dangerous at a time when there is increasingly to such things as a high-wage, middle-skilled job—the thing that sustained the middle class in the last generation.Now,there is only a high-wage,high-skilled job.Every middle-class job today is being pulled up,out or down faster than ever.That is,it either requires more skill or can be done by more people around the world or is being buried made obsolete faster than ever.Which is why the goal of education today,argues Wagner,should not be to make every child"college ready"but"innovation ready"—ready to add value to whatever they do.That is a tall task.I tracked Wagner down and asked him to elaborate."Today,"he said via e-mail,"because knowledge is available on every Internet-connected device,what you know matters far less than what you can do with what you know.The capacity to innovate—the ability to solve problems creatively or bring new possibilities to life and skills like critical thinking，communication and collaboration are far more important than academic knowledge.As one executive told me,"We can teach new hires the content.And we will have to because it continues to change,but we can't teach them how to think—to ask the right questions—and to take initiative."My generation had it easy.We got to"find"a job.But,more than ever,our kids will have to "invent"a job.Sure,the lucky ones will find their first job,but,given the pace of change today, even they will have to reinvent,re-engineer and reimagine that job much often than their parents if they want to advance in it"Finland is one of the most innovative economics in the world,"Wagner said,"and it is the only country where students leave high school'innovation-ready.'They learn concepts and creativity more than facts,and have a choice of many elective—all with a shorter school day,little homework, and almost no testing.There are a growing number of"reinvented"colleges like the Olin College of Engineering,the M.I.T.Media Lab and the"D-school"Stanford where students learn to innovate."61.In his book,Wagner argues that_____.A.the education world are hostile to our kidsB.the business world are hostile to those seeking jobsC.the business world are too demanding on the education worldD.the education world should teach what the marketplace demands62.What does the"tall task"refer to in the third paragraph?A.Sustaining the middle class.B.Saving high-wage,middle-skilled jobs.C.Shifting from"college ready"in"innovation ready."D.Preventing middle-class jobs from becoming obsolete fast.63.What is mainly expressed in Wagner's e-mail?A.New hires should be taught the content rather than the ways of thinking.B.Knowledge is more readily available on Internet-connected devices.C.Academic knowledge is still the most important to teach.D.Creativity and skills matter more than knowledge.64.What is implied in the fourth paragraph?A.Jobs favor the lucky ones in every generation.B.Jobs changed slowly in the author's generation.C.The author's generation led an easier life than their kids.D.It was easy for the author's generation to find their first job.65.What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A.to orient future educationB.to exemplify the necessary shift in educationC.to draw a conclusion about the shift in educationD.to criticize some colleges for their practices in educationPassage TwoBy the end of this century,the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees,with widespread effects on rainfall,sea levels and animal habitats.But in the Arctic,where the effects of climate change are most intense,the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people,animals,plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future,says Kent Moore,and atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea,from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore,who has worked in the Arctic for more than20years,says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain:phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier.Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful,and have not adapted to the earlier bloom."Animals"behavior can evolve over a long time,but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade,rather than hundreds of years,"says Moore,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly."A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region,as theNorthwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer,and resource extraction becomes more rmation gained from the study will help government,industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian,American and European researchers and government agencies—will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data:remotely piloted drones."The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft,and they're easier to deploy,"he says,showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66.By the end of this century,according to the author,global warming will_____.A.start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB.increase the average world temperature by four degreesC.cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD.affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming,as indicated by the passage,the international study____.A.is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB.pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change.C.involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68.When he says,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly,"what does Moore mean bythat quick?A.The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B.The widespread effects of global warming.C.The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69.According to the author,to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A.becomes more difficult than ever before.B.is likely to build a novel economy in the region.C.will surely lower the average world temperature.D.needs the research-based supporting information.70.With the drones deployed,as Moore predicts,the researchers will_____.A.involve more collaborating countries than they do now.B.get more data to be required for their research.e more novel technologies in research.D.conduct their research at a regular basis.Passage ThreeSkilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management,aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests.Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases,by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers.The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management.These new capabilities,often termed'stratified（分层的）'or 'personalized'medicine,are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine,which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way,has,until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease.Recognition that most disease has a genetic component,the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services.In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect,so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties.For some clinicians,particularly those involved in clinical research,these advances are already a reality.However,a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice,perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable.Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations,media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic.Indeed,knowing one's entire genomic sequence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be，and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype（鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally,both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible.Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms,the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low.Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71.Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with?A.Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B.Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C.Physical examination remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D.Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72.What,according to the second paragraph,can be said of genetic medicine?A.It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B.It has been widely recognized among the physicians.C.It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D.It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73.The future of the genomic technologies,for the most part,lies in_____.A.the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB.the greater efforts in the relevant clinical researchC.the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD.the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayals74.In the last paragraph,the author cautions against_____.A.underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB.unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative powerC.abuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseasesD.unexpected evolution of the bioinformatics.75.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage?A.Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B.Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.C.Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D.Genetic medicine is defined as"stratified"medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors'minds.Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards,such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions（违法）occur relatively rarely.Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don't need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students'work to fail in their responsibility to their charges.Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement（强烈的）reactions to a host of questionable behaviors.In particular,they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring.These included routinely being late for classes,frequently skipping appointments with advisees,showing favoritism to some students,ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own,belittling colleagues in front of students,providing little or no feedback on students'theses or dissertations,and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach.And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue,we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars.For instance,on online modules.The societies of academic disciplines,institutions and individual departments can play a big part here,by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address,but"inadequate teaching" can be subjective.Still,if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow,real patterns of abuse will be easier to find.For instance,these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within15days,provide more than just negative feedback during a student's oral defense of their thesis,or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short,universities should establish teaching-integrity committees,similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct.These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual,or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees,such as for tenure applications.76.What is implied in the first two paragraphs?A.The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.B.The high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.C.The frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.D.The violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.77.What,in the respondents'mind,is the nature of showing favoritism to some students?A.It is a serious high-profile infraction.B.It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.C.It is a punishable but avoidable misconductD.It is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.78.The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribedto____.A.their offering more courses than they can handleB.their paying little attention to the students'feedbackC.their receiving inadequate education in how to teachD.their lacking interest in the areas other than their own79.Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue?A.Development of codes of conductB.Exposure online of the misconductscation about the rules of proper mentoringD.Development of clear mechanism for reporting80.What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs?A.The approaches to addressing the problems of"inadequate teaching."B.The specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.C.The different committees dealing with"inadequate teaching."D.The codes of conduct for the students to report violations.Passage FiveIs the profession of medicine in retreat?I'm reminded of this with September welcoming a new。

南开大学2018年病理考博真题及眼科学考博真题

南开大学2018年病理考博真题及眼科学考博真题病理
一. 单选（1.5x20）
二.名解（英翻中）
1.R-S细胞
2.蜂窝织炎
3.新月体肾小球肾炎
4.转移性钙化
5.Barret食管
6.伤口2期愈合
7.粥样斑块
8.肿瘤干细胞
9.肉芽肿
10.心衰细胞
三.简答
1.肿瘤三级分级及TNM分期
2.肝硬化的病理表现、原因及形态学分类
3.骨折愈合过程及影响因素
4.化生的定义、分类、结局和对机体的影响。

并举一
例说明。

（5.是不是还有一题？记不清了）
眼科
一. 名解（英翻中3X10）
1.上睑下垂
2.ROP
3.伪装综合征
4.铁质沉着症
5.前房角
6.真菌性角膜炎
7.白塞氏病
8.TAO
9.屈光参差
二. 简答（5X8）
1.视网膜静脉周围炎的临表及治疗
2.弱视的危险因素、诊断标准及分类
3.眼的胚胎发育过程
4.眼眶横纹肌肉瘤的临表
5.原发性闭角型青光眼的临床分期及临表
6.Fuch综合征的临表
7.后段玻璃体切割术的适应症
8.圆锥角膜的临表和治疗
三.论述（10X3）
1.白瞳症的鉴别
2.飞秒激光在眼科学中的应用
3.抗VEGF治疗进展。

天津医科大学2006年博士入学考试眼科学试题暂缺答案_真题-无答案

天津医科大学2006年博士入学考试眼科学试题（暂缺答案）
(总分98,考试时间180分钟)
一、名词解释：（2分*10=20分）
1. static perometry
2. personalized keratomileusis
3. epiphora
4. transpupillary thermotherapy
5. anismetropia
6. myctalopia
7. 混淆视
8. 剥脱性青光眼
9. 角膜血染
10. 视网膜震荡
二、简答题（4分*10=40分）
1. 简述房角scheie分类法（并说出相应房角和房角镜下所见结构）
2. 简述三面镜及每个镜面检查部位.
3. 简述麦粒肿和霰粒肿
4. 简述泪膜的结构和功能
5. 简述代谢性白内障
6. 列举8种遗传性眼病
7. 列举常见的视网膜血管病变
8. 简述视网膜坏死综合征
9. 简述顺规散光和逆规散光
10. 简述DVD与下斜肌功能亢进的鉴别诊断要点
三、问答题（8分*3=24分）
1. 试述特殊类型青光眼
2. 分别介绍目前矫正视力的方法并分析利弊
3. WHO视觉2020行动的目的和行动重点的五个疾病
四.进展题（14分）
1. 介绍青光眼诊断和治疗技术的进展。

眼科博士入学考试题目

07眼科5×6一名词解释1 干眼综合症2 沙眼3 角膜缘移植术4 眼用内镜5 年龄相关性白内障6 视网膜色素变性二问答4×81 眼球的起源和发育过程2 原发性开角型青光眼的诊断和治疗3 眼科滴眼剂必须具备的基本特性4 紫外线对眼的损伤三简答1 老年性黄斑变性的临床治疗现状及其进展2 oct的眼科应用优势及其存在的问题08眼科一名词解释1stardardt病2latanoprost（xalatan）眼液其主要成分为前列腺素F2受体相关的衍生物，主要通过作用于睫状肌和葡萄膜巩膜通道的基质金属蛋白酶，增加细胞外基质的降解，造成肌间隙增宽，从而增加房水经葡萄膜巩膜通道外流而降低眼压，其房水的排出不受巩膜静脉压的影响。

该类药物降低眼压幅度大，点药次数少，安全性高。

不良反应包括点药后短暂性烧灼感、刺痛、痒感和结膜充血；长期点眼可造成虹膜色素增加、睫毛增长、眼周围皮肤色素增加。

3sjogren综合症是一种累及全身多系统的疾病，又称为干燥综合症、分泌抑制综合症，该综合症包括干眼、口干、结缔组织损害(关节炎)，三个症状中两个存在即可诊断。

绝经期妇女多发。

泪腺有淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润，造成泪腺增生，结构功能破坏。

4前房角5蚕蚀性角膜溃疡是一种自发性、慢性、边缘性、进行性、疼痛性角膜溃疡，病因不明，可能与自身免疫功能异常有关。

组织学上，蚕食性角膜溃疡周围角膜组织内含有大量浆细胞、淋巴细胞等炎症细胞。

血清免疫复合物水平高。

研究提示，蚕食性角膜溃疡可能是体液免疫及细胞免疫均参与的自身免疫性疾病。

6眼用内镜7基因治疗将正常基因植入靶细胞代替遗传缺陷的基因或关闭、抑制异常表达的基因，以达到预防和治疗疾病的目的的一种临床治疗技术。

常用的策略有以下几种：基因修复、基因代替、基因抑制或失活、基因增强。

二问答1 简述红绿色弱的形成2 简述基因治疗中的载体3 简述眼后节OCT的原理及其应用4 简述与眼有关的三叉神经及其功能三简答1 从房角平衡的角度阐述眼压升高和控制眼压升高的基本机制及其研究发展趋势2 病毒性、细菌性、过敏性结膜炎在病理、体征、症状、治疗的区别分泌物：细菌性常出现脓性分泌物、过敏性出现黏性分泌物、病毒性出现水样或浆液状分泌物3 OCT在眼科的应用优势及其存在的问题。

天津眼科学主治医师专业实践能力考试试卷

天津眼科学主治医师专业实践能力考试试卷本卷共分为 2 大题 40 小题，作答时间为180 分钟，总分 100 分， 60 分及格。

一、单项选择题 (在每个小题列出的四个选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题干后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

本大题共 20 小题，每小题 2 分，共 40 分。

)1、关于毛细血管瘤，说法错误的是__A．是婴幼儿最常见的眼睑良性肿瘤B．位于皮肤深层时，常呈紫蓝色C．一经发现，可立即切除D．部分患儿血管瘤可自行退缩E．首选的治疗方法是局部注射糖皮质激素2、眼部有少许黏稠分泌物、黏性或白色泡沫样分泌物，结膜充血，有乳头增生或滤泡形成（）A．流行性角结膜炎B．急性卡他性结膜炎C．春季结膜炎D．淋菌性结膜炎E．慢性卡他性结膜炎3、前列腺素衍生物Latanoprost(适利达 )的降眼压机制是 __A．减少房水分泌B．开放小梁网C．浓缩玻璃体D．增加巩膜葡萄膜通道房水外流E．增加视网膜脉络膜通道房水外流__4、外伤后眼球萎缩可导致A．瘢痕性睑内翻B．痉挛性睑内翻C．瘢痕性睑外翻D．麻痹性睑外翻E．机械性睑内翻__5、视网膜色素上皮层的功能不包括A．构成视网膜外屏障B．构成视网膜内屏障C．吞噬感光细胞脱落的膜盘D．参与维生素 A 代谢与转运E．将营养成分由脉络膜向视网膜神经上皮层转运6、典型的蚕蚀性角膜溃疡与带状角膜变性的相同点是A．均伴剧烈眼痛B．均起自睑裂区角膜缘C．均有体液及细胞免疫反应参与D．病变与角膜缘之间均有透明的角膜间隔E．均可局部应用糖皮质激素进行治疗7、关于视神经乳头炎以下哪项错误____A．早期可查出巨大浓密中心暗点B．视神经乳头水肿多不超过 3 个屈光度 C．主要为视力严重障碍，甚至无光感造影结果可以与视神经乳头水肿进行鉴别D．早期根据荧光眼底血管E．近半数病例目前方法查不出病因8、哪一种白内障最常见 ____A．老年性白内障B．先天性白内障C．外伤胜白内障D．并发性白内障E．代谢性白内障9、先天性青光眼发病机制为__A．眼轴短B．大角膜C．房角结构发育不全D．房角窄E．瞳孔阻滞10、角膜混浊位置较深，灰白色，境界清楚，肉眼就能分辨。