2007-2014年四川大学考博试题专业课一资本论》研究与市场经济

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四川大学考博英语真题及答案精编版

2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。

2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。

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书写要求字迹清楚、工整。

I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error wasplus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。

【四川大学】博士研究生---副本

1.马克思主义通货膨胀理论与西方货币学派比较2.价值的生产与分配理论3.资本的周转与循环理论2012年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.马克思地租理论及其现实意义；2.马克思价格理论及其现实意义；3.马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论的比较.2012年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1.从经济增长方面看通胀的管理；2.欧债危机；3.工业化、城镇化和现代农业化三化关系。

2010年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1、论我国城镇化中的土地流转2、论我国现阶段的收入分配3、论新时期我国的宏观经济政策2011年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.大宗商品价格波动的意义及其传导机制2.社会主义的生产目的；3.我国的工资理论2011年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1.马克思的通货膨胀理论及其与西方通货膨胀理论比较2.实体经济与虚拟经济的关系3.论述转变经济发展方式2007年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.马克思的商品理论及其现实意义2.马克思的扩大再生产理论？3.马克思的收入分配理论与西方经济学的收入分配理论比较1.马克思的货币理论及其现实意义2.马克思的资本循环与周转理论3.马克思的经济危机理论与西方经济周期理论的比较2009年四川大学博士生入学试题1.马克思的经济理论与当前金融危机2.马克思的地租理论及其现实意义3.劳动力价格的形成四川大学博士考试辅导，结合中央经济工作会议，我们提出以下问题请加以思考：1.实现经济自主增长的意义及途径（从原来的政策推动经济增长转到……）2.通货膨胀的成因及对策3.高通胀与低增长之间的关系（统筹速度、结构、物价三者的关系）4.经济风险的形成原因及化解对策5.金融风险的形成原因及化解对策6.发展实体经济的意义及途径7.提供发展包容性的途径8.经济金融潜在风险与宏观调控的方向及途径9.宏观调控的“稳中求进”的意义及其途径学科专业代码、专业名称及研究方向导师姓名招生人数考试科目101 经济学院 45人020101 政治经济学 12人01 中国经济改革杨继瑞杨明洪陈永正① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语② 2001 《资本论》与市场经济理论③ 3001 政治经济学研究020102 经济思想史 3人01 马克思主义经济理论的形成与发展研究蒋永穆蒋和胜陈永正① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语② 2001 《资本论》与市场经济理论③ 3002 经济思想史四川大学经济学院定于2012年3月12～19日开设“《资本论》与社会主义经济理论”专题研讨班。

四川大学政治经济学本科试题

四川大学考研网政治经济学试题(资本主义部分) 第1套一、单项选择题（每小题 2 分，共 20 分）1、在商品交换中，商品价格是以_____ A.具体劳动时间决定的 B.社会必要劳动时间决定的 C.个别劳动时间决定的 D.脑力劳动时间决定的 2、资本集中_____ A.会受到社会财富增长速度的限制 B.是通过把现有的分散的单个资本集中合并实现的 C.会导致社会资本总额的增加 D.是通过资本家把剩余价值资本化实现的 3、商业资本是_____ A.商品资本的独立化 B.生产资本的独立化 C.货币资本的独立化 D.借贷资本的独立化 4、社会总产品是指一个国家在一定时期里_____ A.所拥有的全部生产资料和消费资料 B.生产资料生产部门的劳动者提供的净产品 C.物质生产部门的劳动者所生产的物质资料的总和 D.劳动者为社会劳动所提供的净产品 5、平均利润形成后，价值规律的作用形式变为_____ A.市场价格围绕垄断价格上下波动 B.市场价格围绕平均利润上下波动 C.失常价格围绕生产价格上下波动四川大学考研网四川大学考研网 D市场价格围绕生产成本上下波动 6、国家垄断资本主义的发展_____ A.消灭了私人垄断资本主义的基础 B.改变了经济的资本主义的性质 C.代表了部分金融资本家的利益 D.符合垄断资本家的整体利益 7、剩余价值和利润在量上的关系是_____ A.剩余价值量决定利润量 B.利润量决定剩余价值量 C.剩余价值大于利润量 D.剩余价值小于利润量 8、超额利润反映的是_____ A.不同部门之间的关系 B.同一部门内部不同企业之间的关系 C.产业资本和商业资本的关系 D.产业资本和借贷资本的关系 9、资本主义国家调节经济的目的在于_____ A.促使社会生产力的全面发展 B.保证垄断组织稳定地获得高额垄断利润 C.为全社会居民谋福利 D.为工人阶级增加经济收入 10、资本主义商业利润来源于_____ A.商品买卖中的价格差额 B.商业质量的剩余劳动 C.资本家的组织经营管理收入 D.产业工人创造的剩余价值二、名词解释（每小题 5 分，共计 25 分）1. 货币 2. 生产价格四川大学考研网四川大学考研网 3. 相对剩余价值 4. 垄断竞争 5. 资本有机构成三、判断并说明理由（每小题 5 分，共计 15 分）1. 剩余价值既在生产领域中产生，又在流通领域中产生。

考博资本论与市场经济参考题与真题（川大）

考博资本论与市场经济参考题与真题（川大）考博资本论与市场经济参考题与真题（川大）一、社会主义市场经济1、我国的工资理论2、社会主义初级阶段收入分配3、我国的产权理论4、我国的货币理论5、我国的经济增长理论6、我国的经济周期理论7、科学发展观与（我国）经济增长理论（包容性增长）及（我国）其转变8、现代企业理论9、消费理论及10、国有企业改革与发展11、加快经济发展方式的三个转变12、发展低碳经济主要途径与对策建议13、发展循环经济对策建议、节能减排14、“后危机”时期中国经济-政策选择与复苏管理15、我国当前宏观经形势及宏观调控策略结合中央经济工作会议，我们提出以下问题请加以思考：10、实现经济自主增长的意义及途径（从原来的政策推动经济增长转到。

）11、高通胀与低增长之间的关系（统筹速度、结构、物价三者的关系）12、经济风险的形成原因及化解对策13、金融风险的形成原因及化解对策14、发展实体经济的意义及途径15.、提供发展包容性的途径16、经济金融潜在风险与宏观调控的方向及途径17、宏观调控的“稳中求进”的意义及其途径18、通货膨胀和失业的成因及关系、对策一、二、政府的工作报告，及7篇必须要看的马克思资本理论与社会主义市场经济的文献,加送《资本理论比较研究》四、我国国民经济和社会发展十二五规划纲要全文部分（2011年8月底更新）五、当年经济需要关注的的问题（2011年8月底更新）农民增收经济结构调整2010年试题，代码：20011、马克思的劳动价值论与效用价值论比较。

2、论马克思的平均利润与生产价格理论及其现实意义。

3、论马克思的社会资本扩大再生产理论。

2009年试题，代码：20011、论马克思的经济危机理论与当前金融危机。

2、论马克思的地租理论及其现实意义。

3、论劳动力价格的形成。

2008年试题，代码：20011、马克思的货币理论及其现实意义。

2、试述马克思的资本循环与周转理论。

3、马克思的经济危机理论与西方经济周期理论比较。

14年生物学综合考博真题和答案四川大学

一：必答题1.在你的研究领域或你感兴趣的领域中，请简述你认为的二个重大的科学突破和一个最有希望突破的科学问题，并说明其对生物科学研究的作用和影响。

在此领域中，哪些科学问题你愿意以毕生精力去解决。

2.在你亲自参加的研究课题中，请叙述一组令你特别兴奋或标志性的实验（可简图帮助说明）包括：1.实验目的2.实验设计和手段3.试验中所遇到的具体问题和解决方法4.实验结果对该领域的贡献5.下一步实验设计和想法二：选答三题1.请阐述宏基因组学在微生物领域的研究策略与应用答：宏基因组学（Metagenomics）又叫微生物环境基因组学、元基因组学。

它通过直接从环境样品中提取全部微生物的DNA,构建宏基因组文库，利用基因组学的研究策略研究环境样品所包含的全部微生物的遗传组成及其群落功能。

它是在微生物基因组学的基础上发展起来的一种研究微生物多样性、开发新的生理活性物质（或获得新基因）的新理念和新方法。

其主要含义是：对特定环境中全部微生物的总DNA（也称宏基因组）进行克隆，并通过构建宏基因组文库和筛选等手段获得新的生理活性物质；或者根据rDNA数据库设计引物，通过系统学分析获得该环境中微生物的遗传多样性和分子生态学信息。

策略是从特定环境中直接分离所有微生物DNA , 将大片段的DNA克隆到受体菌中表达 , 然后根据某些生物活性筛选有应用价值的克隆。

包括两个方面: ①宏基因组文库的构建 : 宏基因组文库的构建沿用了分子克隆的基本原理和技术方法 , 并根据具体环境样品的特点和建库目的采用了一些特殊的步骤和对策。

一般包括样品总 D N A 的提取、与载体连接和在宿主细胞建立中克隆②宏基因组文库的筛选: 根据其研究目的,宏基因组文库筛选通常有功能筛选和序列筛选两种方法。

宏基因组学在基础微生物学研究中的应用1.发现新基因由于自然界中大多数微生物物种及其生物量是未知的 , 其中存在大量不可培养的微生物。

通过构建宏基因组文库 , 而且从中鉴定出的大多数基因将都是新的基因。

2001四川大学《资本论》与社会主义经济理论课件

英格哈特：不平等与现代化
• 皮凯蒂的书虽然在很多细节上被他人更正了，但他对于绝大多数发达国家贫富分化迅速加剧的观点是精确的。
• 然而，他的分析缺少的部分是：在现代化的进程中，精英与大众力量对比的变化多大程度上影响了贫富分化。
人类现代化的四阶段
• 1、原始社会：无阶级分化，全民参与政治，相对平等 • 2、农业社会：社会阶层分化，精英垄断权力，不平等迅
二、《资本论》第一卷序言和跋文对政治经济学的对象、阶级性和方法的论述 1、政治经济学的研究对象资本主义生产关系及其运动规律最终目的就是揭示资本主义发生、发展和灭亡的规律。
4、《资本论》的结构第一卷—资本的生产过程，中心是分析剩余价值的生产问题。第二卷—资本的流通过程，中心是分析剩余价值的实现问题。《资本论》第三卷—资本主义生产的总过程，中心是分析剩余价值的分配问题《资本论》第四卷—剩余价值理论，中心是分析
这是一个政治问题
• 发达国家仍然在创造大量的经济财富，但获益的主要是最顶尖的阶层，其他地位较低的阶层收入停滞甚至下降。富人反过来又利用他们的特权塑造政策，推动政府出台让财富更加集中的政策，不利于中低阶层的意愿和利益。
• 但决定贫富分化变化趋势的仍然是政治领导人和政治制度。
• 经济不平等最终仍是一个政治问题。 • 现在的斗争已不是工人阶级和中产阶级之间的矛盾，而
从过去读《资本论》，只强调机器的资本主义使用排斥工人的一面，而没有注意到机器还有吸收工人的另一面，向注重研究机器的资本主义使用具有既排斥工人又吸纳工人的两方面转变。
从过去读《资本论》，只强调工人生活条件恶化的一方面，没有注意到在资本主义经济繁荣时，工人生活改善的一方面，向注重研究资本主义积累造成了工人生活条件的恶化但有时又有所改善的两种趋势转变。

四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]历年考研真题汇编（含部分答案）

目录2011年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题 (4)2012年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题 (6)2013年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题 (8)2014年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题 (10)2014年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题及详解 (12)2015年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题 (17)2015年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题及详解 (20)2016年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题 (27)2016年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题及详解 (31)2017年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题 (40)2018年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题（回忆版） (43)2011年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题2012年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题2013年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题2014年四川大学经济学院431金融学综合[专业硕士]考研真题金融学（共90分）一、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1．期权交易2．远期汇率3．经常项目账户4．扩张性货币政策二、简答题（每题10分，共50分）1．对比股票发行的公募与私募。

2．商业银行信用创造的前提条件是什么？3．金融风险的特征是什么？4．如何通过外汇缓冲政策调节国际收支失衡？5．国际货币基金组织的宗旨是什么？三、论述题（20分）试述凯恩斯学派和货币学派的货币政策传导机制理论。

公司财务（共60分）一、选择题（单选或者多选，5题×2分＝10分）1．财务管理的最优目标是（）。

A．总价值最大化B．利润最大化C．每股盈利最大化D．企业价值最大化2．在其他条件不变的情况下，会引起总资产周转率指标上升的财务行为是（）。

四川大学宗教学专业考博真题（精华版--很全）

四川⼤学宗教学专业考博真题（精华版--很全）四川⼤学宗教学专业历年考博真题（2005—2013年）2005年宗教学原理⼀、简论宗教的本质（25分）⼆、论宗教与社会主义相适应（25分）三、简说宗教与其他意识形态的关系（25分）四、从“神道设教”谈中国宗教的特⾊（25分）2007年宗教学原理⼀、简论宗教产⽣的社会历史条件。

（25分）⼆、试论宗教与⽂艺的关系。

（25分）三、论宗教与邪教的原则区别。

（25分）四、你怎样理解宗教在“和谐社会建设”中的作⽤。

（25分）2008年宗教学原理⼀、试析宗教的本质。

（25分）⼆、简析宗教与封建迷信的主要区别。

（25分）三、试论宗教道德的基本特征及其社会意义。

（25分）四、简述宗教的⽂化功能。

（25分）2009年宗教学原理⼀、简答题（每题15分）1、宗教的基本要素2、宗教与科学的关系3、宗教的主要⼼理功能4、古代原始宗教的主要表现形态⼆、问答题（每题20分）1、宗教研究的基本⽅法有哪些？谈谈你的认识。

2、为什么说：“宗教是⽂化”？谈谈你对这⼀命题的理解与认识。

2010年宗教学原理⼀、简答题（每⼩题10分，共40分）1、简析宗教⼈造说与宗教神启论对⽴的思想根源。

2、简述宗教观念与宗教其它构成要素之间的关系。

3、简述当代世界主要宗教发展的总体趋势及其成因。

4、如何理解“宗教的改⾰是社会关系的变化在宗教上的反映”？⼆、论述题（每⼩题30分，共60分）1、试述科学与宗教在认识⽅法上的区别及其对⼈类社会⽣活的影响。

2、如何发挥宗教在构建社会主义和谐社会中的积极作⽤？2011年宗教学原理⼀、简答题1、简述⾃然宗教与⼈为宗教的异同；2、为什么说宗教意识既是理性的⼜是⾮理性的;3、简述宗教礼仪在信徒⽣活中的作⽤；4、简述现代宗教世俗化趋势主要特征及成因；⼆、论述题1、试述宗教道德的基本特征及其对⽬前我国社会⽣活的影响；2、试述宗教与政治的关系；2012年宗教学原理⼀、试述宗教的⽂化属性。

四川大学2014年博士研究生入学考试参考书目汇总

四川大学2014年博士研究生入学考试参考书目汇总招生单位名称:经济学院学科专业名称考试科目名称参考书目备注政治经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3001 政治经济学研究洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社朱方明:《政治经济学》四川大学出版社经济思想史 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3002 经济思想史洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社胡寄窗:《中国经济思想史》，上海财经大学出版社裴小革:《外国经济思想史》，中国财政经济出版社，2000年版1经济史 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3003 经济史洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社樊亢、宋则行:《外国经济史》(近代、现代1、2、3)，人民出版社，1984年版高德步、王珏:《世界经济史》，人民大学出版社，2005年版朱伯康施正康:《中国经济史》(1-2)，复旦大学出版社，2005年版西方经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3004 现代西方经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社曼昆:《经济学原理》，清华大学出版社萨缪尔森:《经济学》，商务印书馆2世界经济 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3005 世界经济研究洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社李天德:《世界经济学》，四川大学出版社，2008年版人口、资源与环境经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3006 人口、资源与环境经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社邓宏兵、张毅:《人口、资源与环境经济学》，科学出版社，2007年版张帆、李东:《环境与自然资源经济学》，上海人民出版社组织经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3007 组织经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社科斯:《制度、契约与组织》，经济科学出版社，20033年版杜马:《组织经济学》，华夏出版社，2005年版朱方明:《企业经济学》经济科学出版社，2009法经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3008 法经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社卢现祥:《法经济学》，北京大学出版社，2007年版宏观经济学 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社2001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3009 宏观经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社谭崇台:《发展经济学》，上海人民出版社，高鸿业:《西方经济学》第五版，中国人民大学出版社金融经济学马克思、恩格斯:《资本论》1-3卷，人民出版社 1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语42001《资本论》与市场经济理论洪银兴:《<资本论>的现代解析》，经济科学出版社3010金融经济学洪远鹏:《经济理论比较研究》，复旦大学出版社洪远鹏:《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社李天德:《国际金融学》，四川大学出版社，2008年版统计学1001 英语或1002 日语或1003 俄语高鸿业主编:《西方经济学》第五版，中国人民大学出2073 经济学理论版社3011 统计学贾俊平、何晓群:《统计学》，中国人民大学出版社，2000年版5。

2015年四川大学博士研究生招生目录简章

科学学位
01 宏观经济运行与调控

济理论
② 2001 《资本论》与市场经

02 经济发展理论与实践 03 区域规划与区域政策 04 宏观经济研究
③ 3009 宏观经济学同上同上同上

张红伟杨明洪张红伟
0201Z4 金融经济学
4
李天德
科学学位
01 金融理论与实践

① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语

蒋永穆邓翔邓玲韩立达朱方明张衔李天德张红伟蒋和胜同上同上同上同上同上
③ 3001 政治经济学研究
02 宏观经济分析
03 区域经济发展
04 市场经济理论与应用
05 金融理论研究
06 市场价格理论与实践
020102 经济思想史
2

① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语
科学学位
01 汉语应用与规范

俞理明
法语

02 对外汉语俞理明雷汉卿杨文全同上
② 2003 中国文学典籍 ③ 3014 语言学理论

050103 汉语言文字学
01 汉语词汇史项楚俞理明蒋宗福雷汉卿谭伟俞理明
4

① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语或 1004 德语或 1005 法语
01 古文献学

② 2003 中国文学典籍 ③ 3016 文献学

02 中国俗文化文献
项楚张勇同上蒋宗福何剑平项楚周裕锴何剑平同上

03 古典文学文献

2014年四川大学考博英语真题及-答案

·············2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。

2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。

3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。

书写要求字迹清楚、工整。

I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each) Directions: Read the following six passages. Answerthe questions below each passage by choosing [A],[B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the AnswerSheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giantenterprises directed by a bureaucratic managementin which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in themachinery. The oiling is done with higher wages,Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations”experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact,the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. ············．·············The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job;they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life.They live and die without ever having confrontedthe fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than thoseof their subordinates. They are even more insecurein some respects. They are in a highly competitiverace. To be promoted or to fall behind is not amatter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, theyare tested for intelligence as well as for theright mixture of submissiveness and independence.From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a bigbusiness, and by their superiors, who judge theirbehavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good asor better than one's fellow-competitor createsconstant anxiety and stress, the very causes ofunhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to thepreindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise”capitalism? Certainly not.Problems the never solved by returning to a stagewhich one has already outgrown. I suggesttransforming our social system form, abureaucratically managed industrialism in which ············．·············maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in whichman and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims ofsocial arrangements. Production and consumptionshould serve only as means to this end and shouldbe prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery”the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though eachindividual's function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest ofthe society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with therest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especiallywhen working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interestin life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence············．·············3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those ____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____. [A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author's attitude towards industrialism mightbest be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[D] susceptibility[C] suspicionPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis isstaffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, ············．·············crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows thatpainstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowlydesert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions ofthe 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening thesky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is alreadycreating great destruction in the Middle East andis now treating southern Europe. The current crisisbegan in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusuallyrainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan,making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust,which lays its eggs in the earth. The insectonslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite atenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. Agood-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a singlenight.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S.has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000gal. of pesticide. The European Community hasdonated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. Butrelief efforts are hampered by the relativemildness of approved pesticides, which quickly losetheir deadly punch and require frequentreplications. The most effective locust killerDieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by ············．·············many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.············．·············[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful dueto the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer,has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.············．·············Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion”for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow's sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disasterthat resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have beensettled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to actingas moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission's rolein evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty ············．·············International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is thata really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog's examination of Dow Chemical's current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.”said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done tothe victims. Who is responsible for that injusticeis a matter for the courts and a matter for others.We have a specific remit and terms of referencethat we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press”has been made to wands many of Locog's sustainability target,but that “major challenges”remain.In particular, the commission found that therewas no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they're not going to do it through renewable energy,”said ············．·············McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven't done it.”11. Why was Dow's sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can't reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission's role[B] Commission's achievements[C] Commission's complaints[D] Commission's defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row”(Para. 1)?[A] line [B] argument[D] course[C] boating14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available. ············．·············15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow's way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow's sponsorship.[D] IOC's review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initialpublic offering, activists are seizing the momentto pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women's rights group called Ultraviolet, whichhas been running an online petition that claims tohave attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and areresponsible for the majority of sharing and fanactivity on the site,”the group says in a blurbaccompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it's bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, ············．·············criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on theseven-member board. “seven white men: That's ridiculous,”the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, whichlists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors thatsays:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a socialmission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board,activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg's thinking is flawed. “If you're trying to expand acompany globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,”she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook's board all have the same skills-they're mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketed to women. When you're putting together a board, you don't want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear tobe a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantiallybetter than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, ············．·············companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to returnon invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for afemale board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek somediversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not commenton clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook”through theInternet.[C] It has the support of many female celebritiessuch as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition ofFacebook's board of directors.············．·············[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg's establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with”in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____. [A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with[D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as yourboard members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialties and can contributedifferent skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members. [B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have female board members. ············．·············[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world's richest country,who do not have college degrees and aren't gettingthem anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories aboutrecent college graduates spinning their wheels asbaristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group,finding work that pays a living wage and offerssome sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversationabout whether college is worth it given the debtburden it entails, most high school graduateswithout college degrees said they believe theywould be unable to get good jobs without moreeducation.Getting it is challenging, though, and not onlybecause of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour andher husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 andanother due next month. She said she triedenrolling in college classes, but the workloadbecame too stressful with such young children. Mr. ············．·············McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.”These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They weresimilarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor's degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.············．·············21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels”mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help[D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour”try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for thisgeneration compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not assuccessful as their parents.············．·············[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completelytrustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of thesurvey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote anallegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a oneparty police-sate presided over by an all-powerfulfigure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures ofthe nasty world described by Orwell was itssystematic misuse of language, which went by thename of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truththrough the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by differentpeople today, with similar effects. In all areas ofpublic administration, the words “spouse”, “husband”············．·············and “wife”have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantiallydifferent in meaning, and convey differentrealities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated thatthe personal pronoun “he”must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person whosupported vigilante action against homosexuals, isnow being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seenmost obviously around social issues, it is alsobeing used systematically to shape political debate.So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme,which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The factis that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution”at all, but rather with emissionsof the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government's own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels,either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically ············．·············manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the newdebased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult insituations where constant usage has alreadynormalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such termsare used, they should be identified for what theyare: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions isINCORRECT about George Orwell's allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in thefuture.[B] One of the features in the novel is themisuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in theworld.[D] It was written in the 20th century.············．·············27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he”be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner”has taken the place of “husband”and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic”is now being employed to refer to defend conventional understanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy”is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used toillustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen insocial issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated inthe age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to acertain extent.29. The underlined word “credible”in Para. 3 means______.[A] reliable [B] correct。

川大901历年经济学原理名解简答.doc

名词解释15资本有机构成15抽象劳动15产业资本循环15社会主义市场经济体制15按劳分配15垄断15替代效应和收入效应15科斯定理15自然失业率15理性预期15流量和存量14国民收入14按劳分配14经济发展14价值14资本积累14通货膨胀14收入效应14均衡产出13所有制结构13价格机制13货币13资本主义地租13规模报酬递增13平衡预算乘数12市场调节12宏观调控12社会必要劳动时间12社会总资本12垄断竞争市场12投资11经济结构11国民收入的初次分配11资本有机构成11生产价格11机会成本11流动偏好陷阱10按劳分配10现代企业制度10劳动生产率10价格10供给法则10斟酌决定的财政收入09按劳分配09可持续发展09商品09经济周期09规模不经济09GDP缩减指数08经济体制08生产资料公有制08价格08垄断08生产可能性边界08GNP缺口07市场体系07按劳分配07货币07资本07寡头垄断市场07潜在的GDP06价值06货币06垄断06所有制结构06市场体系06国民收入06供给06外部效应06自动稳定器05价值05劳动生产率05货币05垄断05市场体系05股份有限公司05国民收入05经济增长05消费可能性曲线05需求弹性05斟酌决定的财政政策05乘数简答15比较分析相对剩余价值生产和绝对剩余价值生产15资本总公式的矛盾是什么？马克思是如何化解这一矛盾的？15价值转化为市场价格后，价值规律的作用形式有何变化？15画图说明直线型需求曲线上需求价格点弹性的变化，以及这种变化与总收益的关系15完全竞争行业的长期供给曲线是否一定是向右上方倾斜的？请说明理由15怎样理解IS-LM模型是凯恩斯宏观经济学的核心？15简述新古典增长模型的基本公式及其涵义14简述凯恩斯宏观经济理论的基本内容14说明短期菲利普曲线与长期菲利普曲线的关系，以及他们的政策含义14价值规律有哪些作用14货币的职能有哪些？14产业资本循环过程要经历那些阶段，采取哪些职能形式？14简述现代企业制度的基本特征14简述我国宏观经济调控的方式14简述影响经济增长的因素13影响资本周转速度的因素有哪些？13资本主义经济危机的实质及根源？13简述产业结构的演变规律13简述企业的特点13作图说明长期总成本曲线的经济含义13作图说明完全竞争厂商的生产要素使用原则（假定厂商只是用一种生产要素）12简述简单商品经济的基本矛盾12简述资本积累的一般规律12如何正确处理积累和消费的关系？12简述经济发展速度、效益和比例的关系12简述通货膨胀产生的原因12什么是财政政策的挤出效应（画图并说明），它受哪些因素影响？11简述生产商品的劳动二重性学说11简述社会总资本扩大再生产的前提条件和实现条件11简述社会主义市场经济体制的框架11怎样理解社会主义公有制的实现形式？11简述边际收益递减规律的内容及作用前提11简述完全竞争厂商的短期平衡10简述商品的二因素及其决定10简述竞争与垄断的关系10简述国民收入及其决定因素10市场机制及其作用10简述三部门经济的国民收入流量循环模型10简述通货膨胀的类型09简述货币流通规律09简述地租形成的原因和条件09简述市场体系的概念和作用09简述影响国民收入的因素09简述影响需求价格弹性的因素09简述政府在经济中的作用08价值规律及其作用08资本循环的三个阶段和三种职能形态08简述按劳分配08简述现代企业制度08简述两部门经济的收入流量循环模型08简述国家宏观调控的政策目标07劳动生产率、商品价值量、商品使用价值量的关系怎样？07决定资本积累量的因素有哪些？07简述我国宏观调控的方式07影响经济增长的因素有哪些？07简述凯恩斯主义的货币需求理论07简述引起通货膨胀的原因06简述货币流通规律06简述地租形成的原因和条件06简述按劳分配存在的客观经济条件06简述经济可持续发展及其意义06简述边际效用递减规律06简述规模经济和规模不经济产生的原因05通货膨胀及其成因05级差地租及其成因05增加农民收入的主要途径05宏观经济调控的基本目标和主要手段05说明总供给曲线的形状及其原因05简述宏观货币政策的工具04简述商品二因素与劳动二重性04简述级差地租形成的条件04简述需求曲线向右下方倾斜和供给曲线向右上方倾斜的原因04画图说明长期平均成本曲线和短期平均成本曲线之间的关系04简述储蓄曲线的特点04简述失业的类型03简述商品二因素与劳动二重性03用几何图形说明“通货紧缩缺口”和“通货膨胀缺口”03简述自由贸易的障碍。

2005-2012年四川大学历史学考博试题

2005-2012年四川大学历史学考博试题2005-2012年四川大学历史学考博试题2005年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论缺中国近现代社会与文化专题一，必做题试论20世纪前期的地方自治二，选做题1，以个案分析新式交通的兴起对城市发展的影响（城市史方向考生必做）2，晚清废除科举制的意义与影响（中国近代经济与社会方向必做）1，论南京国民政府的文化取向（中国近现代文化史必做）2，评民国时期关于西化问题的论战（中国近现代思想与学术必做）3，戊戌之后三十年中中国传统士绅与知识分子社会角色的转化（中国近现代区域经济与社会必做）4，民国时期各约法（或宪法）之制宪背景与内容异同（中国近现代政制研究必做）2006年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，论历史比较研究及其意义二，对以下评论加以评说程颐：唐太宗，后人只知是英主，元不曾有人识其恶，至如杀兄取位，若以功业言，不过只做得个功臣，岂可夺元良之位。

朱熹：唐太宗一切假仁借义以行其私。

中国近现代社会与文化一，必做题民国初期国家政治制度演变述论（1912-1927）二，研究方向题1，论严复（中国文化史方向必做）2，评“中国前途”与现代化问题的讨论（中国近现代思想与学术方向必做）3，清代省会城市的地位与作用（中国城市发展研究方向必做）4，清末民初中国城市社会生活的变化（中国近现代经济与社会方向必做）三，中国近现代区域经济与社会研究方向必做题1，名词解释库平银常关昭信股票大比点石斋画报2，问答题庚子之后的中英商约谈判述论四，中国近现代政制研究方向必做题1，名词解释捐纳教谕赵烈文张国淦战国策派2，问答题南京国民政府制宪活动述论2007年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，论历史主义二，评柯文著《在中国发现历史》中国近现代社会与文化专题一，必做题南京临时政府的社会经济改革述评二，选做题1，论19世纪末20世纪初中国文化人对进化论认识的演变及其原因（专门史中国近现代文化史方向必做）2，评20世纪三四十年代蒋介石的社会改良思想与实践（中国近现代史专业中国近现代思想与学术研究方向必做）3，试析近代中国城乡关系的特点（专门史中国城市发展与研究方向必做）4，试析近代中国票号业的发展变化（中国近现代史专业中国近现代经济与社会研究方向必做）5，近代中国人口流动的主要流向、规模、成因及其对中国社会经济文化的作用于影响（专门史中国近现代区域经济与社会方向必做）6，王寄生教授是怎样阐述第一次国共合作时期国共关系的？你是否赞同他的见解？为什么？（中国近现代史中国近现代政制研究方向必做）2008年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，结合本专业实际论历史记忆与历史书写之关系二，如何认识历史领域后现代主义的当代挑战中国近现代社会与文化专题一，论甲午战争对中国政治、经济、社会、社会、思想文化的影响（政治、经济、社会、思想文化四个方面，限选择一个方面展开论述（专门史、中国近现代史各方向必做）二，试评19世纪70至90年代中国社会思想文化的演变（专门史中国近现代文化史方向必做）三，近代中国教案之文化与社会学分析(专门史中国近现代区域经济与社会方向必做)四，试析城市出现衰落的原因（专门史中国城市发展研究方向必做）五，评五四运动以后各派的救国方案（中国近现代史中国近现代思想与学术研究方向必做）六，试析近代中国城市大众文化的兴起（中国近现代史中国近现代经济与社会研究方向必做）七，论段祺瑞临时执政府对北洋军政体系的整合（中国近现代史中国近现代政制研究方向必做）2009年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，结合实例说明历史学的社会功能二，史学领域的后现代主义思潮评述中国近现代社会与文化专题一，报考罗志田教授的考生从以下三题中任选二题作答1，在1820-1950年间选择一个你认为特别重要的史事，简述相关的人与事及其过程，从文化发展的层面讨论其在历史上的作用与影响（述事可以尽量简明，请侧重后面的讨论部分）2，你是怎样认识近代中国的革命（包括言论和行动）的？尽量用事例支持你的看法，请勿空论）3，今年是五四运动90周年，如果让你进一步研究五四新文化运动，你会怎样进行？请具体说明，并解释为什么要这样进行？二，报考其他导师考生选做题1，必做题评民国初年的政党政治2，选做题论南京国民政府立国的文化理论（专门史中国近现代文化史方向必做）评黄宗智的《华北的小农经济与社会变迁》（专门史中国区域经济与社会研究方向必做）比较分析宋末元初与明末清初城市的破坏与重建（专门史中国城市发展研究方向必做）中国现代自由主义评述（中国近现代史中国近现代思想与学术方向必做）比较分析太平天国的妇女解放与清末的妇女解放（中国近现代史中国近现代经济与社会方向必做）庚款办学述论（中国近现代史中国近现代政制研究方向必做）结合史例，谈谈近年来中国近代区域社会经济史领域研究的新特点，并作评述（中国近现代史中国近现代区域研究方向必做）2010年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，论历史思维的方法二，结合史学理论与实践谈谈你对史学即史料学这一观点的认识中国近现代社会与文化专题一。

四川大学《资本论》导读第1卷(第2-6篇)

《资本论》第1卷导读剩余价值生产理论及其现实意义第一节剩余价值理论引言第二至第六篇是马克思的剩余价值理论。

剩余价值理论是马克思经济学的核心内。

剩余价值表现为利润、利息和地租，因此，首先应当对剩余价值本身进行考察。

剩余价值理论也是马克思的生产理论以及企业理论的主要部分。

剩余价值无非是剩余劳动或经济剩余的特殊形式，在这个意义上，剩余价值理论对市场经济有普遍的指导意义。

1.方法与结构2.基本内容剩余产生条件理论，剩余生产理论（绝对剩余价值生产，相对剩余价值生产，绝对剩余价值和相对剩余价值的生产），工资理论。

第二篇货币转化为资本第四章货币转化为资本研究对象：货币在什么条件下转化为资本。

说明资本主义生产的一般基础，即要素的特定的社会结合方式。

这一篇与第七篇第24章第1——6节从逻辑与历史上解决了资本主义生产方式的形成问题。

方法：比较分析、矛盾分析。

结构：首先分析货币与资本在运动形式上的区别；其次，分析资本运动形式中产生的矛盾；最后，解决矛盾。

一、资本的总公式1.货币是资本的最初表现形式（P167——168.1）。

2.货币与资本在运动形式和内容上的区别（P168.2——177.2）。

货币的运动形式与资本的运动形式（两种不同的流通）。

两种流通在形式上的共同点与区别两种流通在内容上的区别3.资本总公式（P177.3——4）。

二、资本总公式的矛盾1.作为资本的货币在流通形式上的矛盾（P177.5——179.1）。

2.剩余价值不能在流通中产生（P179.2——186.2）。

[对四种典型情况的分析。

“零和博弈”。

]3.商人资本和高利贷资本不能说明资本的现代基本形式（P186.3——188.1）。

4.剩余价值又不能离开流通而产生（P187.5——188.1）。

5.资本总公式的矛盾和货币转化为资本问题的解决条件（188.2——189.1）。

三、劳动力的买和卖1.劳动力成为商品是货币转化为资本的关键（P189.2——190.2）。

四川大学《资本论》导读第1卷(第7篇)

《资本论》第1卷导读资本积累理论及其现实主义第一节资本积累理论引言研究对象与方法研究资本积累过程即剩余价值转化为资本的过程，或资本主义扩大再生产过程。

资本不仅要生产剩余价值，而且要生产越来越多的剩余价值。

这就需要将一部分剩余价值积累起来，形成资本。

本篇就是研究资本和剩余价值是怎样以不断增大的规模被再生产出来的。

资本积累的研究要解决资本本身的来源问题，包括现实资本的来源和最初的资本来源。

最初的资本来源属于资本的原始积累问题。

关于资本原始积累的分析在一定意义上是与第二篇的分析相对应的。

第二篇的分析解决了劳动力成为商品的条件，本篇则说明在历史上劳动力是通过什么方式成为商品的，从而解决了资本的最初来源问题。

同时，资本原始积累的分析又以历史的辨证观点，指明了资本主义积累发展的最终趋势。

资本主义生产是生产过程和流通过程的统一。

在第二至第六篇，马克思把这个过程当作直接生产过程来考察，并且是当作孤立的一次的过程来考察的。

当这种考察完成以后，逻辑进程必然要求把积累作为考察、研究的对象。

问题是，在进一步的研究中，逻辑的进程应当如何展开，即如何处理生产过程和流通过程的关系：是把积累首先作为生产领域中的问题来研究，还是首先作为流通领域中的问题来研究。

这实际上是在理论上再现资本主义所要解决的一个逻辑结构问题。

毫无疑问，要积累就必须先经过流通使剩余价值实现，再通过流通使剩余价值转化为资本。

但是，剩余价值一经实现并转化为资本，过程就又进入直接生产过程。

这是以积累为前提的直接生产过程，它必然具有直接生产过程作为一个孤立过程时所不具有的一些重要特征。

据此，马克思把扩大再生产和积累的属于直接生产过程的方面和属于流通过程的方面在理论上十分清晰地区别开，首尾一贯地坚持首先考察直接生产过程，然后再考察流通过程的逻辑顺序。

马克思首先在《资本论》第1卷，集中分析属于直接生产过程的各种现象，然后在《资本论》第2卷再分析资本的流通过程。

在对流通过程的分析中，马克思又是把资本主义扩大再生产和积累首先从个别资本流通的角度加以分析，然后再从社会总资本流通的角度加以分析。

川大经济学院考博真题(2007-2019)

四川大学经济学院资本论考博历年真题（2007-2019）一、《资本论》第一卷1、马克思的商品理论及其现实意义20072、马克思劳动价值理论基本原理20163、马克思的货币理论及其现实意义20084、马克思的价格理论及其现实意义20195、试述马克思工资理论20176、马克思工资理论及其现实意义20117、论劳动力价格是如何形成的20098、论马克思的资本积累理论20159、马克思的失业理论201810、马克思的相对人口过剩理论2019二、《资本论》第二卷1、马克思资本周转理论20162、马克思的资本循环和周转理论及其现实意义20083、论马克思资本循环与周转理论及其现实意义20134、资本循环周转理论及其现实意义20185、论马克思的社会资本再生产理论20106、马克思的扩大再生产理论20077、论社会总产品实现与中国经济结构调整2014三、《资本论》第三卷1、论马克思的价格理论以及应用20122、试述马克思的平均利润和生产价格理论20173、马克思的平均利润及其生产价格理论及其现实意义20104、论马克思虚拟资本理论及其现实意义20115、论马克思货币银行学理论及其现实意义20156、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义20097、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义20128、论马克思价值生产与分配理论及其现实意义2013四、《资本论》其他理论1、比较马克思通货膨胀理论和西方通货膨胀理论20112、论马克思通货膨胀理论与西方货币主义学派通货膨胀理论的异同20133、马克思经济危机理论和西方经济危机理论的比较20084、论马克思经济危机理论及其2008 年的全球金融危机20095、马克思收入分配理论与西方经济学收入分配理论的比较20076、论马克思劳动力再生产理论及其现实意义20147、比较马克思劳动价值论和效用价值论20108、试比较马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论20129、试比较马克思土地所有权理论和西方经济学产权理论的不同2014五、社会主义经济理论1、论述中国经济新常态20152、论述中国供给侧结构性改革20163、论实体经济与虚拟经济的关系20174、试述我国经济从高速增长转向高质量发展20185、试述国有企业与民营企业的关系2019更多资本论资料https:///thread-7057969-1-1.html 2001《资本论》与社会主义经济理论指定参考书目马克思：《资本论》1-3 卷，人民出版社，1975 年或2004 年洪远鹏：《<资本论>教程简编》，复旦大学出版社，2002 年张宇等：《中国特色社会主义政治经济学》，高等教育出版社，2017 年四川大学经济学院考博西经历年真题（2007-2019）一、纯微观经济理论1、理性人假定及其局限性20072、西方经济学的均衡分析方法及其应用20183、论述消费者选择理论20084、试比较基数效用论和序数效用论及其评价20145、效用论的基本内容及评价20126、论述边际收益递减规律20077、试述企业成本理论及其现实意义20178、试述西方经济学市场结构理论及其现实意义20159、试对不同市场进行比较分析200910、简述不完全竞争市场的类型和特征11、一般均衡论201612、试论帕累托最优201113、试述纳什均衡思想201914、公平与效率的基本思想述评201315、试述市场失灵的主要原因及政府的微观经济政策201016、试述市场失灵及其微观经济政策2015二、纯宏观经济理论1、论述国民收入决定理论20082、试述总需求总供给模型及其对现实经济的解释20103、试述总需求与总供给的关系20174、通货膨胀及其经济效应20125、试论菲利普斯曲线及其评价20146、就业与通货膨胀之间的关系20167、论述宏观经济政策目标及其相关关系20078、试述经济增长、就业和通货膨胀的关系20179、试论货币政策原理及其现实意义201110、论述财政政策原理及其现实意义200911、试论财政政策与经济发展201412、论论述财政政策原理及现阶段财政政策评述201913、试论述当前我国宏观经济政策201514、简述经济周期理论201815、真实周期理论201316、论述西方经济学中对技术进步的理论观点2019三、经济发展学理论1、试述经济发展的结构主义思路20112、论述经济发展的新古典主义思路20123、试述经济发展的激进主义思路20134、反贫困理论及政策述评20165、论述新古典增长理论20086、论述经济增长阶段理论20097、试论平衡增长理论2010更多西经资料https:///thread-7058782-1-1.html 3001 西方经济学指定参考书目高鸿业：研究生用西方经济学，经济科学出版社，2004 年谭崇台：《发展经济学概论》，武汉大学出版社，2008 年。

2014年川大细胞生物学考博真题

2014年川大细胞生物学考博真题一、名词解释（每题2分，共40分）1、血影2、内质网应激3、N-连接糖基化4、兼性异染色质5、不对称分裂6、脂筏7、类病毒8、核纤层9、成熟促进因子10、溶酶体过载11、器官发生12、失巢凋亡13、细胞决定14、重编程15、短暂细胞16、交叉端化17、巴氏小体18、间体19、干细胞巢20、热休克蛋白二、简答题（每题10分，共60分）1、蛋白起始合成后的去向2、G蛋白偶联受体如何形成，设计那些细胞结构，如何转运到细胞膜3、亚细胞水平上，真核细胞三大结构体系是什么，并简述其各自的主要功能4、核仁周倜现象及其发生机制5、动物有丝分裂和胞质分裂中，细胞骨架作用，以及如何起作用6、一瓶细胞死亡，可用什么实验证明它发生凋亡，简述其依据。

2014年川大细胞生物学考博真题三、名词解释（每题2分，共40分）1血影:红细胞经过低渗处理，细胞破裂释放出血红蛋白和其他胞内可溶性蛋白，留下一个保持原型的空壳，称为血影。

2内质网应激：3N-连接糖基化：在内质网的腔面，寡糖链连接在插入膜内的磷酸多醇上，当与糖基化有关的氨基酸残基出现后，通过再摸上的糖基转移酶的作用，讲寡糖基由磷酸多连醇转移到相应的天冬酰胺残基上，这一过程称为N-链接的糖基化。

4兼性异染色质：在某些细胞类型或一定的发育阶段，原来的常染色质聚缩，并丧失基因转录活性，变为异染色质，如X染色体随机失活。

异染色质化可能是关闭基因活性的一种途径。

5不对称分裂：6脂筏:是一种相对稳定的、分子排列较紧密的、流动性较低的膜脂微区，富含鞘磷脂、胆固醇和膜蛋白，脂筏比质膜其他部位较厚一些。

7类病毒：与病毒不同的是，类病毒没有蛋白质外壳，为共价闭合的单链RNA8核纤层核纤层普遍存在于高等真核细胞中，是内层核被膜下纤维蛋白片层，其纤维直径为10毫微米左右，纤维纵横排列整齐呈纤维网络状。

核纤层在核内与核基质连接，在核外与中等纤维相连，构成贯穿于细胞核和细胞质的统一网架结构体系。