语言学导论-第7章Language change
Chapter 7 Language change
Chapter 7 Language Change Introduction►Change as a universal factTime changes all things: there is no reason whylanguage should escape this universal law.–Ferdinand de Saussure, linguist (1857-1913) ►Gradual, almost imperceptible语言的发展►语言是人类社会的产物，随着社会的发展变化，语言也在不断地发展变化。
语言的发展指语言的历史变化。
语言在不断地发展变化着，只是它的速度极其缓慢，以致我们有时很难察觉。
如：唐代白居易的名篇《长恨歌》前四句：―汉皇重色思倾国，御宇多年求不得，杨家有女初长成，养在深闺人未识。
‖如古汉语里的：时不我待；走；钟►所谓语言的发展演变应该是指不同时期语言系统的发展变化。
临时性的语言调整不能视为语言在发展变化。
换句话说，我们今天能够认识到的所谓语言的变化，最初只是以个别人的个别临时用法的面貌出现的，它很可能不被接受，至少不被多数人接受。
它最终被大家认可需要一定的时间，更重要的是自身要有一定的价值，例如具有独到的表达效果，方便快捷等。
如：同志；网吧；QQ；Google语言发展的特点►语言处于不断的变化发展中。
跟其他任何事物一样，语言的发展有着自身的特点。
概括起来说，语言发展具有渐变性和不平衡性。
1 渐变性渐变性是指语言的发展是渐变的，而不是突变的，是通过语言内部旧质要素的逐渐消亡和新要素的逐渐积累来实现的。
如在古英语中，复数名词的所有格由词尾–a 表示，在现代英语中这种语法手段全都消亡了。
hāma --- homes’hūsa --- houses’hāmes --- home’s2 不平衡性语言发展的不平衡性有两方面的含义：一是指各种语言或方言发展速度是不平衡的，二是指同一种语言内部各要素的发展速度是不平衡的。
新编简明英语语言学Chapter7Languagechange语言变化分析解析
新编简明英语语⾔学Chapter7Languagechange语⾔变化分析解析Chapter 7 Language change语⾔变化知识点：1.*Definition: clipping; blend; acronym; back-formation2.Morphological and syntactic change3.*Vocabulary change4.Some recent trends in language change5.Causes of language change考核⽬标：识记：Definition: clipping; blend; acronym; back-formation领会：Morphological and syntactic change; Vocabulary change简单应⽤：Some recent trends in language change; Causes of language change⼀、定义1. Clipping略写词：A kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.指⽐较长的词或短语的缩写2. Blending 混合法：A process of forming a new word by combining parts oftwo other words.3. Acronym⾸字母缩略词：words derived from the initials of several words通过组合每个词的⾸位字母构成新词4. Back-formation 逆向构词法：new words are formed by taking away thesuffix of an existing word. 新词可以通过“去掉”现存的词的后缀⽽被创造出来⼆、知识点7.2 Phonological changes元⾳变化One of the most obvious change in English is the systematic and regular change in theAround the death of Chaucer in 1400，元⾳开始了进⼀步的转变。
language change大学英语语言学课件 语言的变迁
e.g. roof carpet floor
roofing carpeting flooring
17
Syntactic change
The English speakers today no longer use the fifteenth century’s double comparative, such as “more gladder”, “more lower”, “ moost royallest”
➢ Old English cniht (Modern English: knight) Most Old English letters were taken from
the Roman alphabet.
12
Sound change
13
Old English sound sample:
LO, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard,
e.g. mus /mu:s/
mouse /maus/
hus /hu:s/
house /haus/
ut /u:t/
out
/aut/
11
Sound change
Most Old English consonants are pronounced as in Modern English.
No silent consonants because every letter was pronounced.
e.g. didst
did
hath
has
speakest
新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋7 Language Change
Meaning shift
inn: a small, old hotel or pub well-known, nice hotel nice: ignorant (1000 years ago) good, fine lust: pleasure with negative and sexual overtones silly: happy naï ve, foolish
Some recent trends
Moving towards greater பைடு நூலகம்nformality The influence of American English
The influence of science and technology
The influence of science and technology
Changes in the meaning of words
Widening of meaning Narrowing of meaning Meaning shift
Widening of meaning
holiday: [+specific] holy day [+general] any rest day [+specific] tail of a horse [+general] tail of any animal
Simplification & elaboration/ complication coexist, e.g. The disappearing of case ending results in rigid sentence structure.
Syntactic change
7 Language Change
•
Middle ELeabharlann glish• • • • •
From 1066 - 1485 Meaning depended on word order Influence of French in particular Some Latin influence Rich vocabulary with many synonyms e.g. kingly – royal – regal • Printing starts to standardise written language
The Anglo Saxon Invasions
AngloAnglo-Saxon
• Anglo Saxon became the language of
England • There was some small influence of Christianity seen in some Latin words • Many of the common words and swear words come from Anglo-Saxon Anglo• This period is known as Old English and lasted from about 450-1066 450-
Scandinavian Elements
N: anger, bull, cake, egg, fellow, guest, sky, skin, sister, husband, kind, knife, etc Adj: Adj: flat, ill, low, loose, odd, ugly, wrong, rotten, wrong, etc V: call, die, guess, get, raise, seem, scream, take, want, thrive,etc Pron: Pron: they, their, them.
chapter 7 Language Change
emty
glimse
empty
glimpse
2.2.1.4 Sound movement Metathesis refers to sound change because of a reversal in the positions of two neighbouring sounds. For example, Modern English word “bird” is the result of the the reversal of the two neibouring sounds /r/ and/i/ in the Old English word "bridd" ("bird")
2.2.2.2 Affix addition The affix "-able" and “-ment” were added to the English morphological system because of the words such as “favourable” and “accomplishment” borrowed from the French language.
Revision
1. the difference between semantics and pragmatics. 2. sentence and utterance 3. sentence meaning and utterance meaning 4. speech act 5. Performatives(施为句） & Constatives (表 述句) 6. Locutionary act & Illocutionary act & Perlocutionary act 7. The Cooperative Principle
语言学第七章讲义
Chapter 7 Language change⏹Sound change⏹Morphological and syntactic change⏹V ocabulary changeMorphological and syntactic change⏹Change in “agreement” rule⏹Change in negation rule⏹Process of simplification⏹Loss of inflectionsV ocabulary change⏹Addition of new words⏹Loss of words⏹Changes in the meaning of wordsAddition of new words⏹coinage(创新词)⏹clipped words(缩略词)⏹blending(紧缩法)⏹acronyms(词首字母缩略词)⏹back-formation(逆构词法)⏹functional shift⏹borrowingCoinage----A new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose, e.g.⏹walkman⏹Kodak⏹Xerox⏹Ford⏹Benz⏹ToyotaClipped words----The abbreviation of longer words or phrases, e.g.⏹gym—gymnasium⏹memo—memorandum⏹disco—discotheque⏹fridge—refrigeratorBlending----A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words, e.g.⏹smog—smoke + fog⏹motel—motor + hotel⏹camcorder—camera + recorderAcronyms----Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words, e.g.⏹CBS---- Columbia Broad casting system⏹ISBN----International Standard Book Number⏹WTO WHO PLA AIDS UNESCO APEC OPEC CAD SARSBack-formation----New words may be coined from already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought to be part of the old word.⏹edit ← editor⏹hawk ← hawker⏹beg ← beggar⏹baby-sit ← baby-sitterFunctional shift----Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes, e.g.⏹Noun→verb: to knee, to bug, to tape, to brake…⏹Verb→noun: a hold, a flyby, a reject, a retreat…⏹Adj.→verb: to cool, to narrow, to dim, to slow…⏹Adj.→noun: a daily, a Christian, the rich, the impossible…Borrowing⏹----When different cultures come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language to another. The following are some of the loan words in English (see more in P100-101).⏹Latin bonus education exit⏹German beer waltz quartz⏹Chinese tea kowtow sampan⏹Russian sputnik commissar vodka⏹Arabic zero algebra alcoholLoss of words⏹Words can be lost from a language as time goes by. The following words, taken from Romeo and Juliet, have faded out of the English language.⏹Beseem →to be suitable⏹Wot →to know⏹Gyve → a fetter⏹Wherefore →whyChanges in the meaning of words⏹Widening of meaning⏹Narrowing of meaning⏹Meaning shiftWidening of meaning⏹Holiday: [+specific] holy day[+general] any rest day⏹Tail: [+specific] tail of a horse[+general] tail of any animalOther examples: virtue, quarantine, companionNarrowing of meaning⏹hound: any doga special kind of dog⏹girl: young person of either sexyoung people of female sex⏹deer: any animala particular kind of animal⏹meat: foodedible part of an animal⏹corn: graina particular grainOther examples: knight, wifeMeaning shift⏹inn: a small, old hotel or pubwell-known, nice hotel⏹nice: ignorant (1000 years ago)good, fine⏹lust: pleasurewith negative and sexual overtones⏹silly: happynaïve, foolishOther example: gay, CadillacSome recent trends⏹Moving towards greater informality⏹The influence of American English⏹The influence of science and technologyThe influence of science and technology⏹Space travel⏹Computer and internet language⏹EcologyCauses of the language change⏹The rapid development of science and technology;⏹More and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men, more neutral job titles have been created;⏹“ Economy of memory” results in grammar simplification;⏹Regularization of exceptional plural forms provides another example for analogical change.Causes of Lexical Change1. PoliticsGround Zero, Osamaniac, Blairism, CIS, Hamas, Tamil Tiger2. Science and TechnologyDVD, PDA, squark, hacker, cursor3. Economic DevelopmentBushnomics, Blairnomics, Blairnomicsdownsize, human resource, electronic commerce4. Social lifeYuppies, DINK, SOHO, physically challenged,5. Environmentbio-diversity, ecosystem, ecocide, green consumer, green speech, tree houses, twigloo, intensive farming, pesticide6. Health and Fitnessmad cow disease, bird flu, foot and mouth disease, SAD, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)7. Other Aspects: extreme skiing, bungee jumping, hydrospeeding。
语言学导论-第7章Language change
Middle English (1100-1500)
in 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy linguistic class division
lower classes English upper classes French
Semantic broadening
holiday: [+specific] holy day [+general] any rest day tail: [+specific] tail of a horse [+general] tail of any animal
Semantic narrowing
Addition of new words Loss of words Semantic changes
Addition of new words
coinage clipped words blending acronyms back-formation functional shift borrowing
Coinage
----A new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose E.g.,
Kodak Benz
Clipped words
----The abbreviation of longer words or phrases E.g.,
Addition of affixes
-ment: from French -dom: from the word dōm (Fusion)
Loss of affixes
英语语言学概论第七章笔记.
Chapter 7 Historical Linguistics 历史语言学1.The purpose and significance of the historical study of language研究语言变化的目的和意义The historical study of language is of great importance to our understanding of human languages and human linguistic competence.Researches in historical linguistics shed light on prehistoric development in the evolution of language and the connections of earlier and later variants of the same language, and provide valuable insights into the kinship patterns of different languages.The historical study of language also enables us to determine how non-linguistic factors, such as social, cultural and psychological factors, interact over time to trigger linguistic change.研究语言变化对于理解人类语言和人类的语言能力极其重要。
历史语言学的研究成果揭示语言变化的史前发展和同一语言早期和后期变体自己的联系，为不同语言的亲缘关系提供线索。
历史语言学的研究还可以使我们对非语言的因素，如社会文化和心理因素等在语言变化过程中所起的作用有更深的认识。
language change
The root:
culture
.
beliefs, values,moral, gender roles, interlocutor(对话者）
cultural implication
so
How can you create a free, culturally diverse society? We must be prepared to accept and tolerate the potential conflicts embedded in cultural differences. Diversity is supposed to be flourished without prejudice and discrimination.
fifth:semantic change
1)semantic broadening 2)semantic narrowing 3)semantic shift
silly: happy foolish
Holiday:(specfic)holy day (general)any rest day
deer: any animal a partical kind animal
language change is essentially a matter of change in the grammer。we refer to the change in
language change
the grammer of a language as linguistic change。linguistic change occurs in all components of the grammer，including changes in the sound ，morphological， syntactic，lexical，and semantic systems。
Chapter Language Changeppt课件
Chapter 7 Language Change
语言演变/演化
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7.1 Introduction
What is historical linguistics? (历史语言学)
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7.2 Phonological changes
1. True or False: Not all aspects of language’s phonology are subject to change over time.
7.5.1 Moving towards greater informality 7.5.2 The influence of American English 7.5.3 The influence of science and technology
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7.6 The causes of language change
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7.4.2 Lossห้องสมุดไป่ตู้of words
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7.4.3 Semantic changes
1. semantic broadening: examples 2. semantic narrowing: examples 3. semantic shift: examples
13
7.5 Some recent trends
1. With examples, give plausible explanations for linguistic changes.
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8
7.3.4 Change in negation rule
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简明语言学教程 Chapter_7_Change ppt
Middle English Modern English
Five
fi:v
faiv
mouse mu:s
maUs
feet
fe:t
fi:t
mood m : d
mu:d
break br Z : ken
breik
broke br C: ken
br EU k
Name na:me
neim
Sound Change
bridd bird
hros horse
Morphological & Syntactic Change
Addition of affixes Loss of affixes Change of word order Change in negation rule Change in “agreement” rule Process of simplification
In addition to the borrowed affixes, some lexical forms became grammaticalized over time. This process is called grammaticalization. Such forms often undergo dramatic phonological reduction as well as semantic change, in which they may lose much of their original content.
Sound Change Morphological & Syntactic Change Lexical Change & Semantic Change Causes of the Language Change Exercises
新编简明英语语言学教程第7章LanguageChange
All languages change with time
• Language is like a living organism, it may change and grow, but rather slowly 1、Sound (Phonological) change 语音变化 2、Morphological and synatctic change 形态变化和句法变化 3、Lexical and semantic change 词法和语义变化
1500-year history of English
• Old English [450---1100 A.D] just as difficult as another language, unintelligible • Middle English [1300—1400] more like modern English (Chaucer’s time), need special instruction • Early Modern English [1500—1600] (Shakespeare’s time) need help, word order, meanings • Modern English [1700---1900] • Contemporary English [the past 50 years] (The Encyclopedia Britannica Yearbook: a list of words that have entered the language during the year)
To riden out, he loved chivalrie, Trouthe and honour, fredom and curteisie A knight there was and that a worthy man That from the time that he first began To ride our, he loved chivalry(骑士气概), Truth and honour, freedom and courtesy. (2) Whan that Aprille with his shoures sooth When that April with his showers sweet…
Chapter 7 Language Change
7.1 Introduction
• Like everything else, language changes over time:Old Chinese, Old English is hardly intelligible, or readable • Historical linguistics: studies the change of language at the level of phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics: protolanguage; Indo-European language • grammaticalization；训诂，音韵， 文字
7.3 Morphological & syntactic
• 1 addition of affix: from french{ment} • accomplishment, commencement, acknowledgement, merriment, movement • 2, lexical items_ affixes: • {hood} childhood; brotherhood, boyhood • {dom} kingdom, freedom, • {ly} motherly, fatherly, womanly
• • • • • •
Vacuum clean-vacuum cleaner Diagnose-diagnosis Gloom-gloomy Greed-greedy 6 functional shift Cool, dim, slow, increase, program, the rich, the poor, to knee, to bug, to tape
语言学之Language Change
Some recent change in sound
In some words, the unstressed [i] is often omitted: Medicine [medsin] instead of [medisin] Criminal [krimnəl] Discipline [displi:n] Promising [prɔmsiŋ] Triphthongs tend to be closer to pure vowel: tyre [a:]
e) Assimilation (同化) The change of a sound as a result of the
influence of an adjacent sound---theory of least effort Eg. immobile, irrevocable, impolite, illegal
居家旅游；宅度假
webisode
网络剧集，网络视频短片
flash mob
快闪族，是一群互不相识的，透过因特网互相约定在指定 时间和地点蚁合，然后完全做出一些无意义的四肢行为， 例如拍手掌、叫标语等。
green-collar
绿领，指从事环境卫生、环境保护、农业科研、护林绿化 等行业以及那些喜欢把户外、山野作为梦想的人们。绿领 们虽然寄情于山水之间，但要享受顶级绿领生活，就要具 备一些蓝领的体魄、白领的知识，这样，绿领们才能通过 蓝天、白云和金色阳光创造出绿色的生活。
horizontally challenged
（平行受挑战的）体胖的
大多说学者都同意，一种语言发生可见的 变化时，就是它有活力的表现。如果这是 真得话，那英语可谓精力充沛。这种变化， 在任何语言中都可体现于语法和读音，但 最明显的则见于词汇中。
语言学概论指导书练习题部分答案
导言：一：填空1：语言学的三大发源地是＿中国＿印度和希腊---罗马2：语言学是19世纪成为独立的学科的，其标志是历史比较语言学的形成3：现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》4：语言交际过程可以分为编码——发送——传递——接收——解码五个阶段5：印度最早的经典所用的语言是古代的梵语6：文字，音韵，训诂之学是中国”小学”的主要研究内第一章：语言的功能一：填空1：语言的功能包括语言的社会功能和语言的思维功能2：语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能3：在各种信息传递形式中，语言是第一性的，最基本的手段4：人的大脑分左右两个半球，语言功能及计数，推理能力等由左半球掌管，音乐感知，立体图形识别等能力由右半球制约。
5：儿童语言习得一般经过独词句的出现和从独词句到双词句阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。
第二章：语言是符号系统一：填空1：说出的话语的句子是无限的，但无限多的句子是由有限的造句规则和词汇材料组合而成的。
2：符号包含形式和意义两个方面，二者不可分离。
3：语言符号的意义是对它所指代的一类心里现实的概括。
4：我们通过语言文字认识到“孔子是中国古代的思想家”这个知识信息的。
5：语言的表达是对心理现实的编码。
6：心理现实是存在于客观现实和语言符号之间的人脑中的信息存在状态。
7：语言符号的任意性和线条性是语言符号的基本性质。
8：语言系统的二层性的一大特点是形式层的最小单位一定大大少于符号层的最小单位。
9：组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两大基本关系。
10：动物无法掌握人类的语言，从生理基础来看主要是不具有语言能力和思维能力。
第四章语法二、填空1、和动词有关的句法范畴有时、体、态和人称。
2、由两个或两个以上的语素构成的词称为合成词。
3、在workers中，worker这一部分可以称为词干。
4、按照词法结构类型，语言可以分为孤立语、屈折语、黏着语和复综语。
5、句子的最大特点是一般前后都有停顿并有一个完整的语调。
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Early Modern English (1500-1800)
the end of Middle English
the Great Vowel Shift
the 16th century -
1.contact with many peoples from around the world. 2.the Renaissance of Classical learning
happy naï foolish ve,
Some recent trends
Moving towards greater informality
E.g., inf. Please do not speak to the driver while he is driving. formal. Passengers are required not to communicate with the driver while the vehicle is in notion.
Coinage
----A new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose E.g.,
Kodak Benz
Clipped words
----The abbreviation of longer words or phrases E.g.,
deer:
any animal a particular kind of animal
meat:
food edible part of an animal
Semantic shift
nice:
ignorant (1000 years ago) good, fine
silly:
Language change
Aspects of Changes:
Phonological Morphological & syntactic Lexical & semantic
Phonological changes
Old English [ā]
stān hām wrāt rād
Borrowing
loan words
Latin: bonus German: beer Chinese: tea Russian: sputnik Arabic: zero education waltz kowtow commissar algebra exit quartz sampan vodka alcohol
Semantic broadening
holiday: [+specific] holy day [+general] any rest day tail: [+specific] tail of a horse [+general] tail of any animal
Semantic narrowing
The influence of American English The influence of science and technology
Middle English (1100-1500)
in 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy linguistic class division
lower classes English upper classes French
smog—smoke + fog motel—motor + hotel camcorder—camera + recorder
Acronyms
----Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words E.g.;
Morphological and syntactic change
Morphological: Addition of affixes Loss of affixes
Syntactic: Change of word order Change in negation rule
Morphological change
Noun verb: to knee, to bug, to tape, to brake …
Verb noun: a hold, a flyby, a reject, a retreat …
Adj. verb: to cool, to narrow, to dim, to slow … Adj. noun: a daily, a Christian, the rich …
in 14th century English dominant (French words) Middle English the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400)
An example of Middle English by Chaucer.
Addition of affixes
-ment: from French -dom: from the word dōm (Fusion)
Loss of affixes
affixes marking gender – masculine, neuter, feminie
Syntactic change
gym—gymnasium memo—memorandum disco—discotheque fridge—refrigerator
Blending
----A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words E.g.,
edit editor hawk hawker beg beggar baby-sit baby-sitter
Functional shift
one part of speech another (without the addition of affixes)
CBS---- Columbia Broadcasting system ISBN----International Standard Book Number WTO WHO PLA AIDS UNESCO APEC OPEC CAD SARS
Back-formation
----New words may be coined from already existing words by ―subtracting‖ an affix thought to be part of the old word.
Loss of words
Romeo and Juliet
Beseem Wot Gyve Wherefore to be suitable to know a fetter why
Semantic changes
Semantic broadening Semantic narrowing Semantic shift
The invention of printing the standardization of English (the dialect of London )
In 1604 the first English dictionary was published
"To be, or not to be" by Shakespeare.
Early Modern English (1500-1800) Late Modern English (1800-Present)
Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century.
Modern English [əu]
stone home wrote rode
Phonological changes
Middle English [i:] [u:] [ɔ:]
Modern English [ai] [au] [əu]
E.g., mice, mouse, broke wife, house, home
Addition of new words Loss of words Semantic changes
Addition of new words
coinage clipped words blending acronyms back-formation functional shift borrowing
Change of word order
subject – object – verb SVO Hēo hine læ rde She him advised
Change in negation rule
I love thee not. He saw you not.
Lexical and semantic changeபைடு நூலகம்
Old English (450-1100 AD)
Languages of those Germanic tribes Old English
Part of Beowulf
about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots be, strong and water