Challenge Efficient Routing at Low Cost Achieving One-Hop DHT Lookup and Strong Stabilizati

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主动队列管理下大时滞网络路径拥塞控制算法

文章编号：1006 - 9348 (2021)03 - 0268 - 04主动队列管理下大时滞网络路径拥塞控制算法刘国芳，张炜(四川大学锦江学院，四川眉山620860)摘要:与传统的无线网络相比，大时滞网络对路径拥塞环境下的无线通道交换具有较高的要求。

为此提出主动队列管理下大时滞网络路径拥塞控制算法。

首先利用主动队列管理算法对相邻路由节点网络路径的拥塞情况展开预测，进而分析网络路由节点的队列状态;然后以优化后续节点队列、传输距离以及传输方向为目的，从路径概率选择、分组丢弃函数、WSN蚁群路由选取三个角度优化网络路径，从而实现路径拥塞控制。

实验结果表明，上述算法能够有效缩短网络的传输时滞，且能耗和丢包率较低，具有较高的应用价值。

关键词：主动队列管理;无线通道;交换网络;路由；拥塞控制中图分类号:TP399 文献标识码：BPath Congestion Control Algorithm for Large TimeDelay Networks under Active Queue Management 第38卷第3期__________________________计算机仿真____________________________2021年3月LIU Guo -fan g,Z H A N G W ei(Jinjiang College,Sichuan University,Meishan Sichuan620860，China)ABSTRACT：In the large time - delay network,there is a high demand for wireless channel switching in path congestion environment.In this regard,this paper puts forward a path congestion control algorithm with active queue management for large delay networks.Firstly,based on the active queue management algorithm,the congestion of the network path of the adjacent routing nodes was predicted,and the queue status of the network routing nodes was analyzed.Secondly,the optimization of subsequent node queue,transmission distance and transmission direction were taken as indicators to optimize the network path from path probability selection,packet drop function and WSN ant colony routing selection.Eventually,path congestion control was completed.The simulation results show that the algorithm has short transmission delay,low energy consumption and packet loss rate,and high practicability.KEYW ORDS：Active queue management；Wireless channel；Switching network；Routing；Congestion controli引言无线通道交换网络是设定在监测区域中的一些小型路由节点，通过无线通信的方式衍生出的具有多跳性、自组织性的网络系统[|]。

包裹延误的英语作文

包裹延误的英语作文Here is an essay on the topic of "Delayed Package Delivery" with more than 1000 words, written entirely in English without any additional title or punctuation marks in the main body.The rise of e-commerce has revolutionized the way we shop and receive our purchases. With a few clicks, we can order a wide rangeof products from the comfort of our homes and have them delivered to our doorsteps. However, the convenience of online shopping is not without its challenges, and one of the most common issues faced by consumers is delayed package delivery. This essay will explore the causes, consequences, and potential solutions to this growing problem.One of the primary reasons for delayed package delivery is the increased demand for online shopping, particularly during peak seasons such as the holiday period. As more and more consumers turn to e-commerce, logistics companies struggle to keep up with the sheer volume of parcels that need to be processed and delivered. This surge in demand can lead to backlogs at sorting facilities, overwhelmed delivery services, and delays in the overall supply chain.Another factor contributing to delayed package delivery is the complexity of the logistics network. Packages may need to be transported across multiple modes of transportation, including trucks, planes, and ships, before reaching their final destination. Each handoff between different carriers or modes of transport introduces the potential for delays, as packages can be misplaced, lost, or caught in unexpected delays.Weather conditions can also play a significant role in package delivery delays. Severe storms, heavy snowfall, or other natural disasters can disrupt transportation networks, leading to delayed deliveries as delivery services are forced to reroute or suspend operations. In some cases, these weather-related delays can have a ripple effect, causing backlogs and delays that linger for days or even weeks.The consequences of delayed package delivery can be far-reaching and can have a significant impact on both consumers and businesses. For consumers, delayed deliveries can be frustrating, as they may need to wait longer than expected to receive their purchases, potentially disrupting their plans or causing inconvenience. This can lead to dissatisfaction with the e-commerce experience and a loss of trust in the retailer or delivery service.For businesses, delayed package delivery can have serious financialand reputational consequences. Customers who do not receive their orders on time may demand refunds or cancel their orders altogether, leading to lost revenue and potential damage to the company's brand. Additionally, businesses may need to invest additional resources in customer service to handle inquiries and complaints related to delayed deliveries, further eroding their profit margins.To address the issue of delayed package delivery, a multi-pronged approach is necessary. Logistics companies and e-commerce retailers must work together to optimize their supply chain processes and invest in technologies that can help improve tracking, transparency, and responsiveness. This may include the use of predictive analytics to anticipate and mitigate potential delays, as well as the implementation of more efficient routing and sorting algorithms.Furthermore, businesses should strive to provide customers with accurate and up-to-date information about the status of their orders, allowing them to make informed decisions and adjust their expectations accordingly. This can be achieved through the use of real-time tracking and communication tools, as well as proactive outreach to customers when delays are anticipated.Consumers can also play a role in mitigating the impact of delayed package delivery by being more flexible and understanding. Byallowing for longer delivery windows or opting for alternative delivery options, such as in-store pickup or locker delivery, consumers can reduce the burden on logistics providers and help ensure that their orders are fulfilled in a timely manner.In conclusion, delayed package delivery is a persistent challenge in the e-commerce landscape, with a range of contributing factors and far-reaching consequences. To address this issue, a collaborative effort between logistics companies, e-commerce retailers, and consumers is necessary. By investing in technology, optimizing supply chain processes, and fostering greater transparency and communication, the industry can work towards providing a more reliable and satisfactory delivery experience for all.。

demonstra

QoS-Aware Cross-Layer Multicasting for Optical Packet-Switched Networks: Simulation Exploration and Test-BedDemonstrationCaroline P. Lai(1), Balagangadhar G. Bathula(2), Vinod M. Vokkarane(2), and Keren Bergman(1)(1)Dept.ofElectricalEngineering,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY;********************.edu(2) Dept. of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MAAbstract Cross-layer quality-of-service-aware packet multicasting is investigated for optical packet-switching network fabrics. We present both a numerical simulation exploration of the cross-layer routing algorithms and an experimental demonstration on an optical switching test-bed with 10×10-Gb/s wavelength-striped packets.IntroductionA novel Internet architecture will be essential toaccommodate the exploding bandwidthdemands faced by the current infrastructure.The next-generation design should leverageinnovative optical technologies to offer a moreintelligent, programmable optical layer withflexible bandwidth allocation and dynamicinteraction with higher network layers1. Weenvision an integrated platform for optical cross-layer (OCL) network communication and control(Fig. 1). OCL enhanced designs will facilitate theextraction of optical performance monitoring(OPM) measurements directly from the optical layer to optimize performance2. These OCL routing protocols must also invoke quality-of-service (QoS) classes on the optical layer. Ultimately, the OCL-optimized algorithms must provision for the data’s QoS as well as for the physical-layer performance and impairments2-5.The future Internet should also engage emerging physical-layer technologies, such as optical packet switching (OPS)6. OPS networks comprise a favourable technology approach to enable the flexible high-bandwidth, low-latency interconnections required by future Internet applications. OPS fabrics may be deployed within optical network routers to support high-bandwidth multi-wavelength packet streams between line cards. Additionally, OPS fabrics may achieve a high level of programmability to transparently route wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) packets entirely in the optical domain. A significant application that may leverage the greater functionality and programmable flexibility is broadband packet multicasting. We define packet multicasting as the ability to simultaneously transmit broadband multi-wavelength optical messages from a single source to multiple output destinations7. Multicasting may be advantageous in high-bandwidth applications, such as networked gaming and real-time diagnostic telemedicine.Broadband QoS-based packet multicasting constitutes an important functionality for future OPS networks. Notably, for bandwidth and latency sensitive applications, such as real-time collaboration, high-QoS packet transmission may be leveraged to provide a high-quality communication link. Here, we explore an OCL-enabled platform whereby a packet multicasting operation is realized accounting for both the message’s QoS and physical-layer degradation. The concept of cross-layer QoS-aware multicasting is investigated both in simulation and with a test-bed demonstration. We first provide a simulation-based comparative analysis between shortest distance and minimum hop routing algorithms using the NSF network. We then experimentally demonstrate the OPS fabric within one NSF node, validating the error-free operation of cross-layer QoS-based multicasting with bit-error rates (BERs) less than 10-12 and a power penalty of 2 dB. Simulation ValidationThe proposed OCL algorithms for QoS-aware packet multicasting are first investigated in simulation. One-way signaling is used to reduce the end-to-end packet transmission latency. The 14-node NSF network topology (Fig. 2) is Fig. 1: Cross-layer-optimized stack, indicating thebidirectional information flow between the application(top), network and routing (middle), and optical layers (bottom) enhanced to provide QoS guarantees.ECOC 2010, 19-23 September, 2010, Torino, Italy Th.9.A.5 978-1-4244-8534-5/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEEnumerically simulated using a global control plane to track each node’s QoS performance. A centralized routing and wavelength assignment(RWA) scheme is realized. Packets areassumed wavelength-striped, using tenwavelength channels each at 10 Gb/s.Packets are simulated as discrete events 3. The packets follow a Poisson arrival rate and depart with exponential service times. Upon an arrival event, each packet is assigned to a request and then routed based on a minimum distance routing (MDR) or a minimum hop routing (MHR) algorithm. The necessary QoS parameters are retrieved from the application layer. Optical packets reaching the destination ensure that the threshold requirements imposed by the application layer are met 8. The QoS is embedded in the control signal and is updated as the packet propagates through the network. The QoS parameters consist of its BER, latency, priority, and the reliability of the link. At each node, the QoS of the routed packet is computed online and compared with the threshold requirement of the application. If the QoS parameters are violated, the packet is dropped or rerouted on an alternate path if available. Multicasting is initiated as required.An intelligent, efficient control plane acts as a middleware between the application and optical layers 8. Based on the control plane decision, the optical packet is routed on the link.Using the parameters in Tab. 1, the BER is estimated based on the optical-signal-to-noise-ratio (OSNR). Since the BER is a nonlinear function, we compute the link’s noise factor. The overall noise factor of the lightpath is computed as a product of the individual noise factors of the links 8. The overall latency of the packet is the sum of the individual latencies of the links. The reliability of the switch is based on the downtime and path restoration time. The priority parameter enables possible packet routing on alternate network paths.The performance of the proposed QoS-aware cross-layer multicasting is simulated using the NSF network with the distances scaled down by a factor of ten, due to the lack ofregenerators at the node’s switching fabrics. InFig. 3, we compare the performance of the NSFtopology in terms of packet loss, averagelatency of the packet, hop count, and execution time for the routing algorithm. The x-axis for all the plots in Fig. 3 is the offered network load in Erlang, defined as the ratio of the arrival rate to the departure rate. In Fig. 3(a), we observe that MHR offers lower loss compared to MDR at low network loads. This indicates that packets routed based on hopcount show a higher probability of successfully guaranteeing the QoS imposed by the application layer. The average latency (Fig. 3(b)) of MHR is higher than MDR; this may not be problematic if the latency threshold is still satisfied. Thus, the routing layer can adopt ahop-routing at lower network loads. As the load increases, the packet loss for both algorithms converges (Fig. 3(a)). In order to optimize performance, the application layer can instruct the routing layer to switch to distance routing at higher network loads. Thus, cross-layer communication helps to achieve design trade-offs and provide the necessary QoS. We also compare the average hop count for the two routing methods. It is evident that the hop countfor the MHR is lower than MDR (Fig. 3(c)). A decrease at higher loads indicates that providing QoS for optical packets that traverse longer hops is more problematic. Fig. 3(d) shows the execution time (in hours) required for the simulations using a 2.33-GHz Quad Core Xeon processor with Hyper-Threading and 8-GB RAM.Fig. 2: NSF topology with bidirectional links between thenodes, each carrying 10×10-Gb/s packets.Tab. 1: Simulation Parameters. Parameter Value Number of Packets 106BER 10-9Latency 1 msInput Optical Power -10 dBmInline Amplifier Gain 14 dBSwitch Crosstalk Ratio 25 dBStarting Wavelength 1537.4 nmWavelength Spacing 2.8 nmFig. 3:Performance of the scaled NSF network.Experimental DemonstrationThe QoS-based broadband packet multicasting operation is experimentally demonstrated on a multicast-capable OPS fabric test-bed 7 (Fig.4). The fabric test-bed represents the optical switching fabric deployed within one node of the NSF network. The multistage test-bed is implemented with 2×2 photonic switches, which use semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). Wavelength-striped packets are supported, with control information (e.g. frame, address, QoS) encoded on a subset of wavelengths and the payload segmented and modulated at a high data rate (e.g. 10 Gb/s) on the rest of the band. The 2×2 switches detect the control information at the packet’s rising edge using filters and receivers. The packet’s header bits are processed electronically at each stage. The routing control logic gates the correct SOAs to provide the desired routing. No optical buffers are used. The multicast-capable fabric 7 is realized with a multistage design, using differing packet routing (PR) and packet multicasting (PM) stages. The stages have distinct control logic that depends on the recovered header bits. An SOA-based receiver is realized 4 whereby the real-time performance of optical packets can be monitored. Switching is triggered on the per-packet QoS and signal degradation (here, BER). Low-QoS/high-BER packets are detected by the cross-layer receiver and rerouted on an alternate path. The pseudo-BER signal is generated offline in place of an OPM, though a real-time packet OSNR monitor may be used 2. The QoS-aware packet multicasting is validated on the 4×4 optical fabric test-bed with two PR and three PM stages. The 10×10-Gb/s wavelength-striped packets are 120-ns long, analogous to the Ethernet MTU. The 1500-B packets are modulated by a LiNbO 3 modulator with 27-1 PRBS; the payload wavelengths range from 1537.4 to 1564.0 nm. Fig. 5 depicts the pattern of optical packets injected in the multicast-capable fabric with two QoS levels (high/low priority). The QoS and packet signal quality are assessed and a real-time decision is made to forward or reroute the message on aprotection path. At the output, we verify that error-free QoS-based packet multicasting is achieved. BERs<10-12 are obtained on all ten payload wavelengths. BER curves for the system show a 2-dB power penalty (Fig. 6). ConclusionsFuture networks will require a QoS-aware cross-layer protocol stack. This work confirms that broadband packet multicasting can be realized accounting for physical-layer access in a cross-layer-optimized approach. Numerical results and a demonstration on a fabric test-bed show that packet multicasting can be performed based on QoS and signal degradation. This exploration leverages an OCL-optimized platform and novel optical technologies to achieve performance gains for next-generation networks.We acknowledge support from the CIAN NSF ERC (subaward Y503160); BBN, GENI Project Office (agreement 1631); and the NSF SOON project (grant CNS-0626798).References1 CIAN, 2 i et al., Proc. OFC’10, OTuM2 (2010).3 F.Fidler et al., Proc. ECOC’09, 2.5.2 (2009).4 i et al., Proc. ECOC’09, 2.5.3 (2009).5 S.Azodolmolky et al., Proc. ONDM’09 (2009).6 E.W.M.Wong et al., JLT 27 (14) (2009). 7 i et al., Proc. OFC’10, OWI4 (2010).8 B.G.Bathula et al., TON 18 (1) (2010).Fig. 4: Experimentally implemented multicast-capablefabric architecture and test-bed photograph.Fig. 6: Sensitivity curves with insets of the 10-Gb/s eyediagrams (input: left, output: right).Fig. 5: Optical waveforms corresponding to the QoS-aware packet multicasting operation.。

基于边缘计算的高效低时延通信传输技术研究

I G I T C W技术研究Technology Study14DIGITCW2023.10随着物联网、5G 、AI 等技术的飞速发展，数据产生的速度和数量都在爆炸式增长[1]，这大大增加了对高效、低时延的通信传输技术的需求。

边缘计算作为一种新型的计算范式，因其能够在靠近数据源的地方完成数据处理，从而大大减少了延迟，提高了数据处理的效率，得到了广泛的关注和研究[2]。

边缘计算不仅能够处理离散的、由边缘设备产生的大量数据，还能够快速响应服务请求，满足实时性的需求[3]。

尤其在一些对时延敏感的应用中，如自动驾驶、远程医疗、智能制造等，边缘计算展现出了无可比拟的优势。

然而，尽管边缘计算具有显著的优势，如何将其与通信技术相结合，实现高效、低时延的数据传输，仍然是一个重要而且具有挑战性的问题。

因此，本文将重点研究基于边缘计算的高效低时延通信传输技术，详细介绍边缘计算和通信技术的总框架，探讨结合方式，以及如何通过优化技术策略实现高效、低时延的数据传输。

希望本文的研究能为边缘计算和通信技术的进一步发展提供一些有价值的思考和参考。

1 基于边缘计算的传输架构基于边缘计算的传输架构由网络服务、核心网EPC 、移动中继节点、汇聚节点以及MEC 服务器（多接入边缘计算）组成。

如图1所示。

网络服务负责管理和控制边缘网络，包括边缘服务器、边缘操作系统、边缘应用程序、边缘云平台和传输协议栈[4]。

EPC 是边缘网络中的一个关键组成部分，它负责管理和配置边缘网络，并提供网络配置、性能监测、安全管理等功能。

移动中继节点负责在移动设备和汇聚节点之间传递数据，并支持多跳、协作传基于边缘计算的高效低时延通信传输技术研究郑毅（北京华麒通信科技有限公司，北京 100080）摘要：近年来，边缘计算凭借其在灵活性、高效性和可靠性方面的优势，已经成为5G通信研究的热点之一。

边缘计算与5G通信相结合可以进一步提高通信传输的效率和质量。

文章提出了基于边缘计算的高效低时延通信传输技术，对基于边缘计算的高效低时延通信传输技术进行了深入研究，探讨边缘计算与5G通信相结合时的特点和优势，构架了总体传输框架，发现了该技术在实际应用中的问题和挑战，希望能够实现高效低时延的网络通信传输技术。

突破极限--ASUS WL-566gM

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无线速率协商算法

无线速率协商算法英文回答：Wireless rate negotiation algorithms are used to determine the optimal data transmission rate between a wireless device and an access point. These algorithms are crucial for achieving efficient and reliable wireless communication.One commonly used algorithm is the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) algorithm. This algorithm is used in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks, such as Wi-Fi. CSMA/CA is a contention-based protocol, where devices listen for ongoing transmissions before attempting to transmit their own data. If a device detects ongoing transmissions, it waits for a random period of time before attempting to transmit again. This random backoff mechanism helps to avoid collisions between simultaneous transmissions.Another algorithm used for rate negotiation is the Automatic Rate Selection (ARS) algorithm. ARS is used in wireless systems that support multiple data rates. The algorithm dynamically adjusts the data rate based on the channel conditions and the quality of the wireless link. It continuously monitors the signal-to-noise ratio and the bit error rate to determine the optimal data rate for transmission. If the channel conditions deteriorate, the algorithm may lower the data rate to ensure reliable transmission. On the other hand, if the channel conditions improve, the algorithm may increase the data rate to achieve higher throughput.In addition to CSMA/CA and ARS, there are other rate negotiation algorithms that take into account factors such as network congestion, interference, and the number of active users. These algorithms aim to optimize the overall network performance by dynamically adjusting the data rate for each individual device.中文回答：无线速率协商算法用于确定无线设备与接入点之间的最佳数据传输速率。

5G无线网优运维技术人才选拔考试题库（含答案）

5G无线网优运维技术人才选拔考试题库（含答案）5G无线网优运维技术人才选拔考试题库(含答案)目录单选题 (1)多选题 (20)判断题 (31)单选题1.NSA组网Option3X架构中的下行数据分流是在哪里实现？DA.物理层B.MAC层C.RLC层D.PDCP层2.3GPP R16协议中定义的毫米波中最大带宽会到多少？BA.100MHzB.400MHzC.60MHzD.20MHz3.关于NR时域资源的描述正确的是哪些项？CA.1个subframe固定为2msB.1个slot固定为0.5msC.1个slot固定包含14个符号D.1个slot固定为2个slot4.关于NR物理层处理，以下描述错误的是哪项？CA.最大的层数是8，对应2个码字B.上行也可以支持多层数据，对大层为4C.天线端口数必须等于层数D.天线端口数可以大于层数5.以下属于NR业务信道的是哪些项？DA.PCHB.PACHC.BCCHD.DTCH6.5G控制信道和广播信道采用预定义的权值生成离散的什么波束？CA.宽波束B.半静态波束C.静态波束D.动态波束7.上下行解耦网络部署时：网络侧为UE选择NR上行或SUL作为上行链路时通过什么消息指示UE要接入的上行链路？AA.RRC重配置B.RAR响应C.RRC连接建立D.SIP消息8.大气环境对无线信号衰减影响较大的频段主要集中在哪个区域？DA.70Ghz附近B.28Ghz附近C.3.5Ghz附近D.60Ghz附近9.以下哪个业务对5G网络带宽要求最高？AA.VRB.车联网C.直播业务D.4k视频10.3GPP组织建议5G网络在高铁场景下的下行体验速率应达到多少？CA.10MbpsB.100MbpsC.50MbpsD.20Mbps11.4k视频业务对网络下行的带宽要求应不低于多少？BA.10MbpsB.50MbpsC.100MbpsD.20Mbps12.在NR测试中，UE处于空闲态时主要是参考哪个指标来判断小区的信号强度？DA.RSRQB.Serving RSRPC.CSI RSRPD.SS RSRP13.5G网络测试中，对终端侧的CPE与gNB之间的测试距离的要求是哪项？BA.大于5米B.大于10米C.小于10米D.小于5米14.NSA组网中为了达到100Mhz的上行速率，需要小区和LTE小区分别规供多少上行的资源？DA.60Mhz,40MhzB.50Mhz,50MhzC.80Mhz,20MhzD.70Mhz,30Mhz15.以下哪个不能用作是弱覆盖的解决方案？DA.调整天线方位角和下倾角，增加天线挂高，更换高增益天线等B.使用塔放，提升上行覆盖C.调整gNodeB发射功率D.调整邻区关系16.为了解决NR网络深度覆盖的问题，以下哪些措施是不可取的？CA.采用低频段组网B.使用Lampsite提供室分覆盖C.增加NR系统带宽D.增加AAU发射功率17.Massive MIMO默认配置的水平扫描范围和垂直扫描范围分别为以下哪项？AA.105°;6°B.65°;6°C.105°;12°D.90°;12°18.当出现上行干扰时，以下描述错误的是哪项？CA.上行干扰会对几乎所有的KPI产生影响B.可以通过频语检测跟踪工具。

休斯推新品,抢占卫星宽带先机

６月２７日，美国休斯网用。
络系统有限公司在北京举行
ＨＸＳｙｓｔｅｍ先进的带宽管理功能
了新品推介会。在会议上，使运营商能够有效地分配卫星带宽。
休斯的用户与休斯的专家一Ｈ×Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ一改将带宽专用于具体用
才队伍的管理与建设；二是要适计，它的特点和功能可与我们成功的界，也为休斯在国内提供类似的服务
彗强自主创新能力的需要，着力抓ＨＮＳｙｓｔｅｍ相媲美。我们正在不断提打下了基础。
：０新型科技人才队伍建设；三是要升我们的产品组合，以期提供更快的
出席会议。会议由陈求发主持。美的美国通信工业协会（ＴＩＡ）、欧洲的景充满了信心。另外，休斯还将其在
会议对 “十五”国防科技工业人欧洲电信标准协会（ＥＴＳ１）和国际电信国外先进的卫星与宽带服务经验与国
［作进行了全面的回顾和总结，并联盟（ＩＴＵ）批准的首个全球卫星行业标内的用户进行了分享，例如为ＢＰ北
统。
性功能，能够带来无与伦比的网络可
ｆ参
该项产品是６月２１日在美用性。与上行通道的编码一样，下行国马里兰州日尔曼敦发布的，通道的编码和调制可根据链路情况灵
该平台是一种针对小型网络的活变动。此外，远程终端能够灵活调
美国休斯网络系统有限公司是全
发展军工先进制造业和产业结构速度和更佳的带宽管理，从而使我们球卫星通信领域内的领头羊，２Ｏ多年

IJSH-2007-01-02-Foreword_EB

Foreword of Part 1With the proliferation of wireless technologies and electronic devices, there is a fast growing interest in Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing (MUC). MUC enables to create a human-oriented computing environment where computer chips are embedded in everyday objects and interact with physical world. Through MUC, people can get online even while moving around, thus having almost permanent access to their preferred services. With a great potential to revolutionize our lives, MUC also poses new research challenges. This special issue is composed of six papers, which are closely related to the various theories and practical applications in MUC. Especially, four of them are extended versions of the best papers presented at the International Workshop on Interactive Multimedia & Intelligent Services in Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS 2007). We hope that this issue will be a trigger for further related research and technology improvements in this important subject.In the paper "An Energy-Efficient Sensor Routing with low latency, scalability for Smart Home Networks," H. Oh and K. Chae present a novel energy-efficient sensor routing scheme in wireless sensor networks, namely EESR (Energy-Efficient Sensor Routing). The authors show that the proposed scheme provides energy-efficient data delivery to the base station with low latency, scalabilityThe paper "Novel Mechanism to Defend DDoS Attacks Caused by Spam" written by D. Nagamalai, C. Dhinakaran and J. Lee introduces a multi layer approach to defend the DDoS attack caused by spam mails. This approach is a combination of fine tuning of source filters, content filters, strictly implementing mail policies, educating user, network monitoring and logical solutions to the ongoing attack. The experimental results show that there is 60% of reduction in spam traffic after implementing the defense mechanism.F. E. Sandnes and Y. Huang, in the paper "From Smart Light Dimmers to the IPOD: Text-Input with Circular Gestures on Wheel-ontrolled Devices", present a uni-stroke text input strategy for wheel input controls. The presented uni-strokes are based on circular motions that follow the contour of the wheel. While spatial mnemonics based on the shape of the alphabetic characters are used to minimize the time and effort learning the uni-strokes, an approximate distance based method is used for robust character recognition of uni-stroke patterns.iIn the paper "A CPU Usage Control Mechanism for Processes with Execution Resource for Mitigating CPU DoS Attack," T. Tabata, et al. propose an access control model for CPU resources based on an execution resource. The proposed model can control the usage ratio of CPU resources appropriately for each user and each program domain. Through the results of experiments employing the Apache web server, the authors show that the proposed method can mitigate DoS attacks and does not have bad effects upon the performance of a target service.The paper "Sentry@Home - Leveraging the Smart Home for Privacy in Pervasive Computing" written by S. A. Bagüés, et al. introduces a new infrastructure component for smart homes: A privacy proxy, named Sentry@HOME, as part of our User-centric Privacy Framework (UCPF). Its main task and responsibility is to take care of privacy-related data when accessed from the outside. Based on a set of privacy policies defined by the user it controls and enforces privacy for individuals roaming freely in pervasive computing environments.In the paper "User Authentication Using Neural Network in Smart Home Networks," S. Z. Reyhani and M. Mahdavi present a new authentication scheme based on the Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network. This scheme can produce the corresponding encrypted password according to the entered username, and it could be used to replace the password table or verification table stored in the common authentication systems.Finally, we would like to extend special thanks to all authors as well as reviewers for their enthusiasm and dedication, which have made this issue a reality.Guest Editors of Part 1Ilsun YouSchool of Information Science, Korean Bible University,South KoreaByoung-Soo KohDigiCAPS Co., Ltd,South Korea iiForeword of Part 2Recent advances in computer and communication technologies have offered people an unprecedented level of convenience of living, making life more comfortable and enjoyable. To allow people to better perform their daily living activities, improve the quality of life, and enjoy entertainment and leisure activities, one must first understand the services that are in demand in a smart living environment, and then develop key technologies for supporting such demands. This special issue contains four selected papers from the 2007 International Workshop on Smart Living Space and is to focus on emerging technologies and innovative solutions for intelligent living spaces.We strongly believe that the selected papers make a significant contribution to researchers, practitioners, and students working in the areas of the smart living space. We are grateful to authors for their research contributions in this special issue. Our special thanks go to the IJSH editorial board and Dr. Jong Hyuk Park for his supports throughout the whole publication processes. Finally, the Guest Editors wish to gratefully acknowledge all those who have generously given their time to review the papers submitted to the workshop as well.Guest Editors of Part 2Hsu-Chun YenDept. of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University,TaiwanHan-Chieh ChaoDept. of Electronic Engineering, National Ilan University,TaiwanWhai-En Chen Institute of Computer Science & Information Engineering, National Ilan University,TaiwaniiiEditorial Board of IJSHEditor in ChiefSajal K. DasUniversity Texas at Arlington, USAEmail:***********Managing EditorJong Hyuk ParkKyungnam University, KoreaEmail:**********************Associate EditorTaihoon KimHanman University, KoreaEmail:******************Ilsun YouKorean Bible University, KoreaEmail:****************Advisory Board (AB)Ching-Hsien Hsu (Chung Hua University, Taiwan)Daqing ZHANG (Institute for Infocomm Research (I2R), Singapore) Javier Lopez (University of Malaga, Spain)Jianhua Ma (Hosei University, Japan)Jiannong Cao (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong) Laurence T. Yang (St Francis Xavier University, Canada)Witold Pedrycz (University of Alberta, Canada)General Editors (GE)Eun-Sun Jung (Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Korea) George Roussos (University of London, UK)ivHesham H. Ali (University of Nebraska at Omaha, USA)Im Yeong Lee (SoonChunHyang University, Korea)Kia Makki (Florida International University, USA)Michael Beigl (University of Karlsruhe, Germany)Niki Pissinou (Florida International University, USA)Editorial Board (EB)Alex Zhaoyu Liu (University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA)Ali Shahrabi (Glasgow Caledonian University, UK)Andry Rakotonirainy (Queensland University of Technology, Australia)Anind K. Dey (Carnegie Mellon University, USA)Antonio Coronato (ICAR-CNR, Italy)Antonio Pescape' (University of Napoli “Federico II”, Italy)Arek Dadej (University of South Australia, Australia)Bessam Abdulrazak (University of Florida, USA)Biplab K. Sarker (University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada)Bo Yang (University of Electronic Science and Technology of China)Bo-Chao Cheng (National Chung-Cheng University, Taiwan)Borhanuddin Mohd Ali (University of Putra Malaysia, Malaysia)Byoung-Soo Koh (DigiCAPS Co., Ltd, Korea)Chunming Rong (University of Stavanger, Norway)Damien Sauveron (University of Limoges, France)Debasish Ghose (Indian Institute of Science, India)Deok-Gyu Lee (ETRI, Korea)Eung-Nam Ko (Baekseok University, Korea)Fabio Martinelli. (National Research Council - C.N.R., Italy)Fevzi Belli, (University of Paderborn, Germany)Gerd Kortuem (Lancaster University, UK)Geyong Min (University of Bradford, UK)Giuseppe De Pietro ( ICAR-CNR, Italy)Hakan Duman (British Telecom, UK)Hans-Peter Dommel (Santa Clara University, USA)Hongli Luo (Indiana University, USA)Huirong Fu (Oakland University, USA)vHung-Chang Hsiao (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan)HwaJin Park (Sookmyung Women's University , Korea)Hyoung Joong Kim (Korea University, Korea)Ibrahim Kamel (University of Sharjah, UAE)Irfan Awan (University of Bradford, UK)Jiann-Liang Chen (National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan)Jianzhong Li (Harbin Inst. of Technology, China)Jin Wook Lee (Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Korea)Joohun Lee (Dong-Ah Broadcasting College,Korea)Jordi Forne (Universitat Politecnica de Cataluny, Spain)Juan Carlos Augusto (University of Ulster at Jordanstown, UK)Karen Henricksen (NICTA, Australia)Kuei-Ping Shih (Tamkang University, Taiwan)LF Kwok (City University of Hong Kong, HK)Liudong Xing (University of Massachsetts - Dartmouth, USA)Marc Lacoste (France Télécom Division R&D, France)Mei-Ling Shyu (University of Miami, USA)Mounir Mokhtari (INT/GET, France)Nicolas Sklavos (Technological Educational Institute of Mesolonghi, Greece) Paris Kitsos (Hellenic Open University, Greece)Pedro M. Ruiz Martinez (Univ. of Murcia, Spain)Phillip G. Bradford (The University of Alabama, USA)Pilar Herrero (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain)Qi Shi (Liverpool John Moores University, UK)Rodrigo de Mello(University of Sao Paulo, Brazil )Serge Chaumette (Université Bordeaux 1,France)Shaohua TANG (South China University of Technology, China)Stefanos Gritzalis (University of the Aegean, Greece)Tatsuya Yamazaki (NICT, Japan)Toshihiro Tabata (Okayama University, Japan)Tsung-Chuan Huang (National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan)Tsutomu Terada (Osaka University, Japan)Umberto Villano (Universita' del Sannio, Italy)Vincenzo De Florio (University of Antwerp, Belgium)viVipin Chaudhary (Wayne State University to University at Buffalo, SUNY)Wen-Shenq Juang (Shih Hsin University, Taiwan)Xinwen Fu (Dakota State University, USA)Yang Guangwen (Tsinghua University, P.R.China)Yoshiaki HORI (Kyushu University, Japan)Young Yong Kim (Yonsei University, Korea)viiviii。

英语版运输方式PPT课件

High speed and efficiency
Modern commercial aircraft are capable of traveling at high speeds and are more effective in terms of fuel consumption and flight time
Charter Flight Service
Private jet
rentals
Individuals or organizations can rent private jets for a specific flight, commonly for business or VIP travel
Typical vehicles include oil pipelines and gas pipelines Pipeline transportation is suitable for the transportation of large quantities of liquid or gas goods over long distances
English version of transportation mode PPT
coursew
目录
• Introduction • Land transportation • Maritime transportation • Air transport • Future transportation modes
要点一
Vertical take off and landing
Helicopters have the ability to take off and land vertically, making them suitable for use in areas with limited space or in confined locations

客服所有困难的英语作文

客服所有困难的英语作文Title: Overcoming Challenges in Customer Service。

Introduction:Customer service plays a vital role in the success of any business. However, it is not without its challenges. This essay explores the various difficulties faced by customer service representatives and provides strategies to overcome them effectively.Body:1. Language Barriers:One of the most common challenges in customer service is dealing with customers who speak a different language. Language barriers can lead to miscommunication and frustration. To overcome this challenge, companies can:Hire multilingual customer service representatives.Provide language training to existing staff.Utilize translation tools or services.Offer self-service options in multiple languages.2. Angry or Difficult Customers:Dealing with angry or difficult customers can be emotionally draining for customer service representatives. To handle such situations effectively, companies can:Train employees in conflict resolution and de-escalation techniques.Encourage active listening and empathy.Provide clear guidelines on how to handle challenging customers.Offer support and counseling services for employees dealing with difficult cases.3. High Call Volume:Customer service departments often face a high volume of incoming calls, especially during peak hours. To manage this challenge, companies can:Implement an efficient call routing system to distribute calls evenly.Invest in call center technology to automate processes and reduce wait times.Offer self-service options, such as FAQs or online chatbots, to address common queries.Hire additional staff during peak seasons or consider outsourcing to a third-party call center.4. Technical Issues:Technical issues can disrupt customer service operations and hinder effective communication. To overcome this challenge, companies can:Regularly update and maintain their technology infrastructure.Provide comprehensive training to employees on using different software and tools.Have a dedicated IT support team to address technical issues promptly.Utilize backup systems to ensure uninterrupted service during outages.5. Lack of Product Knowledge:Customer service representatives must possess in-depth knowledge about the products or services they offer. To address this challenge, companies can:Implement comprehensive training programs for new hires.Provide ongoing training and refresher courses to keep employees updated.Create a centralized knowledge base with product information and FAQs.Encourage collaboration and knowledge sharing amongteam members.Conclusion:Customer service is a critical aspect of any business, and overcoming the challenges it presents is essential for success. By addressing language barriers, dealing with difficult customers, managing high call volumes, resolving technical issues, and improving product knowledge, companies can enhance their customer service experience and build strong relationships with their clients.。

Optimizing Operations in New Retail Management

Optimizing Operations in New RetailManagementIntroduction:New retail management has emerged as a transformative force in the retail industry, blending traditional brick-and-mortar stores with advanced digital technologies. This innovative approach requires a shift in operations to effectively meet the expectations of tech-savvy customers and maintain a competitive edge. In this response, we will explore key strategies to optimize operations in the new retail management era.1. Integration of Online and Offline Channels:To thrive in new retail management, retailers must seamlessly integrate their online and offline channels. This involves creating a unified customer experience by implementing strategies such as click-and-collect, where customers can order online and pick up in-store, and offering an online inventory that reflects real-time stock availability. By connecting the online and offline worlds, retailers can enhance customer convenience and increase sales.2. Data-Driven Decision Making:Data plays a crucial role in new retail management. Retailers should leverage advanced analytics tools to gain insights into customer behavior, market trends, and inventory management. By analyzing data, retailers can make informed decisions about inventory replenishment, personalized promotions, and pricing strategies. Furthermore, data-driven decision making allows retailers to optimize operations by identifying areas for improvement and maximizing efficiency.3. Implementing Automated Systems:Automation is a key driver in optimizing retail management operations. Retailers should leverage technologies such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tagging andbarcode scanning to automate inventory management and improve accuracy. Automated systems can track inventory levels, reduce manual labor, prevent stock-outs, and streamline supply chain operations. Additionally, automation can be extended to other areas such as checkout processes, enabling retailers to provide a seamless shopping experience.4. Personalization and Customer Engagement:In new retail management, personalized communication plays a vital role in customer engagement. Retailers should leverage customer data to deliver personalized recommendations, offers, and promotions. By understanding customer preferences, retailers can create targeted marketing campaigns that resonate with their target audience and increase customer loyalty. Implementing loyalty programs and offering rewards for customer engagement can also help optimize retail operations by driving repeat business.5. Enhancing Fulfillment Services:Efficient and timely order fulfillment is crucial in the new retail management landscape. Retailers should evaluate their fulfillment processes and invest in technologies such as robotics and artificial intelligence to streamline operations. Implementing automated picking and packing systems can improve order accuracy and speed up the fulfillment process. Additionally, retailers should optimize their delivery services by partnering with logistics providers that offer flexible and fast delivery options, including same-day and next-day delivery.6. Employee Training and Empowerment:Optimizing operations in new retail management also involves investing in employee training and empowerment. Retailers should provide comprehensive training programs to educate employees about new technologies, customer service best practices, and inventory management techniques. Additionally, empowering employees by granting them decision-making authority and creating a positive work environment can improve operational efficiency and enhance customer satisfaction.Conclusion:Embracing new retail management requires retailers to adapt their operations to meet the demands of the digital age. By integrating online and offline channels, leveraging data-driven decision making, implementing automated systems, personalizing customer engagement, enhancing fulfillment services, and investing in employee training, retailers can optimize their operations and stay competitive in this evolving landscape. Successfully optimizing operations in new retail management will not only drive business growth but also create a seamless and personalized shopping experience for customers.。

保护海洋的英语我相信海洋将会变得越来越干净的英语

The oceans, vast and mysterious, serve as the lifeblood of our planet. They cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface and play an indispensable role in maintaining global ecological balance, regulating climate, providing food resources, and fostering biodiversity. However, these precious ecosystems face unprecedented threats due to human activities such as pollution, overfishing, habitat destruction, and climate change. Despite these challenges, I firmly believe that concerted, multi-faceted efforts can reverse the tide and lead to increasingly cleaner oceans. This essay will delve into the key strategies and interventions required to achieve this vision.**1. Strengthening International Collaboration and Policy Frameworks** Effective protection of the oceans necessitates a unified global response. International agreements, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the Paris Agreement, provide a foundation for cooperation and shared responsibility. Strengthening and enforcing these agreements is crucial. This involves setting ambitious yet achievable targets for reducing marine pollution, protecting marine biodiversity, and mitigating climate change impacts. Regular monitoring, reporting, and peer review mechanisms should be established to ensure compliance and facilitate knowledge sharing among nations.Moreover, there is a pressing need for the development of comprehensive ocean management plans that integrate economic, social, and environmental considerations. This includes designating marine protected areas (MPAs), which serve as sanctuaries for marine life, promote ecosystem resilience, and support sustainable fishing practices. These MPAs should be strategically placed, adequately sized, and effectively enforced to maximize their conservation benefits.**2. Tackling Marine Pollution at Its Source**Reducing marine pollution requires a systemic approach targeting its major sources: land-based activities, shipping, and offshore oil and gas operations.**a) Land-Based Activities:** Approximately 80% of marine pollution originates from land-based sources, including plastic waste, agriculturalrunoff, and industrial effluents. Implementing stricter regulations on waste management, promoting circular economy principles, and incentivizing eco-friendly product designs can significantly reduce this influx. Additionally, investing in infrastructure for proper wastewater treatment and stormwater management, along with promoting sustainable agriculture practices like precision farming and organic fertilizers, can curtail nutrient and chemical pollution.**b) Shipping:** The shipping industry must adopt cleaner technologies and operational practices. This includes transitioning to low-carbon or zero-emission fuels, implementing energy-efficient ship designs, and optimizing routing to minimize disturbance to sensitive marine habitats. Strengthening regulations under the International Maritime Organization (IMO), such as the Ballast Water Management Convention and the MARPOL Annex VI, is also vital to control pollution from ship discharges and air emissions.**c) Offshore Operations:** Stringent regulations and enforcement are needed to prevent oil spills and minimize the impact of offshore oil and gas exploration and production. This includes mandating the use of best available technologies, enforcing rigorous safety protocols, and ensuring effective spill response preparedness. Furthermore, promoting the transition towards renewable energy sources can gradually reduce our reliance on offshore fossil fuel extraction.**3. Promoting Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture**Overfishing poses a severe threat to marine ecosystems and the livelihoods of millions who depend on them. Implementing science-based catch limits, enforcing fishing quotas, and establishing no-take zones within MPAs can help restore fish stocks and maintain ecosystem health. Strengthening monitoring, control, and surveillance systems to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is equally essential.Simultaneously, promoting sustainable aquaculture practices can meet the growing demand for seafood without exacerbating pressure on wild fish stocks.This involves adopting environmentally friendly farming methods, using non-predatory species, and minimizing the use of antibiotics and chemicals. Certification schemes like the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) and Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) can incentivize industry players to adhere to high environmental and social standards.**4. Combating Climate Change and Ocean Acidification**Climate change, primarily driven by greenhouse gas emissions, leads to ocean warming, sea-level rise, and ocean acidification – all of which have profound implications for marine ecosystems. Mitigating these impacts requires urgent global action to reduce carbon emissions, shift towards renewable energy, and enhance carbon sequestration through reforestation, blue carbon projects, and innovative technologies like direct air capture.Furthermore, enhancing our understanding of climate change impacts on marine ecosystems and developing adaptive management strategies is crucial. This includes identifying and conserving climate refugia—areas resilient to changing conditions—that can serve as havens for marine biodiversity.**5. Raising Awareness and Engaging Stakeholders**Public awareness and engagement are pivotal for driving behavioral changes and fostering a sense of collective responsibility towards ocean health. Educational campaigns, citizen science initiatives, and ecotourism programs can help disseminate knowledge about marine issues, inspire pro-ocean actions, and foster a culture of ocean stewardship. Involving local communities, indigenous peoples, youth, and the private sector in decision-making processes can ensure that conservation efforts are inclusive, culturally appropriate, and economically viable.In conclusion, realizing a future where our oceans become increasingly clean is neither a utopian dream nor an insurmountable challenge. It demands a holistic, collaborative, and sustained effort involving robust policy frameworks, targeted pollution reduction measures, sustainable fisheries management, climate action, and widespread public engagement. By embracing these strategiesand committing to transformative change, we can safeguard the health of our oceans and ensure their continued ability to support life on Earth.。

routing酒店用语 -回复

routing酒店用语-回复Routing refers to the process of assigning rooms to guests in a hotel. It involves various aspects including room types, guest preferences, availability, and efficiency. In this article, we will explore the different aspects of routing in hotel terminology.1. Introduction to Routing in the Hotel IndustryRouting is a crucial aspect of hotel operations. It ensures that guests are allocated the most suitable rooms based on their preferences, availability, and hotel's inventory. The ultimate goal of routing is to maximize guest satisfaction and operational efficiency. Let's delve deeper into the various components of routing.2. Room Types and CategorizationHotels typically offer a range of room types to cater to different guest preferences and requirements. These may include standard rooms, suites, deluxe rooms, and specialty rooms such as honeymoon suites or executive suites. Each room type offers a unique set of features and amenities.To effectively route guests, hotels categorize rooms based onfactors like room size, view, location within the hotel, and additional amenities. By categorizing rooms, hotels can easily identify the available choices and allocate them accordingly to guests based on their preferences and budget.3. Guest Preferences and Special RequestsUnderstanding guest preferences is vital for routing. Some guests may prefer a specific bed type, such as a king-size bed or twin beds. Others may prefer a room on a higher floor for a better view or a quieter room away from the elevator. Some guests may have accessibility requirements, necessitating the allocation of rooms suitable for individuals with disabilities.Hotels gather guest preferences during the reservation process or through direct contact with guests. These preferences are recorded in the hotel's property management system (PMS) and are taken into consideration during routing to ensure guest satisfaction.4. Availability and Inventory ManagementRouting also involves assessing room availability and managing the hotel's inventory. Hotels monitor real-time room availabilitythrough their PMS and reservation systems. They consider factors like occupancy levels, maintenance schedules, and blocked rooms for specific purposes (e.g., VIP guests, large groups, or hotel events).To optimize inventory management, hotels utilize yield management strategies. This involves adjusting room rates based on market demand and balancing the allocation of rooms between various price categories. By doing so, hotels can maximize revenue while meeting guest expectations.5. Operational Efficiency and Front Desk ProceduresEfficiency is a key consideration in routing. Hotels aim to allocate rooms promptly to minimize guest wait times at the front desk. This is especially important during high-demand periods or when dealing with large groups.To achieve efficient routing, hotels develop standardized procedures and utilize technology solutions like automated check-in systems or mobile apps. These tools streamline the process and enable front desk staff to quickly assign suitable rooms to guests, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free check-in experience.6. Alternative Solutions in Case of Room Shortage Occasionally, hotels may encounter situations where they have a higher number of guests than available rooms. In such cases, efficient routing becomes even more critical. Hotels may explore alternative solutions such as upgrading guests to higher room categories, arranging for temporary accommodations at nearby hotels, or offering compensation like meal vouchers or discounts for future stays.The ultimate aim is to handle the situation with minimal inconvenience to guests while ensuring that their needs are met. Effective communication with guests is crucial during these situations to manage expectations and maintain guest satisfaction.In conclusion, routing plays a vital role in hotel operations by ensuring guests are allocated suitable rooms based on their preferences, availability, and hotel's inventory. It encompasses various components like room types, guest preferences, availability, and operational efficiency. By effectively managing routing, hotels can enhance guest satisfaction and streamline theiroperations, resulting in a seamless guest experience.。

美国空域管理英语作文范文

美国空域管理英语作文范文Title: Airspace Management in the United States。

Airspace management plays a crucial role in ensuringthe safety, efficiency, and orderliness of airtransportation systems. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is primarily responsible for regulating and managing the national airspace. This essay will explore the key aspects of airspace management in the United States, including its structure, regulations, challenges, and future prospects.Firstly, it's essential to understand the structure of airspace in the United States. The national airspace is divided into different classes, each with its own set of regulations and requirements. These classes include Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E, and Class G airspace. The classification is based on factors such as altitude, traffic density, and proximity to airports. For instance, Class A airspace is reserved for high-altitude commercialflights, while Class G airspace is typically found in rural and uncontrolled areas.The FAA establishes regulations and guidelines to govern the use of airspace and ensure the safety ofaircraft operations. These regulations cover various aspects, including air traffic control procedures, aircraft equipment requirements, and pilot qualifications. For example, pilots must adhere to specific procedures when entering controlled airspace and comply with communication and navigation equipment requirements.One of the significant challenges in airspace management is balancing the needs of various stakeholders, including commercial airlines, general aviation, military operations, and unmanned aerial systems (UAS). As airtraffic continues to increase, particularly in busy metropolitan areas, airspace congestion becomes a growing concern. The FAA employs various strategies to mitigate congestion, such as implementing traffic flow management initiatives and optimizing airspace usage through advanced technologies like NextGen.NextGen is a comprehensive modernization program aimed at enhancing the efficiency, capacity, and safety of the national airspace system. It involves the deployment of new technologies and procedures, such as satellite-based navigation, automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B), and performance-based navigation (PBN). These advancements enable more precise routing, reduced separation standards, and improved situational awarenessfor pilots and air traffic controllers.Another challenge in airspace management is ensuring the integration of UAS into the national airspace system safely. With the increasing popularity of drones for various applications, including aerial photography, package delivery, and infrastructure inspection, there is a need to establish regulations and procedures to prevent conflicts with manned aircraft. The FAA has implemented rules for UAS operations, such as altitude restrictions, remote identification requirements, and pilot certification.Looking ahead, airspace management in the United Stateswill continue to evolve in response to technological advancements, operational demands, and regulatory changes. The integration of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain, holds the potential to further enhance airspace efficiency and safety. Additionally, collaboration among industry stakeholders, government agencies, and international partners will be essential to address emerging challenges and ensure the seamless operation of the airspace system.In conclusion, airspace management in the United States is a complex and dynamic endeavor that requires careful coordination, regulation, and innovation. The FAA plays a central role in overseeing the national airspace and implementing strategies to enhance safety, efficiency, and capacity. Despite challenges such as airspace congestion and UAS integration, ongoing modernization efforts like NextGen are poised to usher in a new era of airspace management that is safer, more efficient, and more sustainable.。

基于空口AMBR限速缓解高负荷场景下用户感知

基于空口AMBR限速缓解高负荷场景下用户感知1、背景介绍基于AMBR限速功能，又称动态传输控制（DTC），该功能可以根据小区负荷情况，调整特殊用户的AMBR（最大比特速率）：当小区负荷轻时，对特殊用户“不限流”，仍采用原始的大AMBR速率，为用户提供高流量高速率的体验。

当小区负荷重时，根据小区负荷等级，对特殊用户进行不同等级的AMBR限速，尽可能“让”出资源供其它需保障业务使用，以满足这些中小包业务资源充足。

2、无线侧限速介绍以及相关参数无线侧根据小区PRB利用率负荷针对小区下某一类QCI用户进行限速。

无线限速不是时时刻刻进行，限速功能部署后，根据设置的三档PRB门限判定，若实际PRB利用率>设定PRB 利用率，则进入对应的限速值。

比如三档PRB利用率门限设置为30%；40%；50%，对应三档限速值为5000；4000；3000Kbps，则限速规则如下：实际PRB利用率<30%，不限速；30%<实际PRB利用率<40%，限速5000Kbps；40%<实际PRB利用率<50%，限速4000Kbps；实际PRB利用率>50%，限速3000Kbps。

限速功能生效后激活“限速策略周期判决定时器”，限速经过一个定时器长度后进入不限速模式，再经过一个定时长度后限速，如此循环进行限速。

3、试点过程3.1功能生效测试选择无线环境好点进行CQT测试，RSRP在-78dBm左右，SINR在30dB左右，下载速率稳定在50Mbps以上。

3.2速率对比测试定点进行下载限速测试，在未限速时下载速率在50Mbps左右，限速5000Kbps后下载速率稳定在5.02Mbps左右，限速3100Kbps后下载速率稳定在3.0Mbps左右，测试结果符合限定速率值，功能稳定。

3.3 限速时间测试在限速5000Kbps前提下，分别设置“限速策略周期判决定时器”为30s 和10s，在设置10s周期后，限速间隔明显变小，测试结果符合预期。

自动驾驶汽车的利与挑战英语作文

自动驾驶汽车的利与挑战英语作文Title: The Benefits and Challenges of Autonomous VehiclesIntroductionIn recent years, autonomous vehicles (AVs) have emerged as a transformative force in the automotive industry. Theseself-driving cars have the potential to revolutionize transportation, offering a host of benefits while also presenting a number of challenges. This essay explores the advantages and drawbacks of autonomous vehicles, highlighting their impact on society and the economy.Benefits of Autonomous VehiclesOne of the key benefits of AVs is their potential to improve road safety. Human error is a leading cause of traffic accidents, but AVs are designed to eliminate the risk of driver-related errors. By relying on advanced sensors and artificial intelligence, these vehicles can react to changing road conditions with unparalleled speed and accuracy, reducing the likelihood of collisions.Moreover, AVs have the potential to increase accessibility for individuals with disabilities and the elderly. These populations often face barriers to mobility, but autonomous vehicles could provide them with a safe and convenient means oftransportation. By offering door-to-door service and customizable features, AVs could enhance the quality of life for those who are unable to drive themselves.In addition, autonomous vehicles have the potential to reduce traffic congestion and emissions. Through coordinated networks and optimized routing, AVs could streamline traffic flow and minimize delays. Furthermore, by promoting the use of electric vehicles and alternative fuels, AVs could help mitigate the environmental impact of transportation and contribute to a more sustainable future.Challenges of Autonomous VehiclesDespite their potential benefits, autonomous vehicles also present a number of challenges that must be addressed. One of the primary concerns surrounding AVs is their cybersecurity vulnerabilities. As these vehicles rely on interconnected systems and data, they are susceptible to hacking and cyber attacks. Ensuring the security and integrity of AVs is crucial to prevent potential risks to passenger safety and privacy.Another challenge facing autonomous vehicles is regulatory and ethical issues. The development of AV technology is outpacing the establishment of clear guidelines and legal frameworks. Questions about liability, insurance, and dataprivacy remain unresolved, raising concerns about the accountability and ethical implications of autonomous vehicles. Policymakers and stakeholders must work together to establish comprehensive regulations that address these complex issues.Moreover, the widespread adoption of AVs could havefar-reaching implications for the economy and workforce. As self-driving technology becomes more prevalent, traditional jobs in the transportation sector may be at risk. Drivers, mechanics, and other industry professionals could face displacement or retraining as autonomous vehicles replace manual labor. Addressing the economic impact of AVs will require proactive strategies to support affected workers and industries.ConclusionIn conclusion, autonomous vehicles have the potential to revolutionize transportation and offer numerous benefits to society. From improved road safety to increased accessibility, AVs have the capacity to transform the way we travel and interact with our environment. However, realizing the full potential of autonomous vehicles will require addressing a range of challenges, including cybersecurity, regulation, and economic disruption. By collaborating across sectors and prioritizing safety and sustainability, we can harness the power of autonomousvehicles to create a safer, more efficient, and more inclusive transportation system for the future.。

cos 40分钟学会英语作文写作

cos 40分钟学会英语作文写作Learning to write English essays in 40 minutes can be a daunting task for many students. However, with the right strategies and practice, it is certainly possible to improve your skills in a short amount of time. In this essay, we will explore some effective techniques for mastering English essay writing within a limited timeframe, as well as the challenges and benefits of this approach.First and foremost, it is essential to have a clear understanding of the essay structure and key components. A typical English essay consists of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction should provide a brief overview of the topic and present the thesis statement. The body paragraphs should present supporting evidence and arguments, while the conclusion should summarize the main points and restate the thesis. By familiarizing yourself with this structure and practicing writing essays within this framework, you can become more efficient in organizing your thoughts and presenting them coherently.Another important aspect of mastering English essay writing in a short time is to expand your vocabulary and improve your grammar and syntax. This can be achieved through regular reading and writing exercises. Reading a variety of English texts, such as novels, articles, and essays, can expose you to different writing styles and help you learn new words and expressions. Additionally, practicing writing essays on a wide range of topics can help you become more comfortable with using diverse vocabulary and sentence structures.Furthermore, time management is crucial when it comes to writing English essays within a limited timeframe. It is important to allocate a specific amount of time for each section of the essay, such as planning, writing, and revising. For example, you may spend 10 minutes brainstorming and outlining your ideas, 25 minutes writing the essay, and 5 minutes reviewing and editing your work. By setting clear time limits for each task, you can avoid getting stuck on one section and ensure that you complete the entire essay within 40 minutes.Despite the benefits of learning to write English essays quickly, there are also some challenges associated with this approach. One major challenge is therisk of sacrificing quality for speed. When under time pressure, students may be tempted to rush through their essays, leading to poor organization, weak arguments, and grammatical errors. To overcome this challenge, it is important to practice writing essays under timed conditions regularly and seek feedback from teachers or peers to identify areas for improvement.Additionally, mastering English essay writing in a short time may require a significant amount of dedication and perseverance. It can be challenging tobalance the demands of school, extracurricular activities, and personal commitments while also making time for regular writing practice. However, with determination and effective time management, it is possible to develop strongessay writing skills within a limited timeframe.In conclusion, learning to write English essays in 40 minutes is certainly achievable with the right strategies and practice. By familiarizing yourself with the essay structure, expanding your vocabulary, improving your grammar and syntax, and managing your time effectively, you can become more efficient in producinghigh-quality essays within a short amount of time. While there are challenges associated with this approach, such as the risk of sacrificing quality for speed and the need for dedication and perseverance, the benefits of mastering English essay writing quickly are certainly worth the effort. With consistent practice and a positive attitude, you can improve your essay writing skills and become more confident in expressing your ideas and arguments in English.。

行(配)销通路.

Transportation Modes
Rail-Nation’s largest carrier, costeffective for shipping bulk products
Truck-Flexible in routing & time schedules,
efficient for short-hauls of high value goods
行（配）銷通路
定義
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一連串行銷組織或機構之結合，其目的在於促進從生產者（服務提供者）到消費者之間，有形產品或無形服務之流通。
行銷通路之重要性
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創造效用
» 時間 » 地點 » 佔有 » 形式
行銷通路之重要性（續）
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增進交換效率解決供需雙方的數量與種類差異
行（配）銷通路（續）
功能 –
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交易功能 » 購買 » 銷售 » 風險承擔實體分配功能 » 貨物集中 » 貨物分類 » 儲存
行銷通路之功能（續）
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促進功能 »顧問 »融資 »評等 »行銷研究
行銷通路（續）
行銷通路的基本類別 –
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有形產品行銷通路 »消費品行銷通路 »工業品行銷通路無形服務行銷通路
消費品行銷通路
Channel 1
選擇中間商之考量
財務能力
現有資產 – 信用 – 抵押品價值市場涵蓋範圍 – 現有顧客 – 潛在顧客 – 是否影響其他中間商所銷售產品類別 – 競爭者之產品 – 互補性產品
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選擇中間商之考量（續）
銷售能力
銷售相同或類似產品之能力 – 過去績效 – 業務員之質與量後勤支援能力 – 倉庫 – 裝配設備 – 運輸 – 技術服務能力是否為主要工作？銷售熱誠？