大学商务英语综合课件chapter 1
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综合英语课程Unit1
7. Singapore 8. Germany
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商务英 语综合 教程1
Lead-in
Task 2 Describe the following campus activities and tell which interests you most.
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商务英 语综合 教程1
Lead-in
Task 3 Listen and fill in the following blanks. Script:
Campus guided tours are led by our specially selected team of UW students who combine knowledge of our historic campus with information about the student experience. During the tour you’ll have the chance to ask questions about academics, living on campus, research opportunities, studying abroad, and all the great things to do in the Emerald City. Guided tours are offered Monday through Friday, at 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. They leave from Schmitz Hall, 3rd floor lobby, and last 70 minutes. They are also offered on Saturdays and Sundays beginning at 10:30 a.m. and leaving from the Statue of George Washington. On state holidays or the Saturday following a state holiday, tours are not offered.
ppt 课件-商务英语-第一单元
Cheaper goods Export increased
Result: England’s trade balance would deteriorate, while
France’s trade balance would improve.
Long-run surplus is impossible. Fundamental weakness: Trade is seen as a zero-sum game (a gain by one country results in a loss by another)
1.
2.
1. Diminishing Returns
Assumption of constant returns to specialization: the units of resources required to produce a good are assumed to remain constant no matter where one is on a country’s PPF Reality: Diminishing returns to specialization – output increase leads to increased consumption of resource Reasons: unequal quality of resources different proportion of resources for different products
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•
•
Adam Smith (1776) attacked mercantilism: Countries differ in their ability to produce goods efficiently. Thus, a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it. Countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an AA, then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries. Both countries benefit from international trade (a positive-sum game). Adam Smith advocated: specialization & free trade
《商务英语综合教程》Unit 1 Communication
1 According to Anuj Khanna: a) why have communications improved in recent years?
1. 2 MP3
New technology has provided new communication channels such as the Internet, mobile phones, instant messaging, etc.
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, and the philosophy of language. From 1929 to 1947, Wittgenstein taught at the University of Cambridge His teacher Bertrand Russell described Wittgenstein as "the most perfect example I have ever known of genius as traditionally conceived; passionate, profound, intense, and dominating."
b) how can they improve in the future?
They can improve in terms of giving more control to customers so that they don’t receive unwanted communications, and ensuring that the timing of any communication is right.
高教社2023国际商务英语函电教学课件chapter 1
– don't simply accept whatever changes the program recommends. • Re-reading the second day
– have a friend or colleague lቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱok it over
The written word is a part of a company's permanent record.
be formal.
• name, title and gender • ways of finding out:
– ask someone who does know – visit its Website to get background on the company and study it before you
Instructions of Business Writing
• Know your readers • Think before write • Get it organized • Ask for feedback • Proofreading and revising • Save a copy • Practice makes perfect
：a key element of being professional
• Take a global view of the document first. • Read aloud
– If something doesn't sound right, it probably isn't. • Use WPS carefully
skills.
4. Do save the document for future reference and don't modify it before re-sending it to
– have a friend or colleague lቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱok it over
The written word is a part of a company's permanent record.
be formal.
• name, title and gender • ways of finding out:
– ask someone who does know – visit its Website to get background on the company and study it before you
Instructions of Business Writing
• Know your readers • Think before write • Get it organized • Ask for feedback • Proofreading and revising • Save a copy • Practice makes perfect
：a key element of being professional
• Take a global view of the document first. • Read aloud
– If something doesn't sound right, it probably isn't. • Use WPS carefully
skills.
4. Do save the document for future reference and don't modify it before re-sending it to
商务英语Chapter 1 Written Communication
销售部主管 行业部经理 进口&出口部经理 人事部经理 财务部经理（常务审计师 会计师） 生产部经理
Business English Correspondence
Chapter One
by Sissi
Part one Questions for consideration
1. What is foreign trade letter? 2.What are the seven C’s principles? 3.What are the functions of business letter?
The function of business letters
To inform To persuade
To entertain
BUSSINESS CARD writing
The company’s name Card holder Position/ title The address of company Postal code Telephone number Fax number E-mail address
Additional Knowledge on Business Retailing The meaning of retailing GDP GNP
Classification of retailing 1
As the form of retailing (Store retailing): Plaza Discount store Trading center/ market Corporate chains Department store Supermarket Outlet Franchise
unit 1 商务英语 ppt课件
ppt课件
20
Tariff & Barrier
Tariff ：an amount that must be paid when particular goods are imported into a country or occasionally when they are exported.
12
IGOs
UN (United Nations)
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IMF International Monetary Fund
World Bank World Bank Group
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
email…… the quick spread of SARS and other epidemics? the sending of peace corps to war-areas in the other parts of the world? Toyota outsources its auto parts to U.S manufacturers
What is the relationship between globalization and international organizations?
What are international organizations?
ppt课件
10
Can you recognize these organizations?
经济停滞
economic recession
经济衰退
geographical disparities
商务英语综合教程Unit1
Activation
Do you know these words? Guess their meanings through the corresponding pictures.
Boom
Traffic
Portfolio
Whim
Activation
Do you know these web sites? How can you make use of them?
Kathleen Gilroy, cofounder of Swift Media Networks in Boston, eats, lives and breathes Web 2.0. Not only is her latest business venture focused on Web 2.0 services for conferences, but she's also used just about every Web-based tool there is to run her own various startups. With five full-time staff members, she has become a well-seasoned user of blogs, wikis, collaboration tools and just about any other free or lowcost service she can make use of.
Warm-up
Background
Detailed Reading
TEXT I
The Internet is rapidly evolving from a channel for content distribution to a platform for activity — collaboration, publishing, sharing and innovation. It has currently undergone a comprehensive software upgrade, representing several initiatives collectively known as "Web 2.0." … Simplicity and convenience are driving the rapid adoption of Web 2.0. In 2005 I started reading the blog of the CEO of Sun Microsystems, Jonathan Schwartz. At that time he said, "Simplicity changes the world. Convenience is a force multiplier."
综合商务英语第2册Unit1课件
Basic Principles of Business Communication
Respect and politeness: Business communication should be respectful and polite, using appropriate language and avoiding offensive or inappropriate remarks.
Distinguishing between Imp…
The ability to quickly identify the main idea or central point of a business English conversation or presentation.
Understanding the Main Idea
Recognizing and adapting to cultural differences in communication styles, norms, and expectations.
Role-playing
Conducting mock business scenarios where participants practice their communication skills in a controlled environment.
Understanding the global business environment.
The role of English in international trade.
Overview of Theme Content
Module 2: Trade Terminology and Contracts
商务英语综合教程unit1PPT课件
.
10
Grammar
• Tense • Subjunctive mood • Collective nouns • Modal verbs • Prepositions
.
11
British English I’ve just had lunch. Have you washed your hands?
secretary
['sekrɪt(ə)rɪ]
.
['sɛkrətɛrɪ]
8
fertile fragile hostile missile
British English ['fɜːtaɪl] ['frædʒaɪl] ['hɒstaɪl] ['mɪsaɪl]
American English ['fɝtl] ['frædʒəl] ['hɑstl] ['mɪsl]
Unit 1
The Business of Language and the Language of Business
The Business of English
• The development of English • The difference between American
English and British English • The influence of English
.
7
British English
car
[ka:]
American English [kar]
door party board morning
[dɔː] ['pɑːtɪ] [bɔːd] ['mɔːnɪŋ]
商务英语综合教程Unit1
Intensive Reading
The Nature of Politics: Realism and Idealism
Hale Waihona Puke ara 1❖ We can build on … the future politics.
In order to understand how we might reach the future politics, we can make use of Frost’s poem. In this poem, he states that there are two roads in front of us, the traditional one which many people have taken, and the other one which fewer people have taken.
2).Pay attention to the tone of the author in this sentence. The word “advent”, with the original meaning referring to the coming of Jesus Christ, which actually is interpreted as almighty and great love in Western civilization, is used here together with the “nuclear weapons”, which is damaging and bringing disasters to the whole human beings, therefore, the author’s ironical tone is quite obvious.
大学商务英语综合课件chapter 1
7. Transactions in services are extensive in the construction, hotel, tourism, business consulting, and retailing and wholesaling sectors; 服务贸易广泛遍布于建筑、旅馆、旅游、 商业洽谈以及零售和批发部门；
International business has emerged as a separate branch or management training, because the growing scale and complexity of business transactions across natioanl boundaries give rise to new and unique problems of management and governmental policy that have received inadequate attention in traditional areas of business and economics. 跨境业务活动给管理及政府政策方面带来了新颖独特的 问题，这些问题在传统的商业及经济领域一直未得到充 分的关注，致使国际业务以独立的管理培训分支机构形 式出现。
10. Direct investment may be financed in a number of ways other than through capital movements abroad. 直接投资可以用许多方式来提供资金（或： 融资），而不是通过国外资金的运动（应： 流动）。 或：直接投资除了通过国外资金流动以外， 还可以借助许多其它方式来进行融资。
新编商务英语综合教程第二版Unit 1.ppt
3. Communicative Skills（交际技能） — Expressions: Stressing and decisions-making — Reading: Newspaper articles
4. 专项用法（Special Use）: Troublesome verbs and nouns
A. It is a process to sell goods or services.
√B. It is a technique of promoting goods or services.
C. It is a technique of using media. D. It is a strategy to get positive results.
Lead-in
Listening Comprehension Tasks Exercise rcise IV
Spot Dictation
Difficult Words and Expressions
➢ slide: a small piece of photographic film which you project onto a screen so that you can see the picture 幻灯片
with, log on to; II.. in pursuit of, boast of, on the floor of,
take sth in stride.
— Useful Structures: over… years, … put … spin on at the expense of no wonder
trigger, reach, efficiency, spin, endeavor; II. locate,
4. 专项用法（Special Use）: Troublesome verbs and nouns
A. It is a process to sell goods or services.
√B. It is a technique of promoting goods or services.
C. It is a technique of using media. D. It is a strategy to get positive results.
Lead-in
Listening Comprehension Tasks Exercise rcise IV
Spot Dictation
Difficult Words and Expressions
➢ slide: a small piece of photographic film which you project onto a screen so that you can see the picture 幻灯片
with, log on to; II.. in pursuit of, boast of, on the floor of,
take sth in stride.
— Useful Structures: over… years, … put … spin on at the expense of no wonder
trigger, reach, efficiency, spin, endeavor; II. locate,
商务英语课件.ppt
❖ 12. variety (varieties) of 各种各样的，不同的 --- Varieties of products are beyond your imagination in the present markets. adj. various varied. 13. estimate n. v. by estimate underestimate v. overestimate v.
1. Vocabulary 2. Grammar 3. Reading Comprehension 4. Major knowledge 5. Communication Ability 6. Writing Ability 7. Testing Ability 8. Other points
What I hope you to achieve:
11. availability n. available adj.
--- Tickets are available in the office. --- You are always available when I need your help.
Chapter 1: Business and Society
--- high blood pressure 高血压
--- financial pressure 财政压力
--- pressure cooker
高压锅
Chapter 1: Business and Society
❖ 9. find it easier (hard) to do sth. ❖ 动词+形式宾语it +形容詞（名词）+真正宾语
--- We find it hard to understand his idea. --- The dog found it a short cut to run through the woods.
1. Vocabulary 2. Grammar 3. Reading Comprehension 4. Major knowledge 5. Communication Ability 6. Writing Ability 7. Testing Ability 8. Other points
What I hope you to achieve:
11. availability n. available adj.
--- Tickets are available in the office. --- You are always available when I need your help.
Chapter 1: Business and Society
--- high blood pressure 高血压
--- financial pressure 财政压力
--- pressure cooker
高压锅
Chapter 1: Business and Society
❖ 9. find it easier (hard) to do sth. ❖ 动词+形式宾语it +形容詞（名词）+真正宾语
--- We find it hard to understand his idea. --- The dog found it a short cut to run through the woods.
商务英语基础教程01ppt课件
It is only right for businesses to serve society’s goals.
Why act in a socially responsible way?
2. Businesses are a component of society. As overall social conditions improve, all
Right to choose
Right to Be heard
Basic areas of consumerism
1. 1. The right to safety
2. - product safe for intended use 3. - explicit directions for use 4. - properly tested to ensure reliability &
Why act in a socially responsible way?
1. Society provides conditions for businesses to exist.
- social setting including laws, customs, etc. - other social and cultural norms - professional/technical personnel - labor
What is social responsibility?
Social responsibility is the obligation a business assumes to: maximize its positive impact minimize its negative impact help to improve society help to solve social problems
Why act in a socially responsible way?
2. Businesses are a component of society. As overall social conditions improve, all
Right to choose
Right to Be heard
Basic areas of consumerism
1. 1. The right to safety
2. - product safe for intended use 3. - explicit directions for use 4. - properly tested to ensure reliability &
Why act in a socially responsible way?
1. Society provides conditions for businesses to exist.
- social setting including laws, customs, etc. - other social and cultural norms - professional/technical personnel - labor
What is social responsibility?
Social responsibility is the obligation a business assumes to: maximize its positive impact minimize its negative impact help to improve society help to solve social problems
商务英语课程课件Unit1讲课稿
3. Discuss the following questions:
1) Which do you think are the five most important interview tips? Why?
2) Which of the tips do you disagree with? Why?
4. Key vocabulary
Can you complete the passage with right words or phrases?
When a company needs to __r_e_cr_u_it_ or employ new people, it may decide to ______a_dvtehrteisjeob or ______p_o_sintionthe appointments section of a newspaper. People who are interested can then ________the job by saepnpdlyinfogrin a _________________olretcteorvoefraipnpglilceattioenr (US cover letter) and a ______________ ( US réscuumrriéc)ulcuomntvaitianeing details of their education and experience. A company may also ask __________ to complete a stancadnadridda_t_es____________. The companayp’pslication form ________________H_u_m_a_n_RwesilolutrhceenDespealretcmt etnhte most suitable applications and prepare a __________sh_oorftcliastndidates or __a_p_p_li_c_an_t_s__, who are invited to attend an_in_t_e_rv_i_ew__.
《商务英语综合教程》课件 (1)
following points.
3.2 mp3
1. Doing business in South America.
•Be aware that people are warm and friendly. •Personal contacts are very important. •They like to get to know you well before doing business with you. •Long business lunches are dinners may be necessary. •They like to take their time before doing business.
3
Starting up
A Discuss these questions
1. What are the most important relationships for you a) at your place of work or study？ b) outside your place of work or study?
Woody Allen (1935-Present) American film-maker
and actor
Woody Allen worked as a comedy writer in the 1950s, writing jokes and scripts for television and publishing several books of short humor pieces. In the early 1960s, Allen began performing as a stand-up comedian, emphasizing monologues rather than traditional jokes. In 2004, Comedy Central ranked Allen in fourth place on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians, while a UK survey ranked Allen as the third greatest comedian.
商务英语综合教程1_Unit4_PPT
Warm-up
Background
Detailed Reading
TEXT I
And in any recession, there are always people that benefit from recession － people involved in oil, people involved in other parts of the world, maybe people who've got investments in other part of the world. They still, still have their money. － I find that across the board, really, what you find is that even in times of recession, and a slower market, people still want to have something of great quality. So if you are really only gonna be able to buy one thing, I find that people really want it to be the best thing that they can buy, whether it's an Hermes silk tie or whether it's a Bugatti Veyron. － So if you buy this car, do you throw in an extra scarf, you know, to throw in an Hermes scarf or anything?
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An Integrated Course in International Business English
国际商务英语综合教程
Chapter 1
A Brief Introduction to International Business 国际商务简介
第一章 国际商务简介 1、什么是商务？ 2、什么是国际商务？ 3、国际商务活动范围 4、国际风险 5、关于国际商法 6、商业信用 7、关于国际商务管理 8、世界贸易组织简介
10. Direct investment may be financed in a number of ways other than through capital movements abroad. 直接投资可以用许多方式来提供资金（或： 融资），而不是通过国外资金的运动（应： 流动）。 或：直接投资除了通过国外资金流动以外， 还可以借助许多其它方式来进行融资。
4. different sovereign political units 不同的主权政治团体
5. cover a wide range of … 包括……的广大范围 6. International transactions in physical goods involve products from mining, petroleum, agriculture, and manufacturing activities. 实物商品中的国际交易涉及矿产品、石油产品、农产 品和生产活动。
2. For example, a machine tool is sold to someone in exchange for money or a mechanic offers a service by repairing a machine tool for money, which we call sales. 例如，将一台机床卖给某人成交得钱， 或者一个机修工提供修理机床的服务 而得钱，我们都称之为销售。
Ⅱ.Language Points （语言要点）
(Teachers should note that here we only give you some of the language points, you may add some by yourself.)
1. but today it has a more technical definition, which is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and service for a profit. 但是，今天商业有更为科学的定义，它 是指为了利润而进行货物和劳务的生产、 分配和销售的一种活动。
3. give rise to…使产生，引起，导致
venerable: 德高望重的，令人崇敬的 A venerable person deserves respect because they are old and wise. impressive or interesting because of age, antique appearance, etc. E.g.: a venerable oak tree. extremely old or obsolete; ancient E.g.: a venerable automobile.
改进：在没有进行国外直接投资的情况下，公司亦可通过进出口业 务、向非直属国外公司颁发许可、出售技术、签订涉外管理合同 和承包工程等形式来进行国际业务。
12. The special risk elements confronted in international business activity include financial, political, regulatory, and tax risks. 国际商务活动面对的特别风险因素包括金 融、政治、管理和税收风险。
The international business field is concerned with the issues facing international companies and governments in dealing with all types of cross-border business transactions. 国际业务领域涉及各种类型的跨国商业交易问 题。这些问题也是国际公司和政所面临的问题。 或：国际业务领域涉及国际公司及政府在处理跨 境业务时所面临的问题。
11. Without making foreign direct investment commitments, firms can engage in international business through exporting and importing, licensing of nonaffiliated foreign firms, sale of technology, foreign management contracts, and selling turnkey projects. 没有进行国外直接投资交托的公司，也可以从事国际商务活动。 通过出口和进口、非分支机构的国外公司的许可，销售技术，国 外管理合同以及销售由承包商完全包办的工程来进行。
13. The need has become recognized for a continuing business intelligence activity of considerable complexity to identify and predict international risks. 人们逐渐认识到继续进行相当复杂的商务 情报活动来辨认和预计国际风险是必要的。 （pay attention to the translation.）
1、什么叫商务？ 传统上，商务仅指人们所需要的物品的交换或贸易。但是，今天商 务有更为科学的定义，它是指为了利润而进行货物和劳务的生产、 分配和销售的一种活动。商务包括生产，即产品的创造和劳务的提 供、分配、销售和利润。将铁矿转化为机床零件就是一个很好的实 例。由各种零件组成的机床需要从工厂运到市场或转移给机械经销 商，这就是大家知道的分配过程。将产品和劳务交易成金钱就是销 售。例如，将一台机床卖给某人成交得钱，或者一个机修工提供修 理机床的服务而得钱，我们都称之为销售。 综上所述，我们可以说，商务是指生产、分配、销售一切活动的组 合，通过这些活动，创造利润或经济盈余。任何一家商业公司其活 动的主要目的就是创造利润，即支付一切开支后余下来的钱。所以 创造利润或经济盈余是商业活动的基本目标。
International business has emerged as a separate branch or management training, because the growing scale and complexity of business transactions across natioanl boundaries give rise to new and unique problems of management and governmental policy that have received inadequate attention in traditional areas of business and economics. 跨境业务活动给管理及政府政策方面带来了新颖独特的 问题，这些问题在传统的商业及经济领域一直未得到充 分的关注，致使国际业务以独立的管理培训分支机构形 式出现。
Ⅰ. Explanatory Notes on Technical Terms
1. economic surplus — 经济盈余 2. portfolio n. — 有价证券（清单） 3. a parent company — 母公司 (又称控股公司，总公司， 即通过参入制来控制其他公司活动的大公司，受 母公司控制的公司大致分为branch. Subsidiary) 4. turnkey project — 由承包商一手承包办理的工程 5. expropriation n. — 征收（私人财产）或剥夺（某人之 地产等）
Which引导的定语从句为修饰主句的定语从句，which 代表主句意义，注意译文。在科技英语与商务英语中， 经常有由代表整个主句意义的关系代词which引出一个 定语，翻译时和主句译成排比句。 E.g. The sun gives us light and heat, which makes us live on the earth possibly. 太阳给了我们光和热，这就使得我们有可能生活在地球 上。 supervision: 监督;管理 Supervision is the supervising of people, activities, or places.
6. contemplate v. — 在心中打算，企图 7. extraterritorial — 治外法权的 8. collection — 收款，托收 9. correspondent bank — 代理银行，往来银行 10. insurance policy — 保险单 11. insurance certificate — 保险凭证 12. weight memo (note) — 重量单，磅码单 13. institutional — 惯例的，团体的 14. multilateral — 多边的，多方的 15. implement — 实行，实施 16. legislation — 立法 17. adjudication —审判官，裁判员
jurisdiction: 不可数名词司法权；审判权；管辖权 Jurisdiction is the power that a court of law or an official has to carry out legal judgments or to enforce laws.
国际商务英语综合教程
Chapter 1
A Brief Introduction to International Business 国际商务简介
第一章 国际商务简介 1、什么是商务？ 2、什么是国际商务？ 3、国际商务活动范围 4、国际风险 5、关于国际商法 6、商业信用 7、关于国际商务管理 8、世界贸易组织简介
10. Direct investment may be financed in a number of ways other than through capital movements abroad. 直接投资可以用许多方式来提供资金（或： 融资），而不是通过国外资金的运动（应： 流动）。 或：直接投资除了通过国外资金流动以外， 还可以借助许多其它方式来进行融资。
4. different sovereign political units 不同的主权政治团体
5. cover a wide range of … 包括……的广大范围 6. International transactions in physical goods involve products from mining, petroleum, agriculture, and manufacturing activities. 实物商品中的国际交易涉及矿产品、石油产品、农产 品和生产活动。
2. For example, a machine tool is sold to someone in exchange for money or a mechanic offers a service by repairing a machine tool for money, which we call sales. 例如，将一台机床卖给某人成交得钱， 或者一个机修工提供修理机床的服务 而得钱，我们都称之为销售。
Ⅱ.Language Points （语言要点）
(Teachers should note that here we only give you some of the language points, you may add some by yourself.)
1. but today it has a more technical definition, which is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and service for a profit. 但是，今天商业有更为科学的定义，它 是指为了利润而进行货物和劳务的生产、 分配和销售的一种活动。
3. give rise to…使产生，引起，导致
venerable: 德高望重的，令人崇敬的 A venerable person deserves respect because they are old and wise. impressive or interesting because of age, antique appearance, etc. E.g.: a venerable oak tree. extremely old or obsolete; ancient E.g.: a venerable automobile.
改进：在没有进行国外直接投资的情况下，公司亦可通过进出口业 务、向非直属国外公司颁发许可、出售技术、签订涉外管理合同 和承包工程等形式来进行国际业务。
12. The special risk elements confronted in international business activity include financial, political, regulatory, and tax risks. 国际商务活动面对的特别风险因素包括金 融、政治、管理和税收风险。
The international business field is concerned with the issues facing international companies and governments in dealing with all types of cross-border business transactions. 国际业务领域涉及各种类型的跨国商业交易问 题。这些问题也是国际公司和政所面临的问题。 或：国际业务领域涉及国际公司及政府在处理跨 境业务时所面临的问题。
11. Without making foreign direct investment commitments, firms can engage in international business through exporting and importing, licensing of nonaffiliated foreign firms, sale of technology, foreign management contracts, and selling turnkey projects. 没有进行国外直接投资交托的公司，也可以从事国际商务活动。 通过出口和进口、非分支机构的国外公司的许可，销售技术，国 外管理合同以及销售由承包商完全包办的工程来进行。
13. The need has become recognized for a continuing business intelligence activity of considerable complexity to identify and predict international risks. 人们逐渐认识到继续进行相当复杂的商务 情报活动来辨认和预计国际风险是必要的。 （pay attention to the translation.）
1、什么叫商务？ 传统上，商务仅指人们所需要的物品的交换或贸易。但是，今天商 务有更为科学的定义，它是指为了利润而进行货物和劳务的生产、 分配和销售的一种活动。商务包括生产，即产品的创造和劳务的提 供、分配、销售和利润。将铁矿转化为机床零件就是一个很好的实 例。由各种零件组成的机床需要从工厂运到市场或转移给机械经销 商，这就是大家知道的分配过程。将产品和劳务交易成金钱就是销 售。例如，将一台机床卖给某人成交得钱，或者一个机修工提供修 理机床的服务而得钱，我们都称之为销售。 综上所述，我们可以说，商务是指生产、分配、销售一切活动的组 合，通过这些活动，创造利润或经济盈余。任何一家商业公司其活 动的主要目的就是创造利润，即支付一切开支后余下来的钱。所以 创造利润或经济盈余是商业活动的基本目标。
International business has emerged as a separate branch or management training, because the growing scale and complexity of business transactions across natioanl boundaries give rise to new and unique problems of management and governmental policy that have received inadequate attention in traditional areas of business and economics. 跨境业务活动给管理及政府政策方面带来了新颖独特的 问题，这些问题在传统的商业及经济领域一直未得到充 分的关注，致使国际业务以独立的管理培训分支机构形 式出现。
Ⅰ. Explanatory Notes on Technical Terms
1. economic surplus — 经济盈余 2. portfolio n. — 有价证券（清单） 3. a parent company — 母公司 (又称控股公司，总公司， 即通过参入制来控制其他公司活动的大公司，受 母公司控制的公司大致分为branch. Subsidiary) 4. turnkey project — 由承包商一手承包办理的工程 5. expropriation n. — 征收（私人财产）或剥夺（某人之 地产等）
Which引导的定语从句为修饰主句的定语从句，which 代表主句意义，注意译文。在科技英语与商务英语中， 经常有由代表整个主句意义的关系代词which引出一个 定语，翻译时和主句译成排比句。 E.g. The sun gives us light and heat, which makes us live on the earth possibly. 太阳给了我们光和热，这就使得我们有可能生活在地球 上。 supervision: 监督;管理 Supervision is the supervising of people, activities, or places.
6. contemplate v. — 在心中打算，企图 7. extraterritorial — 治外法权的 8. collection — 收款，托收 9. correspondent bank — 代理银行，往来银行 10. insurance policy — 保险单 11. insurance certificate — 保险凭证 12. weight memo (note) — 重量单，磅码单 13. institutional — 惯例的，团体的 14. multilateral — 多边的，多方的 15. implement — 实行，实施 16. legislation — 立法 17. adjudication —审判官，裁判员
jurisdiction: 不可数名词司法权；审判权；管辖权 Jurisdiction is the power that a court of law or an official has to carry out legal judgments or to enforce laws.