厦门大学微观(平狄克)课后答案第1-3章
第3章习题答案
“微处理器系统原理与嵌入式系统设计”第三章习题解答3.1什么是冯·诺伊曼计算机结构？其运行的基本原理如何？冯.诺依曼计算机由运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备和输出设备构成，采用二进制表示信息，以存储器为中心，按存储程序原理工作。
存储程序原理指编好的程序首先放入存储器，开始工作后，由控制器自动、高速依次从存储器中取出指令并执行。
3.2. 微处理器的体系结构可以分为几种？试分别说明各种体系结构的优缺点。
3.3 高级编程语言、汇编语言以及机器语言之间有哪些不同？机器语言是直接用二进制代码表达的计算机语言。
指令用“0”和“1”组成，并分成若干段，各段的编码表示不同的含义。
机器语言面向硬件，是唯一可以由硬件直接执行的语言。
汇编语言采用符号代替机器语言中的二进制码：用助记符(Mnemonic)代替操作码，用地址符号(Symbol)或标号(Label)代替地址码。
汇编语言与机器语言一一对应，因此不具有移植性，但更易于读写和理解。
汇编语言源程序需要汇编成机器语言才能交给硬件执行。
高级编程语言语法和结构更类似普通英文，且由于远离对硬件的直接操作，因此移植性较好。
高级语言源程序需要编译（或解释）成机器语言才能交给硬件执行。
3.5 什么是计算功能指令、数据传输指令以及控制流程指令？计算功能指令：对数据进行处理完成算术运算或逻辑运算等的指令。
数据传输指令：负责把数据、地址或立即数传送到寄存器、I/O端口或存储单元中，或者反方向传送的指令。
控制流程指令：用来控制程序执行流程的指令，有测试、转移、跳转等子类。
3.6 解释跳转、分支、调用以及中断所需进行的操作。
跳转：根据“跳转”指令指计算目的地址，修改程序指针。
分支：根据“分支”指令判断执行条件，计算跳转地址，修改程序指针。
调用：保存断点，根据“调用”指令计算子程序入口地址，修改程序指针，执行完毕后恢复断点。
中断：保护断点及现场，查找中断向量表以确定中断程序入口地址，修改程序指针，执行完毕后恢复现场及断点。
平狄克微观经济学第九本课后习题答案笔记
平狄克微观经济学第九版课后习题答案与笔记内容简介本书遵循平狄克《微观经济学》（第9版）教材的章⽬目编排，共分4篇19章，每章由三部分组成：第⼀一部分为复习笔记，总结本章的重难点内容；第⼆二部分为课（章）后复习题详解，对第9版的所有课（章）后复习题都进⾏行行了了详细的分析和解答；第三部分为课（章）后练习题详解，对第9版的所有课（章）后练习题都进⾏行行了了详细的分析和解答。
作为该教材的学习辅导书，本书具有以下⼏几个⽅方⾯面的特点：（1）整理理名校笔记，浓缩内容精华。
每章的复习笔记以平狄克所著的《微观经济学》（第9版）为主，并结合国内外其他微观经济学经典教材对各章的重难点进⾏行行了了整理理，因此，本书的内容⼏几乎浓缩了了经典教材的知识精华。
（2）解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。
本书参考⼤大量量经济学相关资料料对平狄克所著的《微观经济学》（第9版）的课（章）后习题进⾏行行了了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进⾏行行了了延伸和归纳。
（3）补充相关要点，强化专业知识。
⼀一般来说，国外英⽂文教材的中译本不不太符合中国学⽣生的思维习惯，有些语⾔言的表述不不清或条理理性不不强⽽而给学习带来了了不不便便，因此，对每章复习笔记的⼀一些重要知识点和⼀一些习题的解答，我们在不不违背原书原意的基础上结合其他相关经典教材进⾏行行了了必要的整理理和分析。
⽬目录第1篇 导论：市场与价格 第1章 绪 论 1.1 复习笔记 1.2 课后复习题详解 1.3 课后练习题详解 第2章 供给与需求的基本原理 2.1 复习笔记 2.2 课后复习题详解 2.3 课后练习题详解第2篇 ⽣产者、消费者与竞争性市场 第3章 消费者⾏为 3.1 复习笔记 3.2 课后复习题详解 3.3 课后练习题详解 第4章 个⼈需求与市场需求 4.1 复习笔记 4.2 课后复习题详解 4.3 课后练习题详解 第4章附录 需求理论：⼀种数学的处理⽅法 第5章 不确定性与消费者⾏为 5.1 复习笔记 5.2 课后复习题详解 5.3 课后练习题详解 第6章 ⽣ 产 6.1 复习笔记 6.2 课后复习题详解 6.3 课后练习题详解 第7章 ⽣产成本 7.1 复习笔记 7.2 课后复习题详解 7.3 课后练习题详解 第7章附录 ⽣产与成本理论：⼀种数学的处理⽅法 第8章 利润最⼤化与竞争性供给 8.1 复习笔记 8.2 课后复习题详解 第9章 竞争性市场分析 9.1 复习笔记 9.2 课后复习题详解 9.3 课后练习题详解第3篇 市场结构与竞争策略 第10章 市场势⼒：垄断与买⽅垄断 10.1 复习笔记 10.2 课后复习题详解 10.3 课后练习题详解 第11章 有市场势⼒的定价 11.1 复习笔记 11.2 课后复习题详解 11.3 课后练习题详解 第11章附录 纵向联合⼚商 第12章 垄断竞争与寡头垄断 12.1 复习笔记 12.2 课后复习题详解 12.3 课后练习题详解 第13章 博弈论与竞争策略 13.1 复习笔记 13.2 课后复习题详解 13.3 课后练习题详解 第14章 投⼊要素市场 14.1 复习笔记 14.2 课后复习题详解 14.3 课后练习题详解 第15章 投资、时间与资本市场 15.1 复习笔记 15.2 课后复习题详解第4篇 信息、市场失灵与政府的⾓⾊ 第16章 ⼀般均衡与经济效率 16.1 复习笔记 16.2 课后复习题详解 16.3 课后练习题详解 第17章 信息不对称的市场 17.1 复习笔记 17.2 课后复习题详解 17.3 课后练习题详解 第18章 外部性与公共物品 18.1 复习笔记 18.2 课后复习题详解 18.3 课后练习题详解 第19章 ⾏为经济学 19.1 复习笔记 19.2 课后复习题详解 19.3 课后练习题详解附录 指定平狄克《微观经济学》教材为考研参考书⽬目的院校列列表1.2. 课后习题详解1 ⼈人们常说，⼀一个好的理理论是可以⽤用实证的、数据导向的研究来加以证伪的。
平狄克《微观经济学》第七版·课后习题答案中文word资料68页
第一章复习题1．市场是通过相互作用决定一种或一系列产品价格的买卖双方的集合，因此可以把市场看作决定价格的场所。
行业是出售相同的或紧密相关的产品的厂商的集合，一个市场可以包括许多行业。
2．评价一个理论有两个步骤：首先，需要检验这个理论假设的合理性；第二，把该理论的预测和事实相比较以此来验证它。
如果一个理论无法被检验的话，它将不会被接受。
因此，它对我们理解现实情况没有任何帮助。
3．实证分析解释“是什么”的问题，而规范分析解释的是“应该是什么”的问题。
对供给的限制将改变市场的均衡。
A中包括两种分析，批评这是一种“失败的政策”——是规范分析，批评其破坏了市场的竞争性——是实证分析。
B向我们说明在燃油的配给制下总社会福利的被损坏——是实证分析。
4．由于两个市场在空间上是分离的，商品在两地间的运输是套利实现的条件。
如果运输成本为零，则可以在Oklahoma购买汽油，到New Jersey出售，赚取差价；如果这个差价无法弥补运输成本则不存在套利机会。
5．商品和服务的数量与价格由供求关系决定。
鸡蛋的实际价格从1970年至1985年的下降，一方面是由于人们健康意识的提高而导致鸡蛋需求的减少，同时也因为生产成本的降低。
在这两种因素下，鸡蛋的价格下降了。
大学教育的实际价格的升高，是由于越来越多的人倾向于获得大学教育而导致需求提高，同时教育的成本也在升高。
在这两方面因素作用下，大学教育费用提高了。
6．日圆相对美圆来说，价值升高，升值前相比，兑换同样数量的日圆需要付出更多的美圆。
由汇率的变化引起购买力的变化，在日本市场出售的美国汽车，由于美圆贬值日圆升值，持有日圆的消费者将较以前支付较底的价格；而在美国市场出售的日本汽车，由于日圆升值美圆贬值，持有美圆的消费者将面对较以前提高的价格。
第二章复习题1.假设供给曲线固定，炎热天气通常会引起需求曲线右移，在当前价格上造成短期需求过剩。
消费者为获得冰激凌，愿意为每一单位冰激凌出价更高。
平狄克《微观经济学》课后答案 2
CHAPTER 2THE BASICS OF SUPPLY AND DEMANDThis chapter departs from the standard treatment of supply and demand basics found in most other intermediate microeconomics textbooks by discussing some of the world’s most important markets (wheat, gasoline, and automobiles) and teaching students how to analyze these markets with the tools of supply and demand.Although most of the discussion of economic theory in this chapter serves as a review, the real-world applications of this theory will be enlightening for students, particularly the material covered in Section 2.5 and Examples 2.5 and 2.6.Some problems plague the understanding of supply and demand analysis. One of the most common sources of confusion is between movements along the demand curve and shifts in demand. Through a discussion of the ceteris paribus assumption, stress that when representing a demand function (either with a graph or an equation), all other variables are held constant. Movements along the demand curve occur only with changes in price. As the omitted factors change, the entire demand function shifts. Students may also find a review of how to solve two equations with two unknowns helpful.To stress the quantitative aspects of the demand curve to students, make the distinction between quantity demanded as a function of price, Q = D(P), and the inverse demand function, where price is a function of the quantity demanded, P = D-1(Q). This may clarify the positioning of price on the Y-axis and quantity on the X-axis.Students may also question how the market adjusts to a new equilibrium. One simple mechanism is the partial-adjustment cobweb model. A discussion of the cobweb model (based on traditional corn-hog cycle or any other example) adds a certain realism to the discussion and is much appreciated by students.Although this chapter introduces demand, income, and cross-price elasticities, you may find it more appropriate to return to income and cross-price elasticity after demand elasticity is reintroduced in Chapter 4. If you wait, you should postpone Exercise (7) until income and cross-price elasticities are discussed.1. Suppose that unusually hot weather causes the demand curve for ice cream to shift to the right. Why will the price of ice cream rise to a new market-clearing level?Assume the supply curve is fixed. The unusually hot weather will cause a rightwardshift in the demand curve, creating short-run excess demand at the current price.Consumers will begin to bid against each other for the ice cream, putting upwardpressure on the price. The price of ice cream will rise until the quantity demanded andthe quantity supplied are equal.4. Why do long-run elasticities of demand differ from short-run elasticities? Consider two goods: paper towels and televisions. Which is a durable good? Would you expect the price elasticity of demand for paper towels to be larger in the short-run or in the long-run? Why? What about the price elasticity of demand for televisions?Long-run and short-run elasticities differ based on how rapidly consumers respond toprice changes and how many substitutes are available. If the price of paper towels, anon-durable good, were to increase, consumers might react only minimally in the shortrun. In the long run, however, demand for paper towels would be more elastic as newsubstitutes entered the market (such as sponges or kitchen towels). In contrast, thequantity demanded of durable goods, such as televisions, might change dramatically inthe short run following a price change. For example, the initial influence of a priceincrease for televisions would cause consumers to delay purchases because durablegoods are built to last longer. Eventually consumers must replace their televisions asthey wear out or become obsolete; therefore, we expect the demand for durables to bemore elastic in the long run.5. Explain why, for many goods, the long-run price elasticity of supply is larger than the short-run elasticity.The elasticity of supply is the percentage change in the quantity supplied divided by thepercentage change in price. An increase in price induces an increase in the quantitysupplied by firms. Some firms in some markets may respond quickly and cheaply toprice changes. However, other firms may be constrained by their production capacity inthe short run. The firms with short-run capacity constraints will have a short-runsupply elasticity that is less elastic. However, in the long run all firms can increasetheir scale of production and thus have a larger long-run price elasticity.6. Suppose the government regulates the prices of beef and chicken and sets them below their market-clearing levels. Explain why shortages of these goods will develop and what factors will determine the sizes of the shortages. What will happen to the price of pork? Explain briefly.If the price of a commodity is set below its market-clearing level, the quantity that firmsare willing to supply is less than the quantity that consumers wish to purchase. Theextent of the excess demand implied by this response will depend on the relativeelasticities of demand and supply. For instance, if both supply and demand are elastic,the shortage is larger than if both are inelastic. Factors such as the willingness ofconsumers to eat less meat and the ability of farmers to change the size of their herdsand produce less determine these elasticities and influence the size of excess demand.Rationing will result in situations of excess demand when some consumers are unableto purchase the quantities desired. Customers whose demands are not met willattempt to purchase substitutes, thus increasing the demand for substitutes and raisingtheir prices. If the prices of beef and chicken are set below market-clearing levels, theprice of pork will rise.7. In a discussion of tuition rates, a university official argues that the demand for admission is completely price inelastic. As evidence she notes that while the university has doubled its tuition (in real terms) over the past 15 years, neither the number nor quality of students applying has decreased. Would you accept this argument? Explain briefly. (Hint: The official makes an assertion about the demand for admission, but does she actually observe a demand curve? What else could be going on?)If demand is fixed, the individual firm (a university) may determine the shape of thedemand curve it faces by raising the price and observing the change in quantity sold.The university official is not observing the entire demand curve, but rather only theequilibrium price and quantity over the last 15 years. If demand is shifting upward, assupply shifts upward, demand could have any elasticity. (See Figure 2.7, for example.)Demand could be shifting upward because the value of a college education hasincreased and students are willing to pay a high price for each opening. More marketc. A drought shrinks the apple crop to one-third its normal size.The supply curve would shift in, causing the equilibrium price to rise and theequilibrium quantity to fall.d. Thousands of college students abandon the academic life to become apple pickers.The increased supply of apple pickers will lead to a decrease in the cost of bringingapples to market. The decreased cost of bringing apples to market results in anoutward shift of the supply curve of apples and causes the equilibrium price to fall andthe equilibrium quantity to increase.e. Thousands of college students abandon the academic life to become apple growers.This would result in an outward shift of the supply curve for apples, causing theequilibrium price to fall and the equilibrium quantity to increase.1. Consider a competitive market for which the quantities demanded and supplied (per year) at various prices are given as follows:Price($)Demand (millions) Supply (millions) 6022 14 8020 16 10018 18 12016 20 a. Calculate the price elasticity of demand when the price is $80. When the price is$100.We know that the price elasticity of demand may be calculated using equation 2.1 fromthe text:E Q Q P PP Q Q PD D D D D ==∆∆∆∆. With each price increase of $20, the quantity demanded decreases by 2. Therefore,∆∆Q P DF HG I K J =-=-22001.. At P = 80, quantity demanded equals 20 andE D =F HG I KJ -=-802001040...b g Similarly, at P = 100, quantity demanded equals 18 andE D =F HG I K J -=-1001801056...b g b. Calculate the price elasticity of supply when the price is $80. When the price is $100.The elasticity of supply is given by:E Q Q P P Q Q PS S S S S ==∆∆∆∆. With each price increase of $20, quantity supplied increases by 2. Therefore,∆∆Q SF HG I K J ==22001.. At P = 80, quantity supplied equals 16 andE S =F HG I KJ =80160105..bg .Similarly, at P = 100, quantity supplied equals 18 andE S=FH GIK J= 1001801056...bgc. What are the equilibrium price and quantity?The equilibrium price and quantity are found where the quantity supplied equals thequantity demanded at the same price. As we see from the table, the equilibrium priceis $100 and the equilibrium quantity is 18 million.d. Suppose the government sets a price ceiling of $80. Will there be a shortage, and, ifso, how large will it be?With a price ceiling of $80, consumers would like to buy 20 million, but producers willsupply only 16 million. This will result in a shortage of 4 million.2. Refer to Example 2.3 on the market for wheat. Suppose that in 1985 the Soviet Union hadbought an additional 200 million bushels of U.S. wheat. What would the free market price of wheat have been and what quantity would have been produced and sold by U.S. farmers?The following equations describe the market for wheat in 1985:QS= 1,800 + 240PandQD= 2,580 - 194P.If the Soviet Union had purchased an additional 200 million bushels of wheat, the newdemand curve 'Q D, would be equal to Q ED + 200, or'Q D= (2,580 - 194P) + 200 = 2,780 - 194PEquating supply and the new demand, we may determine the new equilibrium price,1,800 + 240P = 2,780 - 194P, or434P = 980, or P* = $2.26 per bushel.To find the equilibrium quantity, substitute the price into either the supply or demandequation, e.g.,QS= 1,800 + (240)(2.26) = 2,342andQD= 2,780 - (194)(2.26) = 2,342.3. The rent control agency of New York City has found that aggregate demand is QD= 100 - 5P measured in tens of thousands of apartments, and price, the average monthly rental rate, P, with quantity measured in hundreds of dollars. The agency also noted that the increase in Q at lower P results from more three-person families coming into the city from Long Island and demanding apartments. The city’s board of realtors acknowledges that this is agood demand estimate and has shown that supply is QS= 50 + 5P.a. If both the agency and the board are right about demand and supply, what is the freemarket price? What is the change in city population if the agency sets a maximum average monthly rental of $100, and all those who cannot find an apartment leave the city?To find the free market price for apartments, set supply equal to demand:100 - 5P = 50 + 5P, or P = $500.Substituting the equilibrium price into either the demand or supply equation todetermine the equilibrium quantity:QD= 100 - (5)(5) = 75andQ S = 50 + (5)(5) = 75.We find that at the rental rate of $500, 750,000 apartments are rented.If the rent control agency sets the rental rate at $100, the quantity supplied would thenbe 550,000 (Q S = 50 + (5)(100) = 550), a decrease of 200,000 apartments from the freemarket equilibrium. (Assuming three people per family per apartment, this wouldimply a loss of 600,000 people.) At the $100 rental rate, the demand for apartments is950,000 units, and the resultant shortage is 400,000 units.b. Suppose the agency bows to the wishes of the board and sets a rental of $900 permonth on all apartments to allow landlords a “fair” rate of return. If 50 percent of any long-run increases in apartment offerings comes from new construction, how many apartments are constructed?At a rental rate of $900, the supply of apartments would be 50 + 5(9) = 95, or 950,000units, which is an increase of 200,000 units over the free market equilibrium.Therefore, (0.5)(200,000) = 100,000 units would be constructed. Note, however, thatsince demand is only 550,000 units, 400,000 units would go unrented.4. Much of the demand for U.S. agricultural output has come from other countries. From Example 2.3, total demand is Q = 3,550 - 266P . In addition, we are told that domestic demand is Q d = 1,000 - 46P . Domestic supply is Q S = 1,800 + 240P . Suppose the export demand for wheat falls by 40 percent.a. U.S. farmers are concerned about this drop in export demand. What happens to thefree market price of wheat in the United States? Do the farmers have much reason to worry?Given total demand, Q = 3,550 - 266P , and domestic demand, Q d = 1,000 - 46P , we maysubtract and determine export demand, Q e = 2,550 - 220P .The initial market equilibrium price is found by setting total demand equal to supply:3,550 - 266P - 1,800 + 240P , orP = $3.46.There are two different ways to handle the 40 percent drop in demand. One way is toassume that the demand curve shifts down so that at all prices demand decreases by 40percent. The second way is to rotate the demand curve in a clockwise manner aroundthe vertical intercept (i.e. in the current case the demand curve would becomeQ = 3,550 - 159.6P ). We apply the former approach in the solution to exercises here.Regardless of the two approaches, the effect on prices and quantity will be qualitativelythe same, but will differ quantitatively.Therefore, if export demand decreases by 40 percent, total demand becomesQ D = Q d + 0.6Q e = 1,000 - 46P + (0.6)(2,550 - 220P ) = 2,530 - 178P .Equating total supply and total demand,1,800 + 240P = 2,530 - 178P , orP = $1.75,which is a significant drop from the market-clearing price of $3.46 per bushel. At thisprice, the market-clearing quantity is 2,219 million bushels. Total revenue hasdecreased from $9.1 billion to $3.9 billion. Most farmers would worry.b. Now suppose the U.S. government wants to buy enough wheat each year to raise theprice to $3.00 per bushel. Without export demand, how much wheat would the government have to buy each year? How much would this cost the government?With a price of $3, the market is not in equilibrium. Demand = 1000 - 46(3) = 862.Supply = 1800 + 240(3) = 2,520, and excess supply is therefore 2,520 - 862 = 1,658. Thegovernment must purchase this amount to support a price of $3, and will spend $3(1.66million) = $5.0 billion per year.5. In Example 2.6 we examined the effect of a 20 percent decline in copper demand on the price of copper, using the linear supply and demand curves developed in Section 2.5. Suppose the long-run price elasticity of copper demand were -0.4 instead of -0.8.a. Assuming, as before, that the equilibrium price and quantity are P* = 75 cents perpound and Q* = 7.5 million metric tons per year, derive the linear demand curve consistent with the smaller elasticity.Following the method outlined in Section 2.5, we solve for a and b in the demandequation Q D = a - bP . First, we know that for a linear demand function E b P D =-F H G I KJ *. Here E D = -0.4 (the long-run price elasticity), P* = 0.75 (the equilibrium price), and Q* =7.5 (the equilibrium quantity). Solving for b , -=-F H I K0407575...b , or b = 4. To find the intercept, we substitute for b , Q D (= Q *), and P (= P *) in the demandequation:7.5 = a - (4)(0.75), or a = 10.5.The linear demand equation consistent with a long-run price elasticity of -0.4 isthereforeQ D = 10.5 - 4P .b. Using this demand curve, recalculate the effect of a 20 percent decline in copperdemand on the price of copper.The new demand is 20 percent below the original (using our convention that the wholedemand curve is shifted down by 20 percent):'Q D =-=-0810548432....a f a fP P . Equating this to supply,8.4 - 3.2P = -4.5 + 16P , orP = 0.672.With the 20 percent decline in the demand, the price of copper falls to 67.2 cents perpound.6. Example 2.7 analyzes the world oil market. Using the data given in that example,a. Show that the short-run demand and competitive supply curves are indeed given byD = 24.08 - 0.06PS C = 11.74 + 0.07P .First, considering non-OPEC supply:S c = Q * = 13.With E S = 0.10 and P * = $18, E S = d (P */Q *) implies d = 0.07.Substituting for d , S c , and P in the supply equation, c = 11.74 and S c = 11.74 + 0.07P .Similarly, since Q D = 23, E D = -b (P */Q *) = -0.05, and b = 0.06. Substituting for b , Q D = 23, and P = 18 in the demand equation gives 23 = a - 0.06(18), so that a = 24.08.Hence Q D = 24.08 - 0.06P .b. Show that the long-run demand and competitive supply curves are indeed given byD = 32.18 - 0.51PS C = 7.78 + 0.29P .As above, E S = 0.4 and E D = -0.4: E S = d (P */Q *) and E D = -b(P*/Q*), implying 0.4 = d (18/13)and -0.4 = -b (18/23). So d = 0.29 and b = 0.51.Next solve for c and a :S c = c + dP and Q D = a - bP , implying 13 = c + (0.29)(18) and 23 = a - (0.51)(18).So c = 7.78 and a = 32.18.c. Use this model to calculate what would happen to the price of oil in the short-runand the long-run if OPEC were to cut its production by 6 billion barrels per year.With OPEC’s supply reduced from 10 bb/yr to 4 bb/yr, add this lower supply of 4 bb/yr to the short-run and long-run supply equations:S c ' = 4 + S c = 11.74 + 4 + 0.07P = 15.74 + 0.07P and S " = 4 + S c = 11.78 + 0.29P .These are equated with short-run and long-run demand, so that:15.74 + 0.07P = 24.08 - 0.06P ,implying that P = $64.15 in the short run; and11.78 + 0.29P = 32.18 - 0.51P ,implying that P = $24.29 in the long run.7.Refer to Example 2.8, which analyzes the effects of price controls on natural gas. a. Using the data in the example, show that the following supply and demand curvesdid indeed describe the market in 1975:Supply: Q = 14 + 2P G + 0.25P ODemand: Q = -5P G + 3.75P Owhere P G and P O are the prices of natural gas and oil, respectively. Also, verify that if the price of oil is $8.00, these curves imply a free market price of $2.00 for natural gas.To solve this problem, we apply the analysis of Section 2.5 to the definition of cross-price elasticity of demand given in Section 2.3. For example, the cross-price-elasticity of demand for natural gas with respect to the price of oil is:E Q P P Q GO G O G G=F HG I K J FH GI KJ ∆∆. ∆∆Q P G O F H G IK J is the change in the quantity of natural gas demanded, because of a small change in the price of oil. For linear demand equations,∆∆Q P G O F H G I K J is constant. If we represent demand as:Q G = a - bP G + eP O(notice that income is held constant), then∆∆Q P G OF HG I K J = e . Substituting this into the cross-price elasticity, E e P Q PO O G=F H G I K J **, where P O * and Q G * are the equilibrium price and quantity. We know that P O * = $8 and Q G* = 20 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). Solving for e , 15820.=F H G I KJ e , or e = 3.75. Similarly, if the general form of the supply equation is represented as:Q G = c + dP G + gP O , the cross-price elasticity of supply is g P Q OG**F H G I K J , which we know to be 0.1. Solving for g , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2081.0g , or g = 0.25. The values for d and b may be found with equations 2.5a and 2.5b in Section 2.5. Weknow that E S = 0.2, P* = 2, and Q* = 20. Therefore,⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2022.0d , or d = 2.Also, E D = -0.5, so⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-2025.0b , or b = -5. By substituting these values for d, g, b , and e into our linear supply and demandequations, we may solve for c and a :20 = c + (2)(2) + (0.25)(8), or c = 14,and20 = a - (5)(2) + (3.75)(8), or a = 0.If the price of oil is $8.00, these curves imply a free market price of $2.00 for naturalgas. Substitute the price of oil in the supply and demand curves to verify theseequations. Then set the curves equal to each other and solve for the price of gas.14 + 2P G + (0.25)(8) = -5P G + (3.75)(8), 7P G = 14, orP G = $2.00.b. Suppose the regulated price of gas in 1975 had been $1.50 per million cubic feet,instead of $1.00. How much excess demand would there have been?With a regulated price of $1.50 for natural gas and a price of oil equal to $8.00 perbarrel,Demand: Q D = (-5)(1.50) + (3.75)(8) = 22.5, andSupply: Q S = 14 + (2)(1.5) + (0.25)(8) = 19.With a supply of 19 Tcf and a demand of 22.5 Tcf, there would be an excess demand of3.5 Tcf.c. Suppose that the market for natural gas had not been regulated. If the price of oilhad increased from $8 to $16, what would have happened to the free market price of natural gas?If the price of natural gas had not been regulated and the price of oil had increasedfrom $8 to $16, thenDemand: Q D = -5P G + (3.75)(16) = 60 - 5P G , andSupply: Q S = 14 + 2P G + (0.25)(16) = 18 + 2P G .Equating supply and demand and solving for the equilibrium price,18 + 2P G = 60 - 5P G , or P G = $6.The price of natural gas would have tripled from $2 to $6.。
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第章 供给和需求的基本原理)
平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第2章供给和需求的基本原理课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1．假定异常炎热的天气会使冰淇淋的需求曲线向右移动，解释为什么冰淇淋价格会上升到一个新的市场出清水平。
答：如图2-3所示，假设短期内供给完全无弹性，则供给曲线是垂直的。
供给曲线S与初始的需求曲线D相交，确定均衡价格为1P，均衡数量为1Q。
异常炎热的天气会使冰淇淋1的需求曲线向右移动，在当前价格P上造成短期需求过剩，消费者为获得冰淇淋，愿意为1每一单位冰淇淋出价更高。
在需求压力下，冰淇淋价格将上升，直到供给与需求达到均衡。
图2-3 冰淇淋的供求分析2．请运用供给曲线和需求曲线来说明以下各事件会怎样影响黄油的价格、销售量及购买量：（1）人造黄油价格上升；（2）牛奶价格上升；（3）平均收入水平下降。
答：（1）人造黄油和黄油是一对替代品。
人造黄油价格上升将导致黄油消费量的上升，因此黄油的需求曲线将从1D 向右移动至2D ，均衡价格将从1P 上升至2P ，均衡数量将从1Q 增加至2Q ，如图2-4所示。
图2-4 人造黄油价格上升的影响（2）牛奶是黄油的主要原料。
牛奶价格上升将增加黄油制造成本。
黄油的供给曲线将从1S 向左移动至2S ，在更高的价格2P 实现均衡，同时供给量减少到2Q ，如图2-5所示。
图2-5 牛奶价格上升的影响（3）假设黄油是正常商品。
平均收入水平下降将导致需求曲线从1D 向左移动至2D ，结果价格降至2P ，需求量也下降至2Q ，如图2-6所示。
图2-6 平均收入下降的影响3．如果玉米片价格上升3%而使其需求量下降6%，那么玉米片的需求价格弹性是多少？ 解：需求价格弹性指某种商品需求量变化的百分率与价格变化的百分率之比，它用来测度商品需求量变动对于商品自身价格变动反应的敏感性程度。
平狄克微观经济学答案第1-3章11页word
第一章复习题1．市场是通过相互作用决定一种或一系列产品价格的买卖双方的集合，因此可以把市场看作决定价格的场所。
行业是出售相同的或紧密相关的产品的厂商的集合，一个市场可以包括许多行业。
2．评价一个理论有两个步骤：首先，需要检验这个理论假设的合理性；第二，把该理论的预测和事实相比较以此来验证它。
如果一个理论无法被检验的话，它将不会被接受。
因此，它对我们理解现实情况没有任何帮助。
3．实证分析解释“是什么”的问题，而规范分析解释的是“应该是什么”的问题。
对供给的限制将改变市场的均衡。
A中包括两种分析，批评这是一种“失败的政策”——是规范分析，批评其破坏了市场的竞争性——是实证分析。
B向我们说明在燃油的配给制下总社会福利的被损坏——是实证分析。
4．由于两个市场在空间上是分离的，商品在两地间的运输是套利实现的条件。
如果运输成本为零，则可以在Oklahoma购买汽油，到New Jersey出售，赚取差价；如果这个差价无法弥补运输成本则不存在套利机会。
5．商品和服务的数量与价格由供求关系决定。
鸡蛋的实际价格从1970年至1985年的下降，一方面是由于人们健康意识的提高而导致鸡蛋需求的减少，同时也因为生产成本的降低。
在这两种因素下，鸡蛋的价格下降了。
大学教育的实际价格的升高，是由于越来越多的人倾向于获得大学教育而导致需求提高，同时教育的成本也在升高。
在这两方面因素作用下，大学教育费用提高了。
6．日圆相对美圆来说，价值升高，升值前相比，兑换同样数量的日圆需要付出更多的美圆。
由汇率的变化引起购买力的变化，在日本市场出售的美国汽车，由于美圆贬值日圆升值，持有日圆的消费者将较以前支付较底的价格；而在美国市场出售的日本汽车，由于日圆升值美圆贬值，持有美圆的消费者将面对较以前提高的价格。
第二章复习题1.假设供给曲线固定，炎热天气通常会引起需求曲线右移，在当前价格上造成短期需求过剩。
消费者为获得冰激凌，愿意为每一单位冰激凌出价更高。
微观经济学(平狄克鲁宾费尔德)第六版课后答案--微观经济学 英文原版-CH02PINDYCK
The Basics of Supply and Demand
Introduction
What are supply and demand? What is the market mechanism? What are the effects of changes in market equilibrium? What are elasticities of supply and demand?
Produced Q1 at P1 and Q0 at P2 Now produce Q2 at P1 and Q1 at P2 Supply curve shifts right to S’
P
S S’
P1 P2
Q0
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2
QD QD(P)
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 10
The Demand Curve
Price ($ per unit) The demand curve slopes downward, demonstrating that consumers are willing to buy more at a lower price as the product becomes relatively cheaper.
Q1
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Q2
Chapter 2
Quantity
6
The Supply Curve
Other Variables Affecting Supply
Costs of Production
平狄克微观经济学第六版第三章课后答案
PART IIPRODUCERS, CONSUMERS, AND COMPETITIVE MARKETSCHAPTER 3CONSUMER BEHAVIORChapter 3 builds the foundation for deriving the demand curve in Chapter 4. In order tounderstand demand theory, students must have a firm grasp of indifference curves, the marginal rateof substitution, the budget line, and optimal consumer choice. It is possible to discuss consumer choicewithout going into extensive detail on utility theory. Many students find utility functions to be a moreabstract concept than preference relationships. However, if you plan to discuss uncertainty in Chapter5, you will need to cover marginal utility (section 3.5). Even if you cover utility theory only briefly,make sure students are comfortable with the term utility because it appears frequently in Chapter 4.When introducing indifference curves, stress that physical quantities are represented on thetwo axes. After discussing supply and demand, students may think that price should be on the verticalaxis. To illustrate the indifference curves, pick an initial bundle on the graph and ask which otherbundles are likely to be more preferred and less preferred to the initial bundle. This will divide thegraph into four quadrants, and it is then easier for students to figure out the set of bundles betweenwhich the consumer is indifferent. It is helpful to present a lot of examples with different types ofgoods and see if the class can figure out how to draw the indifference curves. The examples are alsouseful for explaining the significance of the assumptions made about preferences. In presentingdifferent examples, you can ask which assumption would be violated.Explaining utility follows naturally from the discussion of indifference curves. Though anabstract concept, it is possible to get students to understand the basic idea without spending too muchtime on the topic. You might point out that we as consumers have a goal in life, which is to maximizeour utility subject to our budget constraint. When we go to the store we pick the basket that we likebest and that stays within our budget. From this we derive demand curves. Emphasize that it is theranking that is important and not the utility number, and point out that if we can graph an indifferencecurve we can certainly find an equation to represent it. Finally, what is most important is the rate atwhich consumers are willing to exchange goods (the marginal rate of substitution) and this is based onthe relative satisfaction that they derive from each good at any particular time.The marginal rate of substitution, MRS, can be confusing to students. Some confuse the MRSwith the ratio of the two quantities. If this is the case, point out that the slope is equal to the ratio of the rise, ∆Y, and the run, ∆X. This ratio is equal to the ratio of the intercepts of a line just tangent to the indifference curve. As we move along a convex indifference curve, these intercepts and the MRSchange. Another problem is the terminology “of X for Y.” This is confus ing because we are notsubstituting “X for Y,” but Y for one unit of X. You may want to present a variety of examples in classto explain this important concept.1. What are the four basic assumptions about individual preferences? Explain thesignificance or meaning of each.(1) Preferences are complete: this means that the consumer is able to compare andrank all possible baskets; (2) Preferences are transitive: this means that preferencesare consistent, in that if bundle A is preferred to bundle B and bundle B is preferredto bundle C, then we should be able to conclude that bundle A is preferred to bundleC; (3) More is preferred to less: this means that all goods are desirable, and that theconsumer will always prefer to have more of a good; (4) Diminishing marginal rateof substitution: this means that indifference curves are convex, and that the slope ofthe indifference curve increases (becomes less negative) as we move down along thecurve. As a consumer moves down along her indifference curve she is willing to giveup fewer units of the good on the vertical axis in exchange for one more unit of thegood on the horizontal axis. This assumption also means that balanced marketbaskets are preferred to baskets that have a lot of one good and very little of theother good.2. Can a set of indifference curves be upward sloping? If so, what would this tell you about the two goods?A set of indifference curves can be upward sloping if we violate assumption numberthree; more is preferred to less. When a set of indifference curves is upward sloping,it means one of the goods is a “bad” in that the consumer prefers less of the goodrather than more of the good. The positive slope means that the consumer willaccept more of the bad good only if she also receives more of the other good in return.As we move up along the indifference curve the consumer has more of the good sheb.Draw a set of indifference curves for Jon.Since Jon is always willing to trade one can of coke for one can of sprite, hisindifference curves are linear with a slope of –1.c.Draw two budget lines with different slopes and illustrate the satisfaction-maximizing choice. What conclusion can you draw?Jon’s indifference curves are linear with a slope of –1. Jon’s budget line is alsolinear, and will have a slope that reflects the ratio of the two prices. If Jon’s budgetline is steeper than his indifference curves then he will choose to consume only thegood on the vertical axis. If Jon’s b udget line is flatter than his indifference curvesthen he will choose to consumer only the good on the horizontal axis. Jon willalways choose a corner solution, unless his budget line has the same slope as hisindifference curves. In this case any combination of Sprite and Coke that uses uphis entire income with maximize his satisfaction.5. What happens to the marginal rate of substitution as you move along a convex indifference curve? A linear indifference curve?The MRS measures how much of a good you are willing to give up in exchange for onemore unit of the other good, keeping utility constant. The MRS diminishes along aconvex indifference curve in that as you move down along the indifference curve, youare willing to give up less and less of the one good in exchange for the other. TheMRS is also the slope of the indifference curve, which increases (becomes lessnegative) as you move down along the indifference curve. The MRS is constantalong a linear indifference curve, since in this case the slope does not change. Theconsumer is always willing to trade the same number of units of one good inexchange for the other.6. Explain why an MRS between two goods must equal the ratio of the price of the goods for the consumer to achieve maximum satisfaction.The MRS describes the rate at which the consumer is willing to trade one good foranother to maintain the same level of satisfaction. The ratio of prices describes thetrade-off that the market is willing to make between the same two goods. Thetangency of the indifference curve with the budget line represents the point at whichthe trade-offs are equal and consumer satisfaction is maximized. If the MRS betweentwo goods is not equal to the ratio of prices, then the consumer could trade one good foranother at market prices to obtain higher levels of satisfaction. For example, if theslope of the budget line (the ratio of the prices) is –4 then the consumer can trade 4units of good 2 for one unit of good 1. If the MRS at the current bundle is –6, then theconsumer is willing to trade 6 units of good 2 for one unit of good 1. Since the twoslopes are not equal the consumer is not maximizing her satisfaction. The consumer iswilling to trade 6 but only has to trade 4, so she should make the trade. This tradingcontinues until the highest level of satisfaction is achieved. As trades are made, theMRS will change and become equal to the price ratio.7. Describe the indifference curves associated with two goods that are perfect substitutes. What if they are perfect complements?Two goods are perfect substitutes if the MRS of one for another is a constant number.Given the MRS is a constant number, the slope of the indifference curves will beconstant, and the indifference curves are therefore linear. If two goods are perfectcomplements, the indifference curves are L-shaped. In this case the consumerwants to consume the two goods in a fixed proportion, say one unit of good 1 for every1 unit of good 2. If she has more of one good but not more of the other then she doesnot get any extra satisfaction.8. What is the difference between ordinal utility and cardinal utility? Explain why the assumption of cardinal utility is not needed in order to rank consumer choices.Ordinal utility implies an ordering among alternatives without regard for intensity ofpreference. For example, if the consumer’s first choice is preferred to their secondchoice, then utility from the first choice will be higher than utility from the secondchoice. How much higher is not important. An ordinal utility function generates aranking of bundles and no meaning is given to the utility number itself. Cardinalutility implies that the intensity of preferences may be quantified, and that the utilitynumber itself has meaning. An ordinal ranking is all that is needed to rank consumerchoices. It is not necessary to know how intensely a consumer prefers basket A overbasket B; it is enough to know that A is preferred to B.9. Upon merging with the West German economy, East German consumers indicated a preference for Mercedes-Benz automobiles over Volkswagens. However, when they converted their savings into deutsche marks, they flocked to Volkswagen dealerships. How can you explain this apparent paradox?Three assumptions are required to address this question: 1) that a Mercedes costs morethan a Volkswagen; 2) that the East German consumers’ utility function comprises twogoods, automobiles and all other goods evaluated in deutsche marks; and 3) that EastGermans have incomes. Based on these assumptions, we can surmise that while EastGerman consumers may prefer a Mercedes to a Volkswagen, they either cannot afford aMercedes or they prefer a bundle of other goods plus a Volkswagen to a Mercedes alone.While the marginal utility of consuming a Mercedes exceeds the marginal utility ofconsuming a Volkswagen, the consumer will consider marginal utility per dollar foreach good. This means the marginal utility per dollar must have been higher for theVolkswagen since consumers flocked to the Volkswagen dealerships and not theMercedes dealerships.10. Draw a budget line and then draw an indifference curve to illustrate the satisfaction maximizing choice associated with two products. Use your graph to answer the following questions.a.Suppose that one of the products is rationed. Explain why the consumer is likelyto be worse off.When goods are not rationed, the consumer is able to choose the satisfaction-maximizing bundle where the slope of the budget line is equal to the slope of theindifference curve, or the price ratio is equal to the MRS. This is point A in the graphbelow. If good 1 is now rationed the consumer will not be able to attain the utilitymaximizing point. He or she will have to consume more of the other good instead.This is point B below.b.Suppose now that the price of one of the products is fixed at a level below thecurrent price. As a result, the consumer is not able to purchase as much as she would like of the product. Can you tell if the consumer is better off or worse off?When the price of the good is fixed at a level below the current (equilibrium) price,there will be a shortage of the good and the good will have to be effectively rationed.As in the question above, the consumer is worse off because she is not able to attainher utility maximizing point.11. Based on his preferences, Bill is willing to trade 4 movie tickets for 1 ticket to a basketball game. If movie tickets cost $8 each and a ticket to the basketball game costs $40, should Bill make the trade? Why or why not?No Bill should not make the trade. If he gives up the 4 movie tickets then he willsave $8 per ticket for a total of $32. However, this is not enough for a basketballticket. He would in fact have to give up 5 movie tickets if he wanted to buy anotherbasketball ticket. Notice also, that the marginal utility per dollar is higher for movietickets so Bill will be better off if he consumes more movie tickets and fewerbasketball tickets. To figure this out recall that what Bill is willing to do defines hisMRS. His MRS is 4 so this means that the marginal utility of a basketball game is 4and the marginal utility of a movie is 1:MRS=-4=-MUballMUmovie=-41.Now the marginal utility per dollar can be computed:MUball Pball =440=110MUmovie Pmovie =18.12. Describe the equal marginal principle. Explain why this principle may not hold if increasing marginal utility is associated with the consumption of one or both goods.The equal marginal principle states that the ratio of the marginal utility to price mustbe equal across all goods to obtain maximum satisfaction. In other words, utilitymaximization is achieved when the budget is allocated so that the marginal utility perdollar of expenditure is the same for each good. If the marginal utility per dollar is notequal then utility can be increased by allocating more dollars to the good with thehigher marginal utility per dollar. The consumer will obtain more “bang for the buck”if they reallocate their dollars.If marginal utility is increasing, the consumer maximizes satisfaction by consumingever larger amounts of the good. Thus, the consumer would spend all income on onegood, assuming a constant price, resulting in a corner solution. With a corner solution,the equal marginal principle cannot hold.13. The price of computers has fallen substantially over the past two decades. Use this drop in price to explain why the Consumer Price Index is likely to overstate substantially the cost-of-living index for individuals who use computers intensively.The consumer price index measures the cost of a typical basket of goods purchased bythe consumer in the current year relative to the cost of the basket in the base year.Each good in the basket is assigned a weight, which reflects the importance of the goodto the consumer, and the weights are kept fixed from year to year. The problem withfixing the weights is that consumers will shift their purchases from year to year to givemore weight to goods whose prices have fallen, and less weight to goods whose priceshave risen. The CPI will therefore give too much weight to goods whose prices haverisen, and too little weight to goods whose prices have fallen. For the individual whouses computers intensively, the fixed weight for computers in the basket willunderstate the importance of this good, and will hence understate the effect of the fallin the price of computers. The CPI will overstate the rise in the cost of living for thistype of individual.14. Explain why the Paasche index will generally understate the ideal cost-of-living index.The Paasche index measures the current cost of the current bundle of goods relativeto the base year cost of the current bundle of goods. The Paasche index willunderstate the ideal cost of living because it assumes the individual will buy thecurrent year bundle in the base period. In reality, at base year prices the consumerwould have been able to attain the same level of utility at a lower cost by alteringtheir consumption bundle. Since the base year cost is overstated, the denominatorwill be larger and the index will be lower, or understated.1. In this chapter, consumer preferences for various commodities did not change during the analysis. Yet in some situations, preferences do change as consumption occurs. Discuss why and how preferences might change over time with consumption of these two commodities:a. cigarettesThe assumption that preferences do not change is a reasonable one if choices areindependent across time. It does not hold, however, when “habit-forming” or addictivebehavior is involved, as in the case of cigarettes: the consumption of cigarettes in oneperiod influences their consumption in the next period.b. dinner for the first time at a restaurant with a special cuisineThis example is parallel to examples of adventure seeking. For some, a new diningexperience creates enthusiasm to seek out more exciting and different cuisines anddishes. For others, they develop a fondness for regularity and consistency or fear ofthe new and unknown. In either of these cases, choices change as consumption occurs.2. Draw indifference curves that represent the following individuals’ preferences for hamburgers and soft drinks. Indicate the direction in which the individuals’ satisfaction (or utility) is increasing.a.Joe has convex preferences and dislikes both hamburgers and soft drinks.Since Joe dislikes both goods, his set of indifference curves will be bowed inwardstowards the origin instead of outwards, as in the normal case where more is preferredto less. Given he dislikes both goods, his satisfaction is increasing in the direction ofthe origin. Convexity of preferences implies his indifference curves will have thenormal shape in that they are bowed towards the direction of increasing satisfaction.Convexity also implies that given any two bundles between which the consumer isindifferent, the “average” of the two bundles will be in the preferred set, or wi ll leavehim at least as well off.so ft dr in kb.Jane loves hamburgers and dislikes soft drinks. If she is served a soft drink, shewill pour it down the drain rather than drink it.Since Jane can freely dispose of the soft drink if it is given to her, she considers it to be aneutral good. This means she does not care about soft drinks one way or the other.With hamburgers on the vertical axis, her indifference curves are horizontal lines. Herso ft dr in kc.Bob loves hamburgers and dislikes soft drinks. If he is served a soft drink, he willdrink it to be polite.Since Bob will drink the soft drink in order to be polite, it can be thought of as a “bad”.When served another soft drink, he will require more hamburgers at the same timein order to keep his satisfaction constant. More soft drinks without morehamburgers will worsen his utility. More hamburgers and fewer soft drinks willincrease his utility.s o ft d rin kd.Molly loves hamburgers and soft drinks, but insists on consuming exactly one softdrink for every two hamburgers that she eats.Molly wants to consume the two goods in a fixed proportion so her indifference curvesare L-shaped. For any given amount of one good, she gets no extra satisfaction fromhaving more of the other good. She will only increase her satisfaction if she hasmore of both goods.s o ft d rin ke.Bill likes hamburgers, but neither likes nor dislikes soft drinks.Like Jane, Bill considers soft drinks to be a neutral good. Since he does not careabout soft drinks one way or the other we can assume that no matter how many hehas, his utility will be the same. His level of satisfaction depends entirely on hows o ft d rin kf.Mary always gets twice as much satisfaction from an extra hamburger as she doesfrom an extra soft drink.How much extra satisfaction Mary gains from an extra hamburger or soft drink tellsus something about the marginal utilities of the two goods, or about her MRS. If shealways receives twice the satisfaction from an extra hamburger then her marginalutility from consuming an extra hamburger is twice her marginal utility fromconsuming an extra soft drink. Her MRS, with hamburgers on the vertical axis, is1/2.so ft dr in k3. If Jane is currently willing to trade 4 movie tickets for 1 basketball ticket then she must like basketball better than movies. True or false? Explain.This statement is not necessarily true. If she is always willing to trade 4 movietickets for 1 basketball ticket then yes she likes basketball better because she willalways gain the same satisfaction from 4 movie tickets as she does from 1 basketballticket. However, it could be that she has convex preferences (diminishing marginalrate of substitution) and is at a bundle where she has a lot of movie tickets relative tobasketball tickets. This would make her willing to give up more movie tickets to getanother basketball ticket. It would not mean though that she liked basketball better.Her willingness to give up a good would in this case depend on the quantity of eachgood in her current basket.4. Janelle and Brian each plan to spend $20,000 on the styling and gas mileage features of a new car. They can each choose all styling, all gas mileage, or some combination of the two. Janelle does not care at all about styling and wants the best gas mileage possible. Brian likes both equally and wants to spend an equal amount on the two features. Using indifference curves and budget lines, illustrate the choice that each person will make.Assume styling is on the vertical axis and gas mileage is on the horizontal axis.Janelle has indifference curves that are vertical. If the styling is there she will takeit, but she otherwise does not care about it. As her indifference curves move over tothe right, she gains more gas mileage and more satisfaction. She will spend all$20,000 on gas mileage. Brian has indifference curves that are L-shaped. He willnot spend more on one feature than on the other feature. He will spend $10,000 onstyling and $10,000 on gas mileage.5. Suppose that Bridget and Erin spend their income on two goods, food (F) and clothing(C). Bridget’s preferences are represented by the utility function U(F,C)=10FC, while Erin’s preferences are represented by the utility function U(F,C)=.20F2C2.a.On a graph, with food on the horizontal axis and clothing on the vertical axis,identify the set of points that give Bridget the same level of utility as the bundle (10,5). Do the same for Erin on a separate graph.Bridget receives a utility of 10*10*5=500 from this bundle. The indifference curve isrepresented by the equation 10FC=500 or FC=50. Some bundles on this indifferencecurve are (5,10), (10,5), (25,2), and (2,25). Erin receives a utilityof .2*10*10*5*5=500 from the bundle (10,5). Her indifference curve is representedby the equation 500=.2F2C2, or 50=FC. This is the same indifference curve asBridget. Both indifference curves have the normal, convex shape.b.On the same two graphs, identify the set of bundles that give Bridget and Erin thesame level of utility as the bundle (15,8).For each person, plug in F=15 and C=8 into their respective utility functions. ForBridget, this gives her a utility of 1200, so her indifference curve is given by theequation 10FC=1200, or FC=120. Some bundles on this indifference curve are(12,10), (10,12), (3,40), and (40,3). For Erin, this bundle gives her a utility of 2880,so her indifference curve is given by the equation 2880=.2F2C2, or FC=120.This is the same indifference curve as Bridget.c.Do you think Bridget and Erin have the same preferences or different preferences?Explain.They have the same preferences because for any given bundle they have the samelevel of utility. This means that they will rank all bundles in the same order. Notehowever, that it is not necessary that they receive the same level of utility to have thesame set of preferences. All that is necessary is that they rank the bundles in thesame order.6. Suppose that Jones and Smith have each decided to allocate $1,000 per year to an entertainment budget in the form of hockey games or rock concerts. They both like hockey games and rock concerts and will choose to consume positive quantities of both goods. However, they differ substantially in their preferences for these two forms of entertainment. Jones prefers hockey games to rock concerts, while Smith prefers rock concerts to hockey games.a. Draw a set of indifference curves for Jones and a second set for Smith.Given they each like both goods and they will each choose to consume positivequantities of both goods, we can assume their indifference curves have the normalconvex shape. However since Jones has an overall preference for hockey and Smithhas an overall preference for rock concerts, their two sets of indifference curves willhave different slopes. Suppose that we place rock concerts on the vertical axis andhockey games on the horizontal axis, Jones will have a larger MRS than Smith.Jones is willing to give up more rock concerts in exchange for a hockey game since heprefers hockey games. The indifference curves for Jones will be steeper.b. Using the concept of marginal rate of substitution, explain why the two sets ofcurves are different from each other.At any combination of hockey games and rock concerts, Jones is willing to give up morerock concerts for an additional hockey game, whereas, Smith is willing to give up fewerrock concerts for an additional hockey game. Since the MRS is a measure of how manyof one good (rock concerts) an individual is willing to give up for an additional unit ofthe other good (hockey games), then the MRS, and hence the slope of the indifferencecurves, will be different for the two individuals.7. The price of DVDs (D) is $20 and the price of CDs (C) is $10. Philip has a budget of $100 to spend on the two goods. Suppose that he has already bought one DVD and one CD. In addition there are 3 more DVDs and 5 more CDs that he would really like to buy.a.Given the above prices and income, draw his budget line on a graph with CDs onthe horizontal axis.His budget line is PD D+PCC=I, or 20D+10C=100. If he spends his entire incomeon DVD’s he could afford to buy 5. If he spends his entire income on CD’s he couldafford to buy 10.b.Considering what he has already purchased, and what he still wants to purchase,identify the three different bundles of CDs and DVDs that he could choose.Assume that he cannot purchase fractional units for this part of the question.Given he has already purchased one of each, for a total of $30, he has $70 left. Sincehe wants 3 more DVD’s he can buy these for $60 and spend his remaining $10 on 1CD. This is the first bundle below. He could also choose to buy only 2 DVD’s for$40 and spend the remaining $30 on 3 CD’s. He can choose the following bundles: Purchased Quantities Total QuantitiesD C D C3 1 2 62 3 3 41 5 4 28. Anne has a job that requires her to travel three out of every four weeks. She has an annual travel budget and can either travel by train or by plane. The airline she typically flies with has a frequent traveler program that reduces the cost of her tickets depending on the number of miles she has flown in a given year. When she reaches 25,000 miles the airline will reduce the price of her tickets by 25% for the remainder of the year. When she reached 50,000 miles, the airline will reduce the price of her tickets by 50% for the remainder of the year. Graph Anne’s budget line, with train miles on the vertical axis and plane miles on the horizontal axis.The typical budget line is linear (with a constant slope) because the prices of the twogoods do not change as the consumer buys more or less of a particular good. In thiscase, the price of airline miles will change depending on how many miles shepurchases. As the price changes, the slope of the budget line will change. Sincethere are three prices, there will be three slopes, or two kinks, to the budget line.Since the price falls as she flies more miles, the budget line will become flatter withevery price change. See the graph in the problem below.9. Debra usually buys a soft drink when she goes to a movie theater, where she has a choice of three sizes: the 8 ounce drink costs $1.50, the 12 ounce drink, $2.00, and the 16 ounce drink, $2.25. Describe the budget constraint that Debra faces when deciding how many ounces of the drink to purchase. (Assume that Debra can costlessly dispose of any of the soft drink that she does not want.First notice that as the size of the drink increases, the price per ounce decreases.When she buys the 8-ounce soft drink she pays $1.508oz$0.19 per oz.When shebuys the 12-ounce size she pays $0.17 per ounce, and when she buys the 16-ounce size, she pays $0.14 per ounce. Given that there are three different prices per ounce of soft drink, the budget line will have two kinks in it, as illustrated below. Notice that at each kink, the slope of the budget line gets flatter (due to the decreasing cost per ounce relative to the “other good” on the vertical axis).O u n ces o fS o ft D rin k 81216。
平狄克《微观经济学》笔记和课后习题详解(消费者行为)【圣才出品】
第3章消费者行为3.1 复习笔记1．消费者偏好（1）偏好的基本假定①完备性。
偏好是完备的，消费者可以对所有可能的篮子进行比较和排序。
所以，对于任何两个市场篮子A和B，消费者要么偏好其中的A，要么偏好其中的B，要么觉得两者无差异。
②可传递性。
偏好的可传递性意味着如果消费者在市场篮子A和B中更偏好A，在B 和C中更偏好B，那么消费者在A和C中就更偏好A。
③越多越好。
商品被假定为是合意的，也就是好的。
这样，消费者总是偏好任何一种商品多一点，而不是少一点。
另外，消费者是永不满足的，多总是好的，哪怕只多一点点也好。
（2）无差异曲线无差异曲线用来表示使消费者偏好相同的两种商品不同数量组合的一簇曲线。
或者说，它表示能给消费者带来同等效用水平和满足程度的两种商品的不同数量的各种组合。
无差异曲线向右下方倾斜，并且彼此不能相交。
（3）序数排列和基数排列序数排列是将市场篮子按照消费者偏好程度由高及低进行排序的，但它并没有表明一个市场篮子在多大程度上比另一个篮子更受到偏好。
与序数排列不同，当经济学家起初研究效用以及效用函数的时候，他们希望个人的偏好能够量化或者以基本单位加以度量，这样就能提供一个可以在人与人之间进行比较的排序，此即基数排列的核心思想。
基数排列可以描述一个市场篮子在多大程度上比另一个市场篮子更受偏好。
（4）边际替代率边际替代率指在保持效用不变的条件下，消费者每得到额外一单位商品甲之后而必须放弃的商品乙的最大数量。
当沿着一条无差异曲线下移时，边际替代率递减。
当存在着一个递减的边际替代率的时候，无差异曲线是凸的。
（5）完全替代品和完全互补品当一种商品对另一种商品的边际替代率是一个常数时，这两种商品是完全替代品，即描绘这两种商品消费的权衡抉择的无差异曲线为斜率为负的直线。
当两种商品的边际替代率为零或无穷大且无差异曲线为直角形状时，它们就是完全互补品。
2．预算约束（1）预算线预算线代表了消费者用尽其所有收入购买的商品的所有组合。
微观经济学课后习题参考答案共51页文档
微观经济学课后习题参考答案第一章参考答案：一、名词解释西方经济学：西方经济学是研究既定制度下稀缺资源的配置和利用问题的学科。
机会成本：当把一定的资源用来生产某种产品时所放弃的其他产品的最大收益。
资源配置：是指在各种可供选择的用途中，一个社会如何把经济资源分配到不同的生产部门、不同企业以及不同的社会各成员中，以取得最大的经济效果。
实证分析：主要涉及对经济现象的分析和预测。
规范分析：主要涉及对经济现象做出“好与坏”的判断。
二、选择题BCBCD三、判断题√√√Ｘ√√四、简答题1、请简单介绍微观经济学的基本研究内容。
答:微观经济学研究的基本内容主要有：（1）、均衡价格理论（2）、消费者行为理论（3）、生产者行为理论主要包括：投入-产出理论、成本-收益理论和市场实现理论。
而市场实现理论是生产者行为理论的第三个部分，分析不同市场中生产者利润最大化的实现问题。
这里的不同市场是指：完全竞争市场和不完全竞争市场。
（4）、生产要素市场理论，由生产要素的需求理论和生产要素的供给理论组成。
（5）、一般均衡论和福利经济学（6）、市场失灵和微观经济政策2、西方经济学中的实证分析和规范分析有什么区别？请举例说明。
答：两者的区别：（1）实证经济学企图超脱和排斥一切价值判断，只研究经济本身的内在规律，并根据这些规律，分析和预测人们经济行为的效果。
规范经济学则以一定的价值判断为基础，是以某些标准来分析处理经济问题，树立经济理论的前提，作为制定经济政策的依据，并研究如何才能符合这些标准；（2）实证经济学所要回答的是“是什么”的问题，或者是“对经济问题如何解决”；规范经济学是以一定的价值判断为基础，提出某些准则，作为判断经济事物的好坏以及制定经济政策的依据，它力求说明的是“应该是什么”的问题，或者是“对经济问题应该如何解决”；（3）实证经济学排斥一切价值判断，只研究经济本身的内在规律，因此实证经济的内容具有客观性，即不以人们的意志为转移，所得的结论可以根据事实来进行检验。
平狄克微经第3章答案
成绩：A+一、判断1．如果消费者的偏好是完备的、可传递的，我们说该消费者是理性的。
( T ) 2．对于吸毒者而言，毒品给他带来的是负效用。
（正常人才是负效用）( F ) 3．边际效用递减规律是事实。
(理论) ( F ) 4．无差异曲线越接近于直线，说明两种商品之间的替代性就越大。
(F ) 5．在消费者均衡条件下，消费者购买的商品的总效用一定等于他所支付的货币的总效用。
( F ) 6．在同一条预算线上，消费者的货币支出是不变。
( T ) 7．价格变化一定会引起预算线斜率的变化。
（两种商品同比例降价）( F ) 8．预算线平行移动一定消费者的收入发生变化，而不是商品价格没发生了变化。
（两种商品同比例降价） ( F ) 9．无差异曲线和效用函数都是用来刻画消费者偏好的。
（效用函数提供了与无差异图表相同的，有关偏好的信息） ( T )10.给定消费者的偏好和约束条件，就可以预测一个理性消费者的行为。
( T )11.无差异曲线凸向原点是一个假定。
( T )12.预算线的斜率的绝对值表示横轴商品的相对价格。
K=Pa/Pb ( T )13.无差异曲线凸向原点的假设与边际效用递增的假设是冲突的。
( T )14.当两种产品的边际替代率的绝对值递减时，无差异曲线凸向原点。
( T )15.边际效用递减规律是指边际效用不可能出现递增。
( F )二、单选1. 如果没有收入约束，当某消费者消费某一种商品所得的效用最大时，则边际效用MUx为( C )A．正值 B．负值 C．零 D．达到最大2. 如果没有收入约束，当消费者对消费某一商品的消费在增加时，边际效用应该( B ) （边际效用递减规律）A．为正值，且不断增加 B．为正值，但不断减少C．为负值，且不断减少 D．无法确定3.假定消费者只消费商品X、Y，且X商品的价格为8元，Y商品的价格为3元。
若该消费者买了5个单位X和3个单位Y，此时X、Y的边际效用分别为20、14，那么为获得效用最大化，给定他的收入，则该消费者应该( C ) A．停止购买两种商品 B．增加X的购买，减少Y的购买C．增加Y，减少X的购买 D．同时增加对两种商品的购买4. 由于收入和价格的变动，消费者的均衡也会发生变化。
平狄克微观经济学第九本课后习题答案笔记
平狄克微观经济学第九版课后习题答案与笔记内容简介本书遵循平狄克《微观经济学》（第9版）教材的章⽬目编排，共分4篇19章，每章由三部分组成：第⼀一部分为复习笔记，总结本章的重难点内容；第⼆二部分为课（章）后复习题详解，对第9版的所有课（章）后复习题都进⾏行行了了详细的分析和解答；第三部分为课（章）后练习题详解，对第9版的所有课（章）后练习题都进⾏行行了了详细的分析和解答。
作为该教材的学习辅导书，本书具有以下⼏几个⽅方⾯面的特点：（1）整理理名校笔记，浓缩内容精华。
每章的复习笔记以平狄克所著的《微观经济学》（第9版）为主，并结合国内外其他微观经济学经典教材对各章的重难点进⾏行行了了整理理，因此，本书的内容⼏几乎浓缩了了经典教材的知识精华。
（2）解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。
本书参考⼤大量量经济学相关资料料对平狄克所著的《微观经济学》（第9版）的课（章）后习题进⾏行行了了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进⾏行行了了延伸和归纳。
（3）补充相关要点，强化专业知识。
⼀一般来说，国外英⽂文教材的中译本不不太符合中国学⽣生的思维习惯，有些语⾔言的表述不不清或条理理性不不强⽽而给学习带来了了不不便便，因此，对每章复习笔记的⼀一些重要知识点和⼀一些习题的解答，我们在不不违背原书原意的基础上结合其他相关经典教材进⾏行行了了必要的整理理和分析。
⽬目录第1篇 导论：市场与价格 第1章 绪 论 1.1 复习笔记 1.2 课后复习题详解 1.3 课后练习题详解 第2章 供给与需求的基本原理 2.1 复习笔记 2.2 课后复习题详解 2.3 课后练习题详解第2篇 ⽣产者、消费者与竞争性市场 第3章 消费者⾏为 3.1 复习笔记 3.2 课后复习题详解 3.3 课后练习题详解 第4章 个⼈需求与市场需求 4.1 复习笔记 4.2 课后复习题详解 4.3 课后练习题详解 第4章附录 需求理论：⼀种数学的处理⽅法 第5章 不确定性与消费者⾏为 5.1 复习笔记 5.2 课后复习题详解 5.3 课后练习题详解 第6章 ⽣ 产 6.1 复习笔记 6.2 课后复习题详解 6.3 课后练习题详解 第7章 ⽣产成本 7.1 复习笔记 7.2 课后复习题详解 7.3 课后练习题详解 第7章附录 ⽣产与成本理论：⼀种数学的处理⽅法 第8章 利润最⼤化与竞争性供给 8.1 复习笔记 8.2 课后复习题详解 第9章 竞争性市场分析 9.1 复习笔记 9.2 课后复习题详解 9.3 课后练习题详解第3篇 市场结构与竞争策略 第10章 市场势⼒：垄断与买⽅垄断 10.1 复习笔记 10.2 课后复习题详解 10.3 课后练习题详解 第11章 有市场势⼒的定价 11.1 复习笔记 11.2 课后复习题详解 11.3 课后练习题详解 第11章附录 纵向联合⼚商 第12章 垄断竞争与寡头垄断 12.1 复习笔记 12.2 课后复习题详解 12.3 课后练习题详解 第13章 博弈论与竞争策略 13.1 复习笔记 13.2 课后复习题详解 13.3 课后练习题详解 第14章 投⼊要素市场 14.1 复习笔记 14.2 课后复习题详解 14.3 课后练习题详解 第15章 投资、时间与资本市场 15.1 复习笔记 15.2 课后复习题详解第4篇 信息、市场失灵与政府的⾓⾊ 第16章 ⼀般均衡与经济效率 16.1 复习笔记 16.2 课后复习题详解 16.3 课后练习题详解 第17章 信息不对称的市场 17.1 复习笔记 17.2 课后复习题详解 17.3 课后练习题详解 第18章 外部性与公共物品 18.1 复习笔记 18.2 课后复习题详解 18.3 课后练习题详解 第19章 ⾏为经济学 19.1 复习笔记 19.2 课后复习题详解 19.3 课后练习题详解附录 指定平狄克《微观经济学》教材为考研参考书⽬目的院校列列表1.2. 课后习题详解1 ⼈人们常说，⼀一个好的理理论是可以⽤用实证的、数据导向的研究来加以证伪的。
平狄克微光经济学第3章习题
吉林大学商学院
微 观 经 济 学（平狄克） 平狄克）
第 三 章 消费者行为
复习题11. 复习题11. 基于自己的偏好，比尔愿意用四张电影票来换取一张篮球赛票。 基于自己的偏好，比尔愿意用四张电影票来换取一张篮球赛票。 假如电影票每张8美元，而篮球门票每张40美元， 40美元 假如电影票每张8美元，而篮球门票每张40美元，比尔愿 意换么？为什么？ 意换么？为什么？ 比尔不愿意换。根据效用最大化原则，当电影票和篮球门 票的边际替代率MRS等于电影票和篮球门票的价格比时， 此时效用最优，即MRS=1/5。而此时的MRS=1/4,这说明比 尔应增加电影票的消费数额，减少篮球赛门票以获得更大 的满足，而不是用电影票来换篮球赛门票。
吉林大学商学院
Байду номын сангаас
微 观 经 济 学（平狄克） 平狄克）
第 三 章 消费者行为
复习题14. 复习题14. 康妮每月有200美元的收入，她将这笔收入用于购买： 200美元的收入 康妮每月有200美元的收入，她将这笔收入用于购买：肉和 土豆。 土豆。 若肉每磅是4美元，土豆每磅2美元，画出她的预算约束。 1）若肉每磅是4美元，土豆每磅2美元，画出她的预算约束。 假设她的效用函数由方程u(M,P)=2M+P表示， u(M,P)=2M+P表示 2）假设她的效用函数由方程u(M,P)=2M+P表示，她应选择 哪种肉和土豆的组合，以使得效用最大？ 哪种肉和土豆的组合，以使得效用最大？ 康妮去的超市有一项特别促销活动，若她购买20 20磅土豆 3）康妮去的超市有一项特别促销活动，若她购买20磅土豆 每磅2美元），她就可以免费再得10 ），她就可以免费再得10磅 （每磅2美元），她就可以免费再得10磅，这一赠送仅限于 最初购买的20 20磅 超过最初的20磅的土豆仍然是每磅2美元。 20磅的土豆仍然是每磅 最初购买的20磅。超过最初的20磅的土豆仍然是每磅2美元。 画出她的预算约束。 画出她的预算约束。 4)若土豆的价格上涨为每磅4美元。而超市结束了促销活动。 4)若土豆的价格上涨为每磅4美元。而超市结束了促销活动。 若土豆的价格上涨为每磅 此时她的预算约束怎样？ 此时她的预算约束怎样？如何使其效用最大化
微观经济学第一至第五章习题答案
第一章复习题1.（1）理论的含义理论指对事物的合理解释和预测，对客观事物本质及其运动规律的科学知识，是关于应该做什么的规定和建议。
它是实践的总结，又是实践的向导。
（2）评价理论的步骤评价一个理论有两个步骤：首先，需要检验这个理论假设的合理性；第二，把该理论的预测和事实相比较以此来验证它。
一个好的理论在原则上可以用经验的、注重数据的研究来加以验证，经得起经验和实践的检验。
如果一个理论无法被检验的话，它将不会被接受，因为，它对我们理解现实情况没有任何帮助。
所以，一个不能用来经验事实来验证的理论不是一个好理论。
2.（1）实证分析和规范分析的定义（2）陈述1中包括两种分析，批评这是一种“糟糕的社会政策”——是规范分析，批评其破坏市场的竞争性——是实证分析。
陈述2向我们说明在汽油配给制下总社会福利的损坏（即汽油配给制使更多数人境况变糟），而没有对这项政策本身做出价值判断——是实证分析。
（3）实证分析和规范分析既有相同点又有不同点。
规范分析和实证分析的不同可归纳为以下三点：1.规范分析在研究经济事物的同时树立一个判断标准，以便能对分析结果做出好与坏的判断。
而规范分析则只对经济运行本身做出描述，并不做出好与坏的判断。
2.二者要解决的问题不同。
规范分析要说明经济事物是否符合既定的价值标准。
实证分析则要解决经济“是什么”的问题，要研究经济变量的规律及其相互之间的联系，并对未来做出预测。
3.规范分析没有客观性，其结论受到价值标准的影响；实证分析的内容具有客观性，其结论可以接受事实的验证。
3.（1）套利的定义（2）由于两个市场在空间上是分离的，商品在两地间的运输是套利实现的条件。
如果运输成本为零，则可以在俄克拉何马州买汽油，到新泽西州出售，赚取差价；如果这个差价无法弥补运输成本则不存在套利机会。
（3）在这个例子中，考虑到交易成本和运输成本，每加仑20美分的成本差价比较小，不太可能形成通过套利而获取利润的空间。
4.当比较不同时期的价格时，要扣除通货膨胀的因素，这就是实际的而不是名义的价值来测定价格。
微观经济学(平狄克鲁宾费尔德)第六版课后答案--微观经济学 英文原版-CH10PINDYCK
Chapter 10
3
Review of Perfect Competition
P D Market S P Individual Firm LMC LRAC
P0
P0
D = MR = P
Q0
Q
Chapter 10
q0
Q
4
Monopoly
Monopoly
1. 2. 3. 4.
One seller - many buyers One product (no good substitutes) Barriers to entry Price Maker
or MC MR
Chapter 10
13
Monopolist’s Output Decision
At output levels below MR = MC, the decrease in revenue is greater than the decrease in cost (MR > MC) At output levels above MR = MC, the increase in cost is greater than the decrease in revenue (MR < MC)
Chapter 10
12
Monopolist’s Output Decision
1. Profits maximized at the output level where MR = MC 2. Cost functions are the same
( Q ) R ( Q ) C ( Q ) / Q R / Q C / Q 0 MC MR
Chapter 10 6
平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)笔记和课后习题详解-绪 论【圣才出品】
第1章绪论1.1 复习笔记1．微观经济学的主题（1）微观经济学的研究对象微观经济学研究的是单个经济个体（如消费者、工人、投资者、资源所有者和厂商）的行为，也研究构成市场与行业的消费者和厂商的相互影响。
微观经济学的核心内容是论证亚当·斯密的“看不见的手”原理。
（2）经济模型经济模型是现代经济理论的一种主要分析方法，也称为经济数学模型，指用数学形式所表述的经济过程或经济理论结构。
现实世界的情况是由各种主要变量和次要变量构成的，因而非常复杂，只有把次要因素排除在外，才能对经济运行进行严格的分析。
运用经济模型，事先做出某些假设，可以排除掉许多次要因素，从而建立起一定的模型，然后通过运用这一模型，可以对错综复杂的现实世界作出简单的描述。
（3）经济理论的局限性在经济学中，理论的有用性和合理性取决于它是否对其试图解释和预测的一系列现象成功地做出了解释和预测。
比如说，厂商并不总是追求其利润的最大化的，因此，厂商理论只在解释厂商某些行为（如资本投资决策的时机）时才获得了有限的成功。
尽管如此，这一理论确实解释了有关厂商和行业的行为、成长和演变方面的大量现象，所以它已经成为决策者手中一个重要的工具。
2．实证分析和规范分析（1）微观经济学的分析方法微观经济学既研究实证问题，也研究规范问题。
实证问题主要涉及解释和预测，规范问题则研究应该如何。
实证分析和规范分析都是重要的经济学分析方法。
（2）实证分析和规范分析的含义实证分析是进行经济分析的一种重要方法，特点是它对有关命题的逻辑分析，旨在理解经济过程实际是什么、将会是什么、为什么，而不涉及对结果好坏和是否公平的评价，其中不包含任何价值判断。
实证分析既有定性分析，也有定量分析。
规范分析也是经济学分析经济问题的一种方法，它以一定的价值判断作为出发点，提出行为的标准，并研究如何才能符合这些标准。
它力求说明“应该是什么”的问题，或者说，它回答这样的问题：为什么要做出这种选择，而不做出另一种选择？（3）实证分析和规范分析的关系实证分析和规范分析既有联系又有区别。
(NEW)平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)课后习题详解
目 录第1篇 导论：市场和价格第1章 绪 论1.1 课后复习题详解1.2 课后练习题详解第2章 供给和需求的基本原理2.1 课后复习题详解2.2 课后练习题详解第2篇 生产者、消费者以及竞争性市场第3章 消费者行为3.1 课后复习题详解3.2 课后练习题详解第4章 个人需求和市场需求4.1 课后复习题详解4.2 课后练习题详解第4章附录 需求理论——一种数学的处理方法课后练习题详解第5章 不确定性与消费者行为5.1 课后复习题详解5.2 课后练习题详解第6章 生 产6.1 课后复习题详解6.2 课后练习题详解第7章 生产成本7.1 课后复习题详解7.2 课后练习题详解第7章附录 生产与成本理论——一种数学的处理方法课后练习题详解第8章 利润最大化和竞争性供给8.1 课后复习题详解8.2 课后练习题详解第9章 竞争性市场分析9.1 课后复习题详解9.2 课后练习题详解第3篇 市场结构和竞争策略第10章 市场势力：垄断与买方垄断10.1 课后复习题详解10.2 课后练习题详解第11章 有市场势力的定价11.1 课后复习题详解11.2 课后练习题详解第11章附录 联合厂商的内部转移定价课后练习题详解第12章 垄断竞争和寡头垄断12.1 课后复习题详解12.2 课后练习题详解第13章 博弈论和竞争策略13.1 课后复习题详解13.2 课后练习题详解第14章 投入要素市场14.1 课后复习题详解14.2 课后练习题详解第15章 投资、时间及资本市场15.1 课后复习题详解15.2 课后练习题详解第4篇 信息、市场失灵以及政府的角色第16章 一般均衡与经济效率16.1 课后复习题详解16.2 课后练习题详解第17章 信息不对称市场17.1 课后复习题详解17.2 课后练习题详解第18章 外部性与公共品18.1 课后复习题详解18.2 课后练习题详解附录：指定平狄克《微观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表第1篇 导论：市场和价格第1章 绪 论1.1 课后复习题详解1．人们常说，一个好的理论是可以用经验研究和实证研究来加以证伪的。
平狄克 答案3
3.c.如果产出的增长在?辎/年= 7％是由于劳动力的增加?? / ? = 10％，这在劳动力的增加完全是由于人口增长，人均收入会减少，人们的福利会减少，然后，自从
?y /年=?是/ ? - ?? / N首页= 7％- 10％= - 3％。
3.d.如果这个劳动力增加的原因是妇女涌入劳动力总人口不增加，人均收入将增加?辎/年= 7％。因此，人民的福利将增加。
y（N组+?）K的
辎二F（十一）
球（无+?）K的
?1型号：SY
0
k1阁亩
5.b.开始时的水平，人均产出Y *，在人口增长率（n）的增加将导致资本对劳动的比率从K *下降到k1从最初的稳态平衡。人均产量也将下降，这一进程将在逐渐减少，速度继续下去，直到一个新的稳定状态水平在Y1共识。产出的增长速度将逐步调整以适应新的更高的水平n1。
y
辎二F（十一）
y2
y *第（n +?）K的
?1
型号：SY
0
k1亩*幼亩
5.a.在人口增长率（n）的增加影响到投资的要求，第（n +四）K线就越陡。随着人口的增长，增加储蓄，必须用于装备与相同数量的资金，现有的工人已经有了新的工人。因此，人均产出（Y）的会减少，将新的最优资本对劳动比例，这是由型号：SY交叉曲线和（N组+四）K线确定。由于人均产量将下降，我们将在短期内出现负增长。但是，稳定状态的产出率将提高，长远来说，因为它确定了新的更高的人口增长率。
2。索洛模型预测的衔接，即相同的生产函数的国家，储蓄率，以及人口增长将最终达到人均收入水平相同。换言之，一个贫穷的国家可能会最终赶上由储蓄以同样的速度和更丰富的技术创新之一。但是，如果这些国家储蓄率的不同，他们将达到人均收入水平不同，即使它们的长期增长率将是相同的。
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第一章复习题1．市场是通过相互作用决定一种或一系列产品价格的买卖双方的集合，因此可以把市场看作决定价格的场所。
行业是出售相同的或紧密相关的产品的厂商的集合，一个市场可以包括许多行业。
2．评价一个理论有两个步骤：首先，需要检验这个理论假设的合理性；第二，把该理论的预测和事实相比较以此来验证它。
如果一个理论无法被检验的话，它将不会被接受。
因此，它对我们理解现实情况没有任何帮助。
3．实证分析解释“是什么”的问题，而规范分析解释的是“应该是什么”的问题。
对供给的限制将改变市场的均衡。
A中包括两种分析，批评这是一种“失败的政策”——是规范分析，批评其破坏了市场的竞争性——是实证分析。
B向我们说明在燃油的配给制下总社会福利的被损坏——是实证分析。
4．由于两个市场在空间上是分离的，商品在两地间的运输是套利实现的条件。
如果运输成本为零，则可以在Oklahoma购买汽油，到New Jersey出售，赚取差价；如果这个差价无法弥补运输成本则不存在套利机会。
5．商品和服务的数量与价格由供求关系决定。
鸡蛋的实际价格从1970年至1985年的下降，一方面是由于人们健康意识的提高而导致鸡蛋需求的减少，同时也因为生产成本的降低。
在这两种因素下，鸡蛋的价格下降了。
大学教育的实际价格的升高，是由于越来越多的人倾向于获得大学教育而导致需求提高，同时教育的成本也在升高。
在这两方面因素作用下，大学教育费用提高了。
6．日圆相对美圆来说，价值升高，升值前相比，兑换同样数量的日圆需要付出更多的美圆。
由汇率的变化引起购买力的变化，在日本市场出售的美国汽车，由于美圆贬值日圆升值，持有日圆的消费者将较以前支付较底的价格；而在美国市场出售的日本汽车，由于日圆升值美圆贬值，持有美圆的消费者将面对较以前提高的价格。
第二章价格弹性是：-+=-632.4.长期弹性和短期弹性区别在于消费者对价格变化的反映速度以及可获得的替代品。
对纸巾这样的非耐用品，价格上升，消费者在短期内的反映很小。
但在长期，对纸巾的需求将会变得富有弹性。
对于象电视机这样的耐用消费品，在短期内，价格的变动可能会引起需求的剧烈变化，价格的上升可能会使消费者推迟购买。
因此耐用品的需求在长期是富有弹性的。
5. 供给价格弹性是供给量变动的百分比和价格变动百分比的比值。
价格上升将引起供给的增加。
有些厂商在短期内，由于生产能力的限制无法迅速增加产量。
这样，在短期内，供给是缺乏弹性的。
然而在长期情况下，厂商可以调整生产规模，因而，从长期来看，供给是富有弹性的。
6. 如果商品价格被定在市场出清水平以下，厂商愿意提供的产量则低于消费者希望购买的数量。
短缺的程度则取决于供求的相对弹性。
供求均富有弹性情况下的缺口要大于双方缺乏弹性时的情况。
消费者无法在价格管制的情况下购买到他想购买到的数量。
他将去购买替代品，这样，替代品的价格会上升。
牛肉和鸡肉的价格被管制后，猪肉的价格将上升。
c.产量的下降将导致供给曲线向内移动，均衡价格上升，销售量下降。
d.苹果采摘着的增加将使苹果生产成本下降，供给增加，均衡价格下降，销售量上升。
e.供给曲线将外移，均衡价格下降，销售量上升。
练习题1.a.E Q Q P PP Q Q PD DD DD ==∆∆∆∆.P = 80， E d =–0.4P = 100, E d =–0.56b.E Q Q P PP Q Q PS SS SS ==∆∆∆∆.P = 80, E s =0.5.P = 100, E s =0.56c.均衡价格和数量为$100 ，18 million.d.价格定在80$，需求为20 million.，供给为16 million.，相差4 million.2.Q S = 1,800 + 240P Q D = 2,580 - 194P .'Q D= (2,580 - 194P ) + 200 = 2,780 - 194P1,800 + 240P = 2,780 - 194P , or434P = 980, or P* = $2.26 per bushel.Q S = 1,800 + (240)(2.26) = 2,342Q D = 2,780 - (194)(2.26) = 2,342.3.a.100 - 5P = 50 + 5P, P = $500.Q D = 100 - (5)(5) = 75Q S = 50 + (5)(5) = 75.租金在500美金时，750,000公寓可以被租掉。
当租金被控制在100美金时，供给量将达到550,000 (Q S = 50 + (5)(100) = 550)，比管制前减少了200,000。
假设每个公寓可容纳一个三口之家，将有600,000离开城市。
b.当租金达到900美金时，公寓的供给为50 + 5(9) = 95，or 950,000这将超过均衡水平200,000。
因此(0.5)(200,000) = 100,000 个公寓被新建。
但是需求仅仅为550,000。
4.a.由总需求Q = 3,550 - 266P, 国内需求, Q d= 1,000 - 46P, ,得到出口需求Q e=2,550 - 220P.均衡价格：3,550 - 266P - 1,800 + 240P, orP = $3.46.需求减少40％，因此总需求Q D = Q d + 0.6Q e = 1,000 - 46P + (0.6)(2,550 - 220P ) = 2,530 - 178P . 均衡价格1,800 + 240P = 2,530 - 178P , orP = $1.75,在这一价格，市场出清量为2,219 million bushels ，总收益从$9.1 billion 降至 $3.9 billion.这将令大部分农民痛苦。
b.3美金的价格下市场并不在均衡状态，Demand = 1000 - 46(3) = 862. Supply = 1800 + 240(3) = 2,520, 超额供给 2,520 - 862 = 1,658.政府必须购买这个多余产量来支持价格，花费$3(1.66 million) = $5.0 billion 每年。
5. a.Q D = a - bP . ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=**Q P b E D . E D = -0.4 (长期价格弹性), P* = 0.75 (均衡价格), Q* = 7.5 (均衡产量).⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=-5.775.04.0b , or b = 4. 7.5 = a - (4)(0.75), or a = 10.5.Q D = 10.5 - 4P .b.)需求下降20％:'Q D()()P P 2.34.845.108.0-=-=. 8.4 - 3.2P = -4.5 + 16P , orP = 0.672.6. a.D = 24.08 - 0.06P S C = 11.74 + 0.07P .在没有OPEC 组织下的供给S c = Q * = 13.E S = 0.10 ， P * = $18, E S = d (P */Q *) ， d = 0.07.代入 d , S c , ， P , c = 11.74 and S c = 11.74 + 0.07P .同样的, 因为 Q D = 23, E D = -b (P */Q *) = -0.05, b = 0.06. 代入 b , Q D = 23, ， P = 18 23 = a - 0.06(18), a = 24.08. 因此 Q D = 24.08 - 0.06P .b.D = 32.18 - 0.51P S C = 7.78 + 0.29P .如上, E S = 0.4 ， E D = -0.4: E S = d (P */Q *) ， E D = -b(P*/Q*), 0.4 = d (18/13) and -0.4 = -b (18/23).所以 d = 0.29 ， b = 0.51.S c = c + dP ， Q D = a - bP ,13 = c + (0.29)(18) ， 23 = a - (0.51)(18).So c = 7.78 ， a = 32.18.c.减产60亿桶后：S c ' = 4 + S c = 11.74 + 4 + 0.07P = 15.74 + 0.07P ，S " = 4 + S c = 11.78 + 0.29P .15.74 + 0.07P = 24.08 - 0.06P ,短期中，P = $64.15;11.78 + 0.29P = 32.18 - 0.51P ,长期中，P = $24.297.a.供给: Q = 14 + 2P G + 0.25P O 需求: Q = -5P G + 3.75P O需求交叉弹性为：.⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∆∆=GGO GGO Q P PQ E 设需求函数为：Q G = a - bP G + eP O(收入为常量), 则⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∆∆O G P Q = e . 将它代入交叉弹性公式,⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=**G OPOQ P e E , P O*and Q G * 是均衡价格和产量. 我们知道 P O * = $8 ， Q G* = 20 百万立方英尺(Tcf). 解得 e ,⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=2085.1e , e = 3.75.同样得, 供给方程可表示为:Q G = c + dP G + gP O ,交叉价格弹性为 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛**G OQ P g , e= 0.1. ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=2081.0g , g = 0.25. E S = 0.2, P* = 2, Q* = 20. 因此⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=2022.0d , d = 2.同样, E D = -0.5, 所以⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=-2025.0b , b = -5.将d, g, b , ， e 代入供给，需求方程，解得：20 = c + (2)(2) + (0.25)(8), c = 14, 20 = a - (5)(2) + (3.75)(8), a = 0.如果油价为$8.00，意味着天然气价格为$2.00。
将油价代入供求方程，得到天然气价格14 + 2P G + (0.25)(8) = -5P G + (3.75)(8), 7P G = 14, orP G = $2.00.b.需求: Q D = (-5)(1.50) + (3.75)(8) = 22.5, 供给: Q S = 14 + (2)(1.5) + (0.25)(8) = 19.在这种情况下将出现超额需求3.5 Tcf.c.需求: Q D = -5P G + (3.75)(16) = 60 - 5P G , 供给: Q S = 14 + 2P G + (0.25)(16) = 18 + 2P G .18 + 2P G = 60 - 5P G , ，P G = $6.第三章复习题1、偏好的可传递性是指：如果消费者在市场篮子A和B中更偏好A，在B和C中更偏好B，那么消费者A和C中更偏好A。