Murata Compnay Introduction
意大利教育家蒙台梭利及蒙氏教育
意大利教育家蒙台梭利及蒙氏教育玛丽亚·蒙台梭利（意大利语：Maria Montessori，1870年8月31日－1952年5月6日），意大利幼儿教育学家，蒙台梭利教育法的创始人。
她的教育法建立在对儿童的创造性潜力、儿童的学习动机及作为一个个人的权利的信念的基础之上。
生平简介1870年8月31日，玛莉亚.蒙特梭利生于意大利的安科纳地区的基亚拉瓦莱小镇。
她虽是一位独生女，思想保守的军人父亲，与出身良好家庭的母亲却不曾溺爱过她，使她从小就能够关怀别人，培养出择善固执的个性。
1894年，蒙台梭利毕业于罗马大学医科，成为意大利第一位女医学博士1899－1901年，就任罗马国立心理矫正学校校长以后，蒙氏把自己根据塞根的书籍和伊塔的实验所研究出的方法，实际地应用到这些可怜的孩子身上；1896－1899年，她在罗马一所女子学院任卫生学教授；1901－1904年在罗马大学讲授教育学；1905－1908年任人类学教授。
在此期间，她继续学习哲学、心理学和教育学。
蒙特梭利的晚年，依然不顾身体的衰弱不停地工作，终于在1952年5月6日逝世于荷兰的阿姆斯特丹，享年八十二岁。
她不仅是著名的科学家，更是伟大的教育家，一生为了儿童，为了人类精神的复兴及人性的发展，奉献了她所有的智慧与一生。
蒙台梭利的一生正如牧师所说：“他的历史成就已经说民那个，蒙台梭利已不仅仅是一个意大利公民，更是一个世界公民。
”儿童之家的创立1906年，因为一个偶然的机会，在罗马优良建筑公会的支持下，为她带来了研究和验证提升世界正常儿童智力的机会：1907年1月6日，第一所“儿童之家”在罗马的贫民窟桑罗伦多区正式开幕，三个月后第二所蒙特梭利“儿童之家”相继设立。
她把她的方法应用于智力正常的儿童。
她的成功导致开办其他蒙台梭利学校。
“儿童之家”：指的是能供给孩子发展机会的“环境”，它是“公寓中的学校”，不仅具有家的内涵，“如成员的彼此关爱、辅助，环境中的一切设备也都符合儿童的需要和尺寸”；更是幼儿受教育的场所。
西方史学名著读后感
西方史学名著读后感【篇一：读西方史学名著《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》有感】读西方史学名著《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》有感摘要：修昔底德的《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》开了政治军事史的先河，在西方史学著作上占有重要的一席之地，全书记载了古代希腊历史上第二次巨大的战争，即伯罗奔尼撒战争，希腊奴隶社会开始由繁荣走向衰弱。
关键词：战争修昔底德政治军事史在古希腊历史上，发生了两次巨大的战争：第一次是发生在公元前500~公元前449年的希波战争；第二次就是公元前431~公元前404年的伯罗奔尼撒战争。
第二次战争，是希腊历史上的转折点，关于这次战争的史迹，有修昔底德的著作《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》流传于世。
西方的史学名著从古至今流传下来的可谓多如牛毛，再现了曾经的生活，记述了时代的特征与思想，但《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》在众多同类型或是不同类型的史学名著中毫不逊色，熠熠生辉。
一、关于作者修昔底德，关于他的生平，我们知道的其实并不多，除了从他本人撰述的著作中寻到只言片语以外，同时代的其他作家几乎没有人提到他。
第一个为他写传记的人已经试公元五世纪的人了，叫做马赛林纳斯，但他所根据的材料也只是修昔底德本人的著作以及前人对著作所做的注释，甚至部分结论都是出自猜测，出现自相矛盾。
首先，关于修昔底德的出身年份就有许多争议，但是很据他于公元前424年担任将军职务这一可靠的年份以及他著作终止时的年龄，我认为约公元前460~约公元前395年这一时间断线是合理可信的。
在古希腊，要能担任上将军这一职务的除了才能突出以外，年龄也要达到三十岁，若依据公元前460年出身来看，到公元前424年担任将军一职，那就是36岁，而他死时大概也就六十岁左右，所以死亡年份也就在公元前395年左右。
而关于他的童年生活，我们也知之甚少。
青少年时代，他应该也与雅典的许多贵族子弟一样，接受过良好的教育。
据说，他童年时，曾在奥林匹克听过希罗多德朗诵他的历史著作，并感动得泪流满面。
但是这个故事的真实性并不能够确定，很有可能是后人根据他对希罗多德著作的熟悉深度做出的一种美好幻想，想象两个各具特色的历史学家之间产生的一种美好的碰撞。
屠呦呦英文介绍PPT课件
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• For the sake of drug safety, she had personally taking tests，which led to her liver poisoning, but she still kept on working, regardless of picking samples in the wild, or in the indoor experiment study.
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Inspiration
• Achieving modernization of TCM through science and technology. Tu‘s success shows that TCM has to embrace modern technologies and laboratory tools and, more important, stick to the essence of the time-honored medical science, practicing innovation when using TCM theories. Tu's Nobel Prize will prompt more basic scientific research into ancient TCM texts and ways to explore research findings.
• TCM: traditional Chinese medicine
• WM: western medicine
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• Her discovery of artemisinin and its treatment of malaria is regarded as a significant breakthrough of tropical medicine in the 20th century and health improvement for people of tropical developing countries in South Asia, Africa, and South America. For her work, Tu received the 2011 Lasker Award in clinical medicine and the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .
Murata EMC components and Solution Introduction
2009 Murata EMC SeminarForChanghong上海市长宁区兴义路8号万都中心1201室村田(中国)投资有限公司村田电子贸易村田电子贸易（（上海上海））有限公司Agenda:1. EMC Components types and Selection guid;2. Murata EMC Components Introduction●BLM series Beads;●NFM series three-terminal Capacitor;3. Murata EMC Solution for Differential Signal NoiseSuppression;●USB2.0;●HDMI1.3;●LVDS;4. Murata Power InductorAgenda:1. EMC Components types and Selection guid;2. Murata EMC Components Introduction●BLM series Beads;●NFM series three-terminal Capacitor;3. Murata EMC Solution for Differential Signal NoiseSuppression;●USB2.0;●HDMI1.3;●LVDS;Three Terminal CapacitorChip Ferrite beads Common mode Choke coilsLC/RC FilterRF InductorWirewoundLQW15/18 seriesFilm typeLQP03/15 seriesMultilayerLQG15/18 series040206030201040204020603SizeWirewoundLQH3NP seriesWirewoundLQH32C seriesMultilayerLQM18/21F seriesWirewoundLQH2MC series08061210Size06030805Power Inductor InductorEMI Filter1212 ProductsNoiseSignalGround LineNoise energy => HeatNoise is bypassed togroundEMI Filter Performance|Z| =2πfL|Z| =1/2πfCSignal Line/Power LineSignal Line/Power LineNoiseSignalSignalTypical ApplicationsSuppression of noise radiation from I/O cable;Chip Ferrite BeadsI/O Surge ProtectionSuppression of noise radiation from internal connection cablePrevention of noise conduction through IC Grounds;Chip Ferrite BeadsNoise suppression on high density bus lines;Chip Ferrite Beads / ArraySuppression of noise radiation from fast signal lines;Chip Signal line filterSuppression of switch mode noise;DC power line filterNoise suppression on IC power line;Chip 3-Terminal Capacitor Chip Ferrite BeadsNoise suppression on data bus line;Chip 3-Terminal Capacitor Chip Ferrite Beads / ArrayNoise suppression on telephone lines USB / IEEE1394 lines;Common mode choke coilSuppression of noise radiation from fast I/O cable;Chip Signal line filterFunction of EMC components Separating signal and noiseSignal + NoiseSignalNoiseEMIfilterFreq.LevelSignal NoiseLow pass filter separates signal and noise.Freq.InsertionlossFunction of EMC componentsRelationship between Noise and WaveformThird HarmonicFifth HarmonicSixth HarmonicFilter Type of Filter Noise Level without FilterNoise LevelWaveformEMI Filter with low shape factorEMIFilter with high shape factorcharacteristicsdBf1fFiltercharacteristics dB f1f dB fdBfWaveformEMI Filter Insertion VS FrequencySignal band Noise bandFrequencyI n s e r t i o n L o s sEMI filter with high shape factorEMI filterwith low shape factorf1 f2EMC 器件特性的表征器件特性的表征：：插入损耗5050ΩΩ5050ΩΩEMI filterA (V)C (V)5050ΩΩ5050ΩΩA (V)B (V)插入损耗2040608010011/101/1001/1,0001/10,0001/100,000Voltage rate example1(V)0.1(V)0.01(V)1(mV)0.1(mV)0.01(mV))(log 20dB CB=I n s e r t i o n l o s s (d B )ｊ2πf Cap１We generally call “Bypass capacitor”“De-coupling capacitor”5050ΩΩ5050ΩΩA (V)C (V)5050ΩΩ5050ΩΩA (V)B (V)CapZ ＝0204060800.11101001000周波数周波数((MHz MHz))挿入損失(d B )Insertion loss characteristics of capacitors100p F 1000p F10000p F100000p F 20d B /d e c .ノイズノイズ電流電流電流ををバイパスCapacitor Makes FilterWe generally call “inductor”and “choke coil.”For EMC solution we use usually ferrite beads.5050ΩΩ5050ΩΩA (V)C (V)5050ΩΩ5050ΩΩA (V)B (V)Z ＝j 2πf LL0204060800.11101001000周波数周波数((MHz MHz))挿入損失(d B )Insertion loss characteristics of inductor1000n H100n H10000n H100000n H 20d B /d e c .20dBReducing noise currentGenerally, insertion loss of ferrite beads is slower curvethan other inductors.Inductor Makes FilterEquivalentSeriesInductance(ESL) CapacitorInductorParasiticcapacitance To get high insertion loss at high freq. band we should use low ESL capacitor and low parasitic capacitance inductor 0204060800.11101001000周波数周波数((MHzMHz))挿入損失(dB)1608サイズ積層積層コンデンサコンデンサ100000pFfofo=2πLC１CapacitorInductorTrace on the PCB has parasitic components.inductorNoise routeviacapacitorCapacitance value and ESL value influence capacitance freq. characteristics.020*******.11101001000周波数周波数((MHz MHz))挿入損失(d B )0603size MLCC freq. characteristics （measured ）100000pF10000pF 1000pF 100pFESL=0.5ｎH周波数周波数((MHz MHz))挿入損失(d B )0603size MLCC freq. characteristics （calculated ESL value changes ）Cap=10000pFESR=0.15ohm0.5nH5nH0.05nH 0.005nHBefore SRF: Insertion loss depends on cap. value.After SRF: Insertion loss depends on ESL value.(ESL include component’s ESL and pattern’s.)Capacitor Frequency CharateristicsI n s e r t i o n l o s s (d B )20406080100100k1M 10M 100M 1G 10G5k1k5020010measurement impedance measurement impedance（（Ω）Chip 3terminal cap. 100Chip 3terminal cap. 100ｐｐF Insertion lossFreq. Freq. （（MH MHｚ）ｚ）Insertion loss value depends on circuit impedance.On high impedance circuit capacitor is effective.On low impedance circuit ferrite beads is effective.CapacitorInductorInsertion loss depends on circuit impedance40100k1M 10M 100M 1G 10GFreq. Freq. （（MH MHｚ）ｚ）10502001k 5k102030measurement impedance measurement impedance（（Ω）Chip ferrite beads 600Chip ferrite beads 600ΩΩat 100MHz Insertion lossI n s e r t i o n l o s s (d B )Relation between Selecting EMI filter and Circuit ImpedanceOutput impedance (Zo)High LowH i g hL o w CapacitorπtypeL typeL typeinductorT typeEMIfilterZiZo Input impedanceOutput impedanceHow to chose EMI filterI n p u t i m p e d a n c e (Z o )2009 Murata EMC Seminar For ChanghongAgenda:1. EMC Components types and Selection guid;2. Murata EMC Components Introduction●BLM series Beads;●NFM series three-terminal Capacitor;3. Murata EMC Solution for Differential Signal NoiseSuppression;●USB2.0;●HDMI1.3;●LVDS;Chip Ferrite BeadsChip Ferrite Bead Technology TrendDown SizingDown Sizing High FrequencyHigh Frequency Large Rated CurrentLarge Rated Current ArrayArray100MHz100MHz 500MHz500MHz 1GHz1GHz 3A3A 6A6A 020102010402040206030603Wide Frequency RangeWide Frequency Range 0200400600800100012001400160018002000110100100010000Frequency (MHz)I m p e d a n c e (o h m )HP4291ABLM18AG102SN1BLM18HG102SN11A 1A BLM SeriesComposition ratio of Ferrite Beads by size60%50%40%30%20%10%0%96979899012345678910Year01005 size0201 size0402 size0603 size0805 size1206 size1806 sizeRed Font ：New（）impedance at 100MHz Large current type ＢＬＭ＊＊Ｐ/Ｅ/Ｓ/KG SeriesRatedCurrent（ｍＡ）0402 size0603 size0805 size1206 size 700BLM15EG221SN1(220Ω)1000BLM15PG100SN1(10Ω)BLM18PG300SN1(30Ω)BLM18EG221TN1(220Ω)BLM18PG471SN1(470Ω)1200BLM18PG331SN1(330Ω)1300BLM15PD121SN1(120Ω)BLM18KG601SN1(600Ω)1400BLM18PG221SN1(220Ω)1500BLM15EG121SN1(120Ω)BLM15PD800SN1(80Ω)BLM18PG181SN1(180Ω)BLM18SG331TN1(330Ω)BLM18KG471SN1(470Ω)BLM21PG331SN1(330Ω)BLM31PG601SN1(600Ω) 1700BLM15PD600SN1(60Ω)BLM18KG331SN1(330Ω)2000BLM18PG121SN1(120Ω)BLM18EG101TN1(100Ω）BLM18EG121SN1(120Ω)BLM18EG221SN1(220Ω)BLM21PG221SN1(220Ω)BLM31PG391SN1(390Ω) 2200BLM15PD300SN1(30Ω)BLM18KG221SN1(220Ω)2500BLM18SG221TN1(220Ω)3000BLM18PG330SN1(33Ω)BLM18SG121TN1(120Ω)BLM18KG121TN1(120Ω)BLM21PG300SN1(30Ω)BLM21PG600SN1(60Ω)BLM31PG500SN1(50Ω)BLM31PG121SN1(120Ω) 3500BLM18KG700TN1(70Ω)4000BLM18SG700TN1(70Ω)6000BLM18SG260TN1(26Ω)BLM21PG220SN1(22Ω)BLM31PG330SN1(33Ω) Ferrite Bead Rated Current -ImpedancePart Number Impedance Rated DCat 100MHz Current Resistance (Ω) (mA) (Ω max.)BLM18KG260TN1 26 6000 0.007BLM18KG700TN1 70 3500 0.022BLM18KG121TN1 120 3000 0.030BLM18KG221SN1 220 2200 0.050BLM18KG331SN1 330 1700 0.080BLM18KG471SN1 470 1500 0.130BLM18KG601SN1 600 1300 0.150(BLM18KG_TN1: 1.6X0.8X0.6mm)(BLM18KG_TN1: 1.6X0.8X0.8mm)BLM18KG series: 060326Ω-600ΩBLM18KG SeriesNEWBLM15PD SeriesBLM15PD series:0402 (1.0X0.5X0.5mm)30Ω-120ΩPart Number Impedance Rated DCat 100MHz Current Resistance(Ω) (mA) (Ω max.) BLM15PD300SN1 30 2200 0.035 BLM15PD600SN1 60 1700 0.060 BLM15PD800SN1 80 1500 0.070 BLM15PD121SN1 120 1300 0.090BLM15EG seriesBLM15EG seriesFor High Frequency NoiseHigh Rated CurrentHigh Impedance at high frequency0100200300400110100100010000Frequency (MHz)I m p e d a n c e (Ω)BLM15AG221SN1BLM15EG221SN1700mA300mABLM15EG SeriesBLM15EG series:0402 (1.0X0.5X0.5mm)120Ω, 220ΩImpedance Impedance Rated DCPart Number at 100MHz at 1GHz Current Resistance(Ω) (Ω) (mA) (Ω max.) BLM15EG121SN1 120 145 1500 0.095 BLM15EG221SN1 220 270 700 0.28BLM18EG/HE SeriesBLM18EG/HE series:0603 (1.6X0.8mm, SN1: t=0.8mm, TN1: t=0.5mm)Impedance Impedance Rated DC Part Number at 100MHz at 1GHz Current Resistance(Ω) (Ω) (mA) (Ω max.) BLM18EG101TN1 100 140 2000 0.045 BLM18EG121SN1 120 145 2000 0.04 BLM18EG181SN1 180 260 2000 0.05 BLM18EG221TN1 220 300 1000 0.15 BLM18EG331TN1 330 450 500 0.21 BLM18EG391TN1 390 520 500 0.30 BLM18EG471SN1 470 550 500 0.21 BLM18EG601SN1 600 700 500 0.35 BLM18HE601SN1 600 600 800 0.25 BLM18HE102SN1 1000 1000 600 0.35 BLM18HE152SN1 1500 1500 500 0.502009 Murata EMC Seminar For ChanghongAgenda:1. EMC Components types and Selection guid;2. Murata EMC Components Introduction●BLM series Beads;●NFM series three-terminal Capacitor;3. Murata EMC Solution for Differential Signal NoiseSuppression;●USB2.0;●HDMI1.3;●LVDS;4. Murata Power Inductor2 Terminal CapacitorEquivalentCircuitInside structureEquivalentCircuitInside structure Inside Electrode Inside Electrode3 Terminal CapacitorInside electrode has a little inductance2 terminal capacitor can not work well in G Hz band because of this inductance3 terminal capacitor construction convert one of inside electrode inductance to series to noise route.And by-pass route inductance was separated in two ways.Digital Signal LineCable ConnectionPower Supply LineDigital signalRS232C etc.Analog signalHeadphone, Microphone etc.Digital signalClock , Data etc.Noise Suppression by NFMCountermeasure for Power line noise Minimization of mounting space & Optimization. .Many capacitors are required at IC’s power line for power integrity and noise suppression.Main ICNo space to mount . Suitable layout is difficult !!31Countermeasure for Power line noise Minimization of mounting space & Optimization.By using high performance capacitor (NFM), the number of usage can be reduced!! =>can design these capacitors on suitable position.Power Line of Main IC44pcs (Beads + Capacitors)14pcs!! (NFM 9pcs + Capacitors5pcs)32Countermeasure for Power line noise Minimization of mounting space & Optimization.Ripple voltage3.5 3.45 3.4 3.35 3.3 3.25 3.2 3.15 3.1 -0.0004 -0.0003 -0.0002 -0.0001 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004Sam eBead+Cap10uF+110nF NFM_10uFqua l i ty!Measurement point (3.3V power line)33Countermeasure for Power line noise Minimization of mounting space & Optimization.Noise measurementMagnetic field distribution measurement data by EMI testerInitialAfterImp rov ed !EMI TESTER34Effective noise countermeasure with 3terminal capacitor (NFM) 2terminal capacitorPower line PinZ3terminal capacitor (NFM)GND Pin Noise source is DSPZDC power supplyDSPDC power supplyDSPZ8 Z1 Z7Z6Z5 Z4bypass capacitorZ8 Z4 Z5Z6 Z1 Z3 Z2Z2Z3Z7With 3terminal capacitor, noise current doesn’t flow to other circuit2terminal capacitor 7pcs3terminal capacitor 2pcs35Countermeasure for Power line noise Minimization of mounting space & Optimization.36Noise suppression for IC power lineReduction of ESL by land pattern, ground and via under NFM. Two terminal capacitor Three terminal capacitor (NFM)MSLMSLGND GNDCurrentLarge dimension for current path InductanceCurrentsmall dimension for current pathExpansion currentSuppression of expansion current37Classification by Application NFM_ _ C series ----- For Signal Line Capacitance Variation is richExample 22,47,100,220,470,1000,2200,22000pFNFM_ _ P series ----For Dc power Supply LineHigh capacitance0.022uF - 27uF (22000pF)High Rated Current38NewNFM15PC seriesFor DC Power Supply Line NFM15PC series: 0402 (1.0X0.5X0.3mm) 0.1 to 0.47uFNFM15P seriesNewPart NumberCapacitance (uF) 0.1Rated Current (A) 1Rated Voltage (Vdc) 10NFM15PC104R1A3NFM15PC474B0J30.4726.339NFM18PC seriesNFM18P series For DC Power Supply Line NFM18PC series: 0603 (1.6X0.8X0.8/0.6mm) 0.1uF – 2.2uFPart Number NFM18PC104R1C3 NFM18PC224R0J3 NFM18PC474R0J3 NFM18PC105R0J3 NFM18PC225B0J3 NFM18PC225B1A3Capacitance (uF) 0.1 0.22 0.47 1 2.2 2.2Rated Current (A) 2 2 2 2 2 4Rated Voltage (Vdc) 16 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 1040NFM18PS series0603 (1.6X0.85X0.6mm) NFM18PS series:0.47uF –4.7uF424.7NFM18PS475R0J36.321.0NFM18PS105R0J36.320.47NFM18PS474R0J3Rated Voltage(Vdc)Rated Current(A)Capacitance(uF)Part NumberP r e l i m in a r yFrequency [MHz]I n s e r t i o n L o s s [d B ]0603 SizeNFM18PS474R0J3NFM18PC474R0J3Standard TypeNFM18PS seriesEDN Award:Best Component4.7uFNFM18PS475R0J31.0uF NFM18PS105R0J30.47uF NFM18PS474R0J3Capacitance Part Number P r e l im i n ar yPart Number Capacitance(mF)Rated Voltage (Vdc)Rated Current (A )IR (min.)(M ohm)Operating Temperature Range(℃)LxW (mm)T (mm)NFM21PC104R1E30.1±20％2521000-55 to +125 2.0x1.250.85±0.1NFM21PC224R1C30.22±20％1621000-55 to +125 2.0x1.250.85±0.1NFM21PC474R1C30.47±20％1621000-55 to +125 2.0x1.250.85±0.1NFM21PC105B1A3 1.0±20％104500-40 to +85 2.0x1.250.85±0.1NFM21PC105B1C3 1.0±20％164500-40 to +85 2.0x1.250.85±0.1NFM21PC225B0J3 2.2±20％ 6.34200-40 to +85 2.0x1.250.85±0.1NFM21PC475B0J34.7±20％106100-40 to +852.0x1.250.85±0.1Part Number Capacitance(mF)RatedVoltage(Vdc)RatedCurrent (A)IR (min.)(M ohm)Operating Temperatur e Range(℃)LxW (mm)T (mm)NFM18PC104R1C30.1±20％1621000-55 to +125 1.6x0.80.6±0.1NFM18PC224R0J30.22±20％6.321000-55 to +125 1.6x0.80.6±0.1NFM18PC474R0J30.47±20％6.321000-55 to +125 1.6x0.80.6±0.1NFM18PC105R0J3 1.0±20％6.32500-55 to +125 1.6x0.80.8±0.1NFM18PC225B0J32.2±20％ 6.32200-40 to +85 1.6x0.80.6±0.1NFM18PC225B1A3 2.2±20％104200-40 to +851.6x0.80.8±0.1NFM21/18P series is the EMI suppression filters for high speed IC power lines!!High performance! 3terminal capacitor NFM series2009 Murata EMC Seminar For ChanghongAgenda:1. EMC Components types and Selection guid;2. Murata EMC Components Introduction●BLM series Beads;●NFM series three-terminal Capacitor;3. Murata EMC Solution for Differential Signal NoiseSuppression;●USB2.0;●HDMI1.3;●LVDS;4. Murata Power InductorUSB cable becomes radiative antenna(have nothing to do with USB block)Unstable GND layerCross-talkNoise from other circuit Noise source of USB(2):Be affected from other circuitNoise problem of differential transmission lineMeasurement system for USB Full SpeedEvaluation boardTest fixture board(E2645-66501:Agilent)Oscilloscope (Infinium54846A:Agilent)5mCH1:D+CH2:D-CH3:TRGUSB cable(5m)Personal computer USB equipment(FS signal->Trigger)Around 5cmHub Hub(for FS)To use ferrite bead for High SpeedWithout filterBLM18BB470SN1(47ohm at 100MHz)Failure01002003004005001101001000Fr equency [M H z]I m p e d a n c e [Ω]BLM18BA220SN (22ohm at 100MHz)Failure1002003004005001101001000Fr equency [M H z]I m p e d a n c e [Ω]Without filter1101001000100001101001000Fr equency [M H z]Im p e d a n c e [Ω]DLP11SN900HL2(90ohm at 100MHz)PassRecommended circuit for High SpeedChip Ferrite BeadBLM18KG121TN1BLM18KG221SN1DLW21HN900SQ2Wire Wound Common Mode Choke CoilDLW21SN900SQ2Film Common Mode Choke CoilDLP11SN900HL2D+D－GNDV DDUSBControllerIt may be made an error at EOP370ohm90ohmwithout filterTo use common mode chokeＶ＝Ｍd dtＩ-1.00.01.02.03.04.05.01.01.21.41.61.8T i me [s ]V ]o l t a g e [V -1.00.01.02.03.04.05.01.01.21.41.61.8T ime [s ]]V o l t a g e [V -1.00.01.02.03.04.05.01.01.21.41.61.8T i me [s ]a ]V o l t g e [V。
法玛西亚
法玛西亚·普强公司：Rogaine生发药组员：孙豪霞王贝贝目录一、背景 (1)二、企业目前解决的主要问题 (3)三、形势分析 (4)四、SWOT分析 (8)五、渠道分析 (10)六、解决方案 (10)七、结论 (12)一、背景（一）公司背景法玛西亚﹒普强股份有限公司是由瑞典的法玛西亚公司和美国的普强公司于1995年11月合并成立的。
这次合并使新公司成为世界第九大制药公司。
法玛西亚﹒普强公司是人类健康护理产品和相关产品的提供者，经营范围遍及全球。
该公司的管理中心位于英国伦敦，主要的研究和制造中心分散在美国、瑞典、意大利。
公司销售额的90%来自药品，诊所、生物技术或生物试剂产品占10%。
公司大约70%的销售额是在美国以外地区实现的。
该公司每年的研究开发预算为10亿美元，主要集中在开发新产品和产品线延伸。
（二）相关产品背景1996年2月9日，美国食品药品管理局（FDA）批准Rogaine生发药可以无需医生处方销售。
Rogaine是当时被医学证明唯一有效的治疗男女普通遗传性脱发的生发药物，从1988年起在美国作为处方药物开始销售。
非处方的Rogaine定于1996年4月开始销售，到那时，作为处方药的Rogaine将终止销售。
普强公司请求FDA批准对非处方Rogaine 为期三年的独家销售权。
但是1996年4月5日，其申请被拒绝。
这意味着其垄断地位也将没有了，而开始与市场上其他产品进行竞争。
二、企业目前解决的主要问题独家销售权的失去和竞争产品的出现改变了竞争环境，Rogaine已经不再是唯一含2%米诺西定的头发生长产品了，因而失去了垄断地位。
这对Rogaine的销售会产生一定的影响。
原来产品预期五年内的销售额达到10亿美元的数据现在是否需要调整？应该修订为多少？所以其以前制定的营销计划必须进行修订。
企业目前解决的主要问题是如何对以前制定的营销计划进行修订。
三、形势分析3.1 行业分析1、据估计据估计，美国有4000万男性秃顶和2000万头发稀疏，消费者每年在治疗方面的花费大约13亿美元（据下表所示），产业的发展空间很大。
《英文米高梅》课件
artistic characteristics
Explore the artistic features of MGM film works, such as photography, music, clothing, and scene design, and analyze how these elements add color and enhance the audience's viewing experience.
Enhance learning motivation and confidence in English learning
02
Introduction to MGM Company
Established in 1924
MGM was established in 1924 by Marcus Loew, who purchased the Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures, and Louis B. Mayer Pictures companies and merged them into one entity
Teamwork
MGM values inspect for colleges and universities a positive work environment where everyone is treated with density and fairness
Inspect
03
English MGM Curriculum Outline
Background
With the population of digital technology, PowerPoint has become an independent tool in English teaching and learning This course aims to provide learners with a practical guide to creating effective PowerPoint presentations in English
安提妮娅杰出功能思路图
安提妮娅杰出功能思路图1、历史渊源[——诞生（1966年、法国、卢浮宫）[——成熟（英伦、伊丽莎白、邮票）[——进入（2008年、按中国选美大赛小姐身材设计） [——进口（目前唯一）[——高科技（世界上不到5个厂家具有技术）2、三个一流 [——舒适度 [——面料（柔顺蛋白质丝绢）一流 [——编织密度（40针80格）[——三角亮光丝（64根超细线）[——编织形式（六角网眼布）[——即时 [——人体医学背景（瑞典皇家医学院）效果 [——人体工程力学一流 [——设计师（英、法时尚设计师）[——长远 [——推移（大面积）定型 [——定位（波浪纹、分层次、局部）效果一流[——锁定（六角网眼布逐格）3、三大科技 [——15种矿物[——超强远红外线[——燃脂因子[——AVG防辐射[——锗元素[——35种植物[——嫩肤因子[——活肤因子[——亮肤因子[——巨型海藻（抗衰老）[——面料后处理科技[——混合型（快速抽丝技术）4、裁剪技术 [——胸部[——肩带[——钢托[——罩杯[——挂钩[——挂钩底座[——侧边裁剪[——臀部[——臀杯[——提臀带[——腿部[——腹部[——裤裆[——高腰[——腰部 [——记忆条[——非平行式裁剪[——腰部双层[——正面不延展布[——帮胸[——矫正坐姿[——减轻生理疼痛5、品牌系列[——皇室风范[——巴黎春色[——少女套系[——装饰系列[——真爱情人（粉色）[——法兰西情人（杏色）ANTINNIYA 科技让女人100 分安提妮娅身材管理器具有：丰胸、平背、瘦腰、收腹、提臀功能，为你塑造迷人的S型曲线！一、安提妮娅历史来源：美体内衣发源于法国皇宫，原始的美体内衣经过多次的演变，但都未能脱离依靠对身体的压迫而产生美体效果的本质。
直到1966年，第一件现代科技美体内衣在巴黎诞生，立即疯魔上流社会的女性，被誉为“frandear”——法兰西情人。
次年，时装界命名为“调整型身材管理器”。
在世界奢侈品和时尚产品领域，全球最引领时尚的就是法国.而“frandear”美体内衣是入选法国卢浮宫陈列的首个美体内衣品牌，也是欧洲皇室女性的习惯性礼品。
玛利亚·蒙特梭利
玛利亚 蒙特梭利代表性的著作
《蒙特梭利早期教育法》是蒙特梭利博士的 蒙特梭利早期教育法》 第一本儿童教育专著,被译为20多中文字 在许多国家出版,本书是她对自己新手创 立的"儿童之家"的经验总结.也是蒙特 梭利博士对她所进行的教育创新背后的理 论原则的揭示.传授如何"让孩子通过自 传授如何"让孩子通过自 己的努力去自由地学习".本书向人们介 己的努力去自由地学习" 绍了蒙特梭利方法的指导原则,通过本书 所介绍的方法,孩子能发展自己的秩序意 识和逻辑思维.
玛利亚 玛利亚蒙特梭利
Maria Montessori
☆——20世纪赢得欧洲和世界承认的最伟大的科 ——20世纪赢得欧洲和世界承认的最伟大的科 学与进步的教育家
玛利亚 玛利亚蒙特梭利 简介
蒙特梭利是意大利著名的儿童教育家, 也是闻名世界的国际知名学前教育家. 蒙特梭利也是意大利历史上第一位学医 的女性,第一位女医学博士,在幼儿早期 教育方面,堪称旷世才女,她提出并倡导 的蒙特梭利教育理念在全球的影响和地位 非常深远.《西方教育史》称她为"20世 20世 纪赢得欧洲和世界承认的最伟大的科学与 进步的教育家."两度被提名为"诺贝尔 进步的教育家 和平奖"候选人.
蒙特梭利 教育介绍
蒙特梭利教育是蒙特梭利女士提出并倡导的一种儿童及幼儿 的教育理念. 的教育理念. 蒙特梭利女士在很大程度上接受了卢梭,裴斯泰洛齐, 蒙特梭利女士在很大程度上接受了卢梭,裴斯泰洛齐,福禄 贝尔的自然教育与自由教育的观点, 贝尔的自然教育与自由教育的观点,并根据自己的实际观察和 实验研究以及结合了生物学,遗传学,生理学, 实验研究以及结合了生物学,遗传学,生理学,心理学和生命 哲学的理论,提出了一种全新的教育理念. 哲学的理论,提出了一种全新的教育理念. 她认为儿童内在存在着与生俱来的"内在生命力"或称" 她认为儿童内在存在着与生俱来的"内在生命力"或称"内在潜 即具有自我学习,使自我趋于完美的潜能. 力",即具有自我学习,使自我趋于完美的潜能.这种生命力是 一种积极的,生动的,发展着的存在,它具有无穷无尽的力量! 一种积极的,生动的,发展着的存在,它具有无穷无尽的力量! 教育的任务是激发和促进儿童内在潜力 的发现, 教育的任务是激发和促进儿童内在潜力"的发现,并按其自 内在潜力" 身规律获得自然和自由的发展. 身规律获得自然和自由的发展.
英文版木材学大纲Course of wood anatomy1
Wood anatomyIntroductionA Development of wood science1.Concept of wood science2.History of this subject3.Trends of wood science developmentB Characteristic properties of wood1.All wood is cellular in structure with cell walls composed of a characteristic mixture ofpolymers of cellulose, noncellulosic carbohydrates, and lignin, organized as a reinforced matrix.2.Wood is anisotropic in nature.3.Wood is a hygroscopic substance.4.Wood is biodegradable.5.Wood a combustible.6.Wood is remarkably inert to the action of most chemicals.7.Wood is surprisingly durable when used under conditions which are not deliberatelyfavorable to the wood-destroying agencies.8.Because of its fibrous structure and the quantity of entrapped air, wood has excellentinsulating properties; ie., thermal insulation, poor conductor of electricity.C. Variability of wood propertiesWood properties are subject to wide variation brought about by the physiology of the trees and the external factors affecting its growths. Therefore, wood characteristic may vary in different parts of the same trees as well as from tree to tree.D Wood as an industrial raw material1.An outstanding industrial construction materialWood maybe cut and worked into various shapes with the aid of simple hand tools or with power-driven machineryFlexural rigidity in relation to the weight of the material, traceable to the nature of the cell wall material and its distribution as a system of thin-walled tubes, is one of the outstanding mechanical properties of wood.Wood structures can be designed to carry impact loads that are twice as great as those they can sustain under static loading.Dimensional changes that may take place as a result of rise in temperature are less significant in wood construction than they are in construction utilizing metal structural members.2. A raw material for pulp and paper3. A potential source of chemicalsE Knowledge of wood and better useCertain characteristics of wood are sometimes cited as detrimental to its use for particular use. But many of these disadvantages, real or implied, could be overcome by intelligent use of wood, based on comprehensive knowledge of its properties.The tree stemI The plant origin of woodWood is of plant origin. The following criteria serve to distinguish woody from nonwoody plants:1.Wood plants must be vascular plants2.They must be perennial plants3.Posses s stem that persists from year to year4.Exhibit secondary thickeningA kinds of woody plantsTrees: at least 20 feetShrubs: seldom exceeds 20 feetWoody lianas: is a climbing woody vineAmong which no hard and fast lines can be drawnB factors controlling the designation of a wood as commercially important1.The size of the tree species producing wood.2.The quality of the wood3.The accessibility and volume of the stands of a given kind of timber4.The status of technological development of consuming industries5.prevailing economic conditions.Lack of adequate transportation of facilities;Because wood of a number of botanically closely related species can not be distinguished with any certainty after a tree is cut and a log converted in to lumberDepend on such considerations as local scarcity of better woods, improvements in manufacture, development of new products, and a better knowledge of technical properties of wood.C softwoods and hardwoodsSoftwoods: conifers, evergreens.Hardwoods: deciduous, broad-leaved trees.Few coniferous species occupy a unique position in the timber economyHardwoods are composed of a large number of tree species with wood of vastly variable characteristics that determine its suitability for specific, diversified uses.II The stemThe body of all vascular consists of a cylindrical axis and appendages.The stem(trunk, bole): limb, branch and branchletThe root(root system): lateral branch root, rootletAppendages: leaves, thorns containing vascular tissue, prickles of rose formed by the outmost layers and hairs arising as extensions of epidermisThe majority subscribe to the idea that flowers are modified forms of shoots or leaves. The central core called the stele is composed of phloem, cambium and xylem (pith , primary xylem and secondary xylem)A formation of the stemThe axis of a tree is formed through the process of elongation and through growth in diameter. Elongation of tree stems is traceable to the primary growth (apical growing points)Growth in diameter is due to the activities of the vascular wood cambium.Several concepts:The plant tissues arising from the apical growing points are called the primary tissuesPlant tissues originating through cell formation in the vascular cambium are known as secondary tissuesA growth ring or annual ring: a single growth increment is formed in a year ( or one growing season). In transverse, it appears as concentric rings, in longitudinal section, it appears as cone-shaped or paraboloid zones.B stem formStem form refers to the taper of the bole from the base to the top of the tree.The basic form is presumed to be genetically controlled and be strongly modified by the environmental influences and cultural practices which affect the vigor, size and shape of the tree crown.The mechanistic and hormonal theories appear to provide the most plausible explanation.1.Mechanistic theories: this theory assumes that the tree stem must be strong enough not onlyto support the weight of the stem and crown of the tree and the additional weight of snow and ice, but also to be able to resist the forces of wind exerted on the crown. As a consequence of these requirements a cylindrical stem would require a higher proportion of denser and stronger late wood in the lower part of the bole than a tapering stem.2.Hormonal theories:Auxin gradient →govern the distribution of radial growth → determine the stem form3The overall of effect of the tree crown on the shape of the stem:Favorable growth condition →long-crowned trees →maximum ring width is formed in the lower part of the trunk. The stem within the crown is generally strongly tapered because of the downward increase in the number and cumulative effect of branches on formatin of wood in the upper stem.C Gross characteristics of the stem wood1 growth incrementsa/ Early wood (Spring wood): The portion formed in the early part of the growing season has larger cells and is relatively low in density.Late wood (Summer wood): The denser and usually darker-colored wood formed in the last part of growing season.Transition between the early and late wood maybe:Abrupt transition: hard pines, ring-porousGradual transition: soft pines, diffuse-porous.b/Variation in width of growth incrementsFast-growing species: poplar (Populus spp.), Slashpine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.)Shade-tolerant speciesLight-demanding speciesSite effect: better-drained sites, Swamps, dry limestone outcropsc/ Discontinuous and false ringsIn very old or suppressed trees, some of the growth increments may be interrupted.Discontinuous rings: The growth increments do not completely surround the stem but are present only in part of it.False ring: False rings are wholly included within the boundaries of true rings. A band of what appears to be late wood is formed which simulates normal late wood in appearance and density; this is followed by tissue resembling early wood, after which true late wood is producedDouble rings: If only one false ring is included in the true rings, the latter is designated as a double rings;Multiple rings: If more than one of such false rings occur within the boundaries of the true ring, the latter is said to be a multiple ring.2 Planes of reference in the stemTransverse surfaces (x): Cross sectionRadial surface (r)Tangential surface (t)3 Sapwood and heartwoodThat part of the woody core in the tree in which some xylem cells are living and hence physiologically active is called sapwood.Secondary changes that take place as a result of death of the protoplasm of the living cells in the xylem lead to formation of a physiologically dead part of the xylem, called heartwood Intermediate zone: between the sapwood and the heartwooda/ Classify all trees on the basis of distinctiveness of heartwood ;Sapwood trees (Alnus spp)Ripewood trees (Abies spp)Trees with regularly formed heartwood (exs. Oak, walnut, cherry)Trees with irregular heartwood (ex. Fraxinus spp)b/ Bosshard’s Classification of heartwood formationTrees with retarded formation of heartwoodTrees with light heartwoodTrees with obligatory colored heartwoodTrees with facultatively colored heartwoodc/There are two hypotheses of heartwood formationThe older advocates that heartwood formation of air in the closed cell system → this brings about secondary changes in the protoplasm of the parenchyma cells → leading to formation if extraneous substances and causing the death of the parenchyma cells.Rudman’s hypotheses,In late summer, height growth terminates and cambium growth slows → large crown function continue →sugars is likely to exceed the tree’s needs (unneeded sugars move inward by bark ray and unneeded sugars begin to accumulate near the center of stem) → converted into new compounds, decomposition of sugars →leads to formation of various polyphenolic compounds → other food material concentration → kill cells → heartwood formation.d/ Extractive substance is formed while heartwood formationHeartwood is often more durable; reduces the permeability of the heartwood; heartwood is somewhat heavier than sapwood at the same moisture content.Interfere with bleaching of the pulp; is more beautiful.e/ The width of the sapwood expressed as a linear measure or in terms of numbers of growth increments varies in different trees of the same species and at different heights in the same tree. The tree requires a fairly constant volume of sapwood at all levels in the stem; on geometrical considerations it is evident that the sapwood shell in a tree can decrease in width as the tree diameter increases, and still maintain a constant cross-sectional area.f/ wound heartwood: the abnormal tissue of the heartwood, which was caused by wounding of the tree.False heartwood: often forms in trees which do not normally have colored heartwood. False heartwood is known to occur in beech, birch, maple, poplar, aspen, and pine4 Color in woodcolor in wood is due mainly to extractives or may also contribute to the color of exposed wood surface thought oxidation.In general, color of sapwood, it may be gray or pale shade of yellow, white, pink, or red. Color of heartwood, it striking or unusual enough, can be important in identification of wood; it may also be responsible for perferential uses, but precise description of wood color is seldom possible, which must be supplemented with other structural criteria. Measurement of color is obtained with spectrophotometer.Russel effect: A photographic image of a varying degree of intensity for heartwood and sapwood is obtained when a photographic film is placed in contact with a wood specimen and then developed in the usual manner.5 Luster (sheen)Luster is the property of wood that enables it to reflect light, in other words, the property of exhibiting sheen.6 Odor and tasteA number of woods have a distinctive odor, which may be caused by inflitration products in the heartwood or by the action of fungi, bacteria, or molds.7 Grain and textureGrain refers to the longitudinal alignment of cells. It can be determined by the type of cleavage produced when wood is split.Grain includes straight grain, cross-grained, curly or wavy-grained, spiral grain, interlocked grain.Texture refers to the relative differences in appearance of the growth increments in the size, and kinds of cells between early and late wood.Coarse texture: large, open elements in ring-porous hardwood or large lumen from uniformly distribution cells.Even texture: even medium-textured8 WeightThe weight of wood varies according to:Amount of wood substance present per unit volume;The amount of infiltration;Moisture contents.9 HardnessHardness is a useful indicator of its physical characteristics.In general, it can be roughly tested with a knife and thumbnail.10 Anatomical features of wood of importance in identification.a/ According to the size and distribution of vessels or pores in early wood and late wood, the hardwood can be designated as:Ring-porous: The vessels in the early wood are much larger than those in the late wood of the same growth ring. The transition from one size of pores to another may be quite abrupt; such woods then are described as ring-porous. Ex., oak,Diffuse-porous: When transition in size of pores from the early to late wood is gradual, or when the pores do not appreciably vary in size throughout the ring, the woods are said to be diffuse-porous. Ex., birch, poplar, mapleSemi-ring porous: wood with the pore transition between ring-porous and diffuse-porous.b/ resin canals: are tubular intercellular spaces surrounded by secreting cells,mainly formed in pines, spruces, larch and tamarack, doughlas-firit appears as small openings or white spots in the transverse section and inconspicuous in longitudinal sectionc/ rayOn the transverse section: lines of varying widthOn the radial section: flecksIn the tangential plane: short staggered linesd/ wood parenchymaray parenchyma: constitute the bulk of ray tissue.Epithelial parenchymaAxial or longitudinal parenchyma: it may be massed in lines or in bands running along the growth ring or may encircle the pores, making them appear thick-walled on transverse section. It is an important feature in identification of woods with a hand lens.11 Figure in wooda/ Growth increments and figure in woodPlain, flat-saw lumber: it consists of nested, angular parabolic, irregularly concentric patterns Flat-cut veneerQuartered veneer: veneer produced by radial slicing or sawing. It is also called edge-grained or vertical-grained and is often used for flooring because of the more even wearing quality and the reduced transverse shrinkage.sewQuarter-sewn: in Oak, it called rift-sawn. Lumber in which growth rings from an angle of 45 or more with the wide surface of the board is classified commercially.Half-round veneerBack-cut veneer,Cone-cutting: as pencil cuttingb/ Figure caused by grain orientation in woodRibbon or stripe figure caused by interlocked grainCurly or wavy-grain figrueBroken stripeBlister and quilted figrueBird’s eye and dimplesCrotch and stump figuresBurl figuresc/ figure caused by color distributionIII BarkEpidermisPeriderm consists of three layers: the phellogen, the phellem and the phellodermThe number of successive periderms persisting outside the living bark is variable and is not necessarily indicative of the thickness of the dead bark.The bark on a mature tree is formed through the activity of the vascular cambium and the bark cambium, it is never so thick as the wood. There are three reasons for this:1 the layer of xylem formed during a given year usually consists of many rows of cells and therefore is much thicker and the corresponding layer of phloem2 The old phloem tissue is compressed radially and hence no longer occupies so much space as formerly.3 outside layers of bark formed in the later years consist of old phloem tissues; the yare shed from time to time through the process of periderm formation already described.Uses of barkBottle of stopper frp, cork oakTanning leatherBroken or shredded bark are s fuel, insulation, mulching for plants, soil conditioner, animal bedding, packing material, oil-spill absorbent, and plastic and adhesive fillers and for heavy metal ion scavenging and filtering.Also extracted as a source of oil-well drilling mud additives and as a source of waxes.Origin and development of woody cellsAll plants are composed of basic structural and physiological units called cells.Aggregations of the secondary xylem wood cells of similar type or with similar function are knows as tissues.I Apical meristemThe elongation of tree stems (branches and roots) is traceable to primary meristems (apical meristem and growing).Schematic drawing portraying the ontogeny of young tree stem (figure 2-3)II Vascular cambiumA Cell organization in the vascular cambiumThe vascular cambium is composed of fusiform initials and cambial ray initials.the fusiform initials,In conifers, length < 2000um to 9000um; diameter > 30 umIn primitive hardwood, length is 1000um to 2000umIn highly developed hardwoods, length is 300um to 600umB The process of cell division in the vascular cambiumMitosis:C Formation of new cambial initialsCambial initials devide in two ways.PeridinallyPseudotransversely or anticlinallyCause of increase in the circumference of the vascular cambium:The formation of new cambial initials of call types;Increase in length of the fusiform initials;Increase in tangential diameter;Number of fusiform initials in life form 724 to 23100 and the ray initials form 70 to 87961/ Formation of new fusiform initialsstratified cambialThe survival of the newly formed fusiform initials in depends largely on the length of the new initial and the extent of contact with the rays.2/ Formation of ray initials in the vascular cambiumthrough reduction of short fusiform initials to a single ray cell;by separation of the entire such initial into a number of ray cells;formed at the side of a fusiform initial or arise by pinching of the tips of the fusiform initials. Ways of multiseriate rays:✧By addition of more ray initials at the side of the existing initials.✧By division of ray initials themselves✧By fusion of two or more proximate rays3/ Variations in length of fusiform initialsThe variations in the average length of fusiform initials are reflected in corresponding differences in length of the derived xylem cells.a/ variation in length in the radial direction .A negative correlation that exists between the frequency of pseudotransverse division of the cambial initials and the length of the newly formed initials;The extent of preferential loss of shorter, less-efficient fusiform cambial initials by transformation into ray initials or by direct maturation into xylem and phloem cells without further subdivision.b/ Variation along the length of the tree trunkc/ Effect of growth rate on length of cambial initialsD Formation of new xylem and phloem cellsSee figure 2-16E Seasonal activity of the vascular cambiumIII Postcambial xylem cell enlargementMany types of cells increase in their overall dimensions before maturation.The enlargement can be arbitrarily divided into increase in diameter and elongation of the developing cell.In the softwoods, diameter increase is almost entirely in the radial direction, and almost no tangential enlargement takes place.In hardwoods, the vessel elements in early wood of ring-porous woods, exhibit a major increase in tangential diameters, followed by that in the radial direction.Intrusive growth:The Woody cell wallI Chemical components of the plant cell wallSee table 3-1A Polysaccharide fractions of the cell wall(holocellulose)1 cellulose2 hemicelluloseB LigninLignin is formed only in the walls of living plants in the spermatophytes, the pteridophytes, and the mosses.C Secondary cell wall components1 Extraneous materials2 Ash contentD Analytical dataII Basic structure of the woody cell wallA Microfibrillar organizationMicrofibrils: the polysaccharides in woody plant cell walls are physically aggregated into very long strands.Crystallites: the crystalline core of the microfibril can be broken by the action of chemicals into units.B Aggregations of microfibrilsReinforced theory: These microfibrils consist of a core of crystalline cellulose surrounded by short-chain hemicelluloses that are partly linked to the cellulose core. Deposition of lignin and extractives, after the microfibrils are formed, encases them and binds them into a rigid structure, living a network of microcapillary voids which allow water to penetrate into the cell walls.C Density of the cell wallD Summary of organization of cell wall materialsIII The primary cell wallMultinet theoryMcirotubuleAppositionPlasmodesmataIV The normal secondary cell wallA Secondary-wall structure of tracheids and fibersSee figure 3-5, 3-6Pr, S1, S2, S3, WB Wall structure of xylem parenchyma cellsThe major difference in cell wall structure between parenchyma cells and those in tracheids and fibers is that parenchyma, cells posses special wall organization called protective layers.C Distribution of chemical constituents in the cell wallSee figure 3-10V Modification of the cell wallA pitting of the cell wallA pit is defined as a recess in the secondary wall of the cell , open to the lumen on one side and including the membrane closing the recess on the other side.Pit aperture (included, extended)Pit chamberPit borderPit torus(turi)MargoA pit pairComplementary pitsBlind pitsPit cavityPit membraneCell lumenA simple pitBordered pit parsA half-bordered pit pairLinear pittingScalariform pittingOpposite pittingAlternate pittingTwo other mechanisms for reduction of flow through bordered pits of conifers have been proposed in addition to pit aspiration:1/ Occlusion of the pit membrane with heartwood extractives;e.g., extraction of incense cedar wood with ethanol can increase permeability of the heartwood as much as 10,000 times;2/ incrustation of the pit membrane with insoluble lignin-like materialsB perforation of the cell wallSimple perforation plateMultiple perforation plateScalariform perforation plateBarsC Thickenings of the cell wall1 Spiral thickingsspiral thickings are ridges of microfibrils which form on the surface of the S3 layer in varying degrees of prominence2 DentationsD Wart structures and vestured pitting1 warts2 vestured pittingin the angiosperms a development of the warty structure into large simple or branched forms associated with the pits is knows as vestured pittingVI Special forms of cell wallsA Septa(septum)B TylosesVII intercellular spacesThe minute structure of coniferous woods (Softwoods)Table 4-1 illustrate the types of cells (elements) in Coniferous woodsI Longitudinal coniferous tracheidsA Tracheid volume90 to 94 percentB Arrangement and shape of tracheids with growth ringsAbrupt transition in diameter and wall thickness between early and late wood (hard pines)The tangential diameter of longitudinal tracheids remains quite constant within the growth ring or with the age of tree.C Size of longitudianal tracheidsLarge > 3.0 – 5.0Short <3.0Average 3.0- 5.0D Marking of longitudinal tracheidsPitsSpiral thickenTrabeculaeCallitrisoid1 pitsa/ intertrachealb/ those betweeen the longitudinal tracheid and ray parenchymac/ those between the longitudinal tracheid and ray tracheids.Bars of sanio or crassulaeFigure 4-4Crassulae are confined to the radial walls of tracheids2 spiral thickenings on the wall of longitudinal tracheids3 callitresoid4trabeculae: due to fungal hypha5longitudinal resinous tracheidsE Longitudinal strand tracheidsLongitudinal strand tracheids may be regarded as transitional elements between longitudinaltracheids and epithelial or longitudinal parenchymaII Parenchyma in coniferous woodsA Longitudinal ( axial) parenchymaParenchyma usually appears as a strand thinner-walled than neighboring tracheids and frequently contains extraneous materialsDiffuseBandedTerminalMarginalB Ray parenchymaC Epithelial parenchyma and resin canalsThe resin canal as such is therefore not a wood element but a cavity surrounded by thin walled, parenchymatous cells ( epithelial cells)1 Formation of resin canalsAn intercellular cavityNormal resin canalsTraumatic2 Normal resin canalsThe resin canal occurs in pinus, Picea, Larix and Pseudotsuga3 Traumatic resin canalsThey are much larger than the normal canalsIII Transversely oriented cellsA Types of transverse cells in softwoodsRay parenchymaRay tracheidsEpithelial cellsa/ Ray parenchymaCross fields: the common-wall areas between cells of the ray parenchyma and the longitudinal tracheids. (Shape, size and arrangement are different)Window-like ( fenestriform) ( soft pine)Pinoid pits (hard Pine)Piceoid pits (picea, larix and pseudotsuga)Taxodioid pitsCupressoid pits2 ray tracheidsdentate thicknessthe inner wall of ray tracheids in hard pines possesses irregular tooth like projections or reticulatedthe har d pines with dentate ray tracheids also have ―warts‖B Rays in softwoods1 rays without resin canals (uniseriate rays)homocellularheterocellular2 fusiform raysfusiform rays, so-called because of their spinkle- like shapefusiform rays occur in four genera of the pinaceace: Pinus, Picea, Larix and Pseudotsuga.IV Crystalliferous wood elements in softwoodsCrystal-bearing cells are apparently restricted to the pinaceae ( in Abies)Ray tracheidsEpithelial cellsThe minute structure of hardwoodsDistinguished features between coniferous woods and hardwoods:a/ hardwoods possess vessel elements( porous woods, nonporous woods)b/The radial alignment of the longitudinal cells is wanting or more or less obscured in hardwoods because of vessel enlargement and vessel element failing to divide.c/hardwood are much more complex in structure than softwoods because more cells enter in to their composition.d/ the rays of hardwoods are more variable in width than those of conifers.I Development of the elements of porous woods from cambial initialsFigure 5-3 serves to emphasize the fact that the longitudinal elements of wood are all derived from the same type of cambial initial.The way of differentiation of the various types of cells derived from the fusiform initials in the cambium proceeds along three principal lines;1 Elongation2 Increase in daimeter3 Division into a vertical row of cells by means of transverse walls.II Comparative anatomy of the hardwoodsA Longitudinal elements1 vessel elements2 trachiedsa vasicentric tracheidsb vascular tracheids3 fibersa fiber tracheidsb libriform fibers4 longitudinal (axial) parenchymaa cells of axial (strand) parenchymab fusiform parenchyma cellsc epithelial cells; excreting cells encircling the cavities of longitudinal gum canalsB Transverse elements1 cells of ray parenchymaa procumbent or upright ray cell exclusively—homocellular raysb procumbent and upright ray cells – heterocellular rays2 epithelial cells; excreting cells encircling the cavities of transverse gum canalsA Longitudinal elements of porous woods1 vessel elementsvessels do not exist in isolation, but, in fact, numerous areas of communication exist between vessels over their surfaces.a formation of component vessel elementsFusiform cambial initial—enlarges transverselyb shape of size of vessel elementsFigure 5-4c arrangement of vessel elementsRing porousDiffuse porousSemi-ring-porousSolitary porePore multipled sculpturing of vessel elements1/ nature of the opening between vessel elementsperforation plateperforation (simple, scalariform, reticulate)2/ Nature and extent of pitting on he walls of vessel elementspit pairs: bordered , half-bordered and simple pit pairsalternate pittingopposite pittingscalariform pittingvestural pit3/ Spiral thickening in vessel elementse Inclusions in vessel elementstylosis and various amorphous exudiations that are gummy, resinous, or chalky in nature. Raraly, starch grains and crystals are also in evidence.f trabeculae in vessel elementsg vessel volume2 trachiedsa vasicentric tracheids: contain numerous bordered pits, pisses conspicuous spiral thickenings.b vascular tracheidsvesicentric tracheids differ from vascular tracheids in having tapering or around ends and in not being arranged in define longitudinal raws.。
介绍莫纳丽莎的六年级英语作文
介绍莫纳丽莎的六年级英语作文Considered one of the most famous and enigmatic artworks in history, the Mona Lisa painting has captivated viewers for centuries with her mysterious smile and alluring gaze. Created by the legendary Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, this masterpiece has become an icon of art and culture, transcending time and geographical boundaries. In this essay, we will delve into the captivating world of the Mona Lisa, exploring its intriguing history, artistic significance, and enduring appeal.The Mona Lisa, also known as La Gioconda, was painted by Leonardo da Vinci between 1503 and 1519. The subject of the portrait is widely believed to be Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a wealthy Florentine silk merchant named Francesco del Giocondo, hence the alternative title La Gioconda. However, the true identity of the sitter has been a topic of debate among scholars and art enthusiasts for centuries.What sets the Mona Lisa apart from other portraits of its time is Leonardo's revolutionary approach to portraiture. Rather than portraying his subject in a stiff and formal manner, he captured a sense of life and movement that was unprecedented. The subtle play of light and shadow on her face, the soft contours of her features,and the depth of her gaze create an air of enigmatic allure that has mesmerized viewers for generations.One of the most striking aspects of the Mona Lisa is her famous smile, often referred to as the "Mona Lisa smile." This enigmatic expression has been the subject of countless interpretations and debates, with some perceiving it as a gentle smile, while others detect a hint of melancholy or even mockery. Leonardo's mastery of the sfumato technique, which involves blending colors and tones to create a softened, atmospheric effect, contributes to the ambiguity of her expression, inviting viewers to interpret it in their own unique ways.Beyond its artistic merits, the Mona Lisa has also become a cultural phenomenon, transcending its role as a mere painting. Its fame and significance have been amplified by numerous thefts, scandals, and pop culture references, further solidifying its status as an icon of art and celebrity. The story of its theft from the Louvre in 1911, and its subsequent recovery two years later, only added to its mystique and fascination.Throughout the centuries, the Mona Lisa has inspired countless artists, writers, and thinkers, who have sought to unravel its mysteries and pay homage to its enduring appeal. It has been parodied, reimagined, and reinterpreted in countless forms, fromsculptures and paintings to digital art and pop culture references. Its influence on art and culture is truly immeasurable.In conclusion, the Mona Lisa stands as a testament to the genius of Leonardo da Vinci and the enduring power of art to captivate and inspire. Its enigmatic smile, masterful execution, and rich history have made it one of the most celebrated and studied artworks in the world. From its humble beginnings as a portrait commission to its current status as a global cultural icon, the Mona Lisa continues to capture the imagination of people across generations and cultures, inviting us to ponder the mysteries of art, beauty, and the human experience.。
第十四章-玛格瑞特-A·纽曼的健康意识扩展理论
理论来源
Arthur M.Young的人类进化理论
• 潜在自由 • 捆绑 • 定中心 • 选择 • 去中心 • 去捆绑 • 绝对自由
理论来源
Merle H.Mishel的疾病不确定感理论
• 模糊 • 无知 • 信息缺乏 • 不确定感 • 社会支持 • 思考 • 生命新视
角
理论来源
David Bohm 隐卷序理论
➢ 1986年 Newman在《Health as Expanding Consciousness》一 书中阐述了该理论。后来逐渐对理论进行持续改进并发展其 研究/实践方法
➢ 在1994年Newman在《Health as Expanding Consciousness》第 二版及后续出版的论文中将这一理论推向顶峰
理论的基本内容
(二) 理论的主要概念
健康范式（paradigm of health）
• Newman在健康范式中还引用了弗格森（Ferguson） 的范式转换理论，提出健康范式转换发生在4个方面： ①从治疗症状到转变模式；
• ②从把疼痛、疾病当作消极负面体验到看成是一种信 息；
• ③从把人作为“能修好”或“不能修好”的机器到把 人体看作是与更大能量场连续不断动态交互的能量场； ④从把疾病看作一个实体到看成一个过程。
理论来源
• 莫斯（Richard Moss）关于“爱是最高层级意识的经验 （experience of love as the highest level of consciousness）” 为Newman提供肯定并细化她关于健康和护理本质的直觉。 Newman把意识扩展过程与健康过程等同起来，也把意识 进化过程的最后阶段——绝对意识与爱等同起来。
• 曾在田纳西大学、纽约大学、宾夕法 尼亚州立大学任教，1996年在明尼苏 达大学退休。
诺姆 乔姆斯基
他毕业于费城中央高中，从1945年起在宾夕法尼亚大学师从哲学家C.维斯特·切奇曼（C. West Churchman）、尼尔逊·古德曼（Nelson Goodman）和语言学家泽里格·哈里斯（Zellig Harris）学习哲学和 语言学。哈里斯对他讲授了自己在语言结构线性算子方面的发现。乔姆斯基后来把这些解释为对来自标记系统的 上下文无关文法产物的操作。哈里斯的政治观点对乔姆斯基政治立场的形成产生了重要影响。
著作译本
著作译本
（按原著出版年份排序）
语言学部分
乔姆斯基在北京大学百年讲堂发表演讲《变换律语法理论》（Syntactic structures, 1957）王士元、陆 孝栋编译，1966。香港：香港大学出版社。《句法结构》（Syntactic structures, 1957）邢公畹等译，1979。 北京：中国社会科学出版社。《句法结构》（第2版）（SyntacticStructures），陈满华译，冯志伟审，商务 印书馆，2022，北京。
1949年，乔姆斯基和语言学家“卡罗尔·莎兹”结婚（Carol Schatz）。婚后育有两个女儿分别是阿维瓦 （Aviva，1957年）与戴安（Diane，1960年）和一个儿子哈里（Harry，1967年）。
乔姆斯基于1955年从宾夕法尼亚大学取得语言学博士学位。
代表作品
代表作品
《现代希伯莱语语素音位学》《转换分析》《句法结构》。乔姆斯基也很国际政治，对当代政治格局比如伊 拉克战争、不平等发展等等提出了很多中肯的批评。
语言学家、数学家周海中指出，普遍语法一直以来都是备受争议的热门话题。人类的语言能力究竟是天生的， 还是后天习得的；语言的演化是人类基因作用的结果，还是历史文化影响的结果。这些问题至今还没有让人特别 信服的答案。因此，对普遍语法的探究和论争仍将继续下去。
椎间盘突出
VOL. 81-B, N O . 4, JULY 1999567F. Postacchini, MD, Professor of Orthopaedic SurgeryClinica Ortopedica University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.©1999 British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery 0301-620X/99/410213 $2.00J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1999;81-B:567-76.Review articleMANAGEMENT OF HERNIATION OF THE LUMBAR DISC F. PostacchiniThe natural history of lumbar disc herniationClinical evolution.It is extremely difficult to study clinically the natural history of a condition causing pain, since patients almost inevitably undergo some form of treatment. This may explain the paucity of information on the natural evolution of the clinical symptoms and signs of disc herniation.In a multicentre prospective study, Weber, Holme and Amlie 1analysed 208 patients who presented with the clin-ical features of lumbar radiculopathy probably due to disc herniation. In no case was herniation diagnosed by imaging studies. All the patients were examined between two and four weeks after the onset of symptoms and a questionnaire was used to evaluate their clinical status at three and 12months. All were instructed to observe complete bed rest for one week. Some were treated with piroxicam, whereas the others were given a placebo. No significant difference in the evolution of signs and symptoms was observed between the two groups. During the first four weeks after the onset of the symptoms, 70% of patients had a consider-able decrease in pain and almost 60% had resumed work.By one year, some 30% complained of back pain,decreased working ability and limitation in recreational activities; 19.5% had not resumed work. Four patients had been treated by operation.In a prospective, randomised double-blind study by Fras-er,230 patients had chymopapain chemonucleolysis and 30were injected with saline. Disc herniation was diagnosed by myelography in all patients. At six weeks, only 37% of patients in the placebo group had a satisfactory clinical result. This increased to 57% at six months but haddecreased to 47% by two years.3Operation had been undertaken in 40% of patients. The results of this study arenot consistent with those reported by Weber et al,1but, in the latter trial, the diagnosis of disc herniation had been made solely on clinical grounds by non-specialists. Fras-er’s 2patients had been referred to a specialist centre,probably after failure of conservative management, and theclinical diagnosis of disc herniation had been confirmed by myelography.Pathomorphological evolution.In recent years, numerousstudies 4-7have shown that a disc herniation may decrease in size or disappear in the course of a few months, no matter whether it is contained, extruded or migrated, or ofa small or large size (Fig. 1). In a prospective study,4111patients with disc herniation or annular bulging diagnosed by CT, had a second CT one year later after one or more epidural injections of steroids. Of the patients with disc herniation, 76% showed a decrease in size, with one-fifth of those demonstrating disappearance of the protrusion, on control CT scans. Only 29% of patients with a bulging annulus fibrosus showed such shrinkage. Deterioration was observed on CT scans in only four patients (5%). Similarfindings were observed by Maigne et al 6; of 48 patients who had a further CT scan one to 48 months after the initial examination, 64% showed a decrease of over 75% in the size of the herniation with shrinkage of between 50% and 75% in 17% of the cases.Large herniations tend to decrease in size to a greaterextent,5-7but extruded protrusions of small size show less tendency to spontaneous resolution. A decrease in size may occur in the course of a few weeks before complete resolu-tion of the symptoms. A retrospective study 8has shown that after a mean period of 262 days, most extruded hernia-tions had become smaller or had disappeared after con-servative management, but few of the contained protrusions showed any significant change.Little is known about the mechanisms leading to these changes. In contained protrusions, the main mechanism is likely to be dehydration of the herniated nucleus pulposus.This may account for the higher frequency with which young subjects present a decrease in size of their hernia-tion.4In extruded or migrated discs, phagocytosis of her-niated tissue by macrophages probably plays the primary role.Results of conservative treatmentIn a large proportion of patients conservative treatment relieves pain in a few days to several months. Resolution of symptoms may occur in the presence of herniations of any type or size.In a retrospective study,958 patients with disc herniation treated conservatively by analgesics, anti-inflammatory medication (NSAIDs), epidural injection of steroids, at a low back school or by exercises, were followed for a mean period of 31 months. Surgery was necessary in 10%because of inadequate resolution of the symptoms. Of the remaining 52, 50 had an excellent or good clinical result and 48 resumed work after a mean period of 3.8 months. Of the patients with extruded herniation (26%), 87% obtained satisfactory results and all returned to work irrespective of the presence of a neurological deficit. In another series of114 cases,414% of patients required surgery because of failure of conservative treatment; in the remainder, non-surgical treatment, such as epidural or paraforaminal injec-tions of anaesthetics and steroids, led to satisfactory results.Similar outcomes with 90% of satisfactory results havebeen reported by Maigne et al 6using a combination of several treatments such as bed rest, NSAIDs, epidural injections of steroids or corsets.Conservative versus surgical management.Hakelius 10analysed retrospectively 417 patients treated conservatively by bed rest, a corset and physiotherapy and 166 who had surgery. The patients were assessed monthly for the first six months after the beginning of treatment or operation and most were followed for a mean of 7.4 years. In the first month, 76% of patients managed conservatively had “bene-fited” from treatment, compared with 97% of the operated patients, but at six months the percentages were similar (93% and 99%, respectively). The mean time away from work was only slightly longer in patients treated con-servatively. At six months, the percentage of patients still away from work was 37% in the group with disc herniation demonstrated by myelography and treated conservatively and 7% in the surgical group. In the long term the resultswere only slightly better in the patients treated surgically.The incidence of recurrences of radicular pain in the years after conservative treatment was 20% compared with 10%in patients undergoing operation. The limitation of this study is that the choice of treatment was not randomised and thus the two groups of patients are not comparable.In a prospective study by Weber,11280 patients with disc herniation demonstrated by myelography were assigned to three groups. Group I included 87 with mild symptoms who were treated conservatively. The 67 patients in group II in whom there were absolute indications for surgery, had an operation. The 126 patients in group III in whom the need for operation was not so obvious were randomly assigned to conservative (81 cases) or surgical (73 cases) manage-ment. All patients in group III were followed up for one,four and ten years after treatment. At one year the per-centage of satisfactory results was significantly lower in the conservative (61%) than in the surgical (80%) group. After four years it was still lower in the conservative group, but the difference was no longer statistically significant. Com-parable results were observed at ten years. Of the 66patients in the conservative group, 25% had had surgery during the first year because of the persistence or worsen-ing of symptoms. Neurological deficits improved or dis-appeared in comparable proportions in the two treatment groups. The main defect of this study is that only the patients with uncertain indications for surgery were randomised for treatment.A recent investigation 12evaluated retrospectively 55truck drivers, 30 of whom had had prolonged conservative management and 25 an operation. The results of treatment were analysed, as was the cost of health care in the five years after initial presentation. In both groups, 80% of patients had a satisfactory outcome. There were no sig-568 F. POSTACCHINITHE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERYFig.1a Fig.1bSpontaneous disappearance of L4/L5 disc herniation in a patient with herniation at the two lowermost lumbar discs. Figure 1a – Sagittal MRI showing disc herniation at the L4/L5 and L5/S1 levels. The L5/S1 herniation was responsible for severe compression of the left S1 nerve root; surgery was performed at this level with complete resolution of symptoms, whereas the L4/L5 disc herniation (arrowhead) was not excised. Figure 1b – MR image obtained 13 months after surgery. The L4/L5 disc herniation has disappeared (arrowhead).nificant differences in the costs of treatment between the two. In this study, only patients with uncertain indications for conservative or surgical management were included.Percutaneous treatmentChemonucleolysis.Chemonucleolysis with chymopapain is a technically simple procedure for the L4/L5 and L5/S1 discs and has given the highest rate of satisfactory results of all the percutaneous procedures. In the most recent randomised,double-blind studies,3,13,14the mean rate of success in the short term was 74% with chymopapain and 48% with aplacebo (Table I), and in 12 retrospective studies 15-26in which the long-term results were assessed, a successful outcome was achieved in 77% (Table II). The high thera-peutic efficacy of nucleolysis is probably due to the enzyme being carried in a liquid agent which is able to reach any area of the disc into which the injection solution can pared with the other percutaneous procedures chemo-nucleolysis has a higher risk of severe complications, partic-ularly when used indiscriminately in inexperienced hands.Experienced physicians, however, have never reported seri-ous neurological complications or anaphylactic reactions leaving permanent sequelae. None the less, nucleolysis with chymopapain should not be considered as a minor thera-peutic procedure representing the last stage of conservative management, but as having clear-cut indications when it is performed on account of its intrinsic advantages.Chemonucleolysis requires careful selection of the patient. Good candidates are those presenting with a smallor medium-sized herniation, mild or moderate neurological deficit, no marked narrowing of the disc, radicular symp-toms of less than eight months’ duration, and no evidence of nerve-root canal stenosis. This does not imply that patients with a large contained herniation, subligamentous extrusion or severe radicular deficits may not also have satisfactory results, but in these cases the chances of suc-cess are considerably less. The procedure then becomes, to a certain extent, a therapeutic attempt merely aimed at avoiding surgical treatment. Those undergoing chemonuc-leolysis have similar chances of recurrence of the hernia-tion compared with patients submitted to surgery.Collagenase does not offer any significant advantages compared with chymopapain. The absence of major allergic reactions is balanced by a lower therapeutic efficacy and acomparable or higher rate of neurological complications.27Enzymes still under investigation, such as chondroitinase ABC, cathepsins B and G and calpain I, do not appear to compete with chymopapain.Percutaneous automated nucleotomy (PAN). This is a simple technique at the L4/L5 and more cranial levels, but the L5/S1 disc may be difficult or impossible to approach.Infection of the disc is the only real complication, although,exceptionally, neurological damage has been reported. The ease of the technique and the low rate of complications made the procedure very attractive, until serious doubts arose concerning its therapeutic efficacy. The proportion ofsatisfactory results was high in some studies,28-32but did not improve on those obtained with an intradiscal placeboin other series 33-37(Tables I and III). This suggests that569MANAGEMENT OF HERNIATION OF THE LUMBAR DISC VOL. 81-B, N O . 4, JULY 1999Table I.Recent prospective, randomised double-blind studies on chymopapainFraser3Javid et al14Dabezies et al13Year198219831988Number of patients 60 (30*, 30†)108 (55*, 53†)159 (78*, 81†)Mean age (yr)37.1*, 37.2†37.9*, 39.9†37.2*, 38.7†Dose (mg)888PlaceboSaline Saline CEI‡Follow-up (mth)1.5 to 6 1.5 to 6 1.5 to 6Success chymopapain (%)807371Success placebo (%)574245* chymopapain † placebo‡ cysteine-edetate-iothalamateTable II.Long-term and very long-term results of chemonucleolysis with chymopapain Number of Follow-up Successes Author/spatients (yr)(%)Dubuc et al16842 5 to 1281.0Sutton24208 6 to 1179.0Jabaay191308 to 1071.5Dabezies et al15948 to 1280.6Nordby227398 to 1376.0Thomas et al25429 to 1381.0Maciunas and Onofrio202681080.1Mansfield et al2114610 to 1466.0Flanagan and Smith1735710 to 2074.0Gogan and Fraser18301080.0Postacchini and Perugia2368 5 to 1082.0Wilson and Mulholland262005 to 1371.0Table III.Results of percutaneous automated nucleotomy in ten clinical series Number of Follow-up Success Success ratepatients (mth)(%)HighDavis and Onik30200677.5Onik et al3249512 (minimum)66.4Bocchi et al28500 6 to 2971.0Bonaldi et al2923711 to 4075.0Gill and Blumenthal 3110915 to 6079.0LowKahanovitz et al35381655.0Revel et al36691237.0Dullerud et al331422156.0Grevitt et al341155545.0Shapiro37572758.0PAN may not be truly effective, the successful outcomes being due in many cases to spontaneous resolution of the symptoms. Studies using serial CT showed that after a mean period of six months the size of the herniation was not modified or had increased in some 75% of patients submitted to PAN.38The indications for this form of treat-ment are so limited, however, that only a small proportion of patients with disc herniation are good candidates for it and in these patients conservative management has a good chance of relieving the symptoms. Little is known concern-ing the mechanism of this technique and the few available studies suggest that PAN may increase rather than reduce the bulging of the disc in the spinal canal.Manual percutaneous discectomy.This includes the tech-nique performed without the use of an endoscope, percuta-neous discectomy (PD), and that carried out with endoscopic control (PED).39-42PD usually allows removal of the nucleus pulposus to a similar extent as PED and the results are comparable with those obtained by endoscopic discectomy. The endoscope, however, enables the operator to check the completeness of the discectomy, particularly in the posterior portion of the disc and should be preferred.If strict scientific criteria are applied in the evaluation of the results of manual percutaneous discectomy, the thera-peutic efficacy of this method remains to be shown. The number of patients assessed under prospective, randomised and controlled conditions is too small to draw definite conclusions. A few clinical trials support the impression that removal of the nucleus pulposus under endoscopic control can lead to a clinical success rate of about 70% in patients with a contained or small extruded herniation, but if one considers that patients in these circumstances often undergo spontaneous resolution of the clinical symptoms, PD or PED seems to be an adequate procedure in less than 15% of patients needing surgery.Laser discectomy.Numerous experimental studies indicate that various laser systems are able to coagulate, shrink, carbonise, vaporise or ablate the nucleus pulposus, but only a few have been used for clinical purposes.In endoscopic disc surgery, the laser, if correctly used, appears to be as safe as manual instruments with no complications related to its use reported so far. Flexible forceps for manual discectomy, however, are as effective as the laser in the removal of the posterior portion of the nucleus pulposus. Moreover, the use of a laser does not reduce the operating time and is not technically simpler but the cost is considerably higher. The clinical results appear comparable with those obtained with manual or automated percutaneous discectomy.43At present, the laser appears to be a tool that is neither necessary nor particularly useful in endoscopic disc surgery, and this may explain why so far its use has been very limited.Conclusions.In the 1980s, there was an explosion of interest in percutaneous techniques, but in the last few years, this has decreased considerably since it has been recognised that most of these procedures give a proportion of satisfactory results which is only slightly higher than that obtained with conservative treatment or no treatment. Only chymopapain chemonucleolysis continues to have a good reputation in terms of clinical results, but its complications and the advent of microdiscectomy have led to a pro-gressive decrease in the popularity of the procedure. Percu-taneous procedures, particularly chemonucleolysis, still have a role in the treatment of a limited proportion of patients with lumbar disc herniation, provided that the indications are based on strict criteria for selection and that they are carried out by experienced surgeons in patients who accept that the chances of success do not exceed 80%.Surgical treatmentIndications.The indications are absolute in those rare patients with a cauda equina syndrome and in the presence of severe motor deficits of recent onset and/or intractable pain. In patients with a cauda equina syndrome, surgical management should always be performed early to increase the chances of satisfactory neurological recovery.44-46It is also necessary in the presence of severe sensory and motor deficits if the type and size of herniation make spontaneous regression of the symptoms unlikely. In patients with intractable radicular pain, conservative management should be attempted but abandoned if it appears to be ineffective. In all other cases, the indications for operation are relative and depend on four factors:1) The duration of the radicular symptoms. The chances of resolving symptoms with conservative care decrease pro-gressively with increasing time. After three months of continuous or almost continuous lumboradicular pain, the chances of improvement are slight and decrease further after six months.2) The type and size of the herniation. It is more likely that the symptoms will decrease in severity or disappear when the herniation is contained and small than in the presence ofa large extruded or migrated fragment of disc.3) The presence of stenosis of the nerve-root canal or the central spinal canal. The neural structures may escape compression by a herniated disc less easily in the presence of a decreased reserve space in the spinal canal, as occurs when the latter is stenotic.4) The quality and severity of symptoms. Surgery is more often indicated in patients with severe, exclusively radicu-lar, pain than in those with moderate low back and leg pain, since in the former the symptoms are less likely to resolve spontaneously and the results of surgery tend to be better. The presence of a mild or moderate motor deficit does not necessarily affect the indication for surgery or con-servative management.Surgery should be performed in all patients with a relative indication when no significant improvement has been obtained with conservative care. The duration of the570 F. POSTACCHINITHE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERYlatter is not well defined but should rarely be less than two months, since it is in this interval that an improvement in symptoms usually occurs. Patients who do not improve considerably after this period have fewer chances of ach-ieving an adequate resolution of symptoms with increasing time.Contraindications.The only absolute contraindication is a disc herniation discovered incidentally in asymptomatic subjects. The other contraindications are relative. Discectomy is generally contraindicated in five situations: 1) When the only clinical abnormality is a mild or moderate motor loss. Even when weakness is severe, however, sur-gery is rarely indicated. The same considerations apply to sensory deficits, which usually disappear spontaneously with time.2) In patients with psychological disorders or involved in legal controversy, unless a clear-cut organic pathological condition is present. Even then the result may not be satisfactory.3) In bulging of the annulus fibrosus. This rarely requires discectomy unless a narrow or stenotic spinal canal con-tributes to cause severe nerve-root compression.4) In the presence of vague radicular symptoms, or symp-toms in a different dermatome than expected. Based on the level of herniation further investigations should be per-formed and discectomy should be considered with caution.5) In patients whose radiated pain is confined to the buttock, who are usually not good candidates for dis-cectomy. It is rarely indicated in patients complaining only of low back pain, in whom fusion of the motion segment should be considered if operation is undertaken. Conventional discectomyConventional discectomy is indicated in any patient with a herniated disc. It is also the current procedure when an arthrodesis of the motion segment is performed in associa-tion with discectomy or when, in the presence of lumbar stenosis, bilateral laminectomy is carried out before exci-sion of the disc. It may be the procedure of choice in patients with disc herniation at multiple levels or after a recurrent prolapse. It may then be necessary to start the operation under normal vision and use the operating micro-scope only when the neural structures are visualised. This allows overall assessment of the field of operation. The conventional operation does not necessarily imply a large exposure with a major laminoarthrectomy. MicrodiscectomyUse of the microscope.The main drawback of discectomy under normal vision is the lack of adequate illumination of the deep surgical field. The degree of lighting is related to the extent of exposure of the spine, but even an extensive exposure may not ensure adequate illumination of the spinal canal. The surgeon may be forced to operate without adequate visualisation of the anatomical structures.The operating microscope ensures excellent lighting, regardless of the extent of the surgical exposure and the depth of the anatomical structures. It gives a magnified view, allowing the deep structures to be seen clearly (Fig.2). The operation may then be performed with greater precision, the causes of compression of the neural struc-tures may be more easily identified and there are fewer risks of causing undue trauma to the emerging nerve root or thecal sac. Use of the microscope allows limitation of both the surgical approach and the extent of the lamino-arthrectomy.There are no unequivocal data as to whether better clinical results are obtained after microdiscectomy com-pared with the conventional procedure. A more limited cutaneous, fascial and muscular access, however, involves fewer risks of complications in healing and less local pain in the early postoperative period.47-49The arthrectomy571MANAGEMENT OF HERNIATION OF THE LUMBAR DISCVOL. 81-B, N O. 4, JULY 1999Fig.2a Fig.2bMicrodiscectomy. Figure 2a – Operative field at the end of discectomy. The arrows indicate the emptied disc and the asterisk the emerging nerve root. Figure 2b – The epidural fat layer above the emerging nerve root (asterisks) is clearly visible.preserves better vertebral stability and tends to decrease the severity of postoperative low back pain. Patients under-going microdiscectomy are able to resume their everyday activities more rapidly.These advantages are not such as to make the use of the microscope indispensable, but they do facilitate the work of the surgeon and may improve the quality of the result. This may explain why microdiscectomy has become a populartechnique.47,49-55Indications.Microdiscectomy is indicated in all patients with a herniated disc at a single level. Use of the micro-scope is also indicated in recurrent disc herniation, provid-ed that the surgeon has adequate experience in microsurgery. Otherwise, it should be used only at the time of excision of the disc. The presence of stenosis of the root canal in association with a herniated disc at the same level does not affect the indications for the use of the micro-scope.52In patients with two-level herniations the surgical exposure is necessarily extensive and allows good lighting of the surgical field. In these cases the microscope enablesthe surgeon to operate with greater precision.52Results of surgical treatmentAfter operation, the results are satisfactory in two to three months in approximately 85% of patients. In the short term,the percentage of satisfactory results ranges in most studiesfrom 75% to 95%.26The results in the medium term are similar. In the long term, the outcome after operation tends to deteriorate in a limited number of cases because of recurrence of radicular pain or exacerbation or recurrence of low back pain. By then, approximately 10% of patients have undergone further operation at the same or different levels to the previous procedure. In the very long term less than half of the patients are asymptomatic. The remainder complain of some symptoms, usually in the low back, the presence and severity of which seem to be related todegenerative changes independent of the operation.With microdiscectomy, the stay in hospital after opera-tion may be 24 hours or less.56Reduced back pain allows a more rapid functional recovery and a faster return to seden-tary work. After eight to 12 weeks, the results of micro-discectomy are similar to those of conventional surgery,provided the arthrectomy is only slightly wider than that currently performed when using the microscope.Elderly patients have the same probability of surgical success as those who are younger.Motor or sensory deficits of slight or moderate severity usually recover completely after surgery. Those which are severe may recover only partially or remain unchanged; the probability of recovery is inversely proportional to the severity and duration of impairment. In those which have lasted longer than one month, the longer the time which has elapsed from their onset, the lower the chances of complete recovery.Approximately 60% of the patients with a cauda equina syndrome who present with paralysis of the bladder obtain incomplete recovery of function. Patients with partial dys-function nearly always achieve a good functional recovery.The interval between the onset of the syndrome and surgi-cal treatment does not affect the outcome. Nevertheless, in the presence of a cauda equina syndrome, it is advisable to carry out the operation rapidly to avoid the risk that partial sphincter, motor or sensory dysfunction may worsen, thus decreasing the chances of a complete postoperative recovery.Most patients return to their preoperative work or to a lighter job, usually by eight to ten weeks after surgery, but earlier for sedentary rather than manual workers.Three factors have a significant effect on the result of surgery, namely the preoperative duration of the clinical syndrome, the surgical findings, and the degree of tension on the nerve root. Patients with pain for more than six months before surgery and those with annular bulging or572 F. POSTACCHINITHE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERYFig.3a Fig.3bMR image and postoperative radiograph of a patient who had a microdiscectomy for a migrated herniation at the L3/L4 level through an interlaminar approach. Figure 3a – MR axial scan showing a disc fragment migrated into the proximal portion of the right L3/L4intervertebral foramen (arrowhead). Figure 3b – Postoperative radiograph showing extension of laminotomy (arrows) and preservation of the pars interarticularis.。
momumental 朗文
MonumentalMonumental structures have been a part of human history for centuries. These awe-inspiring creations serve as a testament to our ingenuity, creativity, and ambition. They embody the values, beliefs, and aspirations of a society, standing tall as symbols of our collective memory and cultural heritage.From ancient civilizations to modern societies, monumental structures have played crucial roles in shaping our understanding of the past, present, and future. They stand as physical reminders of significant events, leaders, and ideas that have shaped the course of human history. Whether it’s the pyramids of Egypt, the Great Wall of China, or the Statue of Liberty, these structures inspire a sense of wonder and admiration.Monumental structures are not only architectural marvels but also powerful tools for storytelling. They provide a platform for us to explore and appreciate the achievements, triumphs, and struggles of our ancestors. They transcend time and connect us to our roots, allowing us to glimpse into the lives of those who came before us.Furthermore, monumental structures often serve as gathering places for communities, fostering a sense of unity and pride. People from all walks of life visit these sites to pay their respects, marvel at the craftsmanship, and learn about the past. They serve as magnets for tourism, attracting visitors from around the world and boosting local economies.However, the creation of monumental structures is not without challenges. They require immense resources, manpower, and planning. The construction process often stretches across generations, with each phase leaving its mark on the structure. Additionally, the preservation and maintenance of these structures pose ongoing challenges. The threat of natural disasters, weathering, and human activities can erode their grandeur over time. It is crucial that we prioritize their conservation to ensure these historical treasures continue to inspire future generations.Monumental structures also raise questions about the legacy we leave behind. As we look to the future, it is essential to consider the messages we wish to convey through these structures. They should not only reflect our society’s achievements but also address the pressing challenges we face, such as sustainability, social justice, and equality. By embracing innovation and incorporating contemporary themes into the design and purpose of monumental structures, we can create powerful symbols that resonate with future generations.In conclusion, monumental structures hold a special place in society. They embody our culture, history, and aspirations, serving as witnesses to the passage of time. These awe-inspiring creations not only inspire a sense of wonder but also provide platforms for storytelling, community gathering, and shared experiences. Aswe continue to shape our world, we must maintain and create monumental structures that reflect our values, address contemporary challenges, and inspire future generations to reach new heights.。
生产管理咨询公司浅谈：Muri、Muda、Mura
生产管理咨询公司浅谈：Muri、Muda、Mura在精益词典中，有三个日语单词描述了系统中损失的本质，分别是Muri、Muda和Mura。
在英语中，这些词通常被翻译为过载、浪费和不均衡。
如今人们都知道七大浪费都是什么了。
对于许多组织来说，持续改进的精益方法主要聚焦在识别和消除流程中的浪费。
Muri的定义Muri一词通常被翻译为过载、工作过度或不合理。
当我们对流程、人员、系统、策略等抱有不合理的期望时，这就是Muri。
当我们用力过猛时，人员、设备、系统等都会崩溃。
它们会被损坏，导致浪费和其他糟糕的结果。
过载（Muri）的一个更简单的定义可能是我们对流程的要求超过了它们的能力。
Muda的定义虽然这是一种流行的定义，但说“浪费是消耗资源却没有增加价值的活动”并不完全准确。
除了制造缺陷，浪费往往伴随着价值的产生，库存、动作、转运、等待和过量生产也是在价值创造过程中产生。
加工本身的浪费，也就是过度加工，是一个增值过程，它确实是按照要求完成了工作，只不过是安排出了问题。
浪费的一个更简单的定义是流程的输入或输出过多的情况。
Mura的定义不均衡的定义就是过载和浪费混合的情况。
有时我们对流程的要求太多，有时流程的输入和输出太多。
当然，系统内部存在随机性和自然变异。
但这是棘手的部分，这不是不均衡。
我们可以用不同的词来形容。
只有当人们认为变异超出了容忍限度，认为变异与我们对流程的期望相悖时，变异才会被视作不均衡。
生产管理咨询公司认为：过载、浪费和不均衡都是蕴藏大智慧的词汇，它们彼此关联。
如果我们希望对浪费、不均衡或过载产生影响，我们必须整体看待它们。
我们可以将这些概念整合起来进行这样的描述：由于没有完全了解我们的流程才蒙受的损失。
完形聚海总部心智成长课程部专业资料
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★ 完形是现象（what）和过程 （how）而非原因（why）。
真我
死寂层
既定言辞层
完形课程内容一
Gestalt, Self and Other
界（关于内部主观 主观身体感觉或者情绪
经验的诠释，没有 感受反应描述，没有好
对错。）
坏。）
◆感★★对我官你现们知现代怎觉在心样：的理阻（行学碍五为有我官和兴们）声趣自-音-的己外是人的界我你康（过、想相复关去解、：于信的四外地释判：种部图、断在客认你交观的想、为往事身象假边实、体界现总、定推的象是幻干的测告扰描诉。述真，正负相没；温近向向有暖：真：假、喜不。吸欢喜引、欢、爱、舒、恨服敞、、开接、封
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Introduction
村田制作所 简介
December 1st, 2009.
Product Engineering Dept. Product Marketing Group Murata (China) Investment Co., Ltd.
Murata Electronics Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd
村田电子贸易(上海)有限公司 Murata (China) Investment Co., Ltd.
村田(中国)投资有限公司
Murata Electronics Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd Hangzhou Office 村田电子贸易(上海)有限公司 杭州分公司 Murata Electronics Trading (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Xiamen Office 村田电子贸易(深圳)有限公司 厦门分公司
总营业额 单独营业额(“MMC”) 631,655 百万日元 (2008 FY) 530,866 百万日元 (2008 FY)
Number of Subsidiaries
关系公司数
Consolidated
联结子公司
75 (24 in Japan and 51 overseas)
75 (日本国内24 and 国外51)
Company Name
公司名称
Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
株式会社 村田制作所
Head Office
总公司
10-1, Higashi Kotari 1-chome, Nagaokakyo-Shi, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
京都府长冈京市东神足1丁目10 番1 号
村田电子贸易(天津)有限公司
Wuxi Murata Electronics Co., Ltd. 无锡村田电子有限公司
Murata Electronics Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Suzhou Office 村田电子贸易(上海)有限公司 苏州分公司 Murata Electronics Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Chengdu Office 村田电子贸易(上海)有限公司 成都分公司
Murata Electronics Philippines Inc. Murata World Comercial Ltda. Taiwan Murata Electronics Co., Ltd.. Murata Electronics Trading (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd g Murata Co., Ltd. Hong Kong Murata Electronics Co., Ltd. Murata Amazonia Industria E Comercio Ltda. Murata Amazonia Industria E Comercio Ltda.
Murata Elektronik GmbH Murata Electronics Switzerland AG
Murata Elektronik GmbH Budapest Office
Beijing Murata Electronics Co., Ltd rata ics Murata Electro s Trading (Tianjin) Co., Ltd ectronics Korea Murata Electronics Company, Limited Murata Electronics North America, Inc. Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Mu Murata Electronics Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd g Murata (China) Investment Co,. Ltd. Shenzhen Murata Technology Co., Ltd SyChip, Inc. Murata Electronics Trading Mexico, S. A. de C. V.
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Agenda
议程
1) Murata Company profile 公司简介 2) Major product and Business unit 主要产品与业务 3) Murata Strongly Technical Support 强有力的技术支持
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Company Profile
公司简介
EMI Suppression Filters
EMI静噪滤波器 铁氧体
Pyroelectricity
热电体
Pyroelectric Infrared Sensors 红外传感器
Piezoelectricity
压电体
Ceramic Resonator Ceramic Filters Piezoelectric Buzzers 陶瓷震荡子 陶瓷滤波器 压电蜂鸣器 超声波传感器 振动传感器
Stock Exchange Listings
证券交易所
Overseas In Japan
海外 国内
Singapore Tokyo, Osaka
新加坡 东京、大阪
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村田全球网络
Global Network
Murata Electronics (UK) Ltd Murata Europe Management B.V. Murata Electronics (Netherlands) B.V. r
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Murata (China) Investment Co., Ltd. 村田 (中国 )投资有限公司
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Agenda
议程
1) Murata Company profile 公司简介 2) Major product and Business unit 主要产品与业务 3) Murata Strongly Technical Support 强有力的技术支持
村田电子贸易(深圳)有限公司
Murata Company limited
Murata Electronics Trading (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Guangzhou Office 村田电子贸易(深圳)有限公司 广州分公司
村田有限公司(香港)
Sales Office 销售基地 Production Plant 生产基地 China Head Office 中国总公司
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Main Products
主要产品
Dielectricity Magnetism
介质
Chip Monolithic Ceramic Capacitors EMI Suppression Filters Microwave Filters 片状独立陶瓷电容 EMI 静噪滤波器 介质滤波器
磁性体
Ferrite
Semiconductivity
半导体
PTC Thermistors NTC Thermistors BC Capacitors PTC 热敏电阻 NTC 热敏电阻 8
Global Market Share
主要产品的全球市场占有率
Chip Monolithic Ceramic Capacitors EMI Filters EMI 静噪滤 Ceramic Filters /Resonators Acoustic Wave Filters Shock Sensors Bluetooth® Modules
波器
片状独石陶 瓷电容器
陶瓷滤波器/ 陶瓷振荡子
声表滤波器
震动传感器
蓝牙模块
35%
35% 65%～70%
35% 90%
50%
※Our presumption
Date of Establishment
创业日期
October 1944
1944年10 月
Date of Incorporation
成立日期
December 23,1950
1950年12月23日
Paid-in Capital
资本金
69,376 million Yen (As of March 31, 2008)
Murata Electronics Plant Shenzhen Co., Ltd. 深圳村田电器工业有限公司 Shenzhen Murata technology Co., Ltd. 深圳村田科技有限公司
Murata Electronics Trading (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd.
Murata Eletronica Do Brasil Ltda.
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村田中国网络
China Network
Beijing Murata Electronics Co., Ltd. 北京村田电子有限公司
Murata Electronics Trading (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. 村田电子贸易(天津)有限公司 北京分公司 Murata Electronics Trading (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Murata Electronics Trading (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Dalian Office 村田电子贸易(天津)有限公司 大连分公司 Murata Electronics Trading (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Yantai Office 村田电子贸易(天津)有限公司 煙台分公司 Murata Electronics Trading (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Qingdao Office 村田电子贸易(天津)有限公司 青岛分公司
Murata Elettronica S.p.A Mura