大学本科英语国家社会与文化unit4
英语国家社会与文化课件Unit 3-4 UK class
The Constitution
Israel and Britain----the only two Britain----the countries without written consitutions of the sort which most countries have 1. statute law, law passed by Parliament 2. the common law, established through common practice 3. conventions, vital to the working of the government
Unit 3 and Unit 4
Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a consititional monarhy. monarhy. The official head of state is Queen. Queen. (traditional and symbolic power) P42 Represent Britain at home and abroad Set standards of good citizenship and family life.
The constitutional Monarchy
When does it appear? Who started the age of the constitutional monarchy? The Glorious Revolution in 1688 Willaim and Mary jointly accepted the Bill of Rights which confirmed the parliamentary supremacy and guaranteed the free speech with both the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)(简称国概)美国重要单元UNIT4——The Political System in the UNITED States
TEXT1783年和平条约承认美国独立和沿东海岸的大西洋前13个英国殖民地成为13个新的民族国家。
这13个国家是：马萨诸塞州，康涅狄格州，罗得岛州和新罕布什尔州的新英格兰东北部，马里兰州，宾夕法尼亚州，特拉华州，纽约和新泽西州的大西洋中部，和弗吉尼亚州，北卡罗来纳州，南卡罗来纳州和格鲁吉亚南方。
虽然独立宣言，宣布13日联合殖民地“是，和权利应该是自由和独立的国家”，他们并不十分关注未来的政治制度，美国和有关国家之间和政府的关系，明确新国家。
阿宪法迫切需要。
Articles of Confederation当独立战争结束后，美国并没有一个统一的国家，因为它是今天。
每一个新的国家有自己的政府和组织一个独立的国家一样十分。
每个做出了自己的法律和处理其内部事务的。
在战争期间，各国已同意派代表工作的全国代表大会后，一起图案的“代表大会”是与英国进行的战争。
战争结束后获胜，国会将只处理的问题和需要的个别国家不能单独处理。
这将筹集资金，偿还债务的战争，使条约建立货币制度，与外国交易。
该协定，规定这一合作计划被称为的邦联。
邦联的失败，因为国家并没有与国会合作，或与对方。
当国会需要钱支付国家军队或支付所欠法国和其他国家的债务，一些国家拒绝作出贡献。
国会已获得无权迫使任何国家做任何事情。
它不能税务任何公民。
只有国家在公民生活可以这样做。
许多美国人担心未来。
怎么能赢得尊重其他国家，如果国家没有偿还债务？他们怎么能够提高建筑物的道路或运河的国家，如果美国不一起工作？他们认为，国会需要更多的权力。
国会要求每个国家都派代表参加在费城公约，城市的独立宣言签署了，讨论改变，就必须加强对邦联。
最小的州，罗得岛，拒绝，但来自其他12个国家的代表参加了会议。
这次会议后来被制宪会议，已知5月开始的1787年。
乔治华盛顿在独立战争的军事英雄，是主持人。
其他54人出席了会议。
一些想要一个强有力的，新的政府。
有的没有。
Constitution在该公约，设计了政府对美国新形式的代表课程。
英语国家社会与文化入门unit 4-5
I. General elections
I. General elections
When do electictions
When do elections occur?
I. General elections
When do elections occur?
II. The policital Parties
2. The Conservative Party
II. The policital Parties
2. The Conservative Party
II. The policital Parties
3. The Liberal Democrats
I. General elections
I. General elections
4. what happens in an election
I. General elections
4. what happens in an election
I. General elections
4. what happens in an election
II. The policital Parties
3. The Liberal Democrats
III. Class
III. Class
III. Class
IV. Race
IV. Race
Unit 5
The UK Economy
Key points
1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. I. Events in History Dominant in the 1880s Overtaken in 1900 Decline since 1945 Privatization in the 1980s II. The current UK economy Primary industry Secondary industry Tertiary industry III. Case study: the aerospace industry 1. Status 2. Major achievements 3. Recent changes
英语国家文化与社会文化入门unit4 Politics, Class and Race
General Elections
• • • • Why are They Important? When Do Elections Occur? Who Can Stand for Election as an MP? What Happens in an Election? (How)
The Conservative Party
① the party of the individual. ② a “fatherly” sense of obligation to the less fortunate in society. ③ The difference is one of degree, not an absolute.
Class
③Class-divisions are not simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive.
2. A government has been in power for 5 years. And there will be a general election every five years. A.longer than 5 years a) exceptions during WWI and WWII B. sooner than 5 years a)vote of no confidence b)the Prime Minister---popular
英语国家社会与文化第四版上册课文Unit4翻译
英语国家社会与文化第四版上册课文Unit4翻译伦敦是一座充满反差的城市，历史和传统悠久，但始终处于当代时尚和思想的前沿。
景点不胜枚举，但包括威斯敏斯特大教堂、白金汉宫和伦敦塔等世界著名景点。
在特拉法加广场漫步，在牛津街购物，千万不要错过最新的热门之旅——伦敦眼——一个巨大的摩天轮，可以俯瞰壮丽的景色。
对于那些喜欢戏剧的人来说，伦敦西区有大量精选的戏剧和演出。
对于博物馆迷来说，大英博物馆和科学博物馆是世界上最好的博物馆之一。
泰特美术馆和国家美术馆收藏了一些世界上最伟大的艺术作品。
有关伦敦附近游客目的地的信息，请访问英国母国、东安格利亚和英格兰中部的WorldWeb旅行指南。
威斯敏斯特大教堂威斯敏斯特大教堂可追溯到1045年，当时由爱德华一世国王建造。
今天，它仍然是一个经常礼拜的地方，也是许多王室庆祝和抱怨的场所。
国王和其他庄严的人物埋葬在这里。
它占地32000平方英尺，是一个建筑奇迹。
教堂使用的钟可以追溯到13世纪和16世纪。
白金汉宫白金汉宫是英国女王在伦敦的官邸，也是世界上最知名的建筑之一。
它装饰和装饰着艺术作品，这些作品是皇家收藏的一部分，皇家收藏是世界上主要的艺术收藏之一。
宫殿的部分区域定期向游客开放。
游客可以参观女王接待和款待客人的一些国务室。
国务室里有一些皇家收藏中最好的物品和令人叹为观止的法国家具。
客人还可以探索宫殿内的一些公寓。
塔桥于1885年开始建造，9年后开放。
这是伦敦唯一一座可以升高的桥。
桥内有塔桥体验，这解释了这座桥100年的历史。
伦敦塔景点。
白塔始建于1078年，是后来成为伦敦塔的第一座建筑。
官方名称是“女王陛下的皇宫和要塞——伦敦塔”。
随着时间的推移，原始结构中添加了一些内容。
一些额外的塔楼包括皇冠珠宝，圣。
托马斯之塔、盐塔以及更多。
威斯敏斯特宫外的钟楼通常被称为大本钟。
关于大本钟，大多数人不知道的是，真正的大本钟实际上是塔内的钟，而不是塔楼本身。
威斯敏斯特宫包括议会大厦。
英语国家社会与文化入门4
empire n.帝国imerial adj.帝国的emncounter v.遇到，受到immigration n.移居ethnicity n.种族Pakistan n.巴基斯坦Caribbean n.,adj.加勒比海（的）stereotype n.陈规sovereignty n.主权distinction n.差别，特征constituent adj.组成的，构成的multiracial adj.多种族的exaggerate v.夸张stockbroker n.股票（证券）经纪人tend v.倾向（于），趋向（于）gallery n.画廊，美术馆urbanished adj.都市化的Scottish n.adj苏格兰人，苏格兰的Welsh n. adj.威尔士人，威尔士的Irish n.,adj.爱尔兰人，爱尔兰的Celtic adj.凯尔特人的，凯尔特语的originate v.开始；起始于某地Germanic adj.日耳曼人的Angles n.盎格鲁人 （5世纪由德国北部移居英国）Saxon n.撒克逊人（原住德国，一部分于5世纪中叶至6世纪上半叶移居英国）derive v.由……而来Excalibur n.亚瑟王之魔剑embellish v.传颂，歌颂castle n.城堡Tintagel n.延塔哲岬（在英格兰西南部，传说 中的亚瑟王诞生地）Cornwall n.康瓦尔（英国西南部一郡，首府为Bodmin)knight n.(中古时的）骑士，武士Camelot n.卡米洛（传说中亚瑟王宫殿所在地）fort n.要塞；堡垒，城堡Somerset n.索美塞得郡（英格兰南部一郡）precedence n.上帝；较高位置monarch n.君主；帝王Scandinavia n.斯堪的纳维亚（北欧国家的，指：瑞典、挪威、丹麦、荷兰、冰岛）ferocious adj.凶残的，野蛮的versus prep.对（多用于诉讼或竞技之中，缩写作v.或vs.)sophisticated adj.老于世故的arrogant adj.骄傲自大 的，傲慢的Normans n.诺曼人descendant n.后代，后裔throne n.王位aristocracy n.贵族，贵族阶级outlaw n.被流放着，罪犯longbow n.大弓interior adj.内部的externally adv.外表上punk n.朋克，小阿飞，小流氓dyed adj.染色的spiky adj.竖起的；直立的conceal v.隐藏，掩盖porch n.门廊overrule v.推翻execute v.处决component n.组成部分substantial adj.大量的，可观的；重大的，实质的rugged adj.崎岖的，不平坦的sparsely adv.稀少地span v.,n.跨越retreat v.撤回domain n.领土；领地Gaelic n.盖尔语change hands(财产等）转换所有者；易手intermarriage n.民族通婚；近亲通婚quell v.镇压heri n.继承人depose v.废黜（国王等）reassert v.再次申明tartan adj.用格子呢制的souvenir n.纪念品depopulatin n.人口减少vanish v.消失transmit v.传送dual adj.双重的deposit n.存储，矿床adjacent adj.邻近的tongue n.(特定的）语言chieftain n.族长，酋长guerrilla n.游击队员baron n.男爵（英国等级制中最低的一级）；（由国王直接分封领地的）贵族第二章Ulster n.北爱尔兰Belfast n.贝尔法斯特，北爱首府promontory n.海角hexagonal adj.六角形的，六边形的lava n.熔岩，火山岩armoured adj.武装的acclaim v.受到称赞，赞扬peripherality n.周边persuaion n.信念，信仰indigenous adj.本土的endemic adj.某地游行的，某地特有的be overtaken by v.(由于事件的变化而）遭受阻碍，无法进行suspend v.暂停，中止guerilla n.游击队suppress v.镇压descendant n.后裔，后代ethnically adv.种族地Catholic n.天主教徒Protestant n.新教徒emigrate v.移居（外国）compromise n.折衷partition n.分离，分割advent n.出现，引来pacifist n.和平主义者，反战主义者riot n.暴乱，骚乱constabulary n.警察overwhelm v.使不知所措run candidates参加竞选faction n.宗派，派别barrack n.兵营，军营paramilitary adj.半军事化的at random任意地，无目的地ghettoise v.使成为少数民族聚居区exclusively adv.全部地internment n.拘留，收容mythologise v.对……作神话解释sectarian adj.宗派的caualties n.(事故、灾难等的）死伤者tit-for-tat n.以牙还牙，针锋相对telescopic adj.用望远镜看的cruise v.巡逻flare-up n.突然发生的事件revitalise v.使新生，给予……新的活力consulation n.协商strategic adj.战略上的watchword n.口号，格言jurisdiction n.司法权，管辖权decommission v.正式停止使用（武器等）forestall v.抢先unraveling n.阐明，说明protocol n.协议palpable adj.明显的第三章arguably adv.可认证地，可能，大概trace v.追溯，查考instablility n.不稳定性，不稳固evolution n.演变，深化monarchy n.君主政体，君主制derive v.取得，得到，形成divine adj.神授的，天赐的sovereignty n.君主subject n.臣民legitimate adj.合法的，法律认可的heir n.继承人，继任者throne n.王位，宝座hereditary adj.世袭的，承袭的defy v.(公然）违抗，藐视oust v.驱逐，罢黜medieval adj.中世纪的exercise v.运用，行使baron n.（由国王直接分领地的）贵族charter n.宪章，共同纲领abuse v.滥用（职权等）pqrley v.(法语）讲话，会谈，谈判county n.县，郡summon v.召唤，召集wage v.进行，展开make ends meet使收支相抵，免费维持生计say n.发言机会，发言权decree v.命令，颁布grant n.授 予物（如补助金等）formula n.惯例，常规prerogative n.特权，独有的权利councillor n.顾问，（市、镇等的）政务会委员vis-à-vis prep.同……相对，同……相比reassert v.再断言，重申execute v.将……处死consent v.同意，准许parliamentarian n.议会议员cabinet n.内阁assemble v.召集，聚集electorate n.(总称）选举人，选民Governor-General n.(英国殖民地或英联邦国家的）总督governance n.统治方法，管理方法statute n.成文法，法令，法规working n.(常用复数）运转，运行，活动scruitinise v.检查，仔细观察restraint n.限制，约束overturn v.推翻，废除，使无效supremacy n.至高无上，最高地位bear sth. in mind记住（某事）precedent adj.先例，前例matter of course理所当然的事executive n.(政府的）行政部门，行政当局integral adj.基本的，不可缺少的legislature n.立法机关，议会judiciary n.司法部，司法系统commander in chief 总司令allege v.声称，断言extramarital adj.婚外的jet-setting adj.乘坐喷气飞机，飞来飞去的squander v.浪费，挥霍recognisance n.承认，确认controversy n.争论，争议Texan n.(美国）得克萨斯州人lounge v.闲逛，闲荡decadence n.堕落，颓废come to a head(事情）达到决定性阶段recession n.（经济的）衰退，衰退期Forbes magazine《福布斯》杂志yacht n.快艇，游艇endear v.使受喜欢，使受钟爱confidante n.知己的女友neutrality n.中立，中立地位regeneration n.恢复，新生toxic adj.毒性的substance n.物质Lord Spiritual目议院的神职议员peer n.贵族civil-minded adj.关心公益的，热心公民事务的law lord目议院执掌最高司法职务的议员，上议院法官sitting n.(议会的）开会elitist adj.杰出人物统治（论）的patrilineal adj.父系的，父传的constitueancy adj.选区，选举区veritable adj.名副其实的，十足的allowances n.津贴，补贴，零用钱移居英国）麦、荷兰、冰岛）地的）贵族。
英语国家社会与文化Unit 3-4 UK class(课堂PPT)
❖ Supreme, no legal restraints on it
11
❖ The Parliament consists of
❖ 1. The Queen
❖ 2. The House of Lords
❖ The Lords Spiritual(the Archibishops and prominent bishops of the Church of England)
8
The beginning of the parliament
❖ Simon De Montfort summoned the Great Council with two knights and two citizens.
❖ The Great council developed into the Lords (barons and bishops) and the Commons (knights and citizens)
❖ The leader of the party----Prime Minister ❖ King George I
❖ The Cabinet consisits of around 20 MPs in the governing party who are chosen by the Prime 14 Minister.
❖ The Lords Temporal (peers through
patrilineal line & life peers )
12
❖ 3. The House of Commons ❖ appointing representative ❖ popular election in 1832 ❖ 651 Members of Parliament (MPs) from 651
英语国家社会与文化入门unit 4-5(课堂PPT)
IV. Race
26
Unit 5
The UK Economy
27
Key points
▪ I. Events in History 1. Dominant in the 1880s 2. Overtaken in 1900 3. Decline since 1945 4. Privatization in the 1980s ▪ II. The current UK economy 1. Primary industry 2. Secondary industry 3. Tertiary industry
13
II. The policital Parties
▪ 1. The Labour Party
14
II. The policital Parties
▪ 1. The Labour Party
15
II. The policital Parties
▪ 2. The Conservative Party
6
I. General elections
7
I. General elections
▪ 4. what happens in an election
8
I. General elections
▪ 4. what happens in an election
9
I. General elections
37
II. The current UK economy
38
II. The current UK economy
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้39
II. The current UK economy
英语国家社会与文化入门unit 4-5
II. The policital Parties
▪ 2. The Conservative Party
.
II. The policital Parties
▪ 2. The Conservative Party
.
II. The policital Parties
▪ 2. The Conservative Party
.
I. General elections
.
I. General elections
▪ When do elections occur?
.
I. General elections
▪ When do elections occur?
.
I. General elections
▪ When do elections occur?
.
IV. Race
.
Unit 5
The UK Economy
.
Key points
▪ I. Events in History 1. Dominant in the 1880s 2. Overtaken in 1900 3. Decline since 1945 4. Privatization in the 1980s ▪ II. The current UK economy 1. Primary industry 2. Secondary industry 3. Tertiary industry
▪ III. Class 1. Class-divisions 2. Cultural difference 3. A distinctive feature of
British class-system ▪ IV. Race 1. A multiracial nation 2. Influences of immigration
英语国家社会与文化入门美国答案
美国UNIT 3 1.What is an American?He is either a European, or the descendant of a European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. ... Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world. ... The American is a new man, who acts new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. 4 . In what way did Puritanism influence American culture? A. Today, Puritans are no longer in existence. But their legacies are still felt in American society and culture. For example, the Puritans hoped to build "a city upon hill" an ideal community. Since that time, Americans have viewed their country as a great experiment, a worthy model for other nations. This sense of mission has been very strong in the minds of many Americans. B. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.UNIT 4 1 Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States at the time? The Articles of Confederation failed because the states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other. When the Congress needed money to pay the national army or to pay debts owed to France and other nations, some states refused to contribute. The Congress had been given no authority to force any state to do anything. It could not tax any citizen. Only the state in which a citizen lived could do that. 2. What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation? The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each. The Constitution also called for the election of a national leader, or president. It provided that federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of representatives elected by the people. It also provided for a national court system headed by a Supreme Court. 3. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other? If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the president can veto it. That means the proposal does not become law. Congress can enact the law despite the president's views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it. If Congress passes a law which is then challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect. The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions, including the position of Supreme Court justice. The Senate, however, must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way theCongress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments 4．What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution? The Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were added within two years of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. These amendments remain intact today, as they were written two centuries ago. The first guarantees freedom of worship, speech and press, the rightof peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs. The Bill of Rights and subsequent constitutional amendments guarantee the American people the fullest possible opportunity to enjoy fundamental human rights.5 What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different? The United States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson's party, formed before 1800. The symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party, which was formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West, such as Abraham Lincoln, who wanted the government to prevent the expansion of slavery into new states then being admitted to the union. The symbol of the Republican Party is the elephant.UNIT 6 1. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?1. By the middle of the 18th century, many different kinds of Protestants lived in America.2. The Great Awakening of the 1740s, a "revival" movement that sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines of Protestant religious groups, or denominations.3. A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs.4. The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, of religion. 3 What promotes the diversity in American religion?1. The United States has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Frontier America provided plenty of room to set up a new church or found a new community.2. Many religious communities and secular utopias, or experiments in new forms of social living, were founded in 18th and 19th century America.3. Americans with different religions live together under the same law.4. The religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress.5. In the United States every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.6. Continuous immigration.UNIT 8 1. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education. 答：The goal is—and has been since the early decades of the republic—to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public. Though this goal has not yet been fully achieved, it remains an ideal towardwhich the American educational system is directed. The progress which has been made is notable both for its scope and for the educational methods which have been developed in the process of achieving it. 2. How did American education begin to develop? In 1634, they opened a “lateen grammar” school, a school for those who wanted to prepare for college. In 1636, Harvard College was founded for the training of religious ministers. In 1634 and 1638, the Puritans passed laws declaring that all property could be taxed for the common good, which included the support of school. In 1642 and 1647, the Bay Colony passed laws requiring all parents to provide reading educating for their children. At the end of the 18th century, elementary education throughout the United States was in local hands. 3. What are the major characteristics of education in America? (1)Different education laws for different states. (2)Several levels of schooling：Elementary Schooling，Secondary Schooling and High Schooling. (3)curricula for students: there is no national curriculum in the United States. (3)Compulsory education for all students. (4)Equal education opportunities for minority groups. (5)Strong demand for higher education. (6)The complex system of higher education. Some states play a strong role in the selection of learning material for their students. Schools were asked not only to teach this new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it. The “inquiry” method of learning , focusing on solving problems rather than memorizing facts, became popular.或者3.What do you think some of the characteristics of education in America? 1. About 85% of American students attend public schools (schools supported by American taxpayers). The other 15% attend private schools, for which their families choose to pay special attendance fees. Four out of five private schools in the United States are run by churches, synagogues or other religious groups. In such schools, religious teachings are a part of the curriculum. 2. Each of the 50 states in the United States has its own laws regulating education. From state to state, some laws are similar; others are not. Education in the United States was to remain in the hands of state and local governments. 3. Americans have a strong tendency to educate their children about major public concerns—problems such as environmental pollution, nuclear issues, neighborhood crime and drugs.Unit9 1, what were the major social movement of the 1960s? And what was the historical background of the social movements of that decade? 一（1）the Civil Rights Movement, the Youth Movement, the Anti-War Movement, Free Speech Movement, Counter Culture, Women's Liberation Movement. （2）1. During World War Two, many American Negroes had a taste of life outside the South. They knew that life in the segregated South, where Negroes were prevented from working at good jobs and getting good education, was not the American way of life. 2. Women earned less money and had fewer opportunities to advance than men working in the same jobs, or they became housewives, isolated at home with their children. 3. Many young people resented traditional white male values in US society. 4. When the US army began to fight in Vietnam, many people thought the war was wrong. They did not understand why US troops were fighting in Asia.。
【英语国家社会与文化】Lesson_4_A_Brief_History_of_the_USA
Lesson 4 A Brief History of the USA
A Brief History of the USA
The historic periods of the USA
• Pre-Colonial America • English Colonial America (10671776)
• Landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.
A Brief History of the USA
Puritans
• Intolerant moralism • American values (individualism, hard work, respect of education)
A Brief History of the USA
Forming of the USA (1776-1849) The War of Independence
The prelude ---13 colonies (desired more power to determine their own business), ---the British government (collect more taxes from the colonies.) conflict repealed in 1766
A Brief History of the USA
The Second Continental Congress
• Held in Philadelphia in May 1775 • Assume the functions of a national government
【英语国家社会与文化】Lesson 4 A Brief History of the USA
A Brief History of the USA
The Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson.
A Brief History of the USA
Process of the War
Q. How did the war develop? And which battle marked the turning point of the war?
• The victory at Saratoga (1777, October)—turning point.
A Brief History of the USA
• On October 19, 1781, the British general Cornwallis was forced to surrender, the war came to an end. • The two parts signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783—America won its independence
• Landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.
A Brief History of the USA
Puritans
• Intolerant moralism • American values (individualism, hard work, respect of education)
A Brief History of the USA
The Second Continental Congress
• Held in Philadelphia in May 1775 • Assume the functions of a national government
英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)(简称国概)美国重要单元之一UNIT4——political system
Absolute Decline and RelativeDecline到19世纪80年代英国经济在世界上占主导地位产生一个世界上，一半的煤，铁，半制成品的棉花三分之一。
英国航运数额更大的世界其他地区加起来比。
但即使到1900年这不再是这样，英国有超过都被美国和德国，当然也从1945年到现在，对英国经济的故事通常是作为一个思想的下降。
这是可以理解的，而是误导，因为它实际上一直是经济稳定增长时期，迅速提高生活水平。
英国仍然是七工业经济大集团之一。
但也有描述为这一时期下降的原因之一。
中英双方作为第二次世界大战的成功盟友之一战后世界，同其主要竞争对手的一些国家，如德国和日本，经济遭到破坏。
同时英国是一个更加庞大帝国的中心。
数字显示，英国是仅次于美国在国际经济中。
因此，英国当时显然是在强大的经济地位，它的地位显然不再占据，这表明一些下降排序。
但基本的正面描述的经济规模表面上的事实，世界贸易是英国比例很高，因此在1945年，没有透露有关英国的立场，重要的负面事实即使这样。
首先该国了负债累累，以资助战争，累计出售其海外资产多，借用美国和加拿大的大量资金。
这些债务意味着英国进入一个重大的经济问题，战后时代。
其次，帝国时代已经结束。
印度，俗称为“在大英帝国的皇冠”珠宝称，1947年取得独立，只有2年后战争结束。
这是在帝国的最大元素，提供原材料，并为英国商品的大市场。
这与印度的关系已不再可用，帝国的其它国家也纷纷仿效印度独立，剩下的只是一个中等规模的欧洲国家，英国的人口只有五分之一的美国的大小，第三，尽管相对快速和顺利的非殖民化自由的过程中，英国仍然不得不维持一个庞大而昂贵的地方，许多海外的军事存在，直到该进程完成（主要是由60年代末）。
此外，政府立场的其中一个职位的塑造者，战后世界需要大量的军事贡献，作为北约的主要伙伴之一两者，作为安理会常任理事国。
所有这一切的结果是英国用于军事比其大多数竞争对手其国民财富（尤其是其研究和开发预算）的比例较高。
英语国家社会与文化 第四章 politics,class and race
pollitics, class and race
• 1. Importance of general elections 大选的重要性 • 2. Formation of the government 政府的形成 • 3. Vote of no confidence 不信任投票 • 4. Political parties: • The Conservative party保守党 • The Labour party 劳工党 • Liberal Democrats 自由民主党
“seats” in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister. A government can be in power for 5 years. • 651名国会议员在大选中被选出来代表英国的651个选区。 在议会中获得多数席位的党派就成为执政党，该党派领袖 就成为首相。一届政府可以执政5年，然后再进行下一届 大选。
9/4/2020
6. Margaret Thatcher (ruled 1979-1990)
• She came into power as Britain’s first woman Prime Minister in 1979 when her Conservative party won the general election. She advocated the idea of small government and free-market economics. During her term as the Prime Minister, she carried out policies to privatize the nationalized industry and to cut tax rates. As a result, many businesses boomed but unemployment rate increase. She was later replaced by John Major in 1990.
英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案
Book1 Unit 11.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field?The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.In the international field, Britain has great voice in politics, economy and culture and so on.2.Why impossible to sum up British people with a few simple phrases: The UK is made up of different elements. It includes 4 parts within the one nation-state. It is now a multiracial society with different religion believes. It is divided economically and it is a society with a class-structure. And within each of the four countries there are different regions. Since this country was so complicated both in history or humanity, it is impossible to sum up their people.3.tribal kindoms of Celtic people. They brought the central Europen culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it for slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism. (2)However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English. (3)In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the nothern and eastern England. A Anglo-Saxon herio, king Alfred the Great fought against the vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England (4)Later, the Nomans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England. They imported a rulling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rulled Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.How did they influence culture:[接着上边一起看] (2) a lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, novelists and filmmakers. Places associated with his legend. Round table was ween as an indicator of the way in which the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator. (3)anglo-saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English. By Vikings' settlements the Enlish heroes were truly English. There remains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in england.(4)Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. the legend of Robin Hood.4.General characteristic of Scotland: Scotland is the second largest of the four nations, both in population and in geographical area. It is also the most confident of its own identity because alone amongst the non-English components of the UK it has previously spent a substantial period of history as a unified state independent of the UK. (1) rugged. (2) not conquered by the Romans (3) maintain its separate political identity for more than a hundred years.(4) eager for independence.How Scotland became part of the union of Great Britain: in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. In 1745 there was a brutal military response from the British army. The rebel army was destroyed at the battle of Culloden in northern Scotland.5.Describe Wales and the unification with Britain: (1) wales was an important element in Britain's industrial revolution, as it had rich coal deposits. It is successful in attracting investment from abroad. Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. (2)Wales has been dominated by England for longer than the other nations of the union. Despite this nearness and long-standing political integration Wales retains a powerful sense of its difference from England. In 1536, wales was brought legally, administratively, and politically into the UK by an act of the British parliament. This close long-standing relationship means that modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses --- its legal system and its education system are exactly the same as in England.6.Differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition: [书上说的比较散，建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较] (1) English character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. But young people are not all stereotypes. But it is certainly true that the lifeless fronts of many english houses conceal beautiful back gardens. (2)The dream of an independent Scotland has not vanished. They are always eager for freedom. Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. "Superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity." Some people speak Gaelic.(3)Wales is different, and one of the key markers of that diffenece is the Welsh language -- the old British Celtic tongue which is still in daily use. Modern wales lacks some of the outward signs of difference which Scotland possesses. (its legal system and education system are exactly the same as in England)Unit 21.Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK: Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.Its political problem: The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Ireland North and South following the separation of issues left over by history, mixed it with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex. Ireland’s independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pro-British Protestant majority (about 51%), the Catholic nationalist minority (about 38%), as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On the contrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict. [因为发现实在太难sum up了，所以就搜了一下，以下是wikipedia版本]Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict —the Troubles —which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom,[6] while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule. [网络其它版本]Until 1921 the full name of the UK was "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", not only "Northern Ireland", because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain, and had been since 1801, while Britain's domination of the Irish dated back centuries even before that date. But Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost, and one of the key issues in late nineteenth century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called "home-rule"—Irish political control of Irish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First World War and was suspended for the duration of the war.2.Factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today: Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.3.Sum up solutions to NI's political problems of different parties and groups in the UK: Margaret Thatcher's government did not give in to this demand for political status and 11 prisoners starved to death. This event revitalised the political campaign of Sinn Fein, the legal political party which supports the IRA's right to fight. Its leaders spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of "The Bullet and the Ballot Box".4.What do you think should be the right solution to the political problem in Northern Ireland: I think they can ask the UN for help. / Keep the present status. Turn to other countries for help. [自由发挥啦]Unit 31.Characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy: The monarch of the country has limited rights because of Bill of Right. For example, while the official head of state is the queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles.How the English monarchy evolved to present constitutional monarchy: Originally the power of the monarch was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the "divine right of kings". For a thousand years Britain has had a hereditary king or queen as the head of the state. While the King in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power. King John was unwilling to receive advice from prominent men, which led battles between the king and other powerful groups. Finally the king granted them a charter, named Magna Carta, of liverty and political rights. The civil war2.The civil war was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-a-vis Parliament. James I and his successor Charles I both insisted on their divine right as kings. They felt Parliament had no real political right to exist, but only existed because the king allowed it to do so. It was the effort to reassert the rights of parliament that led to the civil war.English Revolution: "English Revolution" has been used to describe two different events in English history. The first was the Glorious Revolution of 1688, whereby James II was replaced by William III and Mary II as monarch and a constitutional monarchy established, was described by Whig historians as the English Revolution.[1]In the twentieth-century, however, Marxist historians used the term "English Revolution" to describe the period of the English Civil Wars and Commonwealth period (1640-1660), in which Parliament challenged King Charles I's authority, engaged in civil conflict against his forces, and executed him in 1649. This was followed by a ten-year period of bourgeois republican government, the "Commonwealth", before monarchy was restored in the shape of Charles' son, Charles II, in 1660.3.History of English parliament: Traditionally, when medieval kings wanted to raise money he would try to persuade the Great Council, a gathering of leading, wealthy barons which the kings summoned several times a year. Later kings found this group was so small that they could not make ends meet. So they widened the Great Council to include representatives of counties, cities and towns and get them to contribute. It was in this way that the Great Council came to include the House of Lords(who were summoned) and the House of Commons(representatives of communities).What role did the parliament play in the Civil War: Since James I and Charles I both thought that Parliament didn't need to exist, the Parliament was enraged. Leading politicians and church authorities asked William of Orange to replace them two. In 1689 Parliament passed the bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.4.Characteristics of British constitution: Unlike many nations, Britain has no core constitutional documents.Contents: Statute laws(laws passed by Parliament); the common laws(laws which have been established through common practice in the courts); and conventions(rules and practices which do not exist legally but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government).5.Why parliament is supreme: because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.Parliament's function: First, it passes laws. Second, it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Third, it scrutinises government policy, administration and expenditure. Fourth, it debates the major issues of the day.Queen/King's role: To symbolise the tradition and unity of the British state. To represent Britain at home and broad. To set standards of good citizenship and family life. She is legally head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England.PM's role: The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party which wins the most seats in a general election. He/She chose usually around 20 MPs to become government ministers in the Cabinet. Together they carry our the functions of policy-making, the coordination of government departments and the supreme control of government.6.The House of Lords: It was below the Queen, consisting of the Lords Spiritual(who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal(which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers of they have been appointed). The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public. It is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom's national legislature. It remains the relationship with government, debates legislation and has some power to amend or reject bills (has some legislative functions).Unit 41.Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds.Why small parties and independent candidates powerless: V oters will see it as a wasted vote because even if they were to win the seat they would be powerless in parliament against the big parties' representatives. V oting them will prevent the voters from contributing to the competition between the big parties as to which of them will form a government.2.Three big parties in the UK: the Labour party, the Conservative party, the Liberal Democrats.Similarities: Since Conservative began to have a "fartherly" sense of obligation to the less fortunate in society, they didn't dismantle principles the Labour set up. That indicates that thus the difference between the Labour and Conservative is one of degree, not an absolute.Dissimilarities: (1) Labour is a socialist party. They believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms and that part of the role of government is to act as a "redistributive" agent. They think government should provide a range of public services, therefore high taxes. (2) Conservative is the party that spent most time in power. They are seen as the party of the individual, protectingindividual's right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose, therefore low taxes. (3) Liberal Democrats is a party of the "middle", occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties. They are comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social.3.Recent political trends [注意下一小问]: (1) Conservatives won the election under their leader Margaret Thatcher in the 1970s. During that time the economy did badly, with high inflation and low growth. (2) she dismissed being "fartherly", encourages entrepreneurship. One of the major policies was the privatisazion of nationalised industry. (3)part of the mechanism of change was a less redistributive taxation system. Tax rate were cut to allow people to keep more of what they earned.Author's opinion: The 1980s have seen British politics move to the "right", away from the "pulic" and toward the "private"; away from the "social", and toward the "individual", and all parties have had to adjust to those changes.4.How people are divided into different classes: (1) employment: manual(or blue-collar) workers usually call themselves working-class, and office(or white-collar) workers would usually call themselves middle-class. (2) cultural differences: like what newspaper they read. Working-class often read THE SUN, a newspaper with little hard news and more about soap operas, royal family and sports. Middle-class often read THE GUARDIAN, a larger newspaper with longer stories, covering national and international events. (3) education: private school or public school. (4) the UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. (5) the way they speak.Compare with the US and China: not similar at all. The UK has also retained a hereditary aristocracy. Among the students at the private schools attended by the upper-middle-class above would be a thin scattering of aristocratic children, who will inherit titles like baronets. This is due to Britain's different history and convention.Unit 51.Absolute decline means recession, developing in a minus speed.Relative decline means that although the UK improved, other countries developed more rapidly than the UK, which made it slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.Reasons: (1) The UK had gone into debt after WWII. (2) Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth on the military than most of its competitors. (Joining NATO and UN Security Council) (3)The era of empire was over. Former colonial countries announced independence, leaving Britain as a medium-size Euporean country. (4)Britain's industry survived comparatively unaffected, but its competitors did not. So the competitors invested in modern equipment and new products while British industry still continue with older ones.(5) Low rates of investment. The UK lacks a close relationship between industry and banks due to its history. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment.2.What did the conservative party under Mrs. Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979:A radical programme of reform.What was her radical reform programme: Bureaucracy was reduced, (foreign exchange controls were lifted, rules governing banks loosened, for example). Throughout the 1980s an extensive programme of privatisation was carried out.Was is successful: It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and business made profits. The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors.3.Main areas in national economies: Primary industries such as agriculture, fishing and mining; secondary industries which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; tertiary/service industries such as banking, insurance, tourism and the retailing.Development of each: (1) agricultural sector is small but efficient. Energy production is an important part of the UK economy. (2)in the secondary sector, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth.(3)tertiary or service industries produce 65% of national wealth.4.Why relatively shrinking of the important secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries: A lot of the tertiary or service industries is domestic activity, accounting for about 10% of the world's exports of such services. 70% of the UK's workforce are employed in the service sector.Compare tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years or so: Chinese tertiary industries didn't grow as fast as the UK, though the portion was increasing.How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world: China was famous for the name of "world factory", which means Chinese workforces can produce products at low paid. China is a developing country, experiencing the transfer of manufacturing is reasonable. However, as China is developing, wages of workforces are also increasing. Comparing to India, we may lose our "advantage" gradually.Unit 61.Why Geoffrey Chaucer's work written in Middle English can still read and studied today: It is notable for its diversity, both in the range of social types amongst the 31pilgrims, and the range in style of the stories they tell.2.Do you think Elizabethan Drama occupies a significant position in British literature: Yes. Elizabethan drama, and Shakespeare in particular, is considered to be among the earliest work to display a "modern" perception of the world: full of moral doubts and political insecurities, where the right of those who wield power to do so is put in question.The most important figure in Elizabethan Drama: William ShakespeareSome of his well-known plays: (tragedies)Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth; (comedies)The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Twelfth Night, the Tempest; (history plays)Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V jJulius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra.3.Some of the features of Romantic Literature: writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.4.Modernism: it refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often they seem disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action.Postmodernism: After WWII. Postmodernist can be thought of as abandoning the search of buried meaning below confusing surfaces.Examples to illustrate: (modernist) Virginia Woolf "Mrs.Dalloway""to the Lighthouse""Orlando"; wrence "Sons and Lovers" and E.M.Forster "a Passage to India"; (postmodernist)George Orwell "1984", John Fowles "the French Lieutenant's woman"Book I Unit 7, British Education System1.What are the purposes of the British education system? Please comment on thesepurposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?Schools in Britain do not just teach the students 3 Rs, (reading, writing and arithmetic), but to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society.2.How does the British education system reflect social class?Firstly, in Britain, the school you attend can refer to your social status.And the school tie is a clear market of social class,3.What are the major changes that have taken place since World War II? Is Britisheducation moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.1)The old education system has disrupted due to the war. So with the help of thechurch and newly powerful trade unions began to reconstruct a new education system.2)The new system emphasizes equality. 1944 education act made entry tosecondary schools and universities meritocratic. Children would be able admitted to schools not because they were of a certain social class or because their parents possessed a certain amount of money, but because of the abilities they displayed. All children were given right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education.3)1989, a national curriculum was introduced by the government.4.Why does the author say that universities in Britain have rather elitist?Most students in British universities are from the middle classes, attend good schools, perform well in their A-levels and receive a fully-funded place in a university. And when they graduate, they can become very influential in banking, the media, the arts, education or even the government.5.What is the Open University in Britain? What do you think of this system?The opening university offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can register without having any formal educational qualifications. They follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre.I think the system has been quite successful. Thanks to the system, tens ofthousands of Britons, from various statuses attend the Open University each year.And this has improve the equali ty in Britain’s high education.Unit 8 British Foreign Relations1.What and how did the British Empire end? How did the Britain react to thisreality? How did the end of British imperialism influence the psychology of the British and the making of Britain’s foreign policy?1)After the World War II the British could no longer afford to maintain its empire;while Britain had won the war, it had paid a terrible price in terms of lives and in terms of economic destruction. And the British realized that countries should be granted the independence and left to run their own affairs. People and territory should not just be treated as a source of economic resources for the ruling centers of commerce in Europe.2)Many people are still alive who can remember when Britain was one of the mostpowerful and rich nations on earth. It is sometimes hard to think about Britain as it really is today.3)Because Britain lost its empire so recently, british policy makers frequentlyforget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Historians argue that the British foreign policy makers retain very conservative and traditional views of Britain’s role as a world power and point to many major foreign policy decisions as examples.2.What are the foundations of Brita in’s foreign policy?It is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.Britain’s imperial history made the policy maker very conservative and traditional.And its geopolitical traits created a sense of psychological isolation in its inhabitants. And as Britain is an island state, it naturally developed as a nation of seafarers who roamed the globe looking for territory and economic opportunities.3.How is Britain’s foreign policy made? Does the government’s foreign policyrepresent the desires of British citizen?1)The prime minister and cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’sforeign policy. The main government department involved is of course the foreign and commonwealth office but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government’s decisions.2)Since Britain is a parliamentary democracy, the government’s foreign policy intheory represented the desires of its electorate , but in fact british citizens are more concerned about issues closer to home. On the whole, they are not very inclined to try to influence the direction of Britain’s foreign policy. There are a number of different interest groups however, and it is interesting that rare occurrences of civil disobedience in the UK often involve foreign policy issues.4.Why does the author say that the decision to join the EC was and remainscontroversial in Britain?1)It is an important psychological decision for the nation because traditionallyBritain had looked beyond its European neighbors felling that really it had more common with the United States on the one hand and the commonwealth on the other. To many Britons, membership in the European community meant turning its back on these “old friends”.。
英语国家社会与文化入门(大学英语专业英美文化概况)Unit 4
Political partys
• • • • Democratic party: Donkey,more liberal party The republic party: Elephant,more conservative
• 美国民主党（DemocraticParty）是美国当代的两大主要 政党之一，虽然“民主党”这个名称是在安德鲁· 杰克逊 （1829-1837）总统任期间所采用的，但它的起源最早可 以追溯至托马斯· 杰斐逊于1792年创立的民主-共和党，使 它成为世界上最古老的政党。自从威廉· 詹宁斯· 布莱恩在 1896年掌控民主党以来，民主党在经济议题上的立场开始 比共和党更为左倾。自从1932年以来，富兰克林· 德拉 诺· 罗斯福将他所提出的新政称为“自由主义”，成为了 之后民主党的主要政策走向。民主党以新政结合的政策主 导了美国政府一直到1964年左右，民主党也支持了1960 年代的民权运动。1960年代的越战则在民主党内部引发了 对国外军事干预的立场分歧，这种分歧并且一直持续至21 世纪。自从1990年代以来，总统比尔克林顿转变了民主党 的政策走向，民主党的意识形态色彩逐渐淡化、并在美国 政治光谱上倾向中间派立场，试图以此吸引更多理念倾向 共和党的选民。
Legislative branch
• • • • The house of representatives The senate The duty of congress:make laws Bill~lobbies
• 美国最高立法机关，由参议院和众议院 组成，国会行使立法权。议案一般经过 提出、委员会审议、全院大会审议等程 序；一院通过后，送交另一院，依次经 过同样的程序，法案经两院通过后交总 统签署；若总统不否决，或虽否决但经 两院2／3议员重新通过，即正式成为法 律；国会还拥有宪法所规定的其他权力， 如对外宣战权、修改宪法权等；两院均 设有许多委员会，还设有由两院议员共 同组成的联席委员会，国会工作大多在 各委员会中进行；委员会分为: ①常设 委员会②特别调查委员会③联席委员会 ④调解委员会
英语国家文化与社会文化入门unit4 Politics, Class and Race
• 1990s ① John Major 1990-1997 Conservative
Because of national trend, there are changes of Labour: [away from big government socialism—free market individualism] a. less “socialist” b. give up “public ownership of the means of production” c. careful about tax increases
2. A government has been in power for 5 years. And there will be a general election every five years. A.longer than 5 years a) exceptions during WWI and WWII B. sooner than 5 years a)vote of no confidence b)the Prime Minister---popular
Class
③Class-divisions are not simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive.
③The immigrants populations is not well-off economically. They face problems of unemployment, under-representation in politics and unfair treatment by police and justice system.
英语国家社会与文化英4
UK Economy — An Overview
• The British economy is one of the strongest in Europe; inflation, interest rates, and unemployment remain low.
• The relatively good economic performance has complicated the government's efforts to make a case for Britain to join the European Economic & Monetary Union (EMU).
adj. 不可避免的,必然(发生)的
n. 通货膨胀,物价飞涨 利率 喷气发动机 （飞机）起落架
v. 撤销,解除,停止 adj. (已持续)长时间的,为时甚久的
v. (公司、企业等的)兼并 adj. 近海的,近岸的 n. 产量
Part II Words & Expressions
英语国家概况
per head pharmaceutical preferential privatization proportion recession retail return share-dealing slide spurt substantial
英语国家概况
1. Absolute and relative decline of the British Economy 1) By the 1880s, dominant in the world --- 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods; 1/2 of the world’s coal, iron and cotton; shipping greater than the sum of the rest of the world. 2) By 1900, overtaken by the U.S and Germany. 一直到19世纪80年代，英国经济一直在世界上居于主导地位。 但是到20世纪时，它被美国和德国超过。
英语国家社会与文化入门unit-4-5
II. The current UK economy
II. The current UK economy
II. The current UK economy
知识回顾 Knowledge Review
祝您成功！
I. General elections
II. The policital Parties
▪ 1. The Labour Party
II. The policital Parties
▪ 1. The Labour Party
II. The policital Parties
▪ 1. The Labour Party
I. General elections
I. General elections
▪ When do elections occur?
I. General elections
▪ When do elections occur?
I. General elections
▪ When do elections occur?
II. The policital Parties
▪ 3. The Liberal Democrats
III. Class
III. Class
III. Class
IV. Race
IV. Race
Unit 5
The UK Economy
Key points
▪ I. Events in History 1. Dominant in the 1880s 2. Overtaken in 1900 3. Decline since 1945 4. Privatization in the 1980s ▪ II. The current UK economy 1. Primary industry 2. Secondary industry 3. Tertiary industry
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The final election debate /playlist/playindex.do ?lid=8644104&iid=50833829&cid=29
Liberal democrat 竞选广告 /programs/view/ENi5 ce997k4/
Tuesday 25 May State Opening of Parliament
Hung Government
The Conservatives:306 seats <326 seats The Labours: 258 seats The Liberal Democrats:57 seats
“Current issues”(1997)
Labour Party in power leader: John Major Conservative became unpopular: be in power for so long government corruption internal division
The key dates
Monday 12 April
Dissolution of Parliament (the 54th) and campaigning officially began
Tuesday 20 April
Last day to register to vote, and to request a postal vote
government. 2) the government is currently very polular
(to win another 5 years)
650 constituencies and 650 MPs
Who can stand for election as an MP
Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. Make a deposit of 500 pounds (lost, <5% of the vote) Monster Raving Loony Party
What happens in an election?
1.Former parliament is dissolved
2.Candidates with most votes are elected from each constituency and become MPs. They may be from a political party or they may stand as an 'Independent'
Contributions: set up NHS Provide welfare payments Nationalize private industries
Edward Samuel Miliband
A party of high taxation levels, funded by trade unions
no confidence (lost)
Margaret Thatcher
• General Election won by the Conservative under Margaret Thatcher (UK’s first woman PM)
Ruling ideas (1980s)
small government free-market economics (privatization of nationalized industries) dismissed the “nanny state”
/politics/video/2010/apr/13/general-election2010-labour-broadcast-pertwee
Three Debates
First debate: 15 April, ITV, Manchester, Domestic policy: Instant polling after the event unanimously declared Nick Clegg the winner and opinion polls in favor of the Liberal Democrats. Second debate: 22 April, Sky News, Bristol, International affairs: Nick and Cameron came out best in the instant polls with Brown very closely behind. the Lib Dems were affected by claims Clegg had received secret donations from businessmen. Third debate: 29 April, BBC, Birmingham, Economy and taxes: In the final poll, Cameron was widely regarded as the leader who made the best impression to the audience
Flexible and pragmatic in the balance of the individual and the social
“Recent” Political Trends (1979-1997)
situation in the 1970s?
• The economy did badly • Widespread strike • The Labour government faced a vote of
The Liberal Democratic Party
The Liberal Democrats were formed on 2 March 1988 by a merger between the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party
A party of the “middle”
3.Electoral Campaigns
1. Advertisement in newspaper
Door-to-door campaigning
Postal deliveries of leaflets
Party electoral broadcasts (main parties)
A few free ten-minute periods, proportional to the percentage of vote
Unit 4 Politics, Class and Race
1. Gereral Elections 2. The Political Parties 3. Recent Political Trends 4. Current issues 5. Class 6. Race
Why are General Elections important?
Race
5% are non-European ethnic group Particularly live in port cities: Liverpool and Bristol Mainly come from South Asia and Caribbean countries
Consequences
The Conservative Party
Founded out of the old Tory party (1678) The party of the individual funded by big companies Favoring economic policies with low taxes Coupled with a “fatherly” sense of obligation notable leaders: Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher
Thursday 6 May Polling day
Tuesday 11 May Cameron became prime Minister through a coalition with the Liberal Democrats
Tuesday 18 May New Parliament (the 55th) assembled
Class
The “class” is more important in Britain than in other societies. Make a difference to an individual’s “lifechances” Class-division:
upper-class upper middle-class middle-class lower middle-class loweБайду номын сангаас-class
Not only economic factors newspaper, accent
Education free public school vs private school
A distinctive characteristic: Retain a hereditary aristocracy Titles: (prince) duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron, baronet (knight)
When do Elections Occur
General elections do not have fixed dates but happen every 5 years.
The Prime Minister can call an election sooner than 5 years: 1) the house no longer has confidence in the