中期报告(商英Z093毕美芳_张素凤)

河北工业大学专科毕业论文中期报告毕业设计题目：英国人的工作与娱乐专业：商务英语学生信息：学号：094488 姓名：毕美芳班级：商务英语Z093指导教师信息：教师号：03313 姓名：张素凤职称：讲师报告提交日期：2011 年 4 月 28日In the past phases, with the help of the author’s supervisor, the author has finished the required tasks on time. Having read quite a lot of materials and works related to the topic of the paper from the predecessor, the author achieved much enlightenment and had a private idea of this paper. However, due to time constraint, the structure of this paper is not quite systematically and logically. Therefore the author will further study on this paper on the basis of existing theories until the end of this term in order to finish the paper smoothly. The following is the rudimentary content of the paper.When it comes to Britain, people may think of different aspects of British, such as family and personal relationship, education, work, leisure, holiday and tourism, justice and law, belief and so on. At first, the work and leisure is very important in a country. In a degree, it is the reflection of economy, politic and culture of a country. It is not an exception in Britain. Nowadays, with the development of economy and the progress of the policy of government, people's living standards have been improved a lot and work and leisure is playing a more and more important role in Britain, even in people's daily life. So learn more knowledge about work and leisure of Britain is quite necessary. Work and leisure seems simple in daily life, but they have very significant meaning in one's attitude toward family and life. So if we want to learn Britain, we should know more knowledge of work and leisure of Britain at first.In this paper people will be first looking at the kind of jobs people do in Britain, their working conditions and their attitudes towards them, the extent of women’s opportunities of work and some of the problems and developments in industrial relations. Then people will get a view of how British people relax. It examines howopportunities for leisure have increased during this century, what people do with their free time, both inside and outside the home, as participants and spectators, and how gender, class and age affects this.“Work”has many different meanings, for example:(1) regular paid employment，（2）a trade, profession, or other means of livelihood，（3）the part of a day devoted to an occupation or undertaking，(4)something that has been produced or accomplished through the effort, activity, or agency of a person or thing,（5）the output of a writer, artist, or musician considered or collected as a whole, etc. The transfer of energy from one object to another, especially in order to make the second object move in a certain direction. Work is equal to the amount of force multiplied by the distance over which it is applied. If a force of 10 new tons, for example, is applied over a distance of 3 meters, the work is equal to 30 new tons per meter, or 30 joules. The unit for measuring work is the same as that for energy in any system of units, since work is simply a transfer of energy. In this paper,“work”mainly refers to regular paid employment. “Working”in the garden, an active woman, running a home and bringing up children. is distinguished from a woman who ‘works’, that is, takes paid employment.Generally speaking though, British people see work as something which must be done: “leisure”,on the other hand, is not simply free time, but feely chosen activities that are pursued during non–working time. “leisure”means the time when you are free from work or other duties and can relax, it also means the time when you are not working or studying and can do things you enjoy.The Union between Great Britain and Ireland was inaugurated in 1801, survived wholly until 1922, and has lasted in a fragmentary condition (with Northern Ireland) until today. This argues the British-Irish relationship has understandably been dominated by accounts of the creation of Irish independence and of partition .Existing modern British and Irish historiography illuminates the failure of the Union, and the creation of Irish independence and of Northern Ireland, but it does not explain why the Union of 1801 remained in place for 120 years. Existing modern British and Irish historiography also tends to treat the two constituentunions of the United Kingdom-the British-Irish (1801) and the Anglo-Scots (1707)-inisolation, rather than in seeking illumination through sustained comparison.In traditional period, British people took on hard works, especially women; theydid not have the equal place and right. They were only housing women and worked onfarms. Everyday, they washed cloths and sometimes they worked as servant even asslavers. British is an industrialized country, but its agriculture remainsimportant .Nearly 80 percent of Britain land area, or about 50 million acres, canbe sued for agriculture purpose. There are about 234000 farms which directly employ650000 people, slightly over 1 percent of the total population. Livestock farmingmakes up an important part of agriculture, so more than two-third of full time farmsare devoted mainly to dairying, beef production and sheep farming. While in moderntimes people’s work condition has changed a lot. At the same time, their attitudestowards work also changed. Women’s opportunities at work have extent. Is work just a job? If so, what is work in the context of things that aren’t partof our job? These are not idle questions nowadays, nor are they new. We’ve beentrying to understand work for centuries, though I would argue that work versus lifehas only been contentious since the start of the industrial revolution in thelate-18th and early-19th centuries. Before mass production, before factories, thecreation of goods and services was skill-based, and the skills were passed downthrough generations, as were the shops and stores out of which they were sold. Assoon as people began leaving home to go to work for customers they didn’tknow—that’s when the existential questions about life started.In order to have leisure one needs the financial security which work provides.Not only are the material consequence of work important, it seems that the psychological and cultural benefits are also very important. Unemployment andleisure may be seen as opposite sides of the same coin but psychologically theirimpact is totally different: one is feared and the other is eagerly sought. Unemployment has disastrous implications for the individual, and is identified withrejection, uselessness, dependence on others, laziness and social isolation. Twohundred years later, the conundrum of work-life balance hasn't been solved—and asof late it's only gotten harder. With unemployment rates at their highest levels in decades, the notion of “job security” borders on the mythological. According to a recent poll by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average time people stay at one job is three to five years. The 25-year one-job career is a relic. This puts an even greater emphasis on work.‘Work imposes a time structure on the waking day; it enlarges the scope of social relations beyond the often highly emotionally charged family relations and those of the immediate neighborhood; by virtue of the division of labor it demonstrates that the purposes and achievements of collectivity transcend those for which an individual can aim; it assigns social status and clarifies personal identity; it requires regular activity.’(Jahoda 1982)And yet, the dynamic of work in the year 2010 is much different. One could say that the tools we have now have allowed us to go back home to work, where we can at least work alongside our partners and spouses and children, even if we can’t give them 100 percent of our attention. A business trip is in some ways a refreshing reminder of the separation of work and life—you are literally removed from your daily life—but the fact is, work and life aren’t really separated at all. I regularly check emails on my phone at midnight or on Sunday morning. So what is work now? It’s more than the job. Work is life. We work at life. If we’re lucky, we try to shape our jobs to fit our lives. Happiness is something we all want, but “how to be happy,” it would seem, is a set of guidelines that should be too subjective to commoditize or measure. Not so. “Happiness economists,” psychologists, a nd sociologists have been quantifying happiness for years (having been inspired by the king of Bhutan, who established a gross national happiness index for his country in the 1970s). As it turns out, most people agree that having the ability to engage in local politics or to have enough money to meet basic needs and feel secure correlates to satisfaction. More spare time also equals more happiness. Longer life expectancies are a good thing. Some have found increased well-being relates to a healthy environme nt. What’s clear in all the happiness-index models is that the more control we have over our lives and our environments, the happier we are. Andyet, we still have to go to work. I would be remiss to overlook the fact that most people have to take what they can get to pay the bills. For many, work will never define their lives or their happiness. Work may be something altogether unremarkable in relation to life. It may continue to be just work, nothing more and nothing less—just one part of life.What is the pattern of employment? The total workforce in Britain in spring 2000 was 28.6 million, of which 27 million (15 million men and 12 million women) were actually in employment .2.8 million were self-employed. Of the total population of working age of 36.3 million, there were 7.7 million who were ‘economically inactive’(early retired, women with children, adults in education and training).This left 1.6 million classified as unemployed(excluding school-leavers).There are sectors of the economy, such as the primary, manufacturing, construction, services and other. Among this, the primary includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, energy and water supply. The services includes distribution, hotels and restaurant, Transport and communications, finance and business services, public administration, education and health and so on. Nowadays some people prefer to be self-employed because this enables them to be their own boss; they are responsible for running their own small business which may be anything from a farm to a small factory. They may or may not employ other people. People who are taking on self-employment will say:“I am my own boss. Nobody tells me what to do at my job—except customer of course. I do not think I could for anyone else now. I work long hours most days”Although Britain is a developed country, there also have many unemployed people. Different regions have different unemployment rates. Through Labor Force Survey and Office for National Statistics, rates within England were lowest in the South East and in the East and highest in the North East and London. Rates were also high in Scotland and Northern Ireland.How hard do the British work? Most people work a five day week and the basic working week is between 35-40 hours. Manual workers tend to work an hour or two longer per week than non-manual and women to work 4 or 5 hours less men. Some people work‘overtime.’ The average number of hours actually worked per week by full-time employees in 1999 was 45 for men and 41 for women, higher than any other country in the European Union. How much does the Britain earn? Average gross weekly earning of full-time employees in Britain in 2000 were 411 dollars. Average earnings for men were 453 dollars and for women 338 dollars. Earnings were higher for non-manual employees than for manual employees. In 2000 the national minimum wage was set at 3.70 per hour for those aged 22 or above. The inequality in income is marginally reduced by taxation. There are also other differences in reward. More than four million employees are part of schemes enabling them to share in the profits of the company and to buy company shares at low prices than the general public. In addition to state welfare payments, many employees are covered by pension schemes provided by their employers. Many are also covered by occupational sick pay schemes. Other fringe benefits include company cars, life assurance, low interest loans and luncheon vouchers. Fringe benefits are more usual among clerical and professional employees than among manual works.Young people often have a part- time job while they are still at school. Such as delivering newspapers early in the morning or working in a shop on Saturday. Full-time employment is possible once the minimum school leaving age of 16 is reached. About 25 percent of school leavers go straight into a job at 16, the rest either continuing in full-time education or joining a government training scheme. Since 2000, the government’s connection strategy has provided ongoing job-related training after 16. Whether seeking a job from school or universality, however, the individual is expected to find a job for him or herself. There are a number of ways in which people go about finding a job. The search foe a job can involve personal contacts, visiting potential employers in the factory or office, looking for advertisements in local and national newspapers. Large employers will sometimes take the initiative in recruiting graduates by visiting universities to advertise job prospects available. People seeking a job in a particular profession will usually read the relevant journal where most vacancies are advertised. Candidates for a job usually first send a letter of application with curriculum vitae explaining theirrelevant qualifications and experience. A shortlist of candidates will then be interviewed. The successful applicant will then be offered a contract which will specify pay, conditions of work and the responsibilities of both the employer and the employee.The work between genders and ethnicities. At first, the paper analyses women at work in Britain .Many more women than men have entered the labor force in recent years. Between 1972 and 1999, the number of women in the labor force rose by 3 million while the number of men rose by only 200 thousand. In 1999 there were 12 million economically active women. 76 percent of women aged 25-44, the main child-rearing years, were in paid employment. Are there equal opportunities for people in Britain? In the advertisement for teachers the institutions describe themselves as ‘Equal Opportunities Employers’. Equal opportunities legislation was introduced in the 1970’s in the form of the Equal Pay Act 1970, which makes it generally unlawful to discriminate between men and women in pay and other terms and conditions of employment, and the Sex Discrimination and Race Relations Acts of 1975 and 1976 respectively. All these laws seek to ensure that people are not discriminated against in selection for jobs on grounds of race or sex. A commission for Racial Equality and an Equal Opportunities Commission were set up to give practical advice to employers and others on how best to implement equal opportunities policies. While the position of women in employment is thought by most people to have improved considerably since the middle of the twentieth century.The next main topic is leisure. We all know that‘All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy’.“Leisure” means the time you are free from work and you can relax yourself. British people now have more free time and holidays than they did twenty years ago. We have known that nowadays some people in work choose to do overtime (which is paid at a higher rate) rather than take advantage of having more leisure time. Generally speaking though, British people see work as something which must be done; leisure, on the other hand, is not simply free-time, but freely chosen activities that are pursued during non-working time. Since the beginning of the twentieth century employed people’s non-working time has increased significantly.The average working week for manual workers was reduced by about 10 hours during the twentieth century. By 2000 the average for all full time workers was about 40 hours per week. Non-manual workers have gained a rather shorter week, averaging about 38 hours and women tend to work a shorter week than men. It seems likely that any further lessening of the time spent at work will come, not from as shortening of the working day or week, but from longer holidays. As well as the trend outlined above the practice of closing factories and offices for much longer periods at Christmas and Easter has been growing. Since Word War Two, people have had more money to spend on leisure activities. By 1999 British people were spending more and more on leisure than on either food or housing.In traditional times, Sunday in Britain has a special atmosphere. Many shops shut, but they no longer have to by law. About 10 percent of the population go to church, many people stay at home. A lot of people read the Sunday papers, have a large lunch and possibly clean the car or do household chores. Others will visit friends or go out in the countryside, It is not as quit a day as it used to be and there are many sporting events and other kinds of outdoor entertainment available. Generally the greater leisure time is spent in the home. Why home-based activities are so important? These reasons may be different for the different age ranges and for the different classes but they do reflect an attitude which places the home and family as the main focus of interest for Britain people. How people spend their time at home? For young people, the home and family are an important part of their lives and, particularly if they are from a middle-class family, they may have a room for their own in the home where they can spend their spare time alone or with their friends, listening to music or watching videos. Older people may have little desire to leave the comfort of their own house or they may not have good health or adequate means of transport to do so. Nowadays an important aspect of leisure time is the emphasis placed upon friendship and sociability beyond the immediate family. A different attitude may be seen between the traditional working class and established middle class families in how they use their homes for entertaining friends. Traditionally, in working class culture there has tended to be a clear distinction between the homeand outside. The home has been seen as a private place to be shielded from outsiders and only family relatives entertained within the home. In contrast to this attitude of privacy at home, in middle class families the home has generally been seen a comfortable and congenial place where friends can be invited to share a meal and maybe come to admire the choice of furnishing or the garden. DIY and gardening as well as reading and listing to music are more widespread in the middle class. Many people like to watch television at home. More than 60 percent of adults aged between 16 and 65 watch at least two hours television a day. There is a wide range of programmers available, from current affairs to quiz show. For many people watching soap operas is an important weekly or even daily event, and there are also serialized productions of classical drama. Young people like to spend time away from their parents and if they have a room for their own they can watch TV or listen to music with their friends. Others may want to go out of the house, either to escape boredom or else the restrictions of the parental home. The British people also spend an average of 4 hours a week listening to recorded music.80 percent of music recorded in Britain is ‘popular music’, which is aimed mainly at youth but is also listened to many middle-aged people.Except for leisure at home, there is another type of leisure which is leisure outside the home. There is a wide choice of activities and a range of pursuits that people may select. There are greater gender and class differences seen in the patterns of leisure activities outside the home than are seen in the home-based activities. More men than women spend their time in the local pub. People may be motivated to spend their leisure time in cultural or educational pursuit—learning a new skill such as ballroom dancing or a foreign language. Or they may wish to spend time helping other people through voluntary work—for example, raising funds for a favorite charity or helping at an old people’s home. Going out is also an important way, a night at the theatre is a special form of entertainment and enjoyment for many people who want to see live performances of drama instead of watching it on the television. There are regional theatres in the major cities and in many larger towns. Many universities have a theatre where a touring company may perform, or wherethe students themselves put on a production, either as part of their university drama course, or maybe just for fun. Amateur Dramatic societies flourish in many parts of the country for people who want to act themselves.Traditionally the pub has been a focal point for community life, particularly for men, and today more money is spend on drink, in pubs, restaurants or wine bars than on any other form of leisure activity. Pubs usually have two separate rooms; the ‘public bar’ is more sparsely furnished than the ‘lounge bar’. The public bar is in general frequented more by men than women, and will nearly always have a dartboard on one wall. Most pubs organize darts teams from amongst their regular customers (both men and women) and there is often a local league in which teams from the pubs in the area play against each other. Other games, such as skittles and dominoes, are also played, and snooker and bar billiards as well as quizzes have also become very popular. Electronic games machines are common and there is usually a juke-box and as television. Drinks in the public bar are often slightly cheaper than in the more comfortable lounge bar where there will tend to be a more equal number of men and women. It has become more and more usual for food to be served in both bas.Horse racing and the weekly football pools are popular forms of gambling. A lthough it is estimated that less than half of adults gamble regularly, many others occasionally‘have a flutter’. Bets are placed at special shops known as ‘the Bookies’. Bingo is a popular gambling game, played in large halls where up to several hundred players buy cards printed with rows of numbers and cross off the number as they are called out at random. Soccer or football is well-known as being a very popular sport in Britain, attracting many devout followers for some very famous teams. Small town amateur football teams are also common, and they play against each other in local leagues. Though football is still very popular and attracts large cowards of spectators to the regular Saturday fixtures, attendance is not as high as it used to be. People join both political and non-political groups which work for a wide variety of curses, from political parties to welfare charities, protection of local environment to international aid. Many volunteers will spend a day collecting moneyon the street or organizing a jumble sale for their particular charity while others may for example spend a day planting trees for a conservation projection. Some groups may be started by a small number of people to combat a particular problem and then the group grows in size and popularity and becomes a national concern.The study of the life and culture of English speaking country can be one of the most interesting and enjoyable courses in an English degree. This paper aims to provide people with a fresh, lively and up–to–date approach to the study of work and leisure in contemporary Britain and make a clear outline of the social life and culture of this country. This paper combines the concept of Britain in aspects of work and family and through the concentrate description of the work and leisure of Britain, explaining people’s different interests, social statues and values on life. Through this paper, the author draws a conclusion that work and leisure is an important reflection of economy, social and culture. It has significant meaning for people to learn Britain.Bibliography1. Andy Medhurst. National Joke: Popular Comedy and English Cultural Identity (Sussex Studies in Culture & Communication) [M]. Rutledge, 20072. Bartol km, & Manhardt P.J.Sex Differences in Job Outcomes Preferences: Trends among Hired College Graduate [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 19793. CHHATTYD.Women Working in Oman: individual choice and cultural constraints [M] .Int J Middle East Studies.20004. CHICKG, DONGE.Constraints to leisure: Cultural Constraints on Leisure: State College [M]. Venture Publish Inc, 20055. Christopher R.Edginton.World Leisure [J]. Enhancing Human Well-Being Journal of Hexing University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 20066. Hyde, E, R, Weathington, L, B.The Congruence of Personal Life Values and Work Attitudes [M]. 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But for her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor Yang, who teaches me a lot of knowledge that I have never known. I am also greatly indebted to the other teachers at English Department: Ms. Lu, Ms. Zhao, Ms. Jiang and Ms. Yin who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past three years.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my roommates and my fellow classmates who gave me wholehearted help and care during my college years.。