专业英语资料
会计专业英语复习资料.doc
会计专业英语复习资料.doc会计专业英语复习资料⼀、短语中英互译1、会计分录2、投资活动3、后进先出法4、客观性原则5、注册会计师6、权责发⽣制7、累计折旧8、资产负债表9、经营决策10、银⾏存款11、到期⽇12、历史成本13、source document14、nominal rate15、credit sale16、sum-of-years-digits method17、economic entity assumption18、financial position19、fixed assets20、public hearing21、income statement22、sales discount23、value added tax24、trade mark25、bank overdraft⼆、从下列选项中选出最佳答案1、Generally，revenue is recorded by a business enterprise at a point when ：( )A、Management decides it is appropriate to do soB、The product is available for sale to consumersC、An exchange has taken place and the earning process is virtually completeD、An order for merchandise has been received2、Why are certain costs capitalized when incurred and then depreciated or amortized over subsequent accounting periods？( )A、To reduce the income tax liabilityB、To aid management in making business decisionsC、To match the costs of production with revenue as earnedD、To adhere to the accounting concept of conservatism3、What accounting principle or concept justifies the use of accruals and deferrals？( )A、Going concernB、MaterialityC、ConsistencyD、Stable monetary unit4、An accrued expense can best be described as an amount ( )A、Paid and currently matched with revenueB、Paid and not currently matched with revenueC、Not paid and not currently matched with revenueD、Not paid and currently matched with revenue5、Continuation of a business enterprise in the absence of contrary evidence is an example of the principle or concept of ( )A、Business entityB、ConsistencyC、Going concernD、Substance over form6、In preparing a bank reconciliation，the amount of checks outstanding would be：( )A、added to the bank balance according to the bank statement.B、deducted from the bank balance according to the bank statement.C、added to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.D、deducted from the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.7、Journal entries based on the bank reconciliation are required for：( )A、additions to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.B、deductions from the cash balance according to the depositor’srecords.C、Both A and BD、Neither A nor B8、A petty cash fund is ：( )A、used to pay relatively small amounts。
社会工作专业英语_参考资料
what is social work?“The social work profession专业promotes促进social change, problem-solving in human relationships, and the empowerment许可，授权 and liberation释放，解放 of people to enhance 提高，加强well-being幸福，幸福感，福利. Utilising使用，利用theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes干预，介入at points在点where people interact with与相互作用their environments. Principles原则of human rights人权and social justice司法 are fundamental to对~是必要的social work.”Nature of the WorkSocial work is a profession for those with a strong desire to help improve people lives. Social workers help people function（动词）运行 the best way they can in their environment, deal with their relationships, and solve personal and family problems. Social workers often see看见，理解clients案主who face a life-threatening重度，致命的disease疾病or a social problem, such as inadequate不足的housing, unemployment, a serious illness, a disability残疾，丧失能力的, or substance abuse药物滥用. Social workers also assist帮助families that have serious domestic家庭的 conflicts冲突, sometimes involving child or spousal abuse虐待配偶.Social workers often provide social services in health-related settings设置that now are governed管理，支配by managed care管理式医疗organizations. To contain含，控制costs, these organizations emphasize强调，注重short-term intervention介入，干预, ambulatory流动的，非固定的and community-based社区的care, and greater decentralization分散of services.Most social workers specialize专门从事，专业化. Although some conduct research进行研究，进行调研工作or are involved in planning or policy development, most social workers prefer an area of practice in which they interact with与相互作用 clients.Child, family, and school social workers provide social services and assistance帮助to improve the social and psychological functioning心理机能，心理功能of children and their families and to maximize取最大值，最大化 the family well-being and academic学术的，理论的 functioning of children. Some social workers assist single parents, arrange adoptions领养, or help find foster homes寄养家庭 for neglected被忽视的, abandoned被抛弃的, or abused被虐待children. In schools, they address从事，忙于such problems as teenage pregnancy怀孕, misbehavior品行不端, and truancy旷课，逃学 and advise teachers on how to cope with处理，应付 problem students. Increasingly逐渐的, school social workers are teaching workshops研习会，讲习班to an entire整个的class. Some social workers specialize in专门研究，专攻services for senior citizens老人（尤指退休者）, running流动的，连续的 support groups支持小组for family caregivers照顾着，看护人or for the adult children of aging成年parents, advising elderly老年的people or family members about choices in areas such as housing, transportation, and long-term care长期护理，长期医疗, and coordinating协调 and monitoring 监督 these services. Through employee雇员 assistance帮助 programs, they may help workerscope with处理，应付 job-related pressures or with personal problems that affect the quality of their work. Child, family, and school social workers typically代表性的，典型的work for individual个人的 and family services agencies, schools, or State国家，州 or local governments. These social workers may be known as被称为，被认为child welfare儿童福利 social workers, family services social workers, child protective保护的 services social workers, occupational职业的 social workers, or gerontology老年学 social workers.Medical医学的and public health公共卫生social workers provide persons, families, or vulnerable易受伤害的populations with the psychosocial社会心理的support needed to cope with chronic长期的，慢性的, acute严重的, or terminal illnesses终期病患，晚期疾病, such as Alzheimer's disease早老性痴呆, cancer, or AIDS. They also advise family caregivers照顾者, counsel建议，劝告patients, and help plan for patients’ needs after discharge后放 by arranging for at-home services, from meals-on-wheels to oxygen氧气equipment. Some work on interdisciplinary跨领域的 teams that evaluate评价，评估 certain kinds of patients—geriatric老年病人or organ transplant器官移植patients, for example. Medical and public health social workers may work for hospitals, nursing护理，看护 and personal care facilities, individual个人的，个别的 and family services agencies, or local governments.Mental health心理健康and substance abuse药物滥用social workers assess评定，评估and treat individuals个人with mental illness精神病or substance abuse problems, including abuse of alcohol, tobacco烟草, or other drugs. Such services include individual and group therapy治疗，疗法, outreach延伸，扩广, crisis intervention危机干预，危机介入, social rehabilitation复原, and training in skills of everyday living. They also may help plan for supportive支持的 services to ease减轻，使安心 patients and return to the community. Mental health and substance abuse social workers are likely to work in hospitals, substance abuse treatment centers, individual and family services agencies, or local governments. These social workers may be known as clinical临床的social workers. (Counselors辅导员，顾问and psychologists心理学家, who may provide similar services.)Other types of social workers include social work planners and policymakers, who develop programs to address处理 such issues问题，议题 as child abuse, homelessness, substance abuse, poverty贫困, and violence. These workers research and analyze policies, programs, and regulations条例，规程. They identify social problems and suggest legislative立法机构and other solutions. They may help raise funds筹集资金or write grants补助金，津贴to support these programs.Employment工作，就业Social workers held about 562,000 jobs in 2004. About 9 out of 10 jobs were in health care and social assistance社会救助industries, as well as State and local government agencies, primarily首先，主要的in departments of health and human services. Although most social workers are employed受聘于，被雇佣 in cities or suburbs郊区, some work in rural areas农村地区. The following tabulation表格 shows 2004 employment by type of social worker: Child, family, and school social workers 272,000Mental health and substance abuse social workers 116,000Medical and public health social workers 110,000Social workers, all other 64,000Job Outlook展望Competition for social worker jobs is expected in cities, where demand for对~的需求services often is highest and training programs训练计划 for social workers are prevalent流行的，普遍的. However, opportunities should be good in rural areas农村计划, which often find it difficult to attract and retain保持，保留 qualified合格的，能胜任的 staff. By specialty专业，专长, job prospects前景 may be best for those social workers with a background in gerontology 老年医学 and substance abuse treatment.Employment of social workers is expected to increase faster than the average平均 for all occupations职业，行业through 2014. The rapidly迅速的growing elderly年老的population and the aging baby boom generation生育高峰年 will create greater demand for health and social services, resulting in particularly rapid job growth among gerontology老年医学 social workers. Many job openings职位空缺 also will stem from出于，来自 the need to replace取代，替换social workers who leave the occupation.As hospitals continue to limit the length of patient stays, the demand for social workers in hospitals will grow more slowly than in other areas. Because hospitals are releasing释放 patients earlier than in the past, social worker employment in home health care services is growing. However, the expanding扩大的 senior年老的 population is an even larger factor. Employment opportunities for social workers with backgrounds in gerontology should be good in the growing numbers of许多，若干assisted协助，辅助-living and senior-living communities. The expanding senior population also will spur鼓舞，刺激demand for social workers in nursing homes, long-term care facilities, and hospices济贫院.Strong demand is expected for substance abuse social workers over the 2004? 4 projection 规划 period周期，时期. Substance abusers are increasingly逐渐的 being placed into treatment programs instead of being sentenced to判决prison. Because of the increasing numbers of individuals sentenced to prison or probation缓刑 who are substance abusers, correctional 矫正的systems are increasingly requiring substance abuse treatment as a condition added to their sentencing量刑or probation试用. As this trend grows, demand will increase for treatment programs and social workers to assist abusers on the road to在~过程中 recovery恢复，痊愈.Employment of social workers in private social service agencies also will increase. However, agencies increasingly will restructure调整，重改结构 services and hire more lower paid social and human service assistants instead of social workers. Employment in State and local government agencies may grow somewhat有点，稍微in response to响应，对~有反应increasing needs for public welfare社会福利，公共福利, family services, and child protection 保护，照顾 services; however, many of these services will be contracted out包出，批给外界承办 to private agencies. Employment levels in public and private social services agencies may fluctuate波动，涨落, depending on need and government funding资金，经费 levels.Employment of school social workers also is expected to grow as expanded efforts to respond to响应rising student enrollments登记，注册人数and continued emphasis on着重于，强调 integrating整合 disabled children into the general school population lead to more jobs. There could be competition for school social work jobs in some areas because of the limited number of openings. The availability有效性，可用性of Federal联邦的，同盟的, State and local funding资金，经费 will be a major factor in determining the actual job growth in schools.Opportunities for social workers in private practice私人机构 will expand, but growth may be somewhat hindered阻碍，妨碍 by restrictions限制，限制条件 that managed care 管理式医疗organizations put on增加mental health心理健康services. The growing popularity of employee assistance programs is expected to spur demand for private practitioners, some of whom provide social work services to corporations公司，企业 on a contractual合同的，契约的basis. However, the popularity of employee assistance programs will fluctuate波动，涨落with the business cycle商业周期, because businesses are not likely to offer these services during recessions衰退.EarningsMedian中值，中位数 annual earnings年收益 of child, family, and school social workers were $34,820 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $27,840 and $45,140. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $23,130, and the top 10 percent earned more than $57,860. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of child, family, and school social workers in May 2004 were:Elementary小学 and secondary中学 schools $44,300Local government 40,620State government 35,070Individual and family services 30,680Other residential住宅的 care facilities 30,550Median annual earnings of medical医学的 and public health social workers were $40,080 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $31,620 and $50,080. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $25,390, and the top 10 percent earned more than $58,740. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of medical and public health social workers in May 2004 were:General medical and surgical外科的 hospitals $44,920Home health care services 42,710Local government 39,390Nursing care护理 facilities 35,680Individual and family services 32,100Median annual earnings of mental health and substance abuse social workers were $33,920 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $26,730 and $43,430. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $21,590, and the top 10 percent earned more than $54,180. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of mental health and substance abuse social workers in May 2004 were:Psychiatric精神病学的 and substance abuse hospitals $36,170Local government 35,720Outpatient门诊服务 care centers 33,220Individual and family services 32,810Residential mental retardation智力缺陷, mental health and substance abuse facilities 29,110Median annual earnings of social workers, all other were $39,440 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $30,350 and $51,530. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $24,080, and the top 10 percent earned more than $62,720. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of social workers, all other in May 2004 were:Local government $42,570State government 40,940Individual and family services 32,280About 1 out of 5 social workers is a member of a union. Many belong to the union associated with their place of employment.二、汉译英①There are many ways to have a happy marriage,but only a few ways marriages go bad.有很多方法可以有一个幸福的婚姻，但只有少数的方式结婚变坏。
(完整)心理学专业英语复习资料
心理学专业英语复习资料I. Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese1. Research Methods 研究方法2。
Psychophysics 心理物理学3. Theories of Learning 学习理论4。
Social Cognition 社会认知5． Personality Test 人格测试6。
Extraneous Variable 无关变量7。
Longitudinal Study 纵向研究8。
Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力9。
Motor control 运动控制10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体11。
Group Thinking 群体思维12。
Social Loafing 社会懈怠13. Social Exchange 社会交换14. Social Approval 社会赞许15。
Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散16。
Recency Effec 近因效应17． Trace Decay 痕迹消退18。
Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘19. Social Support 社会支持20. Self—efficacy 自我效能21。
Case Study 个案研究II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English1。
机能主义 functionalism2。
自我实现 self—actualization3．一般规律研究法 nomothetic method4。
分层抽样 stratified sampling5. 外在信度 external reliability6. 选择性注意 selective attention7。
知觉恒常性 perceptual constancy8. 自我概念 self concept9. 液体智力 fluid intelligence10. 安全型依恋 secure attachment11. 性别图示 gender schema12。
专业英语复习资料小结
bar graph n.条形图equalization n.均衡化;均等image contrast n.图像对比度addition n.加subtraction n.减lapse v.流逝, 失效, 下降time-lapsed (时间上)相继的matrix n.矩阵motion n.运动, 动作v.运动dimension n.维数convolution n.回旋, 盘旋, 卷积boundary n.边界, 分界线blur v.涂污, 污损, 使……模糊,sharp adj.锐利的, 锋利的, 明显的locate v.定位, 位于spectra n.范围, 光谱spectrum n.光谱, 频谱phase spectrum相位频谱magnitude spectrum幅度频谱facsimile n. 传真,摹写,影印lossless compression（压缩）无损压缩lossy compression 有损压缩irretrievably adv.不能挽回地, 不能补救地CT (computed tomography) 计算机断层造影MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) 核磁共振成像DCT (discrete cosine transform)离散余弦变换run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding霍夫曼编码Image contrast图像对比度Edge filter边缘滤波Edge detection边缘检测Object recognition目标识别Run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding哈夫曼编码Pixel 像素Gray scale image 灰度图像Gray scale level灰度级Histogram 直方图Bar graph条形图Histogram equalization直方图均衡encryption program 加密程序deletion command 删除命令authorized user 授权的用户backup copy 备份的副本voltage surge 电涌，浪涌电压circuit breaker 断路器electronic component 电子器件data-entry error 数据输入错误electronic break-in 电路中断power line 电力线，输电线EC:Electronic Commerce 电子商务Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)电子数据交换Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)电子资金转账embedded system 嵌入式系统radio frequency 射频schematic原理图capture记录,输入building block模块,构件EDA (Electronic Design Automation)电子设计自动化HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言Full-custom IC（全定制集成电路）Semi-custom IC（半定制集成电路）FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) 现场可编程门阵列CD: compact disc光盘LP: long playing record慢转密纹唱片CAD: Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计EDA: Electronic Design Automatic电子设计自动化HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言VHDL: VHSIC Hardware Description Language极高速集成电路(VHSIC)硬件描述语言ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit专用集成电路PLD: Programmable Logic Device可编程逻辑器件PLA: Programmable Logic Array可编程逻辑阵列RTL: Register Transfer Level寄存器传送级CRT: Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管transducer 传感器，换能器fundamental frequency基频sonic boom声爆single-shot单脉冲raster 光栅attenuator 衰减器particle 粒子phosphor 磷，启明星vibrating 振动grading 分级，归类pervade 遍及indispensable不可缺少的demanding过分的,苛刻的luminous 发光的,明亮的legible 清晰的,易读的front-end 前端的，前期的archive 存档,档案文件user authentication 用户认证electronic purse 电子钱包information filter 信息过滤data integrity 数据完整性smart card 智能卡HTML 超文本标记语言symmetric key cryptosystem 对称密钥密码系统message authentication code 信息鉴定码unauthorized access control 未授权访问控制electronic catalog 电子目录electronic money (或cash) 电子货币search engine 搜索引擎digital signature 数字签名user interface 用户界面EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer) 电子资金转帐public key cryptosystem 公钥密码系统PDA (personal digital assistant)个人数字助理hypertext link 超文本链接3D image 三维图像credit card 信用卡Alkaline 碱性的Resolution 清晰度，分辨力Beam splitter分光镜，分色镜Photography 摄影，摄影术Lens 透镜，镜头Film 薄膜，胶卷，影片Focus 焦点TIFF: Tagged Image File Format标签图像文件格式JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group 联合图像专家组LCD: Liquid Crystal Display液晶显示器CCD: Charge Coupled Device电荷耦合器件user authentication 用户认证electronic purse 电子钱包symmetric key cryptosystem 对称密钥密码系统search engine 搜索引擎detection program 检测程序power source 电源digital signature 数字签名software piracy 软件侵权hard-disk drive 硬盘驱动器Programmable Logic Array 可编程逻辑阵列primary storage 主存储器electronic bulletin board 电子公告板histogram equalization 直方图均衡edge detection 边缘检测magnitude spectrum 幅度谱Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器full-custom integrated circuit 全定制集成电路embedded system 嵌入式系统图象传感器image sensor电子设计自动化electronic design automation模拟电子电路设计analogue electronic circuit design加密程序encryption program电子器件electronic component计算机病毒computer virusⅡ. Choose among the four choices the one that best completes the sentence. (70 points) 1. A ___B___ copy is a copy of a current file made in order to protect against loss ordamage.A. hardB. backupC. softD. file2. T h e infamous “Michelangelo” __C__ strikes thousands of computers every year onMarch 6.A. crackerB. hackerC. virusD. disease3. D ata __A____ can reduce the amount of data sent or stored by partially eliminatinginherent redundancy.A. compressionB. conversionC. configurationD. compilation4. C onfidentiality of the message is not enough in a secure communication; ____C____is also needed. The receiver needs to be sure of the sender’s identity.A. encryptionB. authorizationC. authenticationD. encapsulation5. T o access a page on the WWW, one needs a ___D_____ that usually consists ofthree parts: a controller, a method, and an interpreter.A. routerB. codeC. passwordD. browser6. T he data, when they are not encrypted, are called ___A_____.A. plaintextB. ciphertextC. hypertextD. context7. W hereas the decimal system is based on 10, the _____B___ system is based on 2.There are only two digits in the latter system, 0 and 1.A. bilateralB. binaryC. byteD. bit8. The larger the number of pixels in an image, and the lager the number of availablegray scale levels, the better the ___A__ of the image.A. resolutionB. identificationC. recognitionD. shade9. The gray scales present in a digital image can be summarized by its _C_______.A. graphB. schematicC. histogramD. diagram10．The abbreviation JPEG stands for Jointed Picture ___B_____ Group.A. ExpertsB. ExpertC. EngineersD. Engineer11.When you send a document electronically, you can also sign it. This is called___B____ signature.A. onlineB. digitalC. virtualD. simulated12. People who gain unauthorized access to a computer system for malicious purposes are called ____B____.A. HackersB. CrackersC. breakersD. intruders13. The abbreviation FPGA stands for Field ____B____Gate Array.A. ProgramB. ProgrammableC. ProgrammingD. Programmer14.To save time and bandwidth, both images and other files are often compressedbefore being ____C____.A. transferredB. transportedC. transmittedD. traversed作业如下：翻译文章"Digital Image Fundamentals"（P237~240)翻译“补充资料”中的《Computer Security》全文翻译补充资料"Electronic Commerce"中的<4. Security Services>部分翻译文章"Overview of Modern Digital Design"中的<Design automation>部分(Page 131~132)完成<课后练习>的第1题的第一段(Page 149)。
专业英语——精选推荐
专业英语⼀、词语搭配1、polysome (g)RNA and ribosomes2、pinocytosis (n)cell drinking3、exocytosis (k)expel4、plastid (i)in plants only5、Golgi complex (o)packaging6、flagella (m)whiplike7、phagocytosis (f)engulfment 8、lysosome (b)baglike structure 9、basal body (d)where flagella grow 10、vacuole(l)vacant11、nucleus (j)control room12、chemotactic (e)toward or away from a chemical stimulus13、ribosome (a)protein synthesis 14、cytoskeleton (h)weblike15、mitochondrion (c)power generator 16、C3 plant (e)moist climates 17、pigment (n)absorbs 18、light reactions (g)water oxidized 19、thylakoid (a)surrounds a lumen 20、ground state (o)most stable21、reaction center (j)a specific site22、photorespiration (l)inefficient dark reaction23、RuBP (d)electron acceptor for CO224、Calvin-Benson cycle (c)light-independent reactions25、C4 plant (m)dry climates 26、photon (h)wave and particle 27、chlorophyll (b)principal pigment 28、chloroplast (k) banana shape29、carbon cycle (i) greenhouse effect30、light-independent reactions (f)light optional⼆、判断1、F Unlike other cell membranes, the nuclear envelope has no pores.2、T Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes.3、T White blood cells work by phagocytosis.4、F Prokaryotic cells have microbodies.5、T Mitochondria are self-replicating.6、F Carotenoids are colorless molecules.7、F Grana are surrounded by stomata.8、F Photosynthesis occurs in all living thing.9、T Photon energy is inversely proportional to wavelength.10、F The reaction center in photosystem II is P70011、F Chlorophyll b is not found in any prokaryote.12、T Cyclic photophosphorylation produces additional ATP in plants.13、F The chemiosmotic theory applies to mitochondria but not to chloroplasts.14、T Light-dependent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma.15、T The Calvin-Benson cycle may take place either in light or in the dark.16、T Light-independent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane.17、T C3 plants grow slowly in hot, dry weather.18、T Chlorophyll a is the primary photosynthetic pigment in green plants.三、多选⼀1、Ribosomes (a)a、are organelles involved in protein synthesis2、Transformation of energy and storage of energy in the cell are the mainfunction of (d)d、mitochondria3、Chromoplasts are a type of (d)d、plastid4、Each individual cell is supported by a network of filaments and tubules known as (d)d、a cytoskeleton5、Proteins synthesized on endoplasmic reticulum are modified (c)c、in the Golgi complex6、An organelle isolated from an animal cell is found to contain large number of enzymes involved in energy transformation. This organelle is most likely to be (c)c、a mitochondrion7、In the early 1900s the discovery that the nucleus contains nucleic acids and proteins led many scientists to believe that(d)d、genes are made of protein8、In the DNA molecule (e)e、all of the above9、The double helix model of DNA structure was proposed by (b)b、Watson and Tatum10、The phosphate group in the DNA molecule (b)b、links the 5-C sugar of one nucleotide to the 3-C sugar of the next nucleotide11、DNA replication is termed semiconservative because (d)d、each new molecule has one strand from the original molecule12、Energy to power the sperm flagellum is generated by (a)a、mitochondria13、Meiosis is completed in egg cells (e)e、the egg,s time of release14、Spontaneous development of an unfertilized egg is known as (d)d、parthenogenesis15、The end product of cleavage is a (c)c、blastula16、A cell that can only give rise to cells with a specific function is（b）b、differentiated17、Morphogenesis involves a change in (c)c、cell shape四、阅读理解1、What does the passage mainly discuss?B、Why birds migrate2、According to the passage, which of the following protects birds against cold weather?C、Feathers3、In paragraph one, the word “constant” is closest in meaning to which of the following?B、Invariable4、In paragraph two, the author mentions young arctic terns as an example of birds thatB、migrate instinctively5、The passage mentions all of the following as changes that birds exposed to longer periods of darkness experience EXEPTD、increased appetite6、In the experiment mentioned in the passage, the scientists adjusted the birds,C、exposure to light五、英译汉1、If you were asked to summarize your paper in one sentence,what would you say?译：如果让你⽤⼀句话对你的⽂章进⾏总结，你会怎么说？2：Focusing on your central message.译：聚焦于你的中⼼思想。
专业英语
1、（中英文互译）网络：network客户-服务器网络：C/S client –server network 文本：text音频：audio计算机培训：CT Computer Traing 信息获取：information access 视频编辑：video editing 声卡：sound card显卡：Graphics 只读光盘：ROM 光驱：CD-ROM 可擦写光盘：CD-R对象：object 数据库：database 数据库管理系统：DBMS Database Management System 查询：query符号：symbol 关系数据库：relation database 病毒：virus 潜伏：lurk蠕虫：worm 周期：cycle 漏洞：bug 数据：data集线器：hub 网桥中继器：bridge repeater 交换机：switch 路由器：router网关传输介质：gateway transmission media 多媒体：multimedia 压缩：compression 压缩方法：compression methods视频：video 音频：audio 帧：frame 图像图形：photographic2、（英汉互译）Topology:拓扑结构Ethernet:以太网FDDI:光纤分布数据接口LAN: 局域网CD-ROM:光驱CD-R:可擦写光盘MAN:城域网NIC:网络接口卡WAN:广域网BIOS:基本的输入输出系统CMOS:互补金属氧化半导体DRAM: ISO:国际标准化组织a from of communication:|images:图片full-motion video :动态视频communication:交流、沟通devices on the network:网络设备a range of frequencies : process digitized sound: infection phase:感染期attack phase:攻击期parasite :寄生虫query: 查询SQL:结构化查询语句CBT:基于计算机的培训information access:信息获取Buiness presentations:商业演示Video editing :视频编辑video conferencing:视频会议Sound card :声卡Relational database:关系数据库Database model :数据库模型database management system:数据库管理系统full-motion video:动态视频database server:数据库服务器copy a file:复制文件animations:动画Hub:集线器execute a program:执行程序network interface card:网络接口卡repeater:中继器bridge:网桥switch:交换机router:路由器gateway:网关transmission media:传输介质per pixel:像素client-server network:客户-服务器网络peer-to-peer network:点对点网络bus topology :总线型网络ring topology:环形网络tree topology:树形网络mesh topology:网型网络hub and concentrator: compression standard:压缩标准RGB&YUV: single video frames: 单个视频帧static graphics images:静态图像Email attachments:邮件附件pirate d software:盗版软件shareware: 共享computer environment:计算机环境Frames: 帧 a rectangular grid : 一个矩形网格gray levels:灰度层次Compression methods:压缩方法high-quality images:高质量的图像重点句子：1、Computer networks are data communication system made up of hardware and software计算机网络是由硬件和软件组成的数据通信系统2、A computer virus is a special kind of computer program that reproduces its own code by attaching itself to other executable files and spreads usually across disks and networks surreptitiously.计算机病毒是一个能够通过把自身附加到可执行文件的方式来复制其自身代码的特殊的计算机程序，并常常利用磁盘和网络秘密的进行传播。
安全专业英语学习资料
安全专业英语Quiz 1安全管理Safety management 事故致因accident causation不安全行为Unsafe behavior 不安全状态 unsafe state 企业安全文化organization’s safety culture 安全的工作环境safety working environment事故致因模型accident causation models 风险 risk事故预防Accident prevention 安全口号safety slogan系统安全工程System safety engineering 安全度degree of safety 1、The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers’ health and safety at work.最重要的目的是维护安全管理,促进工人的健康和安全工作。
2、Many research results also show that the traditional promotionmethods like campaigns; poster and safety slogans have seldom increased the use of safe work practices.许多研究结果还表明,传统的促销手段如运动、海报和安全口号很少增加使用安全工作实践。
3、Loss prevention is a concept that is often used in the context of hazard control in process industry.损失预防是常用于过程工业危害控制的情况下的一个概念。
4、System safety concepts are based on the idea that an optimumdegree of safety can be achieved within the constraints of system effectiveness.系统安全概念是基于这个理念，一个系统有效性的约束范围内，可以实现最佳的安全程度。
四川大学专业英语复习资料整理(有用)考试复试必备.
一．汉译英1．声卡是一块印刷电路板，它能把数字信息译为声音，也能把声音变为数字信息，它插在母板(计算机主电路板)上的槽内（slot），而且通常连接一对喇叭(speaker)Audio card is a piece of printed circuit boards, which can translate digital information into voice, and it also can translate voice into digital information, (it is planted in the slot of the main board(the main computer circuit boards)) it is always plugged into a slot on main_board and connected with a pair of speakers.2．计算机是一种电子装置，它能接受一套指令或程序，并通过数据运算，或收集和联系其他形式的信息来执行该程序。
Computer is a kind of electronic device which can receive(adopt) a set of instructions or procedures, and carry out the procedures through data computing(calculation), or collecting and contacting(association with) other form of information.3．IT机构早在XML和Web Services出现之前就成功地编制和部署了SOA应用程序。
不过他们用模块化、可重复用部件、面向对象编程或应用编程接口等术语来谈论这个过程。
虽然它们中没有一个是与SOA完全相同的，但它们都包含了SOA的一些方面.IT institution had successfully established and worked out (deployed) the SoA applications before the appearance of XML and Web Services. But they discussed the process with modular and reusable components, object-oriented programming or application programming interface and other terms. Although none of them is identical with the SOA, all of them contain some aspects of the SOA.4．本文提出了一种基于B/S架构的单点登录模型，为企业整合各种遗留系统提供了一种简单有效的单点登录方法。
会计专业英语复习资料
Post test 1 基本概念1. Things of value owned by an entity: assets Money: cashClaims of creditors: liabilitiesClaims of investors: equity2. 2 types of sources of funds：Stronger claim: liabilitiesLesser claim: equity3. A balance sheet reports the status of an entity ....ata point of time.4. Give the fundamental accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Equity5. The above equation is consistent with what concept?: Dual-aspect concept6. Money-measurement concept states that accounting reports only facts that can be expressed in monetary amounts.7. A balance sheet does not report all the facts abouta business. What concept limits the amount or type of information that can be reported? Money-measurement concept8. Brown Company has 10000 dollar cash. Its owner withdraws 100 dollars for his own use. The owner is (no better or worse off) than he was before. Brown company now has (less) cash. The fact that this event affects the owner differently than it affects the company is an illustration of the entity concept.9. The entity concept states that accounts are kept for entities as distinguished from the persons who own those entities.11. The going-concern concept is: Accounting assumes that an entity will continue to operate indefinitely.12. The asset-measurement concept is: if reliable information is available, accounting focuses on the fair value of assets. Nonmonetary assets are reported at their original cost.13. An item can be reported as an asset if it passes 3 of the following: item is valuable, item was acquired at a measurable cost, item is owned or controlled by the entity.14. Goodwill is a favorable name or reputation purchased by the entity.15. An asset is classified as current if it is cash or is expected to be converted into cash in the near future, usually within one year.16. A liability is classified as current if it becomes due in the near future, usually within one year.17. Marketable securities are current assets. Investments are noncurrent assets.19. An insurance policy paid in advance of the time period covered is an example of a prepaid expense.20. A building, an item of equipment, and an automobile may all be examples of plant and property.21.Parker Company operates a furniture store. On December 31,2005,it had 30 desks that it was holding for sale. These would be reported as inventory. The desk that is used by the president of Parker Company would be reported as plant and property.22.Fox Company sold $1,000 of goods on credit to Golden Company. This would be recorded as an account receivable of Fox Company and as an account payable of Golden Company.23. Indicate whether the following statements about the balance sheet of a corporation are true or false:a. Assets list all the valuable things owned bythe entity----Fb. The amount reported for the paid-in capitalitem is approximately the fair value of the stock-----Fc. The amount reported for total equity isapproximately the fair value of the corporation’sstock---Fd. Total equities (also called “net worth”) showapproximately what the entity is worth.----Fe. Retained earnings is the amount of cashretained in the entity.-----FPost test 2 资产负债表的变更：收入的核算1.On January 2, John Brown started the BrownCompany. In January, Brown Company did thefollowing things:a. It received $5,000 cash from John Brown asits capital.b. It borrowed $10,000 from a bank, giving anote therefor.c. It purchased $4,000 of inventory for cash.d. It sold $2,000 of its inventory for $6,000 to acustomer, who paid $3,500 cash and agreed to pay$2,500 within 30 days.e. It purchased an auto for $7,000. It paid$2,000 down and gave a note to the automobiledealer for the remaining $5,000f. Brown withdrew $1,000 cash for his personaluse.g. Brown was offered $10,000 for his equity inthe business, but he refused the offer.On a separate piece of paper, prepare a roughdraft of a balance sheet for Brown Company as of theclose to business January 31, and an incomestatement for January.Brown CompanyBalance Sheet as of Jan31AssetsCash……………………………………$11,500Accounts Receivable…………………2,500Inventory………………………………….2,000Automobile………………………………7,000Total………………………………………$23,000Liabilities and EquityNotes Payable………………………$15,000Paid-in Capital…………………………5,000Retained Earnings……………………3,000Total……………………………………$23,000Brown CompanyIncome Statement for January Revenue...........................$6,000Expense ...........................$2,000Income ............................$4,0002.Brown Company's income was $4,000, but itsRetained Earnings was only $3,000. Reread the firstframe and choose the item (a-g) that explains thedifference. f3.John Brown claims that the inventory as of January31 is worth $6,000, as shown by the fact thatinventory costing $2,000 was actually sold for $6,000.Would you change the balance sheet ?...(No). This isan illustration of the asset-measurement concept.Nonmonetary assets are reported at their cost ratherthan their worth or fair value.Post test 3 会计记录和系统1. On March 5, Kay Company purchased $6,000 ofinventory, paying cash. Prepare a journal entry forthis transaction below.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 5Inventory6,000Cash6,0002. On March 10, Kay Company made a $15,000 sale toa customer who paid $6,000 cash and agreed to payto the other $9,000 in 30 days. The merchandise soldhad cost $8,000. Prepare a journal entry for the sale,below.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 10Cash6,000Accounts Receivable9,000Revenues15,0003. On March 10, Kay Company made a sale for$15,000 for merchandise that had cost $8,000.Prepare a journal entry to record the cost of the salebelow.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 10 Expenses8,000Inventory8,0004. Recall from the previous frames that revenuesfrom the sale on March 10 were $15,000 and that themerchandise sold had cost $8,000. Prepare theclosing entries.Journal2005 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 31Revenues15,000Retained earnings15,000March 31Retained earnings8,000Expenses8,0005-10. Omit11.A critic said that the company had $25,000 cash atthe beginning of March and $25,000 at the end ofMarch, and since its cash balance was unchanged, itcouldn't be said to have any income in March. Thiscriticism is (incorrect).12.The reason the criticism is incorrect is becauseincome is an increase in retained earnings, notnecessarily in cash. For example, the sales revenue ofKay Company in March was $15,000 and its incomewas $7,000 even though $9,000 was received in cash.Post test 4 营业收入和货币资产1. The conservation concept states that increases inequity are recognized only when they are reasonablycertain, while decreases in equity are recognized assoon as they are reasonably possible.2. The materiality concept states: disregard trivialmatters but disclose all important matters.3. What is the length of the usual accounting period?One year. Financial statements prepared for shorterperiods are called interim statements.4. Cash accounting reports items that increase ordecrease cash. Accrual accounting reports items thatchange equity or retained earnings, even thoughthese changes may not affect cash.5. Increases in equity associated with the entity’soperations during a period are revenues, anddecreases are expenses. The difference betweenthem is labeled income.6. The realization concept states that revenues are recognized when goods or services are delivered.7. H Company manufactures a table in August and places it in its retail store in September. R Smith, a customer, agrees to buy the table in October, it is delivered to him in November, and he pays the bill in December. In what month is the revenue is recognized? (November)8. The receipt of cash is a debit to Cash. What is the offsetting credit and (type of account) for the following types of sales transactions?Account Crediteda. Cash received prior to delivery. Advances from customers (a liability)b. Cash received in same period as delivery. Revenuec. Cash received after the period of delivery. Accounts receivable (an asset)9.Similarly, revenue is a credit entry. What is the offsetting debit when revenue is recognized in each of these periods?Account Debiteda. Revenue recognized prior to receipt of cash. Accounts receivableb. Revenue recognized in same period as receipt of cash. Cashc. Revenue recognized in the period following receipt of cash. Advances from customers10.In February, H Company agrees to sell a table to a customer for $600, and the customer makes a down payment of $100 at that time. The cost of the table is $400. The table is delivered to the customer in March, and the customer pays the remaining $500 in April. Give the journal entries (if any) that would be made in February, March, and April for both the revenue and expense aspects of this transaction. February:Cash100Advances from customers100March:Accounts receivable500Advances from customers100Revenue600March:Expenses400Inventory400April:Cash500Accounts receivable50011.At the end of 2005, M Company had accounts receivable of $200,000, and it estimated that $2,000 of this amount was a bad debt. Its revenue in 2005, with no allowance for the bad debts, was $600,000. A. What account should be debited for the $2,000 bad debt? RevenueB. What account should be credited? Allowance for doubtful accountsC. What amount would be reported as net accounts receivable on the balance sheet? $198,000D. What amount would be reported as revenue on the 2005 income statement? $598,00012.In 2006, the $2,000 of bad debt was written off.A. What account should be debited for this written off? Allowance for doubtful accountsB. What account should be credited? AccountsreceivablePost test 5 费用的核算；损益表1. An expenditure occurs in the period in which goodsor services are acquired. An expense occurs in theperiod in which goods or services are consumed.2. A certain asset was acquired in May. There wastherefore an expenditure in May. At the end of May,the item was either on hand, or it was not. If it wason hand, it was an asset; If it was not on hand, it wasan expense in May.3. Productive assets are unexpired costs. Expensesare expired costs.4. The matching concept states that costs associatedwith the revenues of a period are expenses of thatperiod.5. Expenses of a period consist of:a. costs of the goods and services delivered duringthat period.b. other expenditures that benefit operations ofthe period.c. losses6. If Brown company pays rent prior to the periodthat the rent covers, the amount is initially reportedas credit to cash and a debit to Prepaid Rent, which isan asset account. If Brown Company pays the rentafter the period covered, the amount is initiallyrecorded as a debit to Rent Expense and a credit toAccrued Rent, which is a liability account.7. A brand new machine owned by Fay Company wasdestroyed by fire in 2005. It was uninsured. It hasbeen purchased for $10,000 with the expectationthat it would be useful for 5 years. The expenserecorded in 2005 should be $10,000.8. Gross margin is the difference between salesrevenue and cost of sales.9. gross margin percentage: (gross margin)/(salesrevenue)10. The difference between revenues and expenses inan accounting period (or the amount by which equity[i.e., retained earnings] increased from operatingactivities during the period) is called net income.11. A distribution of earnings to shareholders is calleddividends(股利).12. retained earnings at the end of the period=retained earnings at the beginning of the period + netincome–dividends.Post test 6 存货和销售成本1. A dealer sells a television set for $800 cash. It hadcost $600. Write journal entries for the four accountsaffected by this transaction.Dr. Cash800Cr. Revenue800Dr. Cost of Sales600Cr. Inventory6002. When using the perpetual inventory method (永续盘存), a record is kept for each item, showingreceipts, issues, and the amount on hand.3. Write an equation that shows how the cost of salesis determined by deduction:Cost of sales = beginning inventory+purchases –ending inventory4.Omit5.In periods of inflation, many companies use theLIFO method in calculating their taxable incomebecause LIFO gives a higher cost of sales and hence alower taxable income.6. A company discovers that the fair value of itsinventory is $1000 lower than its cost. What journalentry should it take?Dr. Cost of Sales1,000Cr. Inventory1,0007. In a manufacturing business, what three elementsenter into the cost of a manufactured item?Direct material, direct labor, and overhead.8. Period costs become an expense during the periodin which they were incurred.9. Product costs become an expense during theperiod in which the products were sold.10. One type of overhead rate involves use of thetotal direct labor costs and total production overheadcosts for a period. Write a ratio that shows how theoverhead rate is calculated.(Total production overhead costs)/(Total directlabor costs)11. A given finished item requires $50 of directmaterials and 5 hours of direct labor at $8 per hour.The overhead rate is $4 per direct labor hour. At whatamount would the finished item be shown ininventory? $110 = 50 + 40 + 2012. An inventory turnover of 5 is generally better thanan inventory turnover of 4 because it indicates thatless capital is tied up in inventory, and there is lessrisk that the inventory will become obsolete.Post test 7 非流动资产和折旧1. The amount at which a new plant asset is recordedin the accounts includes its purchase price plus allcosts incurred to make the asset ready for itsintended use (such as transportation andinstallation).2. A plant asset is acquired in 2005. It is expected tobe worn out at the end of 10 years and to becomeobsolete in five years. What is its service life? ---Fiveyears.3. Ordinarily, land is not depreciated because itsservice life is indefinitely long.4.A plant asset is acquired in 2005 at a cost of $20000.Its estimated service life is 10 years, and its estimatedresidual value is $2000 :a. The estimated depreciable cost of the asset is$18,000b. If the straight-line depreciation method is used,the depreciation rate for this asset is 10 percent.c. What amount will be recorded as depreciationexpense in each year of the asset’s life?---$1,800d. What amount will be debited and what accountwill be credited to record this depreciation expense?Dr. Depreciation expenseCr. Accumulated depreciatione. After five years have elapsed, how would thisasset be reported on the balance sheet?1) Plant------$20,0002) Less accumulated depreciation-------$9,0003) Book value-------$11,0005. A machine is purchase on January 2, 2005, for$20,000 and its has an expected life of five years andno estimated residual value.a. If the a machine is still in use six years later, what amount of depreciation expense will be reported in for the sixth year?----zerob. What amount, if any, will be reported on the balance sheet at the end of the sixth year?1) It will not be reported.-----X2) It will be reported as follows:Machine$20,000Accumulated depreciation$20,000Book value$06. A machine is purchase on January 2, 2005, for $50,000. It has an expected service life for 10 years and no residual value. Eleven years later it is sold for $3,000 cash.a. There will be a gain of $3,000b. What account will be debited and what account credited to record this amount?Dr. CashCr. Gain on disposition of assets.7. Given an example of each of the following types of assets, and give the name of the process used in writing off the cost of the second and third type. Asset type\Example\Write-off processPlant Asset\m achine, b uilding\Depreciation Wasting asset\c oal, o il ,m inerals\Depletion Intangible asset\g oodwill, t rademark \Amortization 8. Conoil Company purchased a producing oil property for $10,000,000 on January 2, 2005. It estimated that the property contained one million barrels of oil and that the property had a service life of 20 years. In 2005, 40,000 barrels of oil were recovered from the property. What amount should be charged as an expense in 2005?------$400,0009. Wasting assets and intangible assets are reported on the balance sheet in a different way than building, equipment, and similar plant assets. The difference is that wasting assets are reported at the net amount and plant assets are reported at cost, accumulated depreciation, and net amount.10. In calculating its taxable income, a company tries to report its income as low as it can. In calculating its financial accounting income, a company tries to report its income as fairly as it can.11. As compared with straight-line depreciation, accelerated depreciation writes off more depreciation in the early years of an asset’s life and less in the later years. Over the whole life of asset, accelerated depreciation writes off the same total cost as straight-line depreciation.12. Companies usually use accelerated depreciation in tax accounting because it reduces taxable income and hence income tax in the early years.13. Assume an income tax rate of 40%. If a company calculated its financial accounting income (before income taxes) in 2005 as $6 million and its taxable income as$4 million, what amount would it report as income tax expense on its 2005 income statement?----$2,400,00014. Fill in the missing name on the following table:Income tax expense $100,000Income tax paid -60,000Deferred income tax$ 40,000 The $40,000 would be reported on the balance sheet as a liability.。
语言学复习资料 英语专业
I. Multiple Choice1. The study of language as a whole is often called _____ linguistics.A. particularB. generalC. ordinaryD. generative2. A _____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle3. 3. The low, back and tense, unrounded vowel is ____.A. [ ɑ:]B. [ɔ:]C. [ə: ]D. [u:]4. ____ are sometimes called “semivowels”.A. vowelsB. fricativeC. glidesD. nasals5. _____ is a typical tone language.A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. American English6. Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language ____ explicit instruction.A. withB. withoutC. withinD. through7. According to F. de Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. language8. Acoustic phonetics try to describe the _____ properties of the stream of sounds which a speakers issues.A. oralB. mentalC. physicalD. recorded9. _____ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.A. PhonologyB. phoneticsC. MorphologyD. Phonemics10. _____ transcription is the use of more specific symbols to sow more phonetic details.A. BroadB. DetailedC. WideD. Narrow11. The word “motel” is formed via word formation rule of _____.A. clippingB. blendingC. acronymD. coinage12. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be ______.A. productiveB. arbitraryC. prescriptiveD. creative13. _____ is a kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.A. AbbreviationB. AcronymC. ClippingD. Blending14. Since the phonetic contrast between /k/ in the word “kill” and /k/ in the word “coal” is not a distinctive one, the two /k/-s are only ____.A. phonemesB. phonesC. segmentsD. allophones15. When /p/ and /b/ occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in _____.A. minimal pairB. minimal setC. phonemic contrastD. complementary distribution16. ____ at the end of stems can modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.A. RootsB. PrefixesC. SuffixesD. Free morphemes17. As /k/ in the word “came” and /g/ in the word “game” are said to form a distinctive opposition in English, they are _____.A. soundsB. phonemesC. allophonesD. varieties18. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _____ sounds.A. consonantalB. voicedC. vowelD. voiceless19. _____ are added to an existing form to create a word, which is a very common way to create new words in English.A. Inflectional affixesB. Free morphemesC. Derivational affixesD. Stems20. _____ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. LexicologyD. Phonetics21. A compound word consists of ______.A. two wordsB. two morphemesC. two root morphemesD. two or more morphemes22. “alive” and “dead” are _____ .A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above23.The meaning carried by inflectional morphemes is _____.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC. morphemicD. semanticII. Fill in each blank with ONE word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue.1.The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p___________.2.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are calleds_______________ features.3.C_______________ is a process of combining two or more words into a new word.4.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed________________.5.F________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all bythemselves.6.B___________ is a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.7.C______________ distribution means that the allophones of the same phoneme always occurin different phonetic environment.8.Affixes like “im-”, “il-”, “un-”, “-tion”, are called d___________ affixes.9.P________ occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.10.Linguistics is generally defined as the s____________ study of language.11.D______________ means that language can be used to refer to things present or not present,real or imagined in the past, present, or future, or in faraway places.12.I____________ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories suchas number, degree and case.13.The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b__________.14.M______________ is branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words andthe rules by which words are formed.15.S____________ can be define as the study of meaning.III. Judge if each of the following is true or false:1.The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language.2.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: wordstress and sentence stress.3.An acronym is a shorthand form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.4.Suffixes, in contrast with prefixes, are added to the end of stems.5.It is the property of arbitrariness that provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about awide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and place.6. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.7.The location of one of the suprasegmental features in English ---- stress does not distinguishmeaning.nguages vary in the order of the subject, the verb and the object.9.Words are the smallest unit of language that can not be broken down into even smallercomponents.10.Blending is process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit.IV. Explain the following terms briefly:2. Duality: one design feature of human language which refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such as units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.3. Displacement: one design feature of human language which means human language enables their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space at the moment of communication.4. Creativity: one design feature of human language by which we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.6. Langue: According to Saussure, refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.9. Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.V. Questions:1. What are the major functions of language according to Holliday?Language functions include informative function, interpersonal function, performative function, emotive function, phatic function, recreational function and metalingual function.4. How are pure vowels classified?There are four ways to classify simple vowels: (1) According to the height of the tongue raising: high, middle, low. (2) According to the position of the highest part of the tongue: front, central, back. (3) According to the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding): rounded, unrounded. (4) According to the length or tenseness of the vowel: long v.s short or tense v.s lax.。
专业英语资料（国际法）
专业英语资料（国际法）1.Article 38 of the Statute of the international Court of Justice states:1.The court,whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it,shall apply:(a)international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognised by the contesting States;(b)international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;(c)the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations;(d)subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.1.法院对于陈诉各项争端，应依国际法裁判之，裁判时应适用：（a）不论普通或特别国际协约，确立诉讼当事国明白承认之规条者。
（b）国际习惯，作为通例之证明而经接受为法律者。
（c）一般法律原则为文明各国所承认者。
（d）在第五十九条规定之下，司法判例及各国权威最高之公法学家学说，作为确定法律原则之补助资料者。
专业英语
1.DimensionsLength between the perpendiculars (Lpp) （垂线间长）Distance between the Fore and the Aft perpendiculars.船舶首垂线与艉垂线之间的距离。
Breadth (B)（型宽）The greatest moulded breadth, measured from side to side outside the fames, but inside the shell plating.型宽，最大船宽，在骨架的外延船壳板的内沿。
Trim（吃水差）The difference between the draught at the stem and the draught at the stern.船首吃水与船尾吃水之差。
Depth（型深）The vertical distance between the base line and the upper continuous deck, the depth is measured at half Lpp at the side of the ship.船底线与上连续甲板的垂直距离，是在垂线间长中间来测量的。
2.Form coefficients（船型系数）Form coefficients give clues about the characteristics of the vessel’s shape from the water line down into the water. This makes it possible to get an impression of the shape of the underwater body of a ship without extensive（广泛）use of any data. However, the form coefficients do not contain any information on the dimensions of the ship, they are non-dimensional numbers.（船型系数体现了船舶水下部分的形状特性，这让人们有可能在没有广泛应用之前对于船舶的数据有个概念。
英语专业语言学复习资料.doc
1Arbitrariness: Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the f act that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, f or the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, inCh inese as “gou”, but “yilu” in Japanese.2Duality:To human language, the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to f orm meaningf ul units (words) at anotherlevel.3A descriptive linguisticsattempts to tell what is in the language, it attempts to describe the regular structures of the language as they are used, not according to some view of how they should be used. While the prescriptive linguistics tells people what should be in the language and tries to lay down rules to tell people how to use a language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.4Immediate constituent analysis: The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis. IC analysis is a hierarchical analysis showing the dif ferent constituents at dif ferent structural levels based on the distribution of linguistic f orms. The best way to show IC structure is to use a tree diagram. The f irst divisions or cuts are known as the immediate constituents(ICs), and the f inal cuts as the ultimate constituents(UCs).5Assimilation:Sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables. As the f ollowing sounds bring about the change, this process is called regressive assimilation.e.g. a vowel becomes [+nasal] when f ollowed by a [+nasal] consonant.6Phonetics: The study of linguistic speech sounds that occur in all human languages , how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties, is called phonetics. The task of phonetics is to identif y what are speech sounds in a language, and then to study their characteristics. It includes three main areas: articul atory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.7 Phonology: It is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. It is based on a theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound patterns of that language. 8 Allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.9Recursiveness：It refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any def inite limit. The rules introducing prepositional phrases also introduce the important concept of recursion.10 Stress: The prominence given to certain sounds in speech. When a word has more than one syllables, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon, that of stress. When a word belongs to dif ferent word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on diff erent syllables. When all the words above are stressed on thefirst syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verb s. Stress may also have af unction at the sentence level. In this case, the phonetic f orm of word stress may be show which part of sentence is in f ocus.11Morphology: is thus the study of the internal structure, f orms and classes of words, intended structure relevant rule f or word f ormation.12Allomorph: An allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme. Allophones are in complementary distribution, allomorphs are also in complementary distribution, that is to say, they cannot occur in the same environment. e.g. -s, -es, and -en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.13Derivation: the f ormation of new words by adding aff ixes to other words or morphemes in morphology and word f ormation.14Acronym: words which are composed of the first letter of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Exmples: NATO, radar and yuppy.15blending: A single new word can be f ormed by combining two separate f orms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word. For example, brunch is f ormed by the shortened f orms of breakfast and lunch.16Compounding:is the f ormation of new words by joining two or more stems. We have three types of compounds: 1, noun compounds:noun+noun: armchair, rainbow; 2, verb compounds: verb+verb: to sleep-walk; 3, adjective compounds: verb+adjectives: stir-crazy17Root: Some morphemes like car, talk, f riend and tour can stand alone as words. Such morphemes are called f ree morphem es. A word must contain an element that can stand by itself, that is a free morpheme, such as talk. Such an element is called a root. remains when all aff ixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system f rom un- + system + atic + ally. 18Minimal pairs and sets: The phonologist is concerned with what differences are signif icant, or technically speaking, distinctive. A distinctive diff erence is one that brings about the change of meaning. In order to determine which are distinctive sounds, the customary practice is to set up minimal pairs-pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.19Stem: A “stem” is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an aff ix can be added. It may be the same as , and in other cases, dif ferent from, a root. For example, in the w ord “f riends” , “f riend” is both the root and the stem, but in the word “f riendships”, “f riendships” is its stem, “f riend” is its root. Some words (i. e., compounds ) have more than one root ,e.g., “mailman” , “girlf riend” ,ect.20Suffix: Af f ixes can be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suff ixes.An “affix” is the collective term f or the type of f ormative that can be used, only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). Aff ixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classif i ed into three subtypes: pref ix, suff ix and inf ix, e. g. , “mini-”, “un-”, ect.(pref ix); “-ise”, “-tion”, ect.(suff ix).21Syntax: the term used to ref er to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.22IC analysis: the approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents byusing binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. 23Semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.24Sense: the inherent part of an expression’s meaning, to gether with the context, determines its ref erent. 25Reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and \ the things, actions, events and qualities they stand f or. An example in English is the relationship between the word tree and the object “tree” (ref erent) in the real world.26Seven types of meaning: Conceptual meaning; thematic meaning ; connotative meaning; social meaning; affective meaning；ref l ective meaning; collocative meaning;后5种称associ ative meaning27Lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. For instance, in English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes f or “male” and“f emale” cousin.28Pragmati cs: can be def ined as the study of languages in use. It deals with how speakers use languages in ways which cannot be predicted f rom linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers. In a broad sense, pragmatics studies the principles observed by human beings when communicate with each other. We can roughly say that pragmatics takes care of meaning that is not covered by semantics. So people use the f ormula as itsdef inition:PRAGMATICS=MEANING-SEMANTICS. 29Anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.30Cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elem ents of a text. This may be the relationship between di ff erent sentences or different parts of a sentence.31Coherence: the relationship that links the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text.32Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category, e.g. f or some English speakers “cabbage” (rather than, say, “carrot”) might be the prototypical vegetable. 33 Prototype theory: a theory of human categorization that was posited by Eleanor Rosch. Following this theory, natural categories are organized according to prototypes which are considered as the most typical or representative of the category. A robin or sparrow is regarded as a prototype of the category of “bird”. People decide whether an entity belongs to a category by comparing that entity with a prototype.34iconicity: a feature of a language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker. Caesar’s historic words “Veni, vidi, vici (I ca me, I saw, I conquered)” is a good case to prove the iconicity of order(the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic construction). Iconicity of distance a ccounts f or the fact that things which belong together conceptually tend to be put together linguistically, and things that do not belong together are put at a distance. This entails that conceptual distance corresponds to linguistic distance not merely physical distance. eg: a, I killed the chicken. b, I caused the chicken to die. Iconicity of complexity: The phenomenon that linguistic complexity ref lects conceptual complexity is usually called iconicity of complexity.35Reflective meaning: is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word f orms part of our response to another sense. Ref lective meaning is the product of people’s recognition and imagination.36Ambiguity: It refers to the phenomenon that an expression has more than one meaning. Two diff erent types of ambiguity can be distinguished on the basis of what is causing it: lexical ambiguity (more than one word meaning) and structural ambiguity (more than one synt actic structure) 37The diacritics: are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in theirpronunciation38Complementary distribution: [p.pH] are two different phones and are varivants of the phoneme /p/such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution, because they never occur in the same context. [p] occurred af ter [s] while [ph] occurs in other places.39syllable: A unit in speech which isof t en longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word.41 the difference between derivational affix and inflectional affix (1)Inf lectional aff ixes very of t en add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. E.g. toys, walks, John’s, etc. In contrast, derivational aff ixes of ten change the lexical meaning.E.g. cite, citation, etc.(2)Inf lectional aff ixes don’t change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower, flowers, whereas derivational aff ixes might or might not, such as the relation between small and smallness f or the f ormer, and that between brother and brotherhood f or the latter. (3)In English, inf lectionalaff ixes are mostly suffixes, which are always wordf inal. E.g. drums, walks, etc. But derivational aff ixes can be prefixes or suffixes. E.g. depart, teacher, etc.定义：Derivational morphemes which are used to make new words in the language and are of ten used to make words of a di ff erent grammatical category from the stem Inflectional morphemes, which are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical f unction of a word.。
词汇学复习资料 大纲 英语专业必考
Chapter11.word:A word is the smallest unit of spoken written language which has meanings and can stand alone. A word is a minimal free form that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function2. A word is(1)A minimal free form of a language;(2)a sound unity;(3)a unity of meaning;(4)a form that can function alone in a sentence.3.1 the physical structure of the word(1)Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for the description, classification and transcription.(2)Morphology is the branch of linguistics, which studies the internal structure of words and rules by which words are formed. In other words, it identifies the smallest meaningful units in a language which are called morphemes and look into the ways the morphemes are arranged to form words.2.2 the semantic structure of the word（1）the word is a unit of speech or writng, which serves the purposeful human communication.（2）the word can be perceived as the total of the sounds that comprise it（3）the word , in writing, is seen as a sequence of letters bounded on either side by a blank space.（4）the word, viewed linguistically, possesses its physical structure (form) and semantic structure (meaning).4.V ocabulary:V ocabulary refers to all the words used in a particular kind of work, business or known to a particular person.5.V ocabulary and Lexis :Lexi, a mass noun, is defined as the total stick of words in a language.6.Lexicology: the study of meaning and uses of words论述对词汇学的理解包括内容：Lexicology is the part of linguistics which studies words. This may include their nature and function as symbols, their meaning, the relationship of their meaning, and the rules of their composition from smaller elements. Lexicology also involves relations between words, which may involve semantics, derivation, usage and sociolinguistic distinctions. Any other issues involved in analyzing the whole lexicon of a languages.Chapter21.The development of English vocabulary. The history of English language can be divided into 3 periods:a/ Old English period (449—1100)the former inhabitants, the Celtic, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons and Jutes Anglo-Saxon as Old English, Old English contains 50-60 thousand words, which consists of the basic word stock.*3个重大事件：(1)Teutonic Conquest 乔顿征服(2)Christianity(Latin word)(3)Scandinavian invasionb/ Middle English period (1100-1500)characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.The French loan words were found in law and governmental administration (judge, justice）1150-1204:French occupied the dnoinant position1204-1500:English gradually come back to a positionc/ Modern English period (1500--)the early stage of this period ( including the years between 1500-1700), the Renaissance brought great changes to the vocabulary. borrowing from Latin, Latin were now mostly connected with science and abstract ideas. Greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words2.The origins of English words2.1 the native words: Anglo-Saxon elements2.2 the loan words: French, Latin, Greek, Scandinavian, other European elements, ChineseChapter31. American English: is the form of English used in the United States. It includes all English dialects used within the United States.2. British English: is the form of English used in the United Kingdom. It includes all English dialects used within the United Kingdom.3. The history:(1)17th century: The English language was first introduced to the American by British colonization, beginning in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia.Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American history.The language taken there was Elizabethan English(2)The War of Independence : It marks the end of the colonial period.The political independence brings the tendency to develop an American brand of English.4.Americanism: A word, phrase or idiom characteristic of English as it is spoken in the US.5.Difference: pronunciation / spelling/ vocabulary / habitual expression/ grammarChapter41.Neologism(新词): a neologism is a recently coined word, phrase or usage. It can also be an existing word or phrase which has been assigned a new meaning.Chapter51.morpheme:A morpheme is the minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed. Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.2.分类：(1)free morphemes (自由词素)(2)bound morphemes (黏着词素): bound root +affixA. Inflectional affixes (-s ,-es ,ing,-er ,or -(e)d,est)B. Derivational affixes(3)content and function morpheme(4)derivational and Inflectional morpheme3.Root, stem, base词根、词干、词基A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. (词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分)A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.(词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分)A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. (词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式)词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语复习资料
1.目前，煤仍然是凝汽式电厂最长用的能源。
At present coal is the most mon food of a steam power plant.2.为防止人畜触电，高压电一般采用架空线输送。
High voltage current is usually carried by overhead wire system so as to prevent living things being electrocuted.3.这座由电子计算机控制的核电站将向全市供电。
This nuclear power plant which is puter-controlled will serve the entire city. 4.电学与电子学实际上是唯一难以分开的，二者相互渗透，相互联系。
Electricity and electronics are really indivisible, each forming part of the other.5.元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。
The major contributors in ponent technology have been in the sosemiconductor ponents.6.电压，电流和电阻这三个因素是相互关联的。
The factors, voltage, current and resistance , are related to each other .7.电动机与发电机就是以磁和电这二者之间的关系为根底的Based upon the relationship between magnetism and electricity are motors and generators8，随着电气工程学的开展，电力能被输送到非常遥远的地方去。
With the development of electrical engineering , power can be transmitted over long distance.9每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式变成另一种形式。
地质类专业英语复习资料
1、学科名称：Mineralogy 矿物学. Petrology 岩石学. Geomorphology 地貌学. Geochemistry 地球化学. Geophysics 地球物理. Sedimentology沉积学. Structural geology 构造地质学. Economic geology 经济地质学. Stratigraphy 地层学. Paleogeography 古地理学.Precambrian前寒武纪.paleozoic 古生代.mesozoic中生代.cenozoic新生代.aqueous 水成论.uniformitarianism均变说.catastrophism灾变说.remote sensing遥感.space shuttle航天飞机.engineering geology 工程地质学.geological mapping 地质填图. 古生物学paleontology mineral composition/component of rock 岩石组分elongate shape 椭圆形. Granulite麻粒岩.halo变质环带. geologic structure地质构造. tectonic构造.debris残骸;碎片;破片;残渣.2、常见矿物mineral：Granite花岗岩. quartz石英. feldspar长石. fluorite萤石. Dolomite白云石. cassiterite锡石. stibnite辉锑矿.silica tetrahedrons硅氧四面体.sheet silicates片状硅酸盐。
chain silicates链状. framework silicates框架硅酸盐. mica云母. chert/flint 燧石. hornblende角闪石. amphibole闪石. augite普通辉石. olivine橄榄石.orthoclase正长石. 斜长石plagioclase. 硅石silica. 玛瑙agate. 碧玉jasper。
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Foamed polymers have lower weight (and cost) over their nonfoamed counterparts, and , the mechanical properties are often comparable. 发泡的聚合物比没有发泡的相应 物具有更轻的重量（和成本）， 且通常具有相似的机械性能.
容易产生竞流效应(race-tracking effect)， 导致包风(air traps)和缝合线(weld lines)， 在塑件表面产生瑕疵。假如厚肉区没有 充足的保压，就会造成凹痕(sink marks) 或气孔(voids)，
(Injection molding is)A process in which granular polymer, usually thermoplastic, is fed from a hopper into a heated barrel where it is melted, after which a screw or ram forces the material into a mold. 注塑是一种成型方法，它是将粒 状聚合物（通常是热塑性塑料） 从料斗加入到加热了的机筒中， 并在机筒中将其熔融，之后在螺 杆或柱塞的强迫下进入模具。
注塑成型的另一种变形是结构发 泡注塑成型.
The mold is only partially filled, and injected plastic expands to fill the mold to produce a part that is light weight because of the entrapped porosity, but the skin is integral. 通常部分填充模具，并使注入的 塑料膨胀来填充模具，制成具有 很轻重量的制品，这些轻制品是 由于引发产生了孔状结构，但是 制品的表皮是实心的.
This process is often used on polyphenylene oxide, olefins,vinyls, nylons, and thermoplastic elastomers. 这种成型方法经常用于聚苯醚， 聚烯烃类、乙烯基类、尼龙类和 热塑性弹性体的加工。
Hale Waihona Puke Pressure is maintained until the part has hardened. The mold is opened and the part is ejected by some mechanism. It is by far the most important technique for mass production. 保持压力，直到制件硬化。（然 后）打开模具，并用某些机构装 置将制件推出。目前为止，它是 对聚合物大批量生产中最重要的 技术。
Co-injection is often done to achieve a cosmetic effect or to alter use properties.
共注塑经常用于得到装饰的效果 或来改变使用性能。
Another variation of injection molding is structural foam molding.
This basic process is also used for co-injection of two different polymers. There are two extrusion barrels and injection systems. 这种成型也用于两种不同聚合物 的共注塑。有两套挤压的机筒和 注塑系统。
A shot is made with one polymer, and a second shot with a second polymer can be used to surround or surface the part made in the first shot. 第一次注射第一种聚合物，第二 次用第二种聚合物注射，第二次 注射的聚合物能用来包围或形成 第一次注射成的部件的表面。
The major disadvantages of the process are that not all polymers can be processed (most thermosets), and the metal molds are very expansive. 这种成型方法主要的缺点是不是 所有的聚合物都能用这种方法成 型（大多数的热固性塑料就不行 ），且金属模具非常昂贵。