Unit 2：Digital Communication System
[英语学习]通信英语lesson2课件
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School of Electrical and Information
English On Telecommunications
电传打字机
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School of Electrical and Information
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A is X times the duration of B
已经存在
Serial data transmission systems have been around7 for a long time and are found in the telephone (human speech), Morse code, semaphore, and even the smoke signals once used by native Americans. The fundamental problem encountered by all serial data transmission systems8 is how to split the incoming data stream into individual units (i.e., bits) and how to group 单独的码元 these units into characters. For example, in Morse code the dots 字符 and dashes of a character are separated by an intersymbol space, while the individual characters are separated by an intercharacter space, which is three times the duration9 of an intersymbol space.
通信行业英语中英对照手册(D)
通信行业英语中英对照手册(D)D-A Digital-Analog 数模D-D Digital-Digital 数数D/A Digital / Analog 数字/模拟DA Data Access 数据存取DA Data Acquisition 数据采集DA Demand Assignment 按需分配DA Destination Address 目的地址DAA Data Access Arrangement 数据存取装置DAB Digital Audio Broadcast 数字音频广播DAC Data Acquisition Center 数据采集中心DAC Data Acquisition Computer 数据采集计算机DAC Data Acquisition Controller 数据采集控制器DAC Digital Analog Converter 数模转换器DACI Direct Adjacent Channel Interference 相邻信道的直接干扰DACN Desk Area Computer Network 桌域计算机网DACS Digital Access & Cross-connect System 数字接入交叉连接系统DAD Digital Audio Disk 数字音频磁盘DAE Data Acquisition Equipment 数据采集设备DAE Distributed Agent Environment 分布式代理环境DAF Destination Address Field 目的地址字段DAI Data Adapter Interface 数据适配器接口DAI Distributed Artificial Intelligence 分布式人工智能DAL Data Access Line 数据存取线路DAM Data Addressed Memory 数据定址存储器DAM DECT Authentication Module DECT认证模块DAMA Demand Assigned Multiple Access 按需分配多址访问DAMPS Digital Adanced Mobile Phone System 数字高级移动电话系统DAP Data Access Point 数据接入点DAP Data Access Protocol 数据存取协议DAP Data Acquisition Processor 数据采集处理器DAP Directory Access Protocol 目录访问协议DAR Dynamic Alternate Routing 动态迂回路由DARC DAta Radio Channel 数据无线信道DAT Digital Audio Tape 数据音频磁带DAVIC Digital Audio / Video International Council 国际数字音频/视频理事会DAVID Digital Audio / Video Interactive Decoder 数字音频/视频交互式解码器DAWS Digital Advanced Wireless Service 数字高级无线服务DB DataBase 数据库DBA DataBase Administrator 数据库管理程序DBA Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 动态带宽分配DBC Dynamic Bandwidth Controller 动态带宽控制器DBMS DataBase Management System 数据库管理系统DBN DataBase Network 数据库网络DBPSK Differentially coherent Binary PSK 差分相干二进制相移键控DBR Deterministic Bit Rate 确定性比特率DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite 直播卫星DBS Domestic Base Station 国内基站DBX Digital Branching & CroSs-connect equipment 数字分路和交叉连接设备DC Data Compression 数据压缩DC Digital Convergence 数字汇聚DC Dispersion Compensation 色散补偿DC Down Compatibility 向下兼容DC Driving Circuit 驱动电路DC Drop Cable 引入缆DCA Dynamic Channel Allocation 动态信道分配DCC Data Communication Channel 数据通信信道DCC Data Country Code 数据国家码DCC Digital Control Channel 数字控制信道DCC Digital Cross Connect 数字交叉连接DCCH Dedicated Control CHannel 专用控制信道DCCN Distributed Computer Communication Network 分布式计算机通信网络DCD Data Communication Device 数据通信装置DCE Data Circuit Equipment 数据电路设备DCE Data Circuit terminating Equipment 数据电路端接设备DCE Data Communication Equipment 数据通信设备DCE Data Connection Equipment 数据连接设备DCE Distributed Computing Environment 分布式计算环境DCF Data Communication Function 数据通信功能DCF Dispersion Compensation Fiber 色散补偿光纤DCL Digital Channel Link 数字信道链路DCLU Digital Carrier Line Unit 数字载波线路单元DCM Data Communication Module 数据通信模块DCM Data Communication Multiplexer 数据通信复用器DCM Dispersion Compensator Module 色散补偿模块DCM Dynamic Connection Management 动态连接管理DCMA Data Communication Mesh Architecture 数据通信网状结构DCME Digital Circuit Multiplication Equipment 数字线路多路复用器DCN Data Communication Network 数据通信网DCN Digital Communication Network 数字通信网DCNA Data Communication Network Architecture 数据通信网络体系结构DCOM Distributed Component Object Model 分布式构件对象模型DCP Data Communication Processor 数据通信处理器DCP Data Coordinating Point 数据协调点DCP Digital Communication Protocol 数字通信协议DCP Distributed Communication Processor 分布式通信处理器DCPA Distributed Call Processing Architecture 分布式呼叫处理结构DCPN Domestic Customer Premises Network 国内用户驻地网DCPS Data Compression Processing System 数据压缩处理系统DCPSK Differentially Coherent Phase-Shift Keying 差分相干相移键控DCR Destination Call Routing 按目标选择路由DCR Dynamically Controlled Routing 动态控制路由DCS Desktop Conferencing System 桌式会议系统DCS Digital Cellular System 数字蜂窝系统DCS Digital Communication System 数字通信系统DCS Digital Cross-connect System 数字交叉连接系统DCS Dynamic Channel Selection 动态信道选择DCS Dynamic Channel Stealing 动态信道挪用DCT Data Communication Terminal 数据通信终端DCT Discrete Cosine Transformation 离散余弦变换DCTU Directly Connected Test Unit 直接连接测试单元DCU Digital Connection Unit 数字连接单元DCU Dual Carrier Unit 双载波单元DD-EDFA Dispersion-Decreasing Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier 低色散掺铒光纤放大器DDB Distributed DataBase 分布式数据库DDC Digital Data Communication 数字数据通信DDC Digital Data Converter 数字数据转换器DDCMP Digital Data Communications Message Protocol 数字数据通信消息协议DDD Digital Data Demodulator 数字数据解调器DDD Direct Distance Dialing 长途直拨DDE Dynamic Data Exchange 动态数据交换DDF Digital Distribution Frame 数字配线架DDF Dispersion-Decreasing Fiber 低色散光纤DDHB Distributed Dynamic Hypermedia Browser 分布式动态超媒体浏览器DDI Direct-Dialing-In 直接拨入DDL Digital Data Line 数字数据线DDL Digital Data Link 数字数据链路DDN Digital Data Network 数字数据网DDN Distributed Data Network 分布式数据网DDNS Dynamic Domain Name System 动态域名系统DDOS Distributed Deny Of Service 分布式拒绝服务DDOV Digital Data Over Voice 话音传送数字数据DDP Datagram Delivery Protocol 数据报投递协议DDP Distributed Data Processing 分布数据处理DDP Distributed Data Processor 分布式数据处理器DDS Digital Data Service 数字数据服务DDS Digital Data System 数字数据系统DDS Direct Digital Satellite 直播数字卫星DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications 数字增强型无绳电信DED Dynamically Established Data link 动态建立数据链路DEDF Distributed Erbium-Doped Fiber 分布式掺铒光纤DEDFA Distributed Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 分布式掺铒光纤放大器DEK Data Encryption Key 数据加密密钥DEN Directory-Enabled Networking 基于目录的连网DES Data Encryption Standard 数据加密标准DFAS Distributed Frame Alignment Signal 分布式帧排列信号DFB Distributed Feed Back 分布反馈DFC Data Flow Control 数据流控制DFCF Dispersion Flat Compensation Fiber 色散平坦补偿光纤DFE Decision Feedback Equalizer 判决反馈均衡器DFF Dispersion Flattened Fiber 色散平坦光纤DFG Differential-Frequency-Generation 差分频率产生DFI Digital Facility Interface 数字设备接口DFL Data Flow Controller 数据流控制器DFOS Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing 分布式光纤传感DFP Distributed Function Plane 分布式功能平面DFS Decision Feedback System 判决反馈系统DFS Dedicated File Server 专用文件服务器DFS Distributed Fiber Sensor 分布式光纤传感器DFSK Differential Frequency Shift Keying 差分频移键控DFSK Double Frequency Shift Keying 双频移键控DFSM Dispersion Flattened Single Mode 色散平坦单模DFT Delayed-First-Transmission 延迟优先传输DFU Data Facilities Unit 数字设备单元DGPS Difference Global Positioning System 差分全球定位系统DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 动态主机配置协议DHCP Dynamic Host Control Protocol 动态主机控制协议DHN Digital Home Network 数字家庭网DHTML Dynamic HTML 动态HTMLDHW Down HighWay 下行公共信道DI Digital Interface 数字接口DI Dispersion-Increasing 色散增加DIB Data Input Bus 数据输入总线DIB Device Independent Bitmap 与设备无关位图DIB Directory Information Base 目录信息库DICH Dedicated Information CHannel 专用信息信道DICS Digital Image Correction System 数字图像校正系统DID Direct In-Dialling 直接拨号DII Dynamic Invocation Interface 动态调用接口DINA DIgital Network Analyzer 数字网络分析程序DINOS DIstributed Network Operating System 分布式网络*作系统DIP Digital Image Processing 数字图像处理DIRMA Digital Impulse Radio Multiple Address 数字脉冲无线多址DIS Digital Identification Signal 数字识别信号DISP Directory Information Shadowing Protocol 目录信息隐匿协议DIT Direct Image Technical 直接成像技术DIT Directory Information Tree 目录信息树DL Data Link 数据链路DL Down Link 下行链路DL Dynamic Link 动态链接DLC Data Link Control 数据链路控制DLC Data-Link-Connection 数据链路连接DLC Digital Loop Carrier 数字环路载波DLC Dynamic Load Control 动态负载控制DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier 数据链路连接标识符DLCI Digital Loop Carrier Interface 数字环路载波接口DLCU Data Link Control Unit 数据链路控制单元DLE Data Link Entity 数据链路实体DLE Digital Local Exchange 本地数字交换DLE Distributed LAN Emulation 分布式局域网仿真DLI Data Link Interface 数据链路接口DLIS Digital Link Interface Software 数字链路接口软件DLL Data Link Layer 数据链路层DLL Delay Lock Loop 延迟锁定环路DLL Digital Leased Line 数字租用线路DLL Digital Local Line 数字本地线路DLL Dynamic Linked Library 动态链接程序库DLN Double Loop Network 双环网络DLS Data Link Service 数据链路服务DLS Digital Line Section 数字线路段DLSAP Data Link Service Access Point 数据链路服务接入点DLSDU Data Link Service Data Unit 数据链路服务数据单元DLT Digital Link T ester 数字链路测试器DLTU Digital Line and Trunk Unit 数字线路和中继线单元DM Data Mining 数据挖掘DM Data Multiplexer 数据多路复用器DM Delta Modulation 增量调制DM Disconnected Mode 断开方式DM Dispersion Management 色散管理DMA Direct Memory Access 存储器直接存取DMAC Distributed Multi-Agent Coordination 分布式多代理协作DMB Digital Media Broadcasting 数字媒体广播DMC Data Multiplex Channel 数据复用信道DMC Digital Media Center 数字媒体中心DMCI Digital Media Control Interface 数字媒体控制接口DMCWS Distributed Multimedia Cooperative Writing System 分布式多媒体协同编著系统DMD Differential Mode Delay 差分模式时延DME Digital Multiplex Equipment 数字复用设备DME Distributed Management Environment 分布式管理环境DMF Dispersion-Managed Fiber 色散管理光纤DMIS Distributed Multimedia Information System 分布式多媒体信息系统吐血推荐：通信英语缩语手册（DMK-DXI）DMK Distributed Multimedia Kiosk 分布式多媒体触摸屏服务DML Data Manipulation Language 数据*作语言DMS Data Multiplexing System 数据复用系统DMS Demand Multimedia System 多媒体点播系统DMS Distributed Multimedia Service 分布式多媒体服务DMSD Digital Multi Standard Decoder 数字多标准译码器DMSD Digital Multi Standard Decoding 数字多制式解码DMSS Data Multiplexing SubSystem 数据复用子系统DMT Discrete Multi-Tone 离散多音DN Destination Network 目标网络DN Directory Number 电话簿号码DN Distributed Network 分布式网络DN Distribution Network 分配网DN Domain Name 域名DN Downstream Node 下行结点DNA Data Network Address 数据网络地址DNA Destination Node Address 目标结点地址DNA Digital Network Architecture 数字网络结构DNA Distributed Network Architectrue 分布式网络结构DNBR Dialing NumBeR 拨号号码DNC Dynamic Network Collection 动态网络收集DNCC Data Network Control Center 数据网络控制中心DNCS Distributed Network Control System 分布式网络控制系统DNG Digital News Gathering 数字新闻采访DNHR Dynamic NonHierarchical Routing 动态无级路由选择DNI Data Network Interface 数据网接口DNI Desktop Network Interface 桌面网络接口DNI Distributed Network Interface 分布式网络接口DNIC Data Network Identification Code 数据网标识码DNM Distributed Network Management 分布式网络管理DNMEP Data Network Modified Emulator Program 数据网络改进型仿真程序DNR Digital Noise Rejection 数字噪声抑制DNS Data Network Service 数据网络业务DNS Distributed Network System 分布式网络系统DNS Domain Name Server 域名服务器DNS Domain Name Service 域名服务DNS Domain Name System 域名系统DNTS Data Network Test System 数据网络测试系统DOD Data On Demand 按需提供数据DOD Direct Outward Dialing 直接向外拨号DOMSAT DOMestic SATellite 国内卫星DONA Decentralized Open Network Architecture 分散开放式网络体系结构DOS Denial Of Service 拒绝服务DOV Data Over Voice 话音传数据DP Data Processing 数据处理DP Detection Point 检测点DP Distribution Point 分配点DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control CHannel 专用物理控制信道DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation 差分脉码调制DPCN Digital Private Circuit Network 数字专用电路网DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data CHannel 专用物理数据信道DPE Distributed Processing Environment 分布式处理环境DPG Digital Pair Gain 数字线对增益DPHCH Dedicated PHysical CHannel 专用物理信道DPI Dot Per Inch 每英寸点数DPL Data Protection Layer 数据保护层DPN Dual-Private Network 双向专用网络DPN Dynamical Path Network 动态路径网DPON Domestic PON 国内无源光网络DPS Distributed Packet Switching 分布式分组交换DPS Dynamic Packet State 动态分组状态DPSK Diffential Phase Shift Keying 差分相移键控DPT Dynamic Packet Transport 动态分组传送DQDB Distributed Queue Dual Bus 分布式队列双总线DQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 差分四相相移键控DR Deflection Routing 改向路由选择DR Direct Route 直达路由DR Disconnect Request 挂断请求DR Dynamic Routing 动态选路DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory 动态随机存取存储器DRID Destination Routing IDentifier 目的路由选择标识符DRP Distribution Resource Planning 分配资源计划DRP Dynamic Routing Protocol 动态选路协议DRS Digital Radio System 数字无线电系统DS Data Stream 数据流DS Data Switching 数据交换DS Differentiated Service 区分业务DS Direct Sequence 直接序列DS Directory Services 目录服务DS Dispersion Shift 色散位移DS document．nbspStorage 文件存储DS-CDMA Direct Sequence CDMA 直接序列CDMADS-SMF Dispersion Shifted Single Mode Fiber 色散位移单模光纤DSA Digital Signature Algorithm 数字签名算法DSA Directory System Agent 目录系统代理DSAA DECT Standard Authentication Algorithm DECT标准认证算法DSAMA Dynamic Slot Allocation Multiple Access 动态时隙分配多址接入DSAP Data link Service Access Point 数据链路业务接入点DSB Direct Satellite Broadcast 直接卫星广播DSBSC Double Side-Band Suppressed Carrier 双边带抑制载波DSC Decision Support Center 决策支持中心DSC Direct Satellite Communications 直接卫星通信DSCA DECT Standard Cipher Algorithm DECT标准密码算法DSCF Dispersion Slope Compensating Fiber 色散斜率补偿光纤DSE Data Switching Exchange 数据交换机DSF Dispersion Shifted Fiber 色散位移光纤DSI Digital Speech Interpolation 数字话音内插DSL Digital Subscriber Line 数字用户线DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer 数字用户线接入复用器DSM Digital Switch Module 数字交换模块DSM Direct-Sequence Modulation 直接序列调制DSM Dynamic Single Mode 动态单模DSN Digital Switching Network 数字交换网络DSN Distributed Switching Node 分布式交换结点DSP Digital Signal Processing 数字信号处理DSP Digital Signal Processor 数字信号处理器DSP Digital Sound Processor 数字声音处理器DSP Directory System Protocol 目录系统协议DSP Domain Specific Part 域专用区DSR Dynamic Source Routing 动态源路由DSRS Data Signal Rate Selection 数据信号速率选择DSS Data Storage System 数据存储系统DSS Decision Support System 决策支持系统DSS Digital Signature Standard 数字签名标准DSS Digital Subscriber Service 数字用户业务DSS Direct Satellite System 直播卫星系统DSS Directory Service System 目录服务系统DSS1 Digital Subscriber Signaling system No.1 1号数字用户信令系统DSS2 Digital Subscriber Signaling system No.2 2号数字用户信令系统DSSG Decision Support System Generator 决策支持系统生成器DSSMAN Data Service Specific MAN 数据业务专用城域网DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 直接序列扩频DSSSMA DSSS Multiple Access 直接序列扩频多址接入DST Dispersion Supported Transmission 色散支持传输DST Dynamic Soliton Transmission 动态孤子传输DSTM Dynamic Synchronous Transfer Mode 动态同步转移模式DSU Data Service Unit 数据业务单元DSU Data Switch Unit 数据交换单元DSU Digital Service Unit 数字业务单元DSU Digital Switching Unit 数字交换单元DSV Data Steal into Voice 数据插入语音DSVD Digital Simultaneous Voice & Data 语音和数据同时数字传输DSVMA Data Steal into Voice Multiple Access 数据插入语音多址接入DSX Digital Singals CroSs-connect 数字信号交叉连接DT Data Terminal 数据终端DT Data Transfer 数据传送DT Digital Terminal 数字终端DT-PDU DaT a Protocol Data Unit 数据协议数据单元DT-WDMA Dynamic Time Wavelength Division Multiple Access 动态时间波分多址接入DTE Data Terminating Equipment 数据终端设备DTF Delayed TransFer 延迟转移DTF Digital Transmission Facility 数字传输设备DTF Dispersion-T ailored Fiber 色散预定光纤DTF Dispersion-T apered Fiber 色散锥形光纤DTH Direct To Home 直接到户DTI Data Transmission Interface 数据传输接口DTI Digital Terminal Interface 数字终端接口DTI Digital Transmission Interface 数字传输接口DTI Digital Trunk Interface 数字中继接口DTIM Digital Transmission Interface Module 数字传输接口模块DTL Data Transmission Line 数据传输线路DTLM Digital Trunk Line Module 数字中继线路模块DTM Digital Trunk Module 数字中继模块DTM Dynamic synchronous Transfer Mode 动态同步转移模式DTMF Dual Tone Multiple Frequency 双音多频DTO Data Transfer Operation 数据转移*作DTP Data Transfer Phase 数据转移阶段DTP Data Transfer Protocol 数据转移协议DTR Digital Trunked Radio 数字无线中继DTS Data Transmission System 数据传输系统DTS Digital Termination Service 数字终端业务DTS Digital Transmission System 数字传输系统DTSA Dynamic Time Slot Allocation 动态时隙分配DTSWCH Digital Trunk SWitCH 数字中继交换DTT Data Transmission Technique 数据传输技术DTU Data Terminal Unit 数据终端单元DTV DeskTop Video 桌面视频DTV Digital TeleVision 数字电视DU Dispersion-Unshifted 非色散位移光纤DUA Directory User Agent 目录用户代理DUI Data Unit Interface 数据单元接口DUP Data User Part 数据用户部分DUP Destination User Prompter 目的用户提示器DV Desktop Video-conference 桌面型视频会议系统DV Digital Video 数字视频DV-MCI Digital Video-Media Control Interface 数字视频媒体控制接口DVB Digital Video Broadcast 数字视频广播DVC Desktop Video Conference 桌面型视频会议系统DVC Digital Video Compression 数字视频压缩DVC Digital Video Controller 数字视频控制器DVD Digital Versatile Disc 数字通用光盘DVD Digital Video Disk 数字影碟DVDS Digital Video Display System 数字视频显示系统DVE Digital Video Effect 数字视频效果DVHT Digital Video Home Terminal 数字电视家庭终端DVI Digital Video Interactive 交互式数字视频DVM Data Voice Multiplexer 数据语音复用器DVMP Data Voice MultiPlex 数据话音多路复用DVN Digital Video Network 数字视频网DVO Data Voice Outlet 数据语音引线(出口)DVP Deterministic Virtual Path 确定性虚通路DVS Desktop Video Studio 桌面视频演播室DVS Digital Video System 数字视频系统DVVI Data Voice Video Integration 数据话音视频集成DVXS Digital Visual eXchange Service 数字可视交换业务DW Data Warehouse 数据仓库DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing 密集波分复用DWMS Data Warehouse Management System 数据仓库管理系统DWMT Discrete Wavelet Multi-T one 离散小波多音DWRR Dynamic Weighted Round-Robin 动态加权循环法DWS Dialable Wideband Service 可拨号的宽带业务DWT Discrete Wavelet Transform 离散小波变换DXC Digital CrosS Connection 数字交叉连接DXC Digital CrosS Connect system 数字交叉连接系统DXI Data eXchange Interface 数据交换接口。
Unit 2 Basic Elements of Modern Communication Systems
2.1 Text(1)
• 2.1.1 Digital communication and analog communication • Modern communication can be divided into analog communication and digital communication according to the type of transmitted signal. If signals transmitted in a communication system are analog signals, the communication system is an analog communication system. On the other hand, a digital communication system is a system which transmits and processes digital signals. • In conventional telecommunication system, signals transmitted in channel change with the voice of user during the whole talking period. These signals, shown in fig. 2-1 (a), are continuous either in time or for amplitude, and so we called these signals the analog signals. Unlike analog signal, digital signal is a kind of signal which is discrete in time and has limited number for its amplitude. The most widely encountered digital signal is the one which has only two amplitudes ---- the 0 and 1, and is usually called binary digital signal shown in fig. 2-1 (b). Generally, digital signals can de described as binary and M-ary (M>2) signals, clearly, the M-ary signal means a type of digital signal which has M amplitudes for selection. Figure 2-1 (c) illustrates a 4-ary digital signal with 0,1,2,3 etc. amplitudes to choose.
通信英语 课文UNIT 2
UNIT 2Asynchronous Serial Data Transmission异步串行数据传输By far the most popular serial interface between a computer and its CRT terminal is the asynchronous serial interface.在计算机及其显示器之间最为常见的串行接口是异步串行接口。
This interface is so called because the transmitted data and the received data are not synchronized over any extended period and therefore no special means of synchronizing the clocks at the transmitter and receiver is necessary.In fact ,the asynchronous serial data link is a very old form of data transmission system and has its origin in the era of teleprinter.实际上,。
Serial data transmission systems have been around for a long time and are found in the telephone (human speech), Morse code, semaphore, and even the smoke signals one used by native Americans.The fundamental problem encountered by all serial data transmission systems is how to split the incoming data steam into individual units (i.e., bits) and how to group these units into characters.人从前用过的烟火信号都可以视为传些数据传输。
通信工程专业英语Unit 2：Digital Communication System
专业英语的翻译
省略：根据汉语语法的修辞习惯，将原文中的某些词语略 去不译。（如英语中的冠词、代词和连词）
Air is a fluid but not a liquid.
空气是流体, 不是液体。（省略冠词） If you know the frequency, you can find the wave length. 如果知道频率，就能求出波长。（泛指的人称代词you 可省略不译）
TEXT
The use of digital methods for the transmission of analog signals is becoming increasingly common in telecommunication systems. There are two major reasons for this. digital :数字的, 数位的
Specialized English for Communication Engineering
专业英语的翻译
句子结构上有差异 词汇上很少对等
English
Chinese
死译 硬译 直译：基本上保留原文的表达形式及内容，不做大的改 动，同时译出的文字又明白易懂； 胡译 意译：在正确理解原意的基础上，重新遣词造句，把原 文的意思用通顺的汉语表达出来。
The reliability can be further improved by using errordetecting and error-correcting codes.
利用检错和纠错编码能进一步提高可靠性。（被动语态 转译为主动语态） Specialized English for Communication Engineering
高教版中职英语(拓展模块)Uint 2《Communication》ppt课件3
uninterested [ Qn5IntrIstId] 不感兴趣的 感兴趣的 美国人喜欢在谈话时用眼睛看着对方。如果你不这样 Interested, 有趣的为interesting. 做，就表示你在掩饰一些事情，对谈话不感兴趣或者 We are all interested in the interesting story. 感到厌烦。但是，如果你盯着某人看，对他们来说也 我们对这个有趣的故事很感兴趣。 是不礼貌的。 stare [steE] at sb. 盯着某人 It’s impolite to stare at others.
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Space is important to Americans. When two people talk to each other, they usually stand about 2.5 feet away and at an angle, so they are not facing each other directly. Americans get uncomfortable when a person stands too close. They will [dI5rektlI ] adv.直 move back to have their space. “Pardon me” and “Excuse me” are often said when Americans touch another person by accident. 对美国人来说，空间是很重要的。通常两人在谈话时会 be important to sb. 对某人重要，类似短语：be kind to sb. 保持 2.5英尺的距离并站成一定角度，所以他们并不是直 对某人善良， be friendly to sb. 对某人友好。 接面对着彼此。当一个人站得离他们太近时，他们会感 get uncomfortable 变得不舒服 ， comfortable 舒服的 到不舒服并退回去保持距离。如果他们不小心触碰到别 by accident 偶然地 I touched his arm by accident. 人，他们会说“请原谅”或者“对不起打扰了”。
新编大学英语教案_Unit2Communication
新编⼤学英语教案_Unit2CommunicationUnit TwoCommunication problemsTeaching Objectives1. Let the students have some ideas of the common ways we usually use in our daily life to communicate.2. Make the students find the efficient ways to communicate with each other.3. Let the students come up with the ways to avoid misunderstandings. Teaching allotmentsix academic hoursFocus points1.key words and phrasesassume, conflict, convey, emphasis, ignore, misinterpret, react, verge, feel like, for effect, on the verge of, pull out, take----lightly2.difficult sentences1) When Martians and Venusians first got together, they encountered many of the problems with relationships we have today.2) So when communication problems emerged, they assumed it was just one of those expected misunderstandings and that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other.3) To fully express their feelings, women would tend to exaggerate the facts a little bit for effect and use various superlatives, metaphors, and generalizations.3.grammar focusprefix “mis---”的不同意义Related InformationIt is well-known that learning a second language is never easy, and, generally speaking, the older one is when one attempts a new language, the more difficult it becomes. This is at least partly due to what is known as language interference, meaning that the linguistic patterns of our first language interfere with those of the second because no two languages have exactly the same sounds and grammatical structures. The English language has a very large vocabulary because it has incorporated words from many other languages over the centuries. This is nowhere more apparent than in its color words. For example, there are many words that express the color “purple”, describing its different shades and hues: mauve, violet, lilac, or lavender. An interesting linguistic gender difference among native speakers of English is the likelihood of women using these color terms to differentiate between shades of purple, whereas, men willbe satisfied with the one word “purple”. This is true of other color words too. Basing on what mentioned above, when learning a language, we sometimes need to pay attention to which sex uses which words, particularly when we reach an advanced stage where we are adding many new words to our vocabulary and want to use them accurately. We also need to pay attention to some of the multiple meanings that words have, as well as to their connotations.Suggested Class Activities1. Warming-up activity: How to communicate efficientlyPurpose: Inform the students the efficient way to communicate with each otherStep 1Discuss in groups about the common ways we usually use in our daily life to communicate and try to list both their advantages and disadvantages.Step 2 Make a comparison between them and decide which is the most efficient way for us to communicate with others. Step 3 Ask some of the students to give their ideas in public and point out the necessary points they should know in daily communication.Suggested words/expressions:admirable/neglect/comprehend/over-crowded/distinguish----from/holdback/in a different light/turn out.2. In-class reading activity: What can we get from communicationPurpose: Inform the students the good points of communicationStep 1. Discuss in groups why we need to communicate with othersStep 2. Try to analyze what communication has brought to usStep 3. Then make sure what we should learn from communicating with othersSuggested words/expressions:foreigner/uncommon/feel like/for effect/on the verge of/pull out Further development:How to avoid misunderstandings in communicationAfter reading this unit, we may know that in our communications misunderstandings are quite common, so work in groups to come up with the ways to avoid misunderstandings and make it on your exercise book.In-Class ReadingWords and phrases1.assume believe something is true without definite proof. You assumed his innocence / him to be innocent /that hi is innocent before hearing the evidence against him.He is not such a fool as you assumed him to be.assuming that---：假定----. Assuming that you are right about this, what shall we do2) to take up or undertake. You will assume your new responsibilities tomorrow.assumption : n. sth. taken for granted ; sth. supposed but not proved. Don’t rely on the information she gave you---it’s pure assumption on her part. on the assumption that----以---为设想根据. Let’s work on the assumption that our proposal will be accepted.Exercise:1) 他并⾮如你所以为的那样愚蠢。
电子信息工程专业英语 课文翻译 Unit 04 译文
Unit 4 通信和信息论Unit 4-1第一部分：远程通信远程通信是远距离通信的信号传输，在现代，通常这个过程需要电子发射机发射电磁波，但是在早期远程通信包括使用烟火信号，鼓或旗语或日光仪。
今天，远程通信很普遍的，助推这一过程的设备如电视，无线电和电话在世界的许多地区都已很普遍。
还有连接这些设备的许多网络，包括计算机网络，公共电话网，无线电网和电视网络。
互联网上的计算机通信是众多通信的一个例子。
通信系统通常由通信工程师设计。
在这个领域中早期的发明家有Alexander Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi 和John Logie Baird。
通信在当今的世界经济发展中起着举足轻重的作用，通信产业的税收在世界总产值的比例已接近百分之三。
基本要素每个通信系统包括三个基本要素：采集信息并能将其转换为信号的发射机，传输信号的传输媒介，接收信号并能将其还原为有用信息的接收机。
考虑一个无线电广播的例子。
广播塔是发射机，收音机是接收机，传输媒介是自由空间。
通常通信系统都是双向的，一个设备既做发射机又做接收机，即收发器。
例如，移动手机就是一个收发器。
电话线上的通信称为点对点通信，因为只在一个发射机和一个接收机之间。
通过无线电广播的通信称为广播（一对多）通信，因为通信是在一个大功率的发射机和许多接收机之间。
模拟或数字信号可以是模拟的，也可以是数字的。
在模拟信号中，信号根据信息而连续变化。
在数字信号信息被编码为一组离散值（如，1和0）。
在传输过程中，模拟信号中的信息会因噪声而退化。
相反，只要噪声不超过一定的阈值，数字信号中的信息是不会丢失的。
这是数字信号相对于模拟信号一个关键的优点。
网络网络是由一个相互通信的发射机、接收机或收发机的集合。
数字网络由一个或多个路由器组成，路由器正确地将数据发送给用户。
模拟网路由一个或多个交换器组成，交换器在两个或多个用户间建立连接。
这两种网络都需要中继器，用于远距离传输时的放大或重建信号。
Unit2Communication单元整体教学设计课件北师大版英语八年级下册
很少有与国外学生交流的经历，无法亲身感受、了解中英学生间、学生和成人间的待人接物基本礼仪、礼貌和交际方式。对于沟通方式及沟通禁忌不了解。
通过分层完成听力任务，创编对话巩固所学，再创编欢送活动来提升学生跨文化沟通的能力。
能够认识到有效开展跨文化沟通与交流的重要性。
能够把握语篇的整体意 不能用自己的话概括稍长语篇的关键信息义，能够通过主题句概 和主要内容。缺乏形成结构化知识的能力括稍长语篇的关键信息 评价语篇的主要内容和作者观点的能力不
2.基于信息结构图，小组角色扮演语篇人物对话过程，分析并评价不合理
达成语言小观念1
Fun Zone 1 Let’s 建议的文化解释。
Talk 1
3.梳理并总结沟通过程中寻求或提供建议的表达方式。4.阐述学习多元文化的意义及跨文化沟通的方式。
第5、6课时：Lesson 6 The TextingGenerationFun Zone 1 Let’sTalk! B
From …to …, …grew …
…
It is also ….…as well.
used …to …
作者的观点I think it will …
核心素养综合表现：
单元教学内容分析---单元大观念
02
运用与沟通相关的词汇和表达方式，描述沟通方式及其效果，分析并客观评价沟通的重要意义，体验并丰富多种有效沟通方式。
北师大版八年级下
大观念统摄下的单元整体教学设计Unit 2 Communication
单元整体教学
2023年2月8日
目录 / CONTENTS
单元作业设计
元内容分析
指导思想及理论依据
学情分析
各课时教学
《精品课件》电信英语UnitⅡ-8
另一种形式的数字电路是可编程逻辑器
件，可编程逻辑器件可以与基于逻辑门的 电路完成相同的功能，但可以很容易地重 新编程而不改变布线。这意味着设计师往 往可以修复设计错误而不改变布线。因此， 在体积较小的产品中，可编程逻辑器件往 往是首选的解决方案。他们通常是由设计 工程师利用电子设计自动化软件设计完成。
6. …such as a computer, control, or digitalcommunication system, there are only a few basic operations, which must be performed.
……例如计算机系统、控制系统、或数字通信系 统中，需要进行的基本运算也只有几种。
非门的重要功能是产生反向信号，即产生与输入 信号性质相反的输出信号。
不定式to produce signal inversion or an output signal充当表语，其后是定语从句that is opposite in nature to the input signal，用以修饰该表语。
(1) such as引出a large scale digital system的同位语； (2) which must be performed是非限制性定语从句。
7. The three basic types of digital logic gates and the flip-flop are the four circuits most commonly employed in such systems.
• binary ['bainəri] adj. 二进位的, 二元的 • switch [switʃ] n. & vt. 开关, 转换; 转换 • achieve [ə'tʃi:v] vt. 完成, 达到
02通信英语_Unit_2_讲1班
通信英语Unit 2Asynchronous serial data transmission异步串行数据传输Pretext learning一、核心词汇1. i nterface 接口2. t erminal 终端，终点站，航站楼port 港口，端口serial port 串行端口3. t ransmitter 发送机transmit, transmission4. r eceiver接收机receive, reception接收，接待5. c haracter 字，字符word 字，字码symbol 符号sign 标志flag 红旗，标志位byte 字节bit 比特icon 图标，偶像arrow 箭，光标6. t eleprinter 电传机7. s erial 串行的parallel a. 平行的，并行的a parallel port 并口，并行端口parallel connection 并口连接8. b it 比特9. C RT = cathode ray tube 阴极放射线管LCD = liquid crystal display 液晶显示crystal a. 水晶的It’s crystal clear that…某事是再清楚不过了。
10. ASCII= American Standard Code for Information Interchange美国信息互换标准代码11. space 空格12. asynchronous a. 异步的13. clock 时钟14. format 格式15. split vt. 分裂16. unit 单元，设备，码源17. stream 流stream of pulses, data stream18. intersymbol 符号间的19. intercharacter 字符间的20. data stream 数据流二、技术术语学习1. 串行接口serial interface2. 显示终端CRT terminalLCD – liquid crystal display 液晶显示3. 发送器与接收器transmitter and receiver4. 数据传输data transmission5. 数据流data stream6. 闲置状态the idle state7. 传号电平mark level8. 空号电平space level9. 起始位start bit10. 停止位stop bit11. T秒的持续时间duration of T seconds12. 奇偶校验位parity bit奇数an odd number偶数an even number13. 错误标志error flag14. 传输错误transmission error15. 下降沿falling edge16. 符号间的空格intersymbol space17. 接收机的定时receiver timing18. 本地时钟local clock19. 磁带magnetic tape20. 控制比特control bit21. 逻辑I电平logical I level22. 二进制数据binary data23. 明显的缺点obvious disadvantage三、课文学习By far the most popular serial interface串行接口between a computer and its CRT terminal显示终端is the asynchronous serial interface异步串行接口.serial interface串行接口parallel interface 并行接口CRT terminal显示终端CRT = cathode ray tubeasynchronous serial interface异步串行接口This interface is so called…because the transmitted data and the received data…are not synchronized…over any extended period时间区间…and therefore no special means of synchronizing the clocks时钟at the transmitter and receiver is necessary.transmitter 发送机receiver 接收机synchronize vt. 使同步化，使同时进行extended period时间区间clock 时钟In fact, the asynchronous serial data link异步串行数据链路is a very old form of data transmission system…and has its origin in the era of teleprinter电传机，电传打字机.link n. 链路teleprinter电传机，电传打字机asynchronous serial data link异步串行数据链路have one’s origin in…起源于，起自于……Serial data transmission systems have been around for a long time…and are found in the telephone (human speech人类语音), Morse code莫尔斯电码, semaphore旗语, and even the smoke signals once used by Native Americans.be around在周围，存在human speech人类语音Serial data transmission systems串行数据传输系统Learn and digest学习并消化。
计算机专业英语第二版课后翻译答案
Unite 1Section A: 1、artificial intelligence 人工智能2、paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3、Optical computer 光学计算机4、Neural network 神经网络5、Instruction set 指令集6、Parallel processing 并行处理器7、Difference engine差分机8、Versatile logical element 多用途逻辑元件9、Silicon substrate 硅衬底10、Vaccum tube 真空管11、数据的存储与管理the storage and management of data12、超大规模集成电路large-scale integrated circuit13、中央处理器central processing unit14、个人计算机personal computer15、模拟计算机analog computer16、数字计算机digital computer17、通用计算机general purpose computer18、处理器芯片processor chip19、操作指令operating instructions20、输入设备input devicesSection B1、artificial neural network 人工智能神经网络2、Computer architecture 计算机体系结构3、Robust computer program 健壮的计算机程序4、Human-computer interface 人机接口5、Knowledge representation 知识代表6、数值分析numerical analysis7、程序设计环境programming environment8、数据结构data structure9、存储和检索信息store and retrieve information10、虚拟现实virtual realityUnit 2Section A：1、function key 功能键2、V oice recognition module 声音识别调制器3、Touch-sensitive region 触敏扫描仪4、Address bus 地址总线5、Flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪6、Dot-matrix printer 矩阵式打印机7、Parallel connection 并行连接8、Cathode ray tube 阴极射线管9、Video game 电子游戏10、Audio signal 音频信号11、操作系统operating system12、液晶显示liquid crystal display13、喷墨打印机inkjet printer14、数据总线data bus15、串行连接serial connection16、易失性存储器volatile memory17、激光打印机laser printer18、磁盘存储器floppy disc19、基本输入输出系统basic input/output system20、视频显示器video displaySection B:1、interrupt handler 中断处理程序2、Virtual memory 虚拟内存3、Context switch 上下文转换4、Main memory 主存5、Bit pattern 位模式6、外围设备peripheral device7、进程表process table8、时间片time slice9、图形用户界面graphics user interface10、海量存储器mass storageUnit 3Section A:1、storage register 存储寄存器2、Function statement 函数语句3、Program statement 程序语句4、Object-oriented language 面向对象语言5、Assembly language 汇编语言6、Intermediate language 中间语言7、Relational language 关系语言8、Artificial language 人工语言9、Data declaration 数据声明10、SQL 结构化查询语言11、可执行程序executable program12、程序模块program module13、条件语句conditional statement14、赋值语句assignment statement15、逻辑语言logic statement16、机器语言machine language17、函数式语言functional language18、程序设计语言programming language19、运行计算机程序run a omputer program20、计算机程序员computer programmerSection B1、native code 本机代码2、Header file 头文件3、Multithreaded program 多线程程序4、Java-enabled browser 支持Java的浏览器5、Mallicious code6、机器码machine code7、汇编码assembly code8、特洛伊木马程序trojan9、软件包software package10、类层次class hierarchyUnit 4Section A1、inference engine 推理机2、System call 系统调用3、Compiled language 编译执行的语言4、Parellel computing 并行计算5、Pattern matching 模式匹配6、Memory location 存储单元7、Interpreter program 解释程序8、Library routine 库程序9、Intermediate program 中间程序10、Source file 源文件11、解释执行的语言interpreted language12、设备驱动程序device driver13、源程序source program14、调试程序debugger15、目标代码object code16、应用程序application program17、实用程序utility program18、逻辑程序logic program19、黑盒ink cartridge20、程序的存储与执行storage and execution of program Section B1、Messaging model 通信模式2、Common language runtime 通用语言运行时刻（环境）3、Hierarchical namespace 分层的名称空间4、Development community 开发社区5、CORBA 公共对象请求代理体系结构6、基本组件basic components7、元数据标记metadata token8、虚拟机VM virtual machine9、集成开发环境IDE（intergrated development environment）10、简单对象访问协议SOAP(simple object access protocol) Unit 5Section A1、system specification 系统规范2、Unit testing 单元测试3、Software life cycle 软件的生命周期4、System validation process 系统验证过程5、Evolutionary development process 进化发展过程6、Simple linear model 简单线性模型7、Program unit 程序单元8、Throwaway prototype 一次性使用原型9、Text formatting 文本格式10、System evolution 系统演变11、系统设计范例paradigm for system design12、需求分析与定义Requirements analysis and definition13、探索式编程方法exploratory programming approach14、系统文件编制system documentation15、瀑布模型waterfall model16、系统集成system integration17、商用现成软件commercial off-the-shelf software18、基于组件的软件工程component-based software engineering19、软件维护工具software maintenance tool20、软件复用software reuseSection B1、check box 复选框2、Structured design 结构化设计3、Building block 构建模块4、Database schema 数据库模式5、Radio button 单选按钮6、系统建模技术system modeling techniques7、模型驱动开发MDD(model-driven development)8、数据流程图data flow diagram9、下拉式菜单drop-down10、滚动条scroll barUnit 6Section A1、end user 终端用户2、Atomic operation 原子操作3、Database administrator 数据库管理员4、Relational database model 关系数据库模型5、Local data 本地数据6、Object-oriented database 面向对象的数据库7、Database management system 数据库管理系统8、Entity-relationship model 实体关系模型9、Distributed database 分布式数据库10、Flat file 展开文件11、二维表two-dimensional table12、数据属性data attributes13、数据库对象database object14、存储设备storage device15、数据类型data type16、数据插入与删除insertion and deletion17、层次数据库模型hierarchical18、数据库体系结构database architecture19、关系数据库管理系统ralational database management system20、全局控制总线global control busSection B1、nonvolatile storage system 易失性存储系统2、Equitment malfunction 设备故障3、Wound-wait protocol 损伤等待协议4、Exclusive lock 排它锁5、Database integrity 数据库完整性6、共享锁shared lock7、数据库实现database implementation8、级联回滚cascading rollback9、数据项data item10、分时操作系统time sharing operating system ;Unit 7Section A1、microwave radio 微波无线电2、digital television 数字电视3、DSL 数字用户线路4、analog transmission 模拟传输5、on-screen pointer 屏幕上的指针6、computer terminal 计算机终端7、radio telephone 无线电话8、cellular telephone 蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机9、decentralized network 分散型网络10、wire-based internal network 基于导线的内部网络，有线内部网11、光缆fiber-optic cable12、传真机fax machine13、线通信wireless communications14、点对点通信point-to-point communications15、调制电脉冲modulated electrical impulse16、通信卫星communication(s) satellite17、电报电键telegraph key18、传输媒体transmission medium (或media)19、无绳电话cordless telephone20、金属导体metal conductorSection B1、bit map 位图2、parallel port 并行端口3、direct memory access (DMA) 直接存储器存取4、universal serial bus 通用串行总线5、general-purpose register 通用寄存器6、电路板circuit board7、串行通信serial communication8、数码照相机digital camera9、存储映射输入/输出memory-mapped I/O10、有线电视cable televisionUnit 8Section A1、file server 文件服务器2、carrier sense 载波检测3、Protocol suite 协议族4、Peer-to-peer model 点对点模型5、bus topology network 总线拓扑网络6、inter-machine cooperation 计算机间合作7、Ethernet protocol collection 以太网协作集8、Proprietary network 专有网络9、utility package 实用软件包10、star network 星形网络11、局域网local area network (LAN)12、令牌环token ring13、无线网络wireless network14、封闭式网络closed network15、环形拓扑网络ring topology16、客户/服务机模型client/server model17、网络应用程序network application18、进程间通信interprocess communication19、打印服务机printer server20、广域网wide area networkSection B1、routing path 路由选择通路2、dual-ring topology 双环形拓扑结构3、extended star topology 扩展星形拓扑结构4、backbone network 基干网，骨干网5、mesh topology网络拓扑结构6、同轴电缆coaxial cable7、逻辑拓扑结构logical topology8、无冲突连网环境collision-free networking environment9、树形拓扑结构tree topology10、目的地节点destination nodeUnit 9Section A1、cell phone 蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机2、IP address 网际协议地址，IP地址3、autonomous system 自主系统4、dial-up connection 拨号连接5、network identifier 网络标识符6、binary notation 二进制记数法7、mnemonic name 助记名，缩写名8、Internet-wide directory system 因特网范围的目录系统9、name server 名称服务器10、Internet infrastructure 因特网基础结构11、助记地址mnemonic address12、网吧cyber cafe13、宽带因特网访问broadband Internet access14、顶级域名top-level domain (TLD)15、因特网编址Internet addressing16、点分十进制记数法dotted decimal notation17、因特网服务提供商Internet service provider (ISP)18、专用因特网连接dedicated Internet connection19、主机地址host address20、硬件与软件支持hardware and software support Section B1、incoming message 来报，到来的报文2、application layer 应用层3、utility software 实用软件4、sequence number （顺）序号，序列号5、remote login capabilities 远程登录能力6、端口号port number7、软件例程software routine8、传输层transport layer9、文件传送协议FTP（File Transfer Protocol）10、万维网浏览器Web browserUnit 10Section A1、mailing list 邮件发送清单，邮件列表2、proprietary software 专有软件3、cc line 抄送行4、bcc line 密送行5、forwarded e-mail messages 转发的电子邮件6、e-mail convention 电子邮件常规7、click on an icon 点击图标8、confidential document 密件，秘密文件9、classified information 密级信息10、recovered e-mail message 恢复的电子邮件11、常用情感符commonly used emoticon12、已删除电子邮件deleted e-mail13、电子系统electronic system14、附件行Attachments line15、版权法copyright law16、电子邮件网规e-mail netiquette17、信息高速公路information superhighway18、签名文件signature file19、电子数据表程序spreadsheet program20、文字处理软件word processorSection B1、web-authoring software 网络写作软件2、template generator 模版生成程序3、navigation page 导航页面4、corporate logo 公司标识5、splash page 醒目页面，过渡页6、导航条navigation bar7、节点页面node page8、网站地图site map9、可用性测试usability testing10、图形交换格式gif（Graphics Interchange Format）Unit 11Section A1、customized marketing strategy 定制的营销策略2、B2G transaction 企业对政府交易3、mobile telephone 移动电话4、dot-com bust 网络不景气5、smart card 智能卡，灵巧卡6、digital piracy 数字盗版7、dot-com boom 网络繁荣8、C2C transaction 消费者对消费者交易9、Web auction site 拍卖网站10、fingerprint reader 指纹读取器11、射频识别装置radio-frequency identification (RFID) device12、电子数据交换electronic data interchange (EDI)13、库存管理技术inventory management technology14、知识产权intellectual property15、条形码bar code16、货币兑换currency conversion17、电子图书electronic book18、视网膜扫描仪retina scanner19、个人数字助理personal digital assistant (PDA)20、企业对企业电子商务B2B electronic commerceSection B1、software suite 软件套件2、text box 文本框3、virtual checkout counter 虚拟付款台4、static catalog 静态目录5、browser session 浏览器会话期6、动态目录dynamic catalog7、购物车软件shopping cart software8、供应链supply chain9、企业资源计划软件enterprise resource planning (ERP) software10、税率tax rateUnit 12Section A1、encryption program 加密程序2、deletion command 删除命令3、authorized user 授权的用户4、backup copy 备份5、voltage surge 电压浪涌6、circuit breaker 断路器7、electronic component 电子元件（或部件）8、data-entry error 数据输入错误9、electronic break-in 电子入侵10、power line 电力线，输电线11、检测程序detection program12、电源power source13、破坏性计算机程序destructive computer program14、计算机病毒computer virus15、软件侵权software piracy16、硬盘驱动器hard-disk drive17、病毒检查程序virus checker18、主存储器primary storage19、电子公告板electronic bulletin board20、浪涌电压保护器surge protectorSection B1、phishing attack 网络钓鱼攻击2、graphics card 显（示）卡3、heuristic analysis 试探性分析4、infected file 被感染文件5、virus dictionary 病毒字典6、数据捕获data capture7、恶意软件malicious software8、病毒特征代码virus signature9、防病毒软件antivirus software10、内存驻留程序memory-resident program。
通信原理Lecture&2Signals andSpectra
R x (τ ) ↔ ψ x (f)
∞
R x (0) =
−∞
∫
x 2 (t) dt
2. Autocorrelation of a Power Signal
Autocorrelation function of a real-valued power signal x(t) is defined as:
1. Autocorrelation of an Energy Signal
The autocorrelation function of a real-valued energy signal has the following properties:
R x (τ ) =R x (-τ )
R x (τ ) ≤ R x (0) for all τ
Px =
lim
T →∞
1 2 x (t) dt ∫ T −T / 2
T/2
(1.8)
Power signal has finite average power but infinite energy. As a general rule, (1) periodic signals and (2) random signals are classified as power signals
-∞
∫ψ
∞
x
(f) df
E x = 2 ∫ψ x (f) df
0
(1.16)
2. Power Spectral Density (PSD)
The power spectral density (PSD) function Gx(f ) of the periodic signal x(t) is a real, even, and nonnegative function of frequency that gives the distribution of the power of x(t) in the frequency domain. PSD is represented as: ∞ G x (f ) = |C n |2δ ( f − nf 0 ) (1.18) Whereas the average power of a periodic signal x(t) is represented as:
Unit 2：Digital Communication System
Unit 2：Digital Communication System——数字通信系统TEXTThe use of digital methods for the transmission of analog signals is becoming increasingly common in telecommunication systems. There are two major reasons for this.digital :数字的, 数位的analog:模拟（的）telecommunication电讯, 长途通讯First, if digital rather than analog signals are transmitted, then the system remains nearly immune to noise as long as it is below a threshold level.rather than ：而不是immune to ：可避免的,不受影响的as long as ：只要, 在...的时候threshold level：门限电平This is due to the fact that for long-distance transmission the digital signal can be regenerated at each repeater, creating a new, noise-free signal. Thus, noise does not accumulate as it would in a comparable analog system.due to ：由于, 应归于regenerate：再生，重建repeater：中继器，再生器accumulate：积累Second, the components of a digital system lend themselves well to integrated implementation using large-scale-integrated (LSI) circuits.component：组成，成分lend oneself to：适合于implementation：落实，实施，实际应用，执行, 履行;large-scale-integrated (LSI) circuits：大规模集成电路Even in such a digital transmission system, however, many signals which are being processed are usually analog in nature. There analog signals need therefore to be converted into digital format.in nature：实际上, 本质上convert into：使转变（转换）成...format ：形式, 格式, 版式There are various modulation schemes to accomplish this, including pulse-width modulation (PWM), pulse amplitude modulation (PAM),and pulse code modulation (PCM) . PCM is currently the most commonly used modulation system in digital telecommunication systems.pulse-width modulation (PWM):脉宽调制pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) :脉幅调制pulse code modulation (PCM) :脉码调制The PCM signal is generated by sampling, quantizing, and coding an analog signal. The result is a stream of binary digits (bits), that is, an alternation of high and low voltage levels in the signal. This stream can then be applied, frequency modulation.sampling ：取样quantizing：量化coding：编码alternation：交替, 变换; 间隔The process of sampling an analog voltage V (t) consists of developing a pulse train in which the amplitude of the nth pulse equals the amplitude of V(t) at t= nT. consists of ：由...组成pulse train ：脉冲串amplitude：幅值，振幅，幅度In order for the pulse train to represent uniquely the information contained inV(t), the sampling rate fc=1/T must be at least twice as large as the highest frequency component in the spectrum of V(t), the amplitudes of the pulses in the sampled signal are then quantized and converted into a set of bits, called a digital word.sampling rate:抽样（频）率spectrum：谱，光谱，频谱The transmission of digital words in a practical PCM telecommunication system often utilizes time-division multiplexing (TDM). In a TDM system, the digital words taken from several channels are transmitted interlaced over the same line. time-division multiplexing (TDM) ：时分复用interlaced：交织的,交错的In voice-frequency (telephone) systems, usually 24 or 32 voice channels are thus multiplexed onto a single pair of wires.voice-frequency (telephone) systems：音频（电话）系统multiplex：复用The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) had recommended two main architectures (“hierarchies”), which now many nationwide PCM transmission network use.CCITT ：国际电话与电报顾问委员会architectures ：体系机构hierarchy ：体系[制], 系统，数据层次nationwide ：全国性的The first one, shown schematically in Fig.1, has been adopted mostly in Europe, Africa, Australia, and South America. In this system, the input multiplexers (MUX) interleave 32 digital words. Of these, 30 words represent the signal amplitudes in 30 voice channels, while the remaining two time slots contain signaling and synchronization information.schematically ：示意性地multiplexers ：多路(复用)器interleave：使交织[替, 插]time slots ：时间的空当，时隙synchronization：同步The second hierarchy, used mainly in the United States, Canada, and Japan, is illustrated in Fig. 2. In this system, 24 voice channels are multiplexed at the input section.illustrate：举例说明, 图解multiplex：多路传输，多路复用There are two main tasks performed in a digital telecommunication system: transmission and switching. Transmission involves sending the digitally coded voice signal from one 1ocation to another, while switching consists of establishing the desired connection between two voice channels which carry digital signals. perform ：履行, 执行，完成任务switching：交换1ocation：地点The unit which performs the pulse code modulation and demodulation of the signals in a digital transmission system is called a coder-decoder, or, in abbreviated form, a codec. demodulation ：解调, 反调制, 检波coder-decoder ：编/解码器abbreviated ：省略的, 缩写的codec ：数字信号编解码器In early digital systems, the switching was done in an analog form, using such analog devices as the electromechanical crossbar mechanism. electromechanical ：电动机械的,机电的crossbar mechanism ：纵横机械组装Then, the analog voice signal channels were time-multiplexed into groups of 24 or 30 channels. Each group was next converted into digital form by a single high speed codec.time-multiplexed ：时分复用This arrangement resulted in some savings in terms of the number of components; however, the design of the shared codec with a sufficiently low line-to-line crosstalk and noise, as well as the required high speed in a fully integrated form represented a very difficult design problem.line-to-line crosstalk ：线间串话integrated ：集成的In addition, any failure of the codec resulted in the loss of service to all lines serviced by that unit. Also, the system required a large number of analog switches, which were bulky and slow.failure ：故障bulky：庞大的, 体积大的, 笨重的, 占地方的Finally, the analog multiplexing needed was more difficult to perform and less flexible than digital multiplexing would have been.analog multiplexing ：模拟多路复用flexible ：灵活的, 柔软的digital multiplexing ：数字多路复用With the recent availability of low-cost and high-performance integrated circuits, it became feasible to allocate one codec to each voice channel, rather than to a group of channels.availability ：可用性, 有效性, 实用性high-performance：高性能integrated circuits ：集成电路allocate：分配，配给，分派The voice signal in each channel is thus first digitized, and the subsequent switching and multiplexing are performed by digital systems which can uselow-cost digital logic and memory circuits.digitize ：将（例如数据）数字化subsequent ：后来的, 并发的，随后的Such a “per-channel codec” system results in a considerable reduction of crosstalk and noise. Also, there is a significant saving in size and cost, due to the elimination of most of the bulky and expensive electromechanical components. considerable ：相当大(或多)的, 相当可观的significant ：有意义的, 重大的, 重要的elimination ：排除, 除去, 消除bulky ：大的, 容量大的, 体积大的The standard sampling rate fc recommended by the CCITT for the usual 300～3400 Hz voice channel is 8000Hz. recommended ：被推荐的sampling rate ：取样频率In the per-channel codec system, the analog signal is thus sampled at intervals of 1/8000Hz=1.25×10-4S=125μs, and the amplitude of the sample is converted into an eight-bit digital word is then transmitted serially to the multiplexer.at intervals of ：相隔, 每隔serially ：连续地The 125-μs-long time interval available for the conversion is called a frame. interval ：时间间隔frame ：帧The digital multiplexer places all the bits corresponding to one sample of each of 24 or 30 channels (depending on the hierarchy used) into a single frame, and transmits the resulting serial bit stream.To mark the beginning and the end of each frame at the receiver, some identifying signal should be added to the transmitted bit steam.mark ：做标记于, 标志identifying signal ：识别信号For example, in the 24-channel eight-bit PCM system called D2 developed byAT&T, an additional bit is appended to the bits of each frame.appended to ：附加，添加，贴上Thus, a frame in the D2 system contains 24×8+1=193 bits. Hence, the data rate of the transmitted signal is 193 bits per 125μs, which corresponds to 1.544×106bit/s. interval ：时间间隔frame ：帧In the transmit direction, the subscribed line is connected to the subscriber-line interface circuit (SLIC). The SLIC performs the two-to-four wire conversion, the battery feed, the line supervision, and also provides ringing access and over voltage protection.SLIC ：subscriber-line interface circuit 用户线接口电路battery feed ：远端供电line supervision ：线路监测ringing access ：铃流接入over voltage protection：过压保护The signal then passes through the transmit filter, which limits its spectrum to (approximately) 3400Hz.The transmit filter thus removes the part of the spectrum which extends over 4kHz,and thus makes it possible to sample the signal at an 8 kHz rate without introducing aliasing.transmit filter：发送滤波器approximately：近似地, 大约aliasing：混淆现象In addition, the low-frequency portion (below 300Hz)of the spectrum is also suppressed by the transmit filter, to prevent power-line frequency (50 or 60 Hz) noise from being transmitted.low-frequency portion ：低频部分suppressed ：抑制, 压制power-line frequency ：传输线频率prevent... from：使...不做某事, 阻止...做某事The filtered signal, now band limited to the 300 to 3400 Hz range, is then sampled at an 8 kHz rate, and then converted (encoded) into eight-bit PCM data. This conversion is performed nonlinearly; that is, the resolution of the resulting digital signal is finer for small signals than for large ones.nonlinearly ：非线性地, 非直线(型)地resolution ：分辨率, 清晰度The output of the nonlinear A/D converter is a specially coded eight-bit digital word. The first bit indicates the sign of the input x, with“1”representing positi ve and“0”negative polarity. The next seven bits provide the amplitude value of the signal.A/D converter ：模拟/数字转换器positive ：正的;阳性的negative：负的;阴极的;Returning to the block diagram of Fig.4, the digital output of the encoder is then time-division multiplexed with the outputs from the other lines, and the resulting bit stream is transmitted over the channel.block diagram ：方框图，结构图time-division multiplex：时分复用positive ：正的;阳性的negative：负的;阴极的; At the receiver side, the incoming data are demultiplexed, that is, distributed among the various channels, and decoded (i.e., D/A converted). The analog output is then sampled-and-held, and passed through the receive filter.incoming data ：输入数据demultiplex ：解复用，分离D/A convert ：数/模转换negative：负的;阴极的;sampled-and-held ：The latter is a low-pass smoothing filter, which removes the high-frequency “side lobes” of the signal spectrum, and hence smoothes out the staircase noise in thesignal. It is also often used to equalize for the sin x/x amplitude distortion introduced by the sample-and-hold stage.low-pass smoothing filter ：低通滤波器side lobes ：旁瓣, 副瓣smoothe out ：消除, 使平滑staircase noise ：阶梯噪声equalize ：使均衡; 调整After four-to-two wire convention, the voice signal is transmitted into the handset of the subs criber’s telephone, and thus the one-way communication is completed. handset ：电话听筒subscriber ：用户，预约者, 订购者one-way ：单线的，单方向的，单行道的。
新视野大学英语2读写unit2教案
教学目标：1. 通过阅读和听力练习，提高学生的英语阅读和听力理解能力。
2. 培养学生分析、思考和表达的能力。
3. 引导学生了解不同文化背景下的人际交往和沟通方式。
教学重点：1. 词汇：掌握课文中的重点词汇和短语。
2. 语法：学习虚拟语气和条件状语从句的用法。
3. 阅读理解：提高学生的阅读速度和理解能力。
教学难点：1. 虚拟语气和条件状语从句的运用。
2. 对不同文化背景下的人际交往和沟通方式的理解。
教学过程：一、导入1. 引导学生回顾上一节课的学习内容，复习重点词汇和短语。
2. 提问：同学们，上一节课我们学习了哪些内容？你们觉得在与人交往时，沟通方式的重要性体现在哪里？二、阅读理解1. 预测：根据课文标题，预测课文可能涉及的内容。
2. 阅读课文，完成以下任务：a. 快速阅读，了解课文大意。
b. 精细阅读，回答问题。
c. 分析课文中的文化差异和沟通方式。
三、词汇学习1. 列举课文中的重点词汇和短语，并解释其意思。
2. 通过例句，让学生学会运用这些词汇和短语。
四、语法讲解1. 虚拟语气：讲解虚拟语气的用法，并通过例句让学生练习。
2. 条件状语从句：讲解条件状语从句的用法，并通过例句让学生练习。
五、听力练习1. 学生分组，每组完成一篇听力材料。
2. 分组讨论，分享听力内容，并回答问题。
六、总结与作业1. 总结本节课的学习内容，强调重点和难点。
2. 布置作业：a. 复习课文中的重点词汇和短语。
b. 练习虚拟语气和条件状语从句。
c. 预习下一节课的内容。
教学反思：本节课通过阅读、听力、词汇、语法等多个方面的练习，帮助学生提高英语综合运用能力。
在教学过程中，要注意引导学生关注文化差异，了解不同文化背景下的人际交往和沟通方式。
同时，关注学生的学习反馈，及时调整教学策略，提高教学质量。
通信英语 UNIT 2
UNIT 2Asynchronous Serial Data Transmission Vocabularyasynchronous a. 不同时的，异步的serial a. 串行的，串联的transmission n. 传输，发送Asynchronous Serial Data Transmission 异步串行数据传输by far 到目前为止terminal n. 终端CRT terminal CRT终端interface n. 接口，界面[Computer Science] The point of interaction or communication between a computer and any other entity, such as a printer or human operator.receive vt. 接收，收到synchronize vt. （使）同步，（使）同时或同速进行period n. 周期，循环，时期，阶段，时间间隔，时间 clock n. 时钟special means 特殊的手段transmitter n. 发送器，发射机receiver n. 接收机，接收器necessary a. 必要的，必需的，必须做的link n. 连接，耦合，链路，线路asynchronous serial data link 异步串行数据链路teleprinter n. 电传打字机have been around 已经存在telephone n. 电话Morse code n. 莫尔斯电码semaphore n. 旗语signal n. 信号native n. 当然的，天生的native American 美洲土著fundamental a. 基本的，根本的，（十分）重要的the fundamental problem 十分重要的问题split vt. 分开，劈开，分割，分离incoming a. 进来的，入射的，输入的stream n. 流，束，潮流，倾向data stream 数据流individual a. 分别的，各个的，单独的，个体的unit n. 单元，元件，成分，装置，设备group v. 组合，分组，聚集character n. 字母，字符，符号，字，电码组合dot n. 点dash n. 破折号，长划线，冲锋separate v. （使）分离，（使）分隔，区分，分类intersymbol a. 码间的，符号间的intercharacter a. 字符间的duration n. 持续时间，延续时间examine v. 检查，审查，实验，研究，测验，考试 divide v. 分开，分配，分隔，划分ingenious a. 精巧的，精致的format n. 格式，形式the format of data transmitted 数据传输的格式orient vt. 定向，定（方）位，标定，朝向character oriented 面向字符的invariable a. 不变的，总是，一定的comprise vt. 包含，包括，由……组成plus prep. 加上，加a. 正的control n. 控制frequently adv. 时常，频繁地correspond vi. 相当，对应，符合，一致correspond to 相当于，与……相对应，与……向吻合 encode vt. 编码initially adv. 最初，开头，一开始idle a. 闲置的，空闲的traditionally adv. 传统地，惯例地mark level 信号电平convention n. 协定, 习俗, 惯例by convention 习惯上logical a. 逻辑的space level 空号电平complement n. 补足物, [文法]补语, [数]余角，反码element n. 要素, 元素, 成分, 元件, 自然环境successive a. 连续的，顺序进行的，逐次的parity n. 奇偶性calculate v. 计算continually adv. 屡次地，再三地，连续地monitor n. v. 监视（器），监测（器）detect vt. 发觉，觉察n. 检测器，侦察器assemble v. 集合，收集，装配，组装flag n. 旗，标志，标志位critical a. 决定性的，关键的，危险的aspect n. 方面，方位外貌，样子time vt. 安排...的时间, 记录...的时间, 计时, 定时 edge n. 边，边缘，界限，边界，刀刃the falling edge 下降沿trigger v. 触发，启动，发射n. 启动，触发nominal a. 标称的，额定的thereafter adv. 此后，其后situation n. 位置，地点，场所，情况，环境，局面 obvious a. 明显的，显而易见的disadvantage n. 不利条件，不利方面，有害，缺点overall adj. 全部的, 全面的efficiency n. 效率, 功效the overall efficiency 总效率due to 由于whenever ad. 无论何时，随时，每当dump v. 倾倒，翻卸，转储Answer of Exercise1．串行接口——the serial interfaceCRT终端——the CRT terminal发送器——transmitter接收器——receiver数据流——the data stream数据格式——the format of data起始位——the start bit信号电平——mark level停止位——the stop bit奇偶校验位——parity bit传输错误——transmission error2．intersymbol space ——符号间的空隙intercharacter space ——字符间的空隙character oriented ——面向字符的ASCII-encoded characters ——ASCII码编码字符the complement of a mark ——信号的反码duration of T seconds ——持续时间T秒parity error flag ——奇偶错误标志receiver’s local clock ——接收机本地时钟the falling edge of a start bit ——起始位的下降沿asynchronous serial data transmission ——异步串行数据通信unit comprising 7 or 8 bits of information plus 2 to 4 control bits ——由7到8位信息加上2到4位控制位组成的单元3．（1）T（2）T（3）T（4）F（5）F（6）T（7）T。
新编大学英语教案(第二册)-Unit-2-Communication-ProblemsWord版
Unit TwoCommunication problemsTeaching Objectives1. Let the students have some ideas of the common ways we usually use in our daily life to communicate.2. Make the students find the efficient ways to communicate with each other.3. Let the students come up with the ways to avoid misunderstandings. Teaching allotmentsix academic hoursFocus points1.key words and phrasesassume, conflict, convey, emphasis, ignore, misinterpret, react, verge, feel like, for effect, on the verge of, pull out, take----lightly2.difficult sentences1) When Martians and Venusians first got together, they encountered many of the problems with relationships we have today.2) So when communication problems emerged, they assumed it was just one of those expected misunderstandings and that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other.3) To fully express their feelings, women would tend to exaggerate the facts a little bit for effect and use various superlatives, metaphors, and generalizations.3.grammar focusprefix “mis---”的不同意义Related InformationIt is well-known that learning a second language is never easy, and, generally speaking, the older one is when one attempts a new language, the more difficult it becomes. This is at least partly due to what is known as language interference, meaning that the linguistic patterns of our first language interfere with those of the second because no two languages have exactly the same sounds and grammatical structures. The English language has a very large vocabulary because it has incorporated words from many other languages over the centuries. This is nowhere more apparent than in its color words. For example, there are many words that express the color “purple”, describing its different shades and hues: mauve, violet, lilac, or lavender. An interestinglinguistic gender difference among native speakers of English is the likelihood of women using these color terms to differentiate between shades of purple, whereas, men will be satisfied with the one word“purple”. This is true of other color words too.Basing on what mentioned above, when learning a language, we sometimes need to pay attention to which sex uses which words, particularly when we reach an advanced stage where we are adding many new words to our vocabulary and want to use them accurately. We also need to pay attention to some of the multiple meanings that words have, as well as to their connotations.Suggested Class Activities1. Warming-up activity: How to communicate efficientlyPurpose: Inform the students the efficient way to communicate with each otherStep 1Discuss in groups about the common ways we usually use in our daily life to communicate and try to list both their advantages and disadvantages.Step 2 Make a comparison between them and decide which is the most efficient way for us to communicate with others.Step 3 Ask some of the students to give their ideas in public and point out the necessary points they should know in daily communication.Suggested words/expressions:admirable/neglect/comprehend/over-crowded/distinguish----from/holdback/in a different light/turn out.2. In-class reading activity: What can we get from communicationPurpose: Inform the students the good points of communicationStep 1. Discuss in groups why we need to communicate with othersStep 2. Try to analyze what communication has brought to usStep 3. Then make sure what we should learn from communicating with othersSuggested words/expressions:foreigner/uncommon/feel like/for effect/on the verge of/pull out Further development:How to avoid misunderstandings in communicationAfter reading this unit, we may know that in our communications misunderstandings are quite common, so work in groups to come up with the ways to avoid misunderstandings and make it on your exercise book.In-Class ReadingWords and phrases1.assume v.1) believe something is true without definite proofe.g. You assumed his innocence / him to be innocent /that hi is innocentbefore hearing the evidence against him.He is not such a fool as you assumed him to be.assuming that---：假定----e.g. Assuming that you are right about this, what shall we do?2) to take up or undertakee.g. You will assume your new responsibilities tomorrow.assumption : n. sth. taken for granted ; sth. supposed but not provede.g. Don’t rely on the information she gave you---it’s pure assumption on her part. on the assumption that----以---为设想根据e.g. Let’s work on the assumption that our proposal will be accepted.Exercise:1) 他并非如你所以为的那样愚蠢。
专业 英语翻译(unit2)
单元二1、对模拟信号的传输的数字方法的使用在电讯系统中变得普遍。
有2个原因可以解释这个现象。
第一，如果传输的是数字信号而不是模拟信号，那么系统几乎不受影响只要噪声电平不高于它的门限电平。
事实是因为，对于长距离传输，数字信号可以再再生器中重新生成，从而产生一个新的、无噪声的信号。
并且，只要噪声在一个可比较的模拟系统中，噪声就不会积累。
第二、一个数字系统的成分非常适合执行大规模集成电路（LSI）。
2、即使在这样一个数字传输系统中，但是，被处理的信号在本质上通常是模拟的。
有多种调制手段以实现这种转换，包括脉宽调制PWM、脉幅调制PAM以及脉码调制PCM。
在数字电讯系统中，脉码调制是当前最普遍使用的调制系统。
脉码调制信号是通过取样、量化和编译模拟信号产生。
这个结果是二进制数字的一个系列，即在信号中高低电平的交替。
这个系列可以被运用在频率调制中。
3.对模拟电压V（t）采样过程包括生成一个脉冲串，在这个脉冲串中，第n个脉冲的幅度等于V（t）在t=nT时的幅值。
为了使脉冲串独特地限制V（t）中所包含的信息量，取样速率fc=1/T必须至少是V（t）的光谱中高频成分的2倍大，然后在取样信号中脉冲幅值被量化，并且被转换为一组比特，称之为码组。
4. 在实际的PCM长途通信系统中经常利用时分复用方式来传输码字。
在TDM系统中，来自几个信道的码字交错着在一条线路上传输。
在音频（电话）系统中，通常将24或32路话路复用到一对线路中传输。
国际电报电话咨询委员会（CCITT）建议两个主要的架构（“层次”），现在许多全国性的PCM传输网络的使用。
在这种体系中，输入复用器将32路信息码交插在一起。
其中30路码字代表30路语音信道，其余2路时隙包含随路信令和同步码。
第二种体系由图2所示，主要用在美国、加拿大和日本。
在这种系统中，24路语音信号在输入端复用在一起。
5. 传输包括把数字编码的语音信号从一个地方发送到另一个地方，而交换包括建立两个话音信道的有效连接，这两个信道是（用来）承载数字信号的。
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Specialized English for Communication Engineering
专业英语的翻译
增补：按照汉语语言习惯， 增补：按照汉语语言习惯，在译文中适当添加原文中所没 有的词语， 有的词语，以更明确的表达原文的含义和满足汉语语法的 修辞需要。 修辞需要。 This is what we must resolve at first. 这是我们必须首先解决的问题。 增补宾语 增补宾语) 这是我们必须首先解决的问题。(增补宾语
Specialized English for Communication Engineering
专业英语的翻译
转换：词义引伸和词性转换（意义上的转换）；语序的变 转换：词义引伸和词性转换（意义上的转换）；语序的变 ）； 句子结构和句子表达方式的转换（形式上的转换）。 动，句子结构和句子表达方式的转换（形式上的转换）。 The miniature receiving antenna was developed as an alternative to that larger one. 这种小型接收天线是为取代那种大型接收天线而研制的。 这种小型接收天线是为取代那种大型接收天线而研制的。 译文把原文中的名词转换成了动词） （译文把原文中的名词转换成了动词） The reliability can be further improved by using errordetecting and error-correcting codes. 利用检错和纠错编码能进一步提高可靠性。（被动语态 利用检错和纠错编码能进一步提高可靠性。（被动语态 。（ 转译为主动语态） 转译为主动语态） Specialized English for Communication Engineering
Specialized English for Communication Engineering
This is due to the fact that for long-distance transmission the digital signal can be regenerated at each repeater, creating a new, noise-free signal. Thus, noise does not accumulate as it would in a comparable analog system. due to ：由于 应归于 由于, regenerate：再生，重建 ：再生， repeater：中继器，再生器 ：中继器， accumulate：积累 ： 这是因为：对于长距离传输， 这是因为：对于长距离传输，数字信号可以在再生器中重新 生成，从而产生一个新的、无噪声的信号， 生成，从而产生一个新的、无噪声的信号，因此噪声不会像 在模拟系统中那样积累。 在模拟系统中那样积累。 Specialized English for Communication Engineering
Specialized English for Communication Engineering
Even in such a digital transmission system, however, many signals which are being processed are usually analog in nature. There analog signals need therefore to be converted into digital format. in nature：实际上, 本质上 ：实际上 convert into：使转变（转换）成... ：使转变（转换） format ：形式 格式 版式 形式, 格式, 然而，即使在这样的数字传输系统中， 然而，即使在这样的数字传输系统中，所处理的许多信号通 常在本质上是模拟的。因此， 常在本质上是模拟的。因此，需要将这些模拟信号转化为数 字形式。 字形式。 Specialized English for Communication Engineering
NEW WORDS AND PHRASES
immune adj. 免除的 不受影响的 可避免的 免除的,不受影响的 不受影响的,可避免的 threshold n. 门槛,门限 门槛 门限 intertlace v. 使交织,使交错 使交织 使交错 hierarchy n. 等级,体系 体系,系列 等级 体系 系列 crosstalk n. 串话 feasible adj. 可行的 行得通的 可行的,行得通的 elimination n. 消除,排除 排除,淘汰 消除 排除 淘汰 interval n 间隔时间 supervision n. 监督 监管 监督,监管 overvoltage n. 超压 过电压 超压,过电压 suppress v. 抑制 nonlinearly ad. 非线性地 resolution n. 分析 分辨 分析,分辨 polarity n. 极性 Specialized English for Communication Engineering
专业英语的翻译
省略：根据汉语语法的修辞习惯， 省略：根据汉语语法的修辞习惯，将原文中的某些词语略 去不译。（如英语中的冠词、代词和连词） 。（如英语中的冠词 去不译。（如英语中的冠词、代词和连词） Air is a fluid but not a liquid. 空气是流体, 不是液体。（省略冠词） 。（省略冠词 空气是流体 不是液体。（省略冠词） If you know the frequency, you can find the wave length. 如果知道频率，就能求出波长。（泛指的人称代词 如果知道频率，就能求出波长。（泛指的人称代词you 。（泛指的人称代词 可省略不译） 可省略不译）
Specialized English for Communication Engineering
First, if digital rather than analog signals are transmitted, then the system remains nearly immune to noise as long as it is below a threshold level. rather than ：而不是 immune to ：可避免的 不受影响的 可避免的,不受影响的 as long as ：只要 在...的时候 只要, 的时候 threshold level：门限电平 ： 第一,如果传输的是数字信号而不是模拟信号 则只要噪声电 第一 如果传输的是数字信号而不是模拟信号,则只要噪声电 如果传输的是数字信号而不是模拟信号 平低于门限电平,系统就几乎不受影响 系统就几乎不受影响。 平低于门限电平 系统就几乎不受影响。
There are various modulation schemes to accomplish this, including pulse-width modulation (PWM), pulse amplitude modulation (PAM),and pulse code modulation (PCM) . PCM is currently the most commonly used modulation system in digital telecommunication systems. pulse-width modulation (PWM):脉宽调制 脉宽调制 pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) :脉幅调制 脉幅调制 pulse code modulation (PCM) :脉码调制 脉码调制 有多种调制手段以实现这种转换,包括脉宽调制、 有多种调制手段以实现这种转换 包括脉宽调制、脉幅调制以 包括脉宽调制 及脉码调制. 是当前数字通信系统中最普通的调制手段。 及脉码调制 PCM是当前数字通信系统中最普通的调制手段。 是当前数字通信系统中最普通的调制手段 Specialized English for Communication Engineering
Specialized English for Communication Engineering
第二部分 通信技术
Unit 2： ： Digital Communication System ——数字通信系统 ——数字通信系统
1 f
Specialized English for Communication Engineering
Second, the components of a digital system lend themselves well to integrated implementation using large-scale-integrated (LSI) circuits. component：组成，成分 ：组成， lend oneself to：适合于 ： implementation：落实，实施，实际应用，执行, 履行 ：落实，实施，实际应用，执行 履行; large-scale-integrated (LSI) circuits：大规模集成电路 ： 第二， 第二，数字系统的组成使其适合于采用大规模集成电路实际 应用场合。 应用场合。
Specialized English for Communication Engineering
专业英语的翻译
2.翻译方法 2.翻译方法
照译：基本上保留原文的结构形式， 照译：基本上保留原文的结构形式，语序上未作大的 变动；保留原文词语的字面意思，未加引伸和转换。 变动；保留原文词语的字面意思，未加引伸和转换。 Computers are of great help to our work. 计算机对我们的工作有很大帮助。 计算机对我们的工作有很大帮助。 Compounds are composed of elements. 化合物是由元素构成的。 化合物是由元素构成的。