4.2英语词汇学

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英语词汇学通论

英语词汇学通论一、基本概念部分。

1. 单词（Word）- 发音：[wɜːd]- 词性：名词。

- 定义：具有一定语音形式、表示一定意义、可以独立运用的最小语言单位。

例如，“book”（书）、“run”（跑）等都是单词。

2. 词素（Morpheme）- 发音：[ˈmɔːfiːm]- 词性：名词。

- 定义：是语言中最小的语义单位。

词素分为自由词素（Free Morpheme）和粘着词素（Bound Morpheme）。

自由词素可以独立成词，如“man”（男人）；粘着词素不能独立成词，如“ -ment”（表示行为、结果等的后缀，如“development”发展）。

3. 词根（Root）- 发音：[ruːt]- 词性：名词。

- 定义：是单词的核心部分，包含着单词的基本意义。

例如，在“unhappiness”中，“happy”是词根，表示“高兴”的基本意义。

二、构词法（Word - formation）1. 派生法（Derivation）- 发音：[ˌderɪˈveɪʃn]- 词性：名词。

- 解释：通过在词根上加前缀（Prefix）或后缀（Suffix）来构成新词的方法。

- 示例：- 加前缀：“un -”（表示否定） + “happy”（高兴的） = “unhappy”（不高兴的），“un -”的发音是[ʌn]。

- 加后缀：“teach”（教）+“ -er”（表示人） = “teacher”（教师），“ -er”的发音是[ə(r)]。

2. 合成法（Compounding）- 发音：[kəmˈpaʊndɪŋ]- 词性：名词。

- 解释：把两个或两个以上的词组合成一个新词的方法。

- 示例：- “black”（黑色的）+“board”（木板） = “blackboard”（黑板），“black”发音为[blæk]，“board”发音为[bɔːd]。

- “day”（天）+“break”（打破，破晓） = “daybreak”（黎明），“day”发音为[deɪ]，“break”发音为[breɪk]。

新编英语词汇学教程第二版 Chapter 4 Word Formation

Chapter 4
Word Formation
CONTENT
1
Introduction
2 Root, stem and affix
3 Inflection and derivation
4
Ordinary processes of word formation
5
Other processes of word formation
4.2 Root, stem and affix
• A free root is one which can stand alone as a word such as help, care and walk. Nevertheless, there are some roots that can not stand alone but combine with other morphemes to form words, such as -ceive in receive and conceive, -mit in permit and submit, -tain in retain and maintain, and -cur in incur and occur. Elements like -ceive, -mit, -tain, and -cur are all roots, but they are meaningless independent of other morphemes,and such roots are called bound roots. Bound roots are limited in number as opposed to free roots, but they are useful to enrich our the vocabulary.

英语词汇学总结

英语词汇学总结1. 引言英语作为一门国际语言，在全球范围内被广泛使用和学习。

掌握英语词汇是学习英语的基础，因此，了解英语词汇学的基本概念和原则对于掌握英语至关重要。

本文将总结英语词汇学的相关知识，并介绍一些有效的学习方法。

2. 英语词汇的基本特点英语词汇具有以下基本特点：2.1 词汇量丰富英语词汇量庞大，众多单词构成了英语的基础词汇。

根据统计数据，英语词汇库中单词数量超过170,000个，而这还不包括派生词、复合词、短语等。

因此，学习者需要逐渐积累词汇，扩大自己的词汇量。

2.2 杂种来源英语词汇来源广泛，包括古英语、拉丁语、法语、德语等多种语言。

这些词汇通过演变、借用、合成等方式进入英语词汇体系。

2.3 多音节和重音英语中的词汇多为多音节，且每个词汇都有一个重音。

正确把握英语单词的重音对于正确的发音和理解词义至关重要。

3. 英语词汇学的研究方法英语词汇学是研究英语词汇的学科，主要有以下研究方法：3.1 词源研究词源研究是研究单词来源和发展的学科，通过追溯单词的起源和历史变迁，可以更好地理解和记忆单词。

3.2 词汇分类研究词汇分类研究根据单词的词性、语法功能等对英语词汇进行分类，有助于学习者更好地理解和运用词汇。

3.3 语义研究语义研究关注单词的意义和词义之间的关系，通过研究词汇的意义和用法，可以提高学习者的词汇理解和运用能力。

4. 英语词汇学的学习方法掌握英语词汇需要坚持学习和实践，以下是一些学习方法：4.1 单词记忆技巧使用记忆技巧可以帮助学习者更好地记忆和掌握单词。

例如，通过联想记忆、构建单词网络等方式，可以提高单词记忆效果。

4.2 词汇扩展技巧在学习单词的基础上，学习者可以通过学习词根、前缀、后缀等词汇形态，扩大自己的词汇量。

4.3 词汇应用技巧学习者可以通过阅读、写作和口语实践等方式，将学到的词汇应用到实际场景中，加深对单词的理解和记忆。

5. 结论英语词汇学是一门重要而复杂的学科，掌握英语词汇是学习英语的关键。

英语词汇学教程第四版第二单元中文

英语词汇学教程第四版第二单元中文《英语词汇学教程第四版》第二单元为我们介绍了词根、前缀和后缀的知识。

这些知识对于我们学习英语词汇具有重要的指导意义。

下面我们将全面地探讨这些知识，并给出一些学习建议。

首先，词根是构成英语词汇的基本单位，它能帮助我们理解单词的含义。

比如，"dict"这个词根表示"说"，它可以在很多单词中找到，比如"dictate"（命令）、"dictionary"（字典）。

通过了解词根的含义，我们可以更好地猜测出未知单词的含义。

其次，前缀是附加在词根前面的字母或字母组合，它可以改变单词的意义。

例如，"un-"这个前缀表示"不"，当我们在"happy"（快乐的）前加上"un-"，变成"unhappy"（不快乐的），意思就完全相反了。

熟悉一些常见的前缀，可以帮助我们更好地理解单词，并且能够更准确地运用这些词汇。

最后，后缀是附加在词根后面的字母或字母组合，它也能改变单词的含义。

例如，"-ly"这个后缀表示"以...方式"，当我们在"happy"（快乐的）后加上"-ly"，变成"happily"（快乐地），就表示以快乐的方式。

掌握一些常见的后缀，可以使我们的表达更加丰富，让我们的写作更具魅力。

在学习词根、前缀和后缀时，我们可以采用一些有效的方法。

首先，我们可以通过阅读来积累词汇。

在阅读中，我们可以不断地遇到、学习和记忆新的词根、前缀和后缀。

同时，我们也可以结合看电影、听音乐等娱乐活动，通过上下文来理解和记忆这些词汇。

其次，我们可以利用词根、前缀和后缀来记忆单词。

比如，当我们学习新的单词时，可以将其和已知的词根、前缀和后缀进行联系。

英语词汇学

英语词汇学英语词汇学是一门研究英语词汇的形成、发展、结构、意义及其使用规律的学科。

它不仅关注单词本身，还关注单词在语言中的各种功能和作用。

英语词汇学的研究成果对于语言教学、翻译实践、词典编纂等领域都有重要的指导意义。

英语词汇学的研究内容主要包括以下几个方面：1. 词汇的来源：英语词汇的来源非常广泛，包括古英语、拉丁语、法语、德语等。

研究词汇的来源有助于我们理解词汇的演变过程和词义的变迁。

2. 词汇的构成：英语词汇的构成包括词根、前缀、后缀等。

通过分析词汇的构成，我们可以更好地理解词义，同时也有助于记忆和学习新词汇。

3. 词汇的意义：词汇的意义是词汇学研究的核心内容。

词汇的意义不仅包括字面意义，还包括隐喻意义、文化内涵等。

研究词汇的意义有助于我们更准确地理解和使用英语。

4. 词汇的使用：词汇的使用涉及到词汇的搭配、语境、语域等方面。

研究词汇的使用可以帮助我们更好地掌握语言的表达方式，提高语言运用的准确性和灵活性。

5. 词汇的变化：随着社会的发展和语言的演变，英语词汇也在不断地变化和发展。

研究词汇的变化有助于我们了解语言的动态性和适应性。

6. 词汇的分类：英语词汇可以根据不同的标准进行分类，如按照词性分类、按照主题分类等。

词汇的分类有助于我们系统地学习和掌握英语词汇。

7. 词汇的教学：词汇教学是英语教学的重要组成部分。

研究词汇教学的方法和策略，可以帮助学生更有效地学习和记忆英语词汇。

总之，英语词汇学是一门内容丰富、应用广泛的学科。

通过对英语词汇学的深入研究，我们可以更好地理解和掌握英语，提高语言运用的能力。

英语词汇学知识点归纳总结

英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
1.词汇分类：英语词汇可以分为实词和虚词两大类。

实词包括名词、
动词、形容词和副词，是能独立存在并具有词义的词类；虚词包括冠词、
介词、连词、代词和助词，是不能独立存在或不具有词义的词类。

2.词根与词缀：英语词汇中有很多词根和词缀，词根是词的核心部分，词缀是附加在词根上的，可以改变词的词义、词性或词形。

3.词义：英语词汇的词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词、上下义词
等方式进行描述和解释。

词义可以有直观意义、引申意义和隐喻意义等。

4.词汇建构：英语词汇的建构可以通过合成、派生、转化、缩略等方
式进行。

合成是通过将两个或多个词根组合成一个新词，派生是通过添加
前缀或后缀来构成新词，转化是通过改变词的词类来构成新词，缩略是通
过省略部分词组或词根来构成新词。

5.词汇变化：英语词汇的变化形式包括时态、语态、人称、数和比较等。

词汇的变化形式可以通过词形变化、语法变化和语义变化等方式进行。

6.外借词：英语词汇中存在大量的外借词，这些词汇主要来自拉丁语、希腊语、法语、德语等其他语言。

外借词在英语中经过适当的拼写、读音
和意义调整后被接受和使用。

7.同源词：英语词汇中存在一些同源词，这些词源于同一词根或词源，并在语音、形态或词义上有一定的相似性。

了解同源词可以帮助理解和记
忆词汇。

8.词汇扩展：英语词汇在发展的过程中会发生扩展，即一个词从最初的特定意义扩展到更广泛的意义。

词汇扩展可以通过引申、转义、隐喻等方式进行。

这些是英语词汇学中的一些主要知识点，通过对这些知识点的学习和理解，可以更好地掌握和应用英语词汇。

英语词汇学总结复习资料

大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。

其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。

区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。

第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – past electricity，machine，car，plane —— now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology – technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuader cant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork cup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky 第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2）Middle English （1150-1500）English，Latin，FrenchUntil 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflections leveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the West ern world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) ——A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*2.Morph——A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，e.g. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。

英语词汇学Chapter 04.2

laptops; police women;
(exceptions: brothers-in-law,
passersby,
women-doctors, etc)
2. Written Forms of Compounds
a. Solid:
earthquake, sunrise, etc.
b. Hyphenated: wedding-ring, under-wear ;
city-dweller;
pain-killer;
breakthrough;
buildup (猛增);
get-together (联欢会); setup (计划);
7) adverb + verb: outbreak; outcome; upgrade; overturn; download; 8) combining form + ds

Compound nouns/ verbs/ adjectives;

Compound preposition: alongside
Compound conjunction: whereas, whenever

Compound adverb: moreover, indeed

a stay-at-home night; an ahead-of-schedule election; a devil-may-care attitude; (不认真的) a never-to-be-forgotten movie;
an up-in-the-air decision;
1) from back-formation（逆生） baby-sitter→ to baby-sit;

英语词汇学知识点归纳

英语词汇学知识点归纳英语词汇学是研究词汇的学科，主要研究词汇的形成、发展、构造和使用规律。

以下是一些英语词汇学的主要知识点。

1. 词汇分类：英语词汇可以分为原生词汇和派生词汇。

原生词汇是指直接来源于英语语言的词汇，而派生词汇则是通过加前缀、后缀或改变词性形成的新词。

2. 词根、前缀和后缀：许多英语单词都有共同的词根，通过添加前缀和后缀，可以构成各种派生词。

例如，'un-'是一个常见的前缀，表示否定，如'unhappy'（不快乐）。

3. 同义词和反义词：同义词具有相似的意思，可以在不同的上下文中互换使用，例如'big'和'large'。

反义词则是意思相反的词汇，如'hot'和'cold'。

4. 合成词：合成词是由两个或多个独立的词组合而成的词汇。

例如，'sunflower'（向日葵）由'sun'（太阳）和'flower'（花）组成。

5. 词源学：词源学研究词汇的起源和演变过程。

许多英语单词来自其他语言，如拉丁语、法语和希腊语。

了解词源可以帮助我们理解词汇的含义和用法。

6. 词义的变化：词汇的意义会随时间和语境的变化而变化。

一些词汇可能会产生新的意义或失去原有的意义。

例如，'mouse'（老鼠）最初是指一种小动物，现在也可以指计算机的输入设备。

7. 词汇的语法功能：词汇在句子中扮演不同的语法角色，如名词、动词、形容词等。

了解词汇的语法功能可以帮助我们正确使用它们。

8. 语义关系：词汇之间存在各种语义关系，如同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系等。

了解这些关系可以帮助我们扩展词汇量，提高语言表达能力。

9. 词汇的习得和记忆：习得和记忆词汇是学习英语的重要一部分。

采用合适的记忆方法，如使用词汇卡片、词汇表等，可以帮助我们更好地掌握词汇。

以上是英语词汇学的一些主要知识点。

英语词汇学4-20128

Biblioteka 4.宿略型abbreviation
首字母缩略initialism：将主要的首字母联成词以及字母数字混用 HQ=Health Quotient健商 3S lady=Single seventies Stuck剩女截短词clipping：截短原词的某一个音节 Memorandum=memo Influenza=flu
1.译介型loanwords
Mahjong 麻将-----中国 Kimono 和服----日语 Curry 咖喱---泰米尔语 Yogurt酸奶酪—土耳其语 Bizarre古怪的—法语

2.派生型derivation
词根与前缀或后缀相结合构成：如“cyber”表示网络的 cybercafe 网吧 cybershopping 网上购物
2.形象比喻
有些词本义并五修辞色彩但经过形象比喻衍生出转义，喻指其它事物并带有浓厚的文体色彩： Antidote---解毒药---解决办法

3.Style of language语体色彩
Black hole黑洞 Generation gap代圈（沟） Leather or feather牛排鸡排 Eye candy让人掉眼球的美女 Ungelivable 不给力 nude look 裸妆 tight pants热裤 fancier发烧友 way做副词表示“非常”“很”she is way cool. Massage按摩 laser激光 homepage主页

传销Pyramid selling 回扣Kickbacks 贩卖妇女Traffic female 小金库Nest egg 神童Quiz kid 定心丸Mind relief

英语词汇学知识点归纳

英语词汇学知识点归纳Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!1. 词汇分类：动词、名词、形容词、副词、连词、代词、介词、数词等。

2. 词性转换：同一单词的不同词性有不同的用法和含义，如：think（动词）和thought（名词），slowly（副词）和slow（形容词）。

3. 词义辨析：同一单词有不同的含义，如：bank可以指银行，也可以指河岸。

4. 词源研究：研究单词的来源和变化过程，了解其背后的文化、历史和社会等方面的知识。

英语词汇学第四章

2.填入适当的后缀形式

1)-able, ible: dispens_, convert_____, toler___, revers___ 2)-ant, -ent: assist____, resist___, consist___, persist_______ 3) ar, er, or: calculat__, li__, subscrib__, surviv__ 4)ary, ery: confection___, adverse__, tribut___, monast__ 5)ious, ous, eous, uous: caprice__任性, contempt__, moment__, spontan___
Suffixation

(A). features of suffixes: change word class as well as word meanign (B). types of suffixes (1). verb suffix: meaning ―become…, cause…,‖: -fy, -ate-, -ise-/ize-, -en (2). noun suffix （See the next two） (3). Adj. Suffix:表示性质或状态或特性或形状 -ed, -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y, -ic, -ical, -al, -ous, ious, -eous; -able, -ible, -ive, -some, -ate, atic, -ary (4). adv suffix: -ly, -wise(in terms of), -wards
confectionery 糖果店, adversary敌手, tributary 支流, monastery修道院

《英语词汇学》知识点归纳

《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
1.单词的构成：单词由不同的字母组合而成，可以包括前缀、词根、
后缀等。

2.词根和词义：词根是单词中带有基本词义的部分，在单词形态变化
时不会改变。

词根可以是一个字母、一个词或一个词组。

词根可以通过前
缀和后缀的添加，以及音变等形式进行变化。

3.前缀和后缀：前缀是加在词根前面的一种字母或几个字母，可以改
变单词的意义或词类。

后缀是加在词根后面的一种字母或几个字母，可以
改变单词的意义、词类或语法功能。

4.同义词和反义词：同义词是意义相近或相同的词，可以在表达时相
互替换。

反义词则是意义相反的词，通常用来表达对立或对比的关系。

5.词义的变化：词义可以根据语境和用法的不同而发生变化，有时一
个词也可以具有多个意义。

6.词义的分类：词义可以分为字面意义（词义的最基本的意义）、引
申义（从原来的字面意义发展而来的新的意义）和隐喻义（使用一个词来
暗示或比喻另一个概念）。

7.词义的搭配：词义可以和其他词搭配使用，形成固定的词组或短语，这些搭配可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用单词。

8.词法关系：词汇学研究不同词之间的关系，如近义词、反义词、属
于关系等。

9.词源学：词源学研究词语的起源和发展，并追溯词汇的历史和语言
渊源。

10.词汇扩充：词汇学研究如何通过学习和运用词汇扩充词汇量，如学习词根、前缀和后缀的意义和用法，以及拆解和分析复杂单词的方法。

英语词汇学的英语总结

英语词汇学的英语总结引言英语词汇学是研究英语中单词和词汇的学科。

掌握英语词汇学的基本知识对于学习和运用英语语言至关重要。

本文将总结英语词汇学的核心概念和常见术语。

一、词汇和单词1. 词汇 (Vocabulary)词汇指的是某一语言中的所有单词的集合。

英语词汇是指英语语言中的全部词汇。

2. 单词 (Word)单词是构成语言的基本单位，它可以独立地表达一个完整的意思。

英语语言中包含了大量的单词。

3. 词根 (Root)词根是构成词汇的基本组成部分，它是一个单词的核心部分，具有某种基本的意思。

4. 词缀 (Affix)词缀是用来改变或加强单词意思的字母或字母组合，可以加在词根前面或后面。

5. 同义词 (Synonym)同义词是指在意义上或用法上与另一个单词相同或相近的单词。

二、单词的构成1. 基本词 (Base Word)基本词是不含有词缀的词，即单词的最基本形式。

2. 派生词 (Derived Word)派生词是通过在基本词上加上前缀或后缀而产生的新单词。

3. 复合词 (Compound Word)复合词是由两个或多个单词组合而成的新单词。

4. 缩略词 (Abbreviation)缩略词是将一个长的词或短语简化的方式，通常是取其首字母或字母组合作为缩写形式。

三、词义和词类1. 词义 (Meaning)词义指的是单词所表达的具体意义或概念。

2. 词类 (Word Class/Part of Speech)词类是指单词在语法上的分类，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和代词等。

3. 同源词 (Cognate Word)同源词是指来自于同一个词根的单词，它们在不同语言中可能有相似或相同的形式和意义。

4. 多义词 (Polysemous Word)多义词是指具有两个或以上不同的意思的单词。

四、词汇的学习与记忆1. 词汇量 (Vocabulary Size)词汇量是指一个人掌握的单词数量，是评估一个人语言水平的重要指标。

英语词汇学知识点归纳详细

英语词汇学知识点归纳详细英语词汇学是研究英语词汇的起源、发展、结构和功能的学科。

它关注词汇的形成、分布和使用规律，旨在帮助人们更好地理解和运用英语词汇，我将详细讨论英语词汇学的一些重要知识点。

第一部分：英语词汇的起源和发展1.1 词汇的起源英语词汇的起源可以追溯到原始语言，人类追求沟通的需要催生了词汇的出现。

最初，人们通过模仿自然声音或物体特性来命名事物，逐渐形成了最早的词汇系统。

1.2 词汇的发展随着社会的进步和交流的增加，语言发生了演变和变异。

英语词汇的发展经历了几个阶段，包括古英语、中古英语、现代英语等，每个阶段都有其独特的特点和词汇形态。

第二部分：英语词汇的结构2.1 词根词根是词汇的核心部分，它通常具有基本含义，并可以通过前缀和后缀来构成新的词汇。

例如，"write"是一个词根，可以通过添加前缀"re-"构成"rewrite"，通过添加后缀"-er"构成"writer"。

2.2 前缀前缀位于词根之前，用于改变词的意义或形态。

常见的前缀包括"un-"（表示否定）、"re-"（表示再次）等。

例如，"happy"变为"unhappy"表示不快乐，"do"变为"redo"表示重新做。

2.3 后缀后缀位于词根之后，用于改变词的类别或形态。

常见的后缀包括"-er"（表示职业或性别）、"-able"（表示能力或性质）等。

例如，"act"变为"actor"表示演员，"comfort"变为"comfortable"表示舒适的。

第三部分：英语词汇的分类3.1 按词性分类英语词汇可以根据其功能和词法特征分为不同的词性，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。

英语词汇学名词解释

英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学（Lexicology）是研究词汇的科学学科。

它涵盖了词汇的各个方面，包括词汇的产生、发展和变化等。

首先，词汇学研究词汇的产生。

词汇是人类语言的基本单位，是人类表达思想和交流信息的重要工具。

词汇的产生与人类的生活和社会环境密切相关。

在人类社会发展的过程中，随着新事物的出现和新概念的产生，新词汇也会随之产生。

例如，随着科技的进步，电脑、互联网、手机等新技术词汇相继产生。

其次，词汇学研究词汇的发展。

词汇的发展主要包括词汇的演变和词义的扩展。

词汇的演变是指词汇在使用过程中发生的变化。

例如，英语中的单词“nice”原本的意思是“愚蠢的”，但随着时间的推移，其词义逐渐扩展为“友好的”、“美好的”等。

词义的扩展是指词汇在使用过程中逐渐获得更广泛的意义。

例如，英语中的单词“mouse”原本指小老鼠，但在计算机领域中，它也指计算机的鼠标。

此外，词汇学还研究词汇的变化。

词汇的变化包括发音、拼写和形态等方面的变化。

发音的变化指的是词汇在不同时期和地区的发音差异。

例如，英语中的单词“knight”在古英语时期的发音是/knixt/，但在现代英语中，它的发音变为/naɪt/。

拼写的变化是指词汇在不同时期和地区的拼写方式的差异。

例如，英语中的单词“colour”在美国被拼写为“color”。

形态的变化是指词汇在不同时期和语言环境中的词形变化。

例如，英语中的单词“goose”的复数形式在古英语中为“gǣs”，而在现代英语中为“geese”。

总之，英语词汇学研究词汇的产生、发展和变化，揭示了词汇在语言中的重要地位和作用。

通过深入研究词汇，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语，提高我们的语言能力。

英语词汇学知识点概括总结

英语词汇学知识点概括总结
一、英语词汇学概述
英语词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究的是词汇的形成、构成、分类和运用规律等。

对于学习英语的人来说，词汇是基础，因此了解英语词汇学知识点对于提高语言水平很有
帮助。

二、英语词汇的分类
英语词汇根据不同的分类标准可以分为不同的类型，按照词性分类，英语词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等。

此外，英语词汇还可以按照构
词法、语义分类和语法功能等不同标准进行分类。

三、英语词汇的构成
英语词汇的构成主要包括词根、前缀、后缀和词干等部分。

通过不同的组合方式，可以构
成不同的词汇，使得英语词汇系统更加丰富多样。

四、词汇记忆与运用
词汇是语言运用的基础，因此词汇的记忆和运用是英语学习中的重要内容。

学习者可以通
过生词本、词根词缀、语境记忆等方式进行词汇的记忆，同时要注重词汇的运用，积累语感，灵活运用词汇。

五、词汇拓展与应用
在学习英语词汇的过程中，不仅要记忆掌握基础词汇，还需要不断拓展词汇量，了解词汇
在不同语境下的应用，丰富自己的词汇库，使得语言表达更加流畅。

六、英语词汇学研究的意义
英语词汇学的研究对于语言学的发展具有重要的意义，可以帮助我们了解语言规律，促进
语言教学和翻译工作的发展，同时还可以为语言教学提供理论基础和实践指导。

总之，英语词汇学是语言学的重要分支之一，研究词汇的构成、分类和应用等方面，对于
提高语言水平和推动语言学科的发展都具有重要意义。

因此，我们可以在学习中加强对英
语词汇学知识的学习，从不同角度掌握词汇的规律和应用，提高语言表达能力和运用能力。

英语词汇学基本知识点总结

英语词汇学基本知识点总结English vocabulary is the cornerstone of the language and plays a vital role in communication, writing, and reading. Understanding the essential points of English vocabulary is crucial for learners to improve their language skills and be able to effectively express themselves in various contexts. In this summary, we will explore the basic knowledge of English vocabulary, including its types, acquisition, and usage, to provide a comprehensive understanding of this fundamental aspect of the language.Types of VocabularyEnglish vocabulary can be categorized into different types based on their usage, origin, and form. The main types of vocabulary include:1. Basic Vocabulary: Basic vocabulary consists of the most common words that are essential for everyday communication. These words are commonly used in spoken and written language and are crucial for building a foundation in the language.2. Academic Vocabulary: Academic vocabulary refers to the words and phrases that are commonly used in academic settings, such as in textbooks, research papers, and lectures. These words are often more complex and specific to certain subjects or disciplines.3. Technical Vocabulary: Technical vocabulary includes specialized words and terminology used in particular fields, such as science, medicine, technology, and engineering. These words are often challenging for non-experts to understand and require specific knowledge of the subject area.4. Colloquial Vocabulary: Colloquial vocabulary consists of informal words and expressions that are commonly used in everyday conversation and informal writing. These words may vary from region to region and often reflect the local dialect and cultural influences.5. Idiomatic Vocabulary: Idiomatic vocabulary refers to expressions and phrases that have a figurative meaning different from the literal interpretation of the words. These expressions are commonly used in spoken language and may pose challenges for non-native speakers.6. Loanwords: Loanwords are words that are adopted from other languages and incorporated into English. These words often retain their original form and meaning, adding diversity to the English vocabulary.Acquisition of VocabularyThe process of acquiring vocabulary involves various strategies and techniques to enhance one's word knowledge and usage. The following are some essential methods for vocabulary acquisition:1. Reading: Reading is one of the most effective ways to acquire new vocabulary. Exposure to a wide range of written materials, including books, articles, and newspapers, allows learners to encounter new words in context and understand their usage.2. Contextual Learning: Understanding the context in which a word is used helps learners grasp its meaning and usage more effectively. Contextual learning involves interpreting words and phrases based on the surrounding text and extracting their meaning from the overall context.3. Mnemonics: Mnemonics are memory aids that help learners remember and retain new vocabulary. Techniques such as creating associations, visualization, and using mnemonic devices can assist in memorizing and recalling words more easily.4. Vocabulary Apps and Tools: Technology-based resources, such as vocabulary apps and online tools, provide interactive and engaging platforms for learners to expand their word knowledge. These resources often offer word games, quizzes, and flashcards to reinforce vocabulary acquisition.5. Word Analysis: Breaking down words into their component parts, such as prefixes, suffixes, and roots, helps learners understand the structure and meaning of new vocabulary. This approach is especially useful for deciphering unfamiliar words and inferring their definitions.6. Vocabulary Expansion: Actively seeking out new words and making a conscious effort to expand one's vocabulary through exploration of various sources, such as dictionaries, thesauruses, and word lists, is essential for continuous language development.7. Vocabulary Practice: Regular practice and reinforcement of vocabulary through activities such as writing, speaking, and using the words in different contexts contribute to the retention and application of new vocabulary.Usage of VocabularyEffective use of vocabulary is crucial for clear and impactful communication in both spoken and written forms. The following are some key aspects of vocabulary usage:1. Word Choice: Selecting the appropriate words for expressing ideas and conveying meaning is essential for effective communication. Understanding the nuances of words and their connotations enables speakers and writers to choose the most suitable vocabulary fora given context.2. Register and Style: Adapting vocabulary to the appropriate register and style is important for communicating with different audiences and in diverse settings. Adjusting language choices based on formality, audience, and purpose enhances the clarity and effectiveness of communication.3. Collocation and Phraseology: Understanding the collocation of words and phrases, as well as familiarizing oneself with common idiomatic expressions, contributes to natural and fluent language use. Recognizing and using collocations and idiomatic language enhances the authenticity and fluency of communication.4. Vocabulary Expansion: Continuously expanding one's vocabulary through exposure to diverse texts, contexts, and sources enriches language proficiency and enables the use of more varied and precise vocabulary.5. Vocabulary Development: Engaging in activities that promote vocabulary development, such as reading, writing, and participating in discussions, contributes to the ongoing enhancement of language skills and the refinement of vocabulary use.ConclusionEnglish vocabulary is a multifaceted aspect of language learning that encompasses various types, acquisition methods, and usage strategies. Understanding the fundamental aspects of English vocabulary is crucial for learners to build a strong vocabulary foundation, expand their word knowledge, and effectively communicate in diverse contexts. By grasping the essential knowledge points of English vocabulary, learners can enhance their language skills and develop proficiency in expressing themselves with precision and clarity.。

《英语词汇学》-知识点归纳

English Lexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology：According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules ofword-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabularyVocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabularyClassification of English Words：By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabularyBy notion:content words&functional wordsBy origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):1)All-National character（全民通用性most important）2)Stability（相对稳定性）3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语）(7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but)Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words:1) denizens(同化词): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens（非同化词/外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语long time no see (from China)4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）The Eastern set:（1）The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc. （2）The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc.(3)The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.(4)The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.The Western set:(5)The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.(6)The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc.(7)The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.(8)The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few expections.English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式):1)creation创造新词：the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements.(最重要方式)2)semantic change旧词新义:does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words.3) borrowing借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new wordsReviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words Allomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningType of Morpheme(词素的分类)（1）Free Morphemes（自由词素）: have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent).（2）Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root(粘附词根) (2)Affix(词缀)Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix:An adjective suffix（形容词后缀）that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective.Free Morpheme =free root（自由词根）Morpheme(词素)Bound root prefixbound derivationalaffix suffixinflectionalRoot and stem（词根和词干）The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)1.Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.（1）Prefixation(前缀法)：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.1)Negative prefixes(否定前缀): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey(not obey)2)Reversative prefixes（逆反前缀）: un-,de-，dis- etc. unwrap(open)3) Pejorative prefixes: mis（贬义前缀）：mis-，mal-, pseudo- etc.misconduct(bad behaviour)4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀)：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude（倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc.anti-nuclear6)Locative prefixes（方位前缀）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary)7) Prefixes of time and order（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)8) Number prefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-, bi-，di-, tri-,multi-，poly- ，semi-，etc.bilingual(concerning two languages)9) Miscellaneous prefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-chairman(deputy chairman)(2)Suffixation（后缀法）: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixespounding复合法（also called composition）Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stemsCompounds are written in three ways: solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)and open分开写(air force, air raid)Formation of compounds（复合词的形式）（1）noun compounds ：e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot（2）adjective compounds ：e.g. acid + head = acid-head（3）verb compounds ：e.g. house + keep = housekeep3.Conversion转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functional shift/zero-derivation）4.Blending拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN5.Clipping截短法Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone. 四种形式：1).Front clippings删节前面(phone from telephone)2).Back clippings删节后面(dorm from dormitory)3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza)4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music)6.Acronymy首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)7.Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. (greed from greedy)8.Words From Proper Name(专有名词转成法):Names of people, places, book, and tradenames (e.g.: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt（瓦特，电功率单位）Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “Meaning”(“意义”的意义)Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relat ionships with other expressions in the language.’Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. E.g.: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:the foot of the mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. E.g:pen-featherTypes of meaning(词义的类别)1.Grammatical Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)2.Lexical Meaning （词汇意义）(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.[4types:（1）Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)（2）Stylistic（文体意义）：many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.（3）Affective（感情意义）：indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative（4）Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.]Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field（语义关系和语义场）Polysemy（多义关系）Two approached to polysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）:1.diachronic approach(历时方法) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings.2. synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.基本意义是central meaning , 次要意义是derived meaning.Two processes of development（词义的两种发展类型）:1.radiation（辐射型）：is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at thecentre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. (e.g: face, neck)2.concatenation（连锁型）:is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word movegradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.(e.g:treacle)3.In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning.In concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.4.They are closely related, being different stages of the development leading topolysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Types of homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别)1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2)Homographs（同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见)3）Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Origins of homonyms (同形同音异义词的来源)1）change in sound and spelling ：(eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long)2）borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball )3）Shortening(缩略): (ad-advertisement,)The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.2)One important criterion is to see their etymology(词源)：Homonymys are from different sources. Polysemant is from the same source.3)The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness(语义关联): The various meanings of polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning. Meanings of different homonymys have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)：As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule.Synonymy (同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .Types of Synonymy(同义词的类别) :(1)Absolute synonyms（完全同义词）：also known as complete synonyms are words whichare identical in meaning in all aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ](2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）:also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly thesame in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.(e.g: change/alter/vary, stagger/reel/totter, strange/odd/queer, idle/lazy/indolent)Sources of synonyms(同义词的来源) :1)Borrowing（借词）：最重要的来源(room-chamber, foe-enemy, help-aid, leave-depart, wise-sage, buy-purchase)2)Dialects and regional English （方言和地区英语）3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words （单词的修饰和委婉用法）:occupation/profession-walk of life, dreamer--star-gazer, drunk-elevated, lie-distort of fact.4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions（与习惯表达一致）:win-gain the upper hand, decide-make up one’s mind, finish-get through, hesitate-be in two minds, help-lend one a hand.Discrimination of Synonyms(1)difference in denotation外延不同. Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity ofmeaning.(rich-wealthy, work-toil, want-wish-desire)(2)difference in connotation内涵不同. By connotation we mean the stylistic and emotivecolouring of words. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. (借词：answer-respond, storm-tempest, wood-forest, handy-manual, unlike-dissimilar, homely-domestic, fleshy-carnal.中性词：policeman-constable-bobby-cop, ask-beg-request. 古语词、诗歌：ire/anger, bliss-happiness, forlorn-distresses, dire-dreadful, list-listen, enow-enough, save-expect, mere-lake )(3)difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning but difference inusage in simple terms. They form different collocations and fit into difference sentence patterns. (allow sb. to do sth.- let sb. do sth. / answer the letter-reply to the letter) Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms:1)contradictory terms (矛盾反义词): these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 特点：①The assertion of one is the denial of the other. ②Such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs ofintensity like “very” to qualify them . (e.g: single/married)2)contrary terms（对立反义词）: antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.(e.g: old/young, rich/young, big/small) The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.3)relative terms（关系反义词）：this type consists of relational opposites.（parent/child, husband/wife, employee/employer, sell/buy, receive-give）Some of the characteristics of antonyms(反义关系的特点):1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition(语义对立)2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion（语义内涵）4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms，differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(hot/warm: hot-cold/warm-cool)The use of antonyms（反义词的使用）1）Antonyms are helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words.2)To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast.(e.g :now or never, rain or shine, friend or foe敌友，weal and woe哀乐)3）To form antithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together. (proverbs and sayings: easy come , easy go./ more haste, less speed.)Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animalSuperordinate and Subordinate (上义词和下义词)：use subordinates which are concrete and precise ,presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader. Superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea.Semantic Field(语义场)Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory.e.g.(apple, pear, peach, date, mango, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of ‘fruits’)The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language.e.g.(aunt in English, may means “父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122)Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.Types of Changes (词义变化的种类)1.Extension /generalization(词义的扩大): is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.(e.g: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)2.Narrowing/ specialization(词义的缩小)：is the opposite of widening meaning. It isa process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. Inother words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.(e.g: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl). [ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ]3.Elevation /amelioration(词义的升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的）beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]4.Degradation / pejoration(词义的降格):A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory（贬损的）sense.[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ]5.Transfer(词义的转移): Words which were used to designate指明one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Causes of Semantic Change(词义变化的原因)1.Extra-linguistic factors(词义演变的语言外部因素):1) Historical reason(历史原因)：Increased scientific knowledge and discovery, objects, institutions, ideas change in the course of time. E.g: pen, car, computer.2 )Class reason(阶级原因)：The attitude of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation.3) Psychological reason(心理原因)：the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors. Such slow, humble and despised occupations take more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons.2.Linguistic factors（语言内部原因）：the change of meaning may be caused by internal factors with in the language system.1)shorting缩略:gold-gold medal, gas-coal gas, bulb-light bulb, private-private soldier2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast3)analogy类推:Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 词义和语境Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic andextra-linguistic contexts.Two types of context（语境的种类）1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation（非语言语境）：In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out, weekend, landlord )2.Linguistic context/ grammatical context(语言语境)：In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.分为两类：1) Lexical context（词汇语境）：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question. (e.g: paper, do)2) Grammatical context（语法语境）：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. (e.g: become)The role of context(语境的作用)1.Elimination of ambiguity(消除歧义)1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity如何消除歧义？——①extend the original sentence ②alter the context a little2.Indication of referents(限定所指)如何限定所指？——①with clear context ②with adequate verbal context3.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning (提供线索以猜测词义)1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)antonymy6)hyponymy（上下义关系）7)relevant details8)word structureChapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms （俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of Idioms（英语习语的特点）1.Semantic unity （语意的整体性）：words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literalmeaning of each of the idiom.2.Structural stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable.1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeableThe fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯Classification of Idioms（英语习语的分类）1. idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语(white elephant累赘物)2 .idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）3 .idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into）4 .idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail 拼命）5 .sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）Use of idioms（习语的使用）1.Stylistic features（文体色彩）：1）colloquialisms（俗语）2）slang （俚语）3）literary expressions（书面表达）The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meanings.2.Rhetorical features(修辞色彩)1) phonetic manipulation （语音处理）：（1）alliteration头韵法（2）rhyme尾韵法2）lexical manipulation（词法处理）（1）reiteration（duplication of synonyms）同义词并举[scream and shout] （2）repetition 重复[out and out]（3）juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置[here and there]3.figures of speech（修辞格）（1）simile明喻（2）metaphor暗喻（3）metonymy换喻/以名词代动作：live by one’s pen（4）synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体：earn one’s bread（5）Personification拟人法（6）Euphemism委婉语：kick the bucket(die)（7）hyperbole 夸张：a world of troubleVariations of idioms(习语的变异形式)：1.addition增加2.deletion删除3.replacement替换4.position-shifting位置转移5.dismembering分解Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（语源）.Types of dictionaries(词典的种类):1.Monolingual & bilingual dictionaries（单语词典和双语词典）：最早的词典都是双语的(1).Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE, CCELD). The headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language.(2).Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, AChinese-English D)2.Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries（语文词典与百科词典）（1）Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是单语或是双语的（2）Encyclopedic dictionary:1）encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se（本身）but provides encyclopedic information. Concerning each headword (not pronunciation, meanings, or usages) but only information.2）Encyclopedic Dictionaries: have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia (<Chamber’s Encyclopedic English Dictionary>)3.Unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries(大型词典、案头词典、袖珍词典) （1）Unabridged D: basic information about a word——its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates(同词源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation, capitalization,。

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新编英语词汇学教程第二版 Chapter 4 Word Formation