Chapter4 Momentum

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行为金融学4

Chapter 4: Discussion Questions and Problems1. Differentiate the following terms/concepts:a. Momentum and reversalWith momentum we observe positive correlation in returns, whereas with reversal weobserve negative correlation in returns.b. Value and growth stocksStock prices for value stocks are low relative to accounting measures such as earnings, cash flow, or book value, whereas stock prices for growth (or glamour) stocks are low relative to earnings, cash flow, and book value, at least in part because the marketanticipates high future growth.c. Fundamental risk and noise-trader riskFundamental risk arises because of the potential for rational revaluation as newinformation arrives and noise-trader risk arises because mispricing can become more severe in the short run.d. Carve-out and stub valueA carve-out is an offering of shares in a subsidiary company. Stub value is the implied stand-alone value of the parent company without the subsidiary.2. Refer back to the set of exchange rate s in the “Support 3: There are no limits to arbitrage” section earlier in the chapter. Describe a profitable arbitrage strategy if x = 105.The trick is to go the correct direction around the triangle. Since $1 should only get you ¥102.85, take $1 and c onvert to ¥105. Then convert to €, ending up with 105/159.34=€6590. Then convert to dollars: .6590/.6455=$1.02 vs. the initial dollar.3. Arbitrage is limited because the wealth of arbitrageurs is limited. Discuss this statement in the context of those who are managing their own money and those who are managing other people’s money.When you managing your own money, you are subject to fundamental risk and noise-trader risk. Plus such arbitrageurs will normally have a very limited pool of capital to us e for arbitrage purposes. If you are managing other people’s money, you will often now have more capital in your control. But you will be subject to a different sort of wealth2 | P a g e©2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly available website, in whole or in part. control. Because they have the power to hire and fire, your horizon is of necessity short. In fact, many who are attempting to exploit arbitrage opportunities are subject to this reality. They are managing money for individuals (e.g., those pooling their money through mutual funds or hedge funds) or institutions (such as endowments), many of whom will not have a clear idea of the issues involved.4. What is data snooping? What sort of empirical evidence is useful for obviating this critique?It is always possible to detect correlations in data merely due to randomness. Data snooping is the act of analyzing a dataset “to death” so as to detect such correlations, which are then termed “anomalies.” To obviate this criticism, these correlations should exhibit consistency: they should hold over a number of periods, and perhaps in different countries as well.5. What are the three supports on which market efficiency rests? Why is it that only one of them is required? The three supports are investor rationality, uncorrelated errors and unlimited arbitrage. If the first holds, prices will be on average right and markets will be efficient. If the first does not hold, but the second does hold, while errors will be made, once again on average prices will be right. If the first two do not hold, but the third does hold, while prices have the potential to diverge from value because errors are often one-sided, arbitrageurs will notice such opportunities and swiftly take action so as to eliminate mispricing.。

carhart四因子模型的momentum动量因子计算

carhart四因子模型的momentum动量因子计算英文版Calculation of Momentum Factor in the Carhart Four-Factor ModelIn the realm of financial investing, momentum is a crucial concept that has garnered significant attention from investors and academics alike. The Carhart Four-Factor Model, an extension of the popular three-factor model proposed by Eugene Fama and Kenneth R. French, incorporates momentum as a fourth factor to better explain the performance of assets.The momentum factor in the Carhart model is designed to capture the tendency of stocks with strong recent performance to continue outperforming, and vice versa for stocks with weak performance. This factor is computed by ranking stocks based on their past returns, typically over a 12-month period. Stocks with the highest returns are assigned a positive momentumscore, while stocks with the lowest returns receive a negative momentum score.To calculate the momentum factor, one needs to follow these steps:Data Collection: Gather historical return data for a universe of stocks over a specified time period, such as 12 months.Ranking: Rank the stocks based on their total returns over the chosen time period. Stocks with the highest returns will be at the top, and those with the lowest returns will be at the bottom.Momentum Scoring: Assign momentum scores to the stocks. Typically, the top-performing stocks receive a score of 1, while the bottom-performing stocks receive a score of -1. Intermediate-performing stocks can be assigned scores accordingly, such as 0.5 or -0.5, depending on their ranking.Weighting: Determine the weights for each stock based on its market capitalization or some other metric. This step ensuresthat larger stocks have a greater impact on the momentum factor.Calculation: Calculate the momentum factor by summing the weighted momentum scores of all the stocks in the universe.The momentum factor obtained from this calculation can then be used in investment strategies that aim to capitalize on the momentum effect. Investors who believe in the momentum phenomenon would allocate funds to stocks with positive momentum scores, expecting them to continue their upward trend.In conclusion, the momentum factor in the Carhart Four-Factor Model is a crucial component that helps investors identify stocks with strong momentum and potential for further gains. By incorporating momentum into their investment decisions, investors can hope to enhance their returns and mitigate the risks associated with market fluctuations.中文版Carhart四因子模型的动量因子计算在金融投资领域，动量是一个备受投资者和学者关注的重要概念。

Chapter4翻译

4 2
He + N → O + H
14 7 17 8 1 1
1 1
H + Li → 2 He
7 3 4 2
1 1
H + C → N +γ
12 6 13 7
Since the neutron is a neutral (中性的) particle it does not experience electrostatic repulsion (静电排斥) and can readily penetrate (穿透) a target nucleus (靶核). Neutrons are thus especially useful as projectiles to induce reactions. Several examples ： The conversion of mercury (汞) into gold, the alchemist (炼金术士)'s dream, is described by因
应率我们可以进行一套假想的实验来阐明截面的概念。如Fig， 4.2图（a）截面积为1㎝的试管仅有一个靶核。一个入射粒子被平行于试管的X轴注入，但它的准确位置是不确定的。很明显碰撞的几率，标为σ以及微分截面，是目标面积比上试管的面积的值，为1。
In a time of one second, the number of them (projectiles) that pass through the target volume is nv, and since the chance of collision (碰撞) of each with one target atom is σ , the number of collisions is nvNσ. We can thus define the reaction rate (反应率) per unit volume, 一秒钟的时间内，通过给定体积的入射粒子数是nv，一秒钟的时间内，通过给定体积的入射粒子数是，一个靶原子的碰撞几率是σ，碰撞数是nvNσ。我们一个靶原子的碰撞几率是，碰撞数是。可以确定每单位体积内的反应率，可以确定每单位体积内的反应率， R=nvNσ R = nvNσ

工程流体力学 (6)

Chapter4 Similitude and Dimensional Analysis
3. Viscosity has the dimensions
(a) FL-2T (b) FL-1T-1 (c) FLT-2 (d) FL2T (e) FLT2
4. Select the incorrect completion. Shear forces
(a) zero (b) one-fourth its value when cylinder was full (c) indeterminable; insufficient data (d) greater than a similar case with water as liquid (e) none of these answers
Ⅱ、Single choice questions
Chapter4 Similitude and Dimensional Analysis
1. A fluid is a substance that (a) always expands until it fills any container (b) is practically incompressible (c) cannot be subjected to shear forces (d) cannot remain at rest under action of any shear force (e) has the same shear stress at a point regardless of its motion
(a) can never occur when the fluid is at rest (b) may occur owing to cohesion when the liquid is at rest (c) depend upon molecular interchange of momentum (d) depend upon cohesive forces (e) can never occur in a frictionless fluid, regardless of its

momentum公式

momentum公式
物理中的momentum是动量的意思，动量（Momentum）又称线性动量（Linear Momentum）。

在经典力学中，动量（指国际单位制中的单位为kg·m/s ，量纲MLT⁻¹）表示为物体的质量和速度的乘积，是与物体的质量和速度相关的物理量，指的是运动物体的作用效果。

动量也是矢量，它的方向与速度的方向相同。

momentum动量公式：
1.p=m·v
2.
p:动量m:质量v:速度c:光速注：一般情况请用一公式
基本性质
动量是矢量，用符号p表示。

质点组的动量为组内各质点动量的矢量和。

动量是一个守恒量，这表示为在一个封闭系统（不受外力或外力矢量和为0）内动量的总和不变。

物体的机械运动都不是孤立地发生的，它与周围物体间存在着相互作用，这种相互作用表现为运动物体与周围物体间发生着机械运动的传递（或转移）过程，动量正是从机械运动传递这个角度度量机械运动的物理量，这种传递是等量地进行的，物体2把多少机械运动（即动量）传递给物体1，物体2将失去等量的动量，传递的结果是两者的总动量保持不变。

从动力学角度看，力反映了动量传递快慢的情况。

大学物理英语词汇

Chapter 1 Introduction（引言）§1.1 Space and Time（空间与时间）universe宇宙object物体measurement 测量kinematics运动学motion of objects 物体的运动mass point/particle质点center of mass 质心space and time 时空rotation 旋转subject研究的对象phenomena 现象intergalactic星系间的submicroscopic 亚微观的dimension尺度uniform均匀的isotropic各向同性的continuous连续的direction方向graininess 颗粒性location位置frame of reference 参考系specify确定、规定simultaneously 同时地inconsistent with与…不一致define/definition 定义platinum-iridium铂铱合金atomic standard 原子标准transition 跃迁meridian子午线general conference on weights and measures 国际计量大会vacuum真空former standard of length米原器atomic energy level原子能级isotope cesium 铯同位素krypton 氪angstrom埃§1.2 Coordinate Systems and Frames of Reference（坐标系与参考系）frame of reference 参考系coordinate system坐标系rectangular Cartesian coordinates直角笛卡儿坐标系axis / axes (pl.)（坐标）轴origin坐标原点at rest静止dimension维mutually perpendicular 互相垂直intersection 交点§1.3 Idealized Models（理想模型）idealized model 理想模型simplified version简化方式neglect忽略particle质点air resistance 空气阻力vacuum真空in terms of 利用rigid body刚体insulator绝缘体§1.4 Vectors（矢量）vector矢量scalar标量magnitude大小velocity速度acceleration 加速度momentum动量proportional to正比于parallel平行position vector位置矢量§1.5 Properties of Vectors（矢量的特点）resultant/net vectoradditionsubtractionequivalenttranslatehead-to-tail methodparallelogram method diagonalcommutative lawscalar productdot productdistributive lawmultiplicationcross product vector productarearight-hand ruleparallelmultiplyfunctionsome variable§1.6 Components of a Vector（矢量的分量）component分量absolute value绝对值projection投影perpendicular 垂线rectangular component正交分量§1.7 Unit Vectors（单位矢量）unit vector单位矢量dimensionless 无量纲的unit magnitude单位大小respectively分别地Chapter 2 Kinematics: Motion in Two and Three Dimensions （运动学：二维与三维运动）§2.1 Kinematical Function of a Point（质点的运动函数）position vector位置矢量trigonometry 三角学§2.2 Displacement and Velocity（位移与速度）trajectory轨迹displacement vector位移矢量velocity速度ratio比值，比率straight line直线approach趋近、接近limit极限average velocity 平均速度instantaneous velocity瞬时速度slope斜率chord弦limiting process 求极限过程curved path弯曲路径derivative导数magnitude and direction大小和方向speed速率scalar components标量分量limiting value极限值limiting process 求极限过程tangent相切、切线change增量、改变量differential n.微分differentiate v. 微分、求导integrate v.积分integration n.积分coefficient系数module (矢量的)模successively 连续地square root 平方根§2.3 Acceleration（加速度）acceleration 加速度average acceleration 平均加速度instantaneous acceleration 瞬时加速度second derivative二阶导数positive正的negative负的respectively 分别地one-dimensional motion一维运动uniform circular motion匀速圆周运动projectile motion抛体运动§2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration（匀加速运动）无§2.5 Linear Motion with Constant Acceleration（匀加速直线运动）linear线性的one-dimensional一维的corresponding对应的eliminate消去freely falling bodies自由落体air resistance 空气阻力acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度altitude高度vertical direction 竖直方向negative sign 负号latitude经度regardless of与.无关maximum value最大值minimum value最小值§2.6 Projectile Motion （抛体运动）projectile抛体trajectory轨迹assumption 假设negligible可忽略的rotation 转动air friction 空气摩擦parabola抛物线parabolic trajectory 抛物线轨迹initial初始的horizontal水平的independent 独立的superposition叠加flight time飞行时间horizontal range射程maximum height最大高度horizontal surface水平面a body projected horizontally平抛物体vertical竖直的firing angle抛射角§2.7 Circular Motion（圆周运动）circular motion 圆周运动uniform circular motion匀速圆周运动circular motion with varying speed变速圆周运动centripetal向心的arc length 弧长angular displacement 角位移instantaneous angular velocity（瞬时）角速度radian(s) 弧度dimensional有量纲的counterclockwise 逆时针clockwise顺时针circle圆center of a circle圆心vectorially矢量地angular acceleration 角加速度tangential acceleration 切向加速度center-seeking 向心resolve （矢量）分解centripetal acceleration 向心加速度normal acceleration 法向加速度perpendicular to垂直于radial径向的radius半径§2.8 Relative Motion（相对运动）relative velocity相对速度relative acceleration 相对加速度observer观察者outcome结果measurement 测量stationary 静止的differentiate求微分Galilean transformation equation伽利略变换valid有效的special theory of relativity狭义相对论as it turns out结果是relative to相对于heading due north头朝北right triangle直角三角形upstream逆流hypotenuse直角三角形的斜边Chapter 3 Newton’s Laws of Motion（牛顿运动定律）§3.1 Newton’s First Law（牛顿第一定律）at rest静止net external force/ resultant force合外力inertial frame of reference 惯性参考系inertia惯性act on = exert（力）作用于approximation近似inertial mass 惯性质量interact (n. interaction)相互作用resultant external force合外力momentum动量unless stated otherwise 除非另有说明§3.2 Newton’s Second Law（牛顿第二定律）nonzero非零的mass质量momentum动量rate of change变化率directly proportional to正比于inversely proportional to反比于§3.3 Newton’s Third Law（牛顿第三定律）interact相互作用opposite相反、相对isolated 孤立的action force 作用力reaction force反作用力§3.4 Applications of Newton’s Laws（牛顿运动定律的应用）tension 张力diagram示意图isolate 隔离free-body diagram受力图unknown未知量Atwood’s Machine阿特伍德机light string轻绳vertically 竖直地frictionless 无摩擦的incline斜面pulley滑轮balanced平衡的block 木块、滑块wedge楔、斜铁plane 平面horizontal surface水平面§3.5 International Units and Dimensions（国际单位制与量纲）physical quantity物理量fundamental unit基本单位universally普遍scientific community科学界luminous intensity光强度abbreviation缩写lowercase小写的uppercase大写的rectangle矩形§3.6 Introduction to Some Common Forces（几种常见力）electromagnetic电磁的lean against 倚靠compress 压mattress spring 床垫弹簧normal force 法向力、支持力stiffness倔强性stretch 拉伸frictional force / force of friction 摩擦力viscous medium粘滞媒质（介质）resistance 阻力force of static friction 静摩擦力maximum force of static friction最大静摩擦力is proportional to正比于proportionality constant比例常数coefficient of static friction 静摩擦系数coefficient of kinetic friction 滑动摩擦系数variation变化§3.7 The Four Fundamental Forces（四种基本力）gravitational force 引力universal gravitational constant万有引力常数electromagnetic force电磁力bind约束Coulomb’s law库仑定律charged particle带电粒子strong nuclear force 强力hydrogen氢nucleus (pl. nuclei or nucleuses)原子核neutron 中子proton质子counteract抵抗repulsive排斥的strength强度weak nuclear force弱力short-range force 短程力radioactivity放射性radioactive decay 放射性衰变nucleons核子massless 无质量的action at a distance远程作用hypothesis 假设field场Chapter 4Linear Momentum and Angular Momentum （动量与角动量）§4.1 Linear Momentum and Impulse（动量与冲量）(linear) momentum动量impulse 冲量impulse-momentum theorem动量定理time-average force 平均冲力§4.2 Impulse-momentum Theorem for Particles System（质点系的动量定理）particles system 质点系internal forces 内力external forces 外力§4.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum（动量守恒定律）momenta（pl.）动量§4.4 Center of Mass（质心）vector notation矢量表示continuous object连续物体element of mass 质元§4.5 Motion of the Center of Mass（质心的运动）conserved 守恒的isolated system 孤立系统§4.6 Angular Momentum of a Particle（质点的角动量）conserved 守恒的isolated system 孤立系统§4.7 Conservation Law of Angular Momentum（角动量守恒定律）Kepler 开普勒ellipse椭圆Chapter 6 Rotation of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis （刚体的定轴转动）§6.1 Motion of a Rigid Body（刚体的运动）rigid body刚体parallelogram rule 平行四边形法则translation 平动an extended body 空间实体rotation 转动nondeformable 不变形的resultant motion 合运动parallel平行fixed axis 固定轴counterclockwise motion 逆时针运动angular acceleration 角加速度clockwise motion顺时针运动separation 间隔translation 平动angular velocity 角速度trajectory 轨迹§6.2 Law of Rotation of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis（刚体定轴转动定律）moment of inertia 转动惯量rotation axis 旋转轴torque 力矩proportionality constant比例常数element of mass 质元line of action of force 力的作用线analogue 类似；相似perpendicular distance垂直距离distribution of mass 质量分布pivot about 围绕…旋转；以…为轴旋转moment arm 力臂is proportional to与…成正比§6.3 Calculation of Moments of Inertia for Rigid Bodies（转动惯量的计算）an extended body 延续实体hoop圆环spherical shell薄球壳solid sphere实心球spherical cavity球腔linear density线密度§6.4 Application of Law of Rotation of a Rigid Body about a Fixed Axis（刚体定轴转动定律应用）orientation 方向；方位atwood’s machine伍德机brake制动器，刹车pedal踏板sprocket链轮齿bearing轴承pulley滑轮nonslip 无滑动§6.5 Conservation of Angular Momentum with Respect to the Fixed Axis（对定轴角动量守恒）resultant external torque合外力矩isolated隔离的valid 有效；适用pin 销；轴hapter 7Electric Fields of Stationary Electric Charges（静止电荷的电场）§7.1 Charge（电荷）Electricity电学magnetism磁学accelerator 加速器interatomic原子间的amber琥珀magnetite磁铁矿electrification充电magnet磁铁charge 电荷quantized量子化的quantization量子化proton质子electrically charged带电的charged body带电体conservation守恒uncharged不带电的§7.2 Coulomb’s Law（库仑定律）Coulomb’s Law库仑定律inversely proportional to相反地separating 分开的permittivity介电常数hydrogen氢opposite sign符号相反§7.3 The Electric Field（电场）electric field 电场test charge检验电荷distribution分布X-ray X-射线lightning闪电electronic电子的intermolecular分子间的rub摩擦magnesia氧化镁electromagnetism电磁学plastic rod塑料棒repel排斥attract 吸引suspend悬挂neutron中子electron电子neutral中性的integer整数integral multiple整数倍proportional to正比于square平方product乘积repulsive排斥Coulomb constant库仑常数superposition principle叠加原理electric field (intensity) 电场强度source charge场源电荷radio waves无线电波atmosphere大气thundercloud 雷雨云§7.4 Calculation of Electric Field（电场的计算）stationarydenominatorelectric dipoleelectric dipole moment spherically symmetriccontinuous charge distributioncharge elementstrategy静止的分母电偶极子电偶极矩球对称电荷连续分布元电荷策略bisector平分线manipulation处理linear charge density电荷线密度surface charge density 电荷面密度volume charge density电荷体密度ring charge带电圆环charged disk带电圆盘infinite plate of charge无限大带电平面§7.5 Electric Field Lines and Electric Flux（电场线和电通量）electric field lines电场线electric flux电通量infinity无穷远visualize形象化strength强度penetrate穿过qualitative定量的closed surface闭合曲面align排列thread线intersection 相交cross交叉§7.6 Gauss’s Law（高斯定理）Gauss’s law 高斯定理arbitrary shape 任意形状gaussian surface 高斯面electric flux电通量principle 原理practice实际§7.7 Application of Gauss’s Law（高斯定理的应用）algebraic代数的rearrange重新整理charge distribution电荷分布spherical symmetry 球对称cylindrical symmetry 柱对称plane symmetry 平面对称symmetric对称的spherical shell球壳infinite length无限长infinite plane无限大平面Chapter 8 Electric Potential（电势）§8.1 Conservativity of Electrostatic Field（静电场的保守性）line integral线积分conservative force field 保守力场closed path闭合路径conservative保守的circuital theorem for electrostatic field静电场环路定理§8.2 Potential Difference and Electric Potential（电势差和电势）potential difference电势差electric potential电势infinity无穷远electrostatic potential energy 静电势能volt伏特voltage电压electron volt电子伏特battery电池§8.3 Calculation of Electric Potential（电势的计算）equipotential surface等势面broken lines虚线semicircular半圆的insulating绝缘的infinite无限的dashed lines虚线extend延伸solid lines实线finite有限的arbitrary任意的function函数curved surface曲面§8.4 Electric Potential Gradient（电势梯度）gradient梯度notation符号potential Gradient电势梯度maximum最大值right angle 直角sketch勾画§8.5 Electrostatic Potential Energy（静电势能）electrostatic potential energy 静电势能vicinity附近Chapter 9 Conductor in Electrostatic Field（静电场中的导体）§9.1 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium（导体的静电平衡）isolated conductor 孤立导体electrostatic equilibrium静电平衡equipotential body等势体radius of curvature曲率半径electrostatic shielding静电屏蔽neutralize电中和sharp point discharge尖端放电lightning rod 避雷针cosmic rays 宇宙射线lightning stroke雷击glow discharge 辉光放电ion离子corona discharge电晕放电shrink收缩cavity 空腔grounding接地curved surface 曲面conducting wire导线collision碰撞thunderstorm雷暴induced charge 感应电荷insert插入guarantee保证contradiction 矛盾§9.2 Calculation of Electrostatic Field with Conductors Nearby （有导体存在时静电场的分析与计算）conducting slab 导电板lateral area侧面uncharged conductor不带电导体edge effect边缘效应redistribute 重新分配external外部Chapter 10 Capacitors and Dielectrics in Electrostatic Field （电容器和静电场中的电介质）§10.1 Capacitance and Capacitors（电容和电容器）Leyden jar 莱顿瓶flash 闪光灯capacitance电容coaxial同轴的capacitor电容器coaxial cable同轴电缆parallel-plate capacitor 平行平板电容器concentric同心的cylindrical capacitor圆柱形电容器parallel combination 并联spherical capacitor 球形电容器series combination串联submultiple因数farad 法拉microfarad 微法拉picofarad 皮法拉rectify 调整inductance 自感应ignition 点火sparking打火花metallic金属(性)的combination联合、组合equivalent相当的§10.2 Dielectrics and Electric Field（电介质与电场）dielectric电介质relative dielectric constant 相对介电常数voltmeter 伏特计insulating绝缘的dielectric breakdown介质击穿dielectric strength介电强度§10.3 Polarization of Dielectrics（电介质的极化）polarize极化polar molecules极性分子polarization 极化nonpolar molecules非极性分子induced dipole moments 感应电矩permanent electric dipole moments 固有电矩surface charge表面电荷align排成一线orient取向bound charge束缚电荷homogeneous 均匀的free charge 自由电荷microwave 微波oven 烤箱vibrate 振动tune 调整resonate 共振oscillate 振荡§10.4 Gauss’s Law for Electric Displacement Vector （高斯定律）electric displacement 电位移dielectric constant介电常数deliberately故意地the flux of D(r) D(r) 的通量permittivity电容率§10.5 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor（电容器的能量）transfer转移electrostatic potential energy 静电势能battery电池electrostatic field energy 静电场能increment 增量energy density能量密度transformation转化maximum operating voltage 最大工作电压terminal 终端deliver递送dissipate消散pathway路径Chapter 11 Magnetic Force (磁力)§11.1 Nature of Magnetic Force(磁力的本质)magnetite磁铁矿石bar magnet条形磁铁interaction 相互作用magnetic pole磁极electric current loops of molecules分子环形电流§11.2 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Field Vector(磁场和磁感应强度)magnetic field磁场magnetic field vector=magnetic induction =magnetic flux density磁感应强度magnetic force 磁场力Lorentz force 洛仑兹力B-line磁感(应)线magnetic flux磁通量tesla(T)特（斯拉）weber韦伯§11.3 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field(带电粒子在磁场中的运动)cyclotron period回旋周期magnetic focusing磁聚焦helix螺旋线pitch螺距magnetic lens磁镜magnetic confinement 磁约束a magnetic bottle磁瓶the mass spectrometer 质谱仪schematic drawing示意图ion离子precision 精确度proton质子deuteron 氘核bombard 轰击cyclotron 加速器dees D型盒evacuate抽成真空shield屏蔽oscillate 振动plasma等离子体nuclear fusion核聚变Van Allen belts范阿仑辐射带§11.4 The Hall Effect(霍尔效应)the Hall voltage 霍尔电压the drift velocity漂移速度§11.5 Magnetic Force on a Current-carrying Conductor(载流导体在磁场中受力—安培力)current-carrying conductor/wire载流导体/导线current loop in a uniform magnetic field匀强磁场中的载流线圈linear element 线元current element vector 电流元矢量loop 环, 回路magnetic moment of a current loop载流线圈磁矩rectangular loop矩形回路a wire segment 一段导线strip 条；带Chapter 12 Source of Magnetic Field（磁场的源）§12.1 The Magnetic Field of Moving Point Charges（运动点电荷的磁场）permeability of free space真空磁导率§12.2 The Biot-Savart Law（毕奥-萨伐尔定律）the Biot-Savart Law毕奥-萨伐尔定律permeability of free space真空磁导率Gauss’law in magnetism磁场的高斯定律magnetic monopoles磁单极solenoid螺线管turn匝current-carrying wire 载流导线encircle环绕current element电流元diverge发散converge聚合magnetic pole磁极magnet磁铁magnetic flux磁通量§12.3 Ampere Circuital Theorem （安培环路定理）penetrate穿过bounded by以…为边界finite point 有限点line integral线积分§12.4 Application of Ampere Circuital Theorem（安培环路定理的应用）current-carrying wire 载流导线circumference 周长cylindrical shell圆柱形壳toroid螺绕环inner radius 内径outer radius外径spherical conductor 球形导体§12.5 Magnetic Field due to Varying Electric Field（与变化的电场相联系的磁场）displacement current位移电流generalized Ampere’s Law广义安培环路定理conduction current传导电流magnetic monopole磁单级postulate假设total current全电流steady current恒定电流§12.6 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Current-carryingWires（平行电流间的相互作用力）antiparallel反平行Chapter 13 Magnetic Media in Magnetic Field（磁场中的磁介质）§13.1 Effect on Magnetic Field Caused by Magnetic Media（磁介质对磁场的影响）magnetic medium磁介质diamagnetic medium抗磁质paramagnetic medium顺磁质ferromagnetic material 铁磁质magnetic moment 磁矩paramagnetism 顺磁性partial alignment部分取向electron spin 电子自旋magnetic dipole 磁偶极子ferromagnetism 铁磁性diamagnetism抗磁性induced magnetic moment感生磁矩permanent magnetic moment固有磁矩§13.2 Atomic Magnetic Dipole Moments（原子磁矩）magnetization磁化atomic原子的magnetic dipole moment磁矩orbital magnetic moment 轨道磁矩quantum theory量子理论intrinsic spin angular momentum内禀自旋角动量§13.3 Magnetization（磁介质的磁化）magnetization n.磁化、磁化强度magnetize . 磁化atomic current loopamperian currentcross-sectional area分子环流v安培电流横截面积induced magnetic dipole moments感生磁矩surface magnetization current/ bound current 面磁化电流(面束缚电流)applied magnetic field外加磁场magnetic susceptibility磁化率relative permeability相对磁导率bismuth 铋Bohr magneton玻尔磁子superconductor超导体emf电动势§13.4 Ferromagnetic Materials（铁磁质）iron铁cobalt钴nickel镍alloy 合金ferromagnetism 铁磁性magnetic domain磁畴critical temperature临界温度Curie temperature居里温度thermal agitation热扰动end effect边界效应magnetic saturation磁饱和reversible 可逆的magnetic hysteresis磁滞效应hysteresis loop 磁滞回线magnetization curve磁化曲线initial magnetization curve起始磁化曲线remnant magnetization剩磁coercive force矫顽力memory 记忆能力magnetize磁化demagnetize去磁，退磁transformer 变压器motor 电动机secondary coil副线圈cycle循环irreversible process 不可逆过程hard ferromagnetic materials硬磁性材料soft ferromagnetic materials软磁性材料hysteresis loss磁滞损耗（铁损）Curie point居里点permanent magnet永久磁体, magnetic tape磁带，memory unit记忆元件iron cores铁芯galvanometer 电流计rr§13.5 Circuital Theorem for H （H 的环路定理）magnetic intensity磁场强度magnetization current 磁化电流free current自由电流isotropic各向同性的permeability磁导率relative permeability相对磁导率Chapter 14 Electromagnetic Induction（电磁感应）§14.1 Faraday Law of Electromagnetic Induction（法拉第电磁感应定律）electromagnetic induction 电磁感应induction current感应电流emf (electromotive force) 电动势induction emf 感生电动势weber韦伯Lenz Law楞次定律polarity极性§14.2 Motional emf（动生电动势）motional emf 动生电动势§14.3 Induced emf and Induced Electric Field（感生电动势和感生电场）nonelectrostatic force非静电力induced emf 感生电动势induced electric field感生电场vortex field涡旋场eddy currents 涡流nonconservative field 非保守场time-varying field时变场alternate变化alternative 交流电的，交变的laminated叠片（组成）的§14.4 Mutual Induction（互感现象）mutual induction互感现象mutual inductance互感系数emf by mutual induction互感电动势orientation 方位§14.5 Self-induction（自感现象）self-induction自感现象self-inductance 自感系数inductor电感self-induced emf 自感电动势is proportional to正比于§14.6 Energy of Magnetic Field（磁场的能量）magnetic energy density磁场能量密度energy due to mutual induction互感磁能Chapter 15 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves （麦克斯韦方程组组与电磁波波）§15-1 Maxwell’s Equations（麦克斯韦方程组）§15-2 Electromagnetic Waves（电磁波）propagation传播in phase同相、同步transverse waves横波wavelength波长visible spectrum可见光谱infrared waves 红外波radiation 辐射ultraviolet ray紫外线Poynging vector 坡印亭矢量§15-3 The Wave Equation for Electromagnetic Waves（电磁波的方程）wave function波函数wave equation波的方程wave number 波数angular frequency 角频率plane wave平面波Chapter 16 Temperature and the Kinetic Theory of Gases（温度与气体运动论）§16.1 Thermal Equilibrium and Temperature （热平衡及温度）temperature 温度hotness热coldness冷thermometric property热力学特性thermal contact热接触the average internal molecular kinetic energy 分子内平均动能thermal equilibrium热平衡electrical conductor 导电器the zeroth law of thermodynamics热力学第零定律temperature scale温标§16.2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales（摄氏温标与华氏温标）thermometer温度计temperature scale温标the ice-point temperature冰点温度freezing point冰点steam-point沸点normal boiling point标准沸点the steam-point temperature 气化点温度the Celsius temperature scale摄氏温标the Fahrenheit temperature scale华氏温标§16.3 Gas Thermometers and the Absolute Temperature Scale（气体温度计和绝对温标）calibrate 校对、校准discrepancy差异volume 体积density密度sufficiently low 足够低sulfur硫a constant-volume gas thermometer等容气体温度计triple point of water 水的三相点ideal-gas temperature scale理想气体温标absolute temperature scale绝对温标nitrogen氮hydrogen氢oxygen氧recalibrate再校准extrapolate外推，向外延长triple point 三相点coexist共存helium氦liquefy液化in terms of 利用rigid body刚体insulator绝缘体Kelvin scale 开尔文温标§16.4 The Ideal-Gas Law（理想气体定律）Boyle’s law玻意耳定律constant volume 等体Boltzmann’s constant玻耳兹曼常量mole摩尔Avogadro’s number 阿伏伽德罗常量carbon atom碳原子universal gas constant普适气体常量ideal gas理想气体equation of state状态方程state variable状态参量standard condition标准条件subscript 下标§16.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases（气体分子运动论）macroscopic state variable宏观状态变量microscopic quantity微观量walls of a container容器壁translational kinetic energy平动动能root mean square (rms) speed方均根速率order of magnitude量级piston活塞redistribute 再分布partition 分配equipartition theorem（能）均分定理classical statistical mechanics经典统计力学degree of freedom自由度monatomic 单原子的bond键diatomic 双原子的polyatomic 多原子的vibration振动mean free path平均自由程air current 气流convection 对流diffuse扩散reciprocal倒数frequency频率§16.6 Maxwell Speed Distribution Function（麦克斯韦速率分布函数）probability概率abscissa横坐标normalization condition 归一化条件most probable distribution最概然分布Chapter 17 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics （热及热力学第一定律）§17.1 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat（热容与比热）atomist 原子学家thermal energy 热能manifestation 表现形式molecular motion 分子运动thermal contact热接触caloric a.热的n.热（质）internal energy 内能heat capacity热容量phase相heat conduction热传导calorie卡（路里）molar mass摩尔质量Law of conservation of energy能量守恒定律The first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律be proportional to和…成正比molar specific heat摩尔比热solar heating system太阳能热系统coolant冷却液§17.2 Change of Phase and Latent Heat（相变与潜热）heat capacity热容量phase change相变vaporization汽化，蒸发fusion 熔化melting融化condensation 凝聚sublimation升华carbon dioxide二氧化碳crystalline a. 结晶的、晶状的n.结晶体average translational kinetic energy平均平动动能latent heat潜热§17.3 Joule’s Experiment（焦耳实验）thermally insulated绝热的mechanical equivalence of heat热功当量§17.4 The Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas（理想气体内能）internal energy 内能real gas实际气体§17.5 Work and the PV Diagram for a Gas（功与气体PV图）quasi-static process准静态过程piston活塞isobaric等压的isothermal 等温的§17.6 The First Law of Thermodynamics（热力学第一定律）§17.7 Heat Capacities of Gases（气体的热容）infinitesimal无穷小的§17.8 The Quasi-Static Adiabatic Process for an Ideal Gas（理想气体准静态绝热过程）compression 压缩Poisson formula 泊松公式process equations 过程方程。

流体力学专业英语词汇

流体力学专业词汇(V ocabulary of Fluid Mechanics )CHAPTER-1acceleration 加速度average velocity 平均速度Bernoulli 伯努力boundary layer 边界层calculus 微积分coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数compressible(incompressible) (不)可压的conservation of mass(momentum, energy) 质量(动量,能量)守恒continuum 连续介质control-volume 控制体density(mass per unit volume) 密度differential 微分dimension 量刚尺度dynamics 动力学Euler 欧拉eulerian (lagrangian) method of description欧拉(拉格郎日)观点，方法field of flow 流场flow pattern 流型（谱）fluid mechanics 流体力学function 函数inertia 惯性, 惯量integral 积分kinematics 运动学kinetic (potential, internal) energy 动(势,内)能Lagrange 拉格郎日liquid 流体Newtonian fluids 牛顿流体(non)linear (非)线性(non)uniform （非）均匀one-dimensional 一维pathline 迹线perfect-gas law 理想气体定律pressure 压力压强Reynolds 雷诺shear(normal) stress 剪(正)应力solution 解答statics 静力学steady(unsteady) (非)定常strain 应变streamline(tube) 流线(管)thermal conductivity 热传导thermodynamics 热力学variable 变量vector 矢量velocity distribution 速度分布velocity field 速度场velocity gradient 速度梯度viscous(inviscid) (无)粘性的volume rate of flow 体积流量CHAPTER -2absolute (gage,vacuum) pressure 绝对（表，真空）压力area moment of inertia 惯性面积矩atmospheric pressure 大气压力barometer 气压计body force 体力Cartesian [rectangular] coordinates 直角坐标（系）centroid 质心elliptic 椭圆的equilibrium 平衡horizontal 水平的hydrostatic 水静力学，流体静力学hyperbolic 双曲线的mercury 水银moment 矩parabolic 抛物线plane (curved) surface 平（曲）面plate 板pressure center 压力中心pressure distribution(gradient) 压力分布（梯度）reservoir 水库rigid-body 刚体scalar 标量specific weight 比重surface force 表面力vertical 垂直的, 直立的CHAPTER -3Bernoulli equation 伯努力方程Boundaries 边界Conservation of mass 质量Control volume 控制体Energy(hydraulic) grade line 能级线Flux 流率Free body 隔离体Heat transfer 热传到Imaginary 假想Inlet, outlet 进、出口Integrand 被积函数Jet flow 射流Linear(Angular)-momentum relation 线（角）动量关系式Momentum(energy)-flux 动量（能量）流量Net force 合力No slip 无滑移Nozzle 喷嘴Rate of work 功率Reynolds transport theorem 雷诺输运定理Shaft work 轴功Stagnation enthalpy 制止焓Surroundings 外围System 体系Time derivative 时间导数Vector sum 矢量合Venturi tube 文图里管V olume(mass) flow 体积（质量）流量V olume(mass) rate of flow体积（质量）流率CHAPTER -4Soomth 平滑Laminar 层流Transition 转捩Roughness 粗糙度Random fluctuations 随机脉动Reynolds number 雷诺数（Re）Instability 不稳定性Breakdown 崩溃Mean value 平均值Drag 阻力Osborne ReynoldsDye filament 染色丝Internal (external) flow 内(外)流Cartesian 笛卡坐标Infinitesimal 无限小local acceleration 当地加速度dot product 点乘total derivative 全导数convective acceleration 对流加速度substantial(material) derivative 随体(物质)导数operator 算子partial differential equation 偏微分方程Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Navier-Stokes Equations N-S方程Second-order 二阶Similarity 相似Nondimensionalization 无量纲化Flat-plate boundary layer 平板边界层Thermal conductivity 热传导Heat flow 热流量Fourier’s law 傅立叶定律Couette Flow 库塔流动Channel 槽道Parallel plates 平行平板Pressure gradient 压力梯度No-slip condition 无滑移条件Poiseuille flow 伯肖叶流动Parabola 抛物线Wall shear stress 壁面剪应力Prandtl 普朗特Karman 卡门Momentum-integral relation 动量积分关系Momentum thickness 动量厚度Skin-friction coefficient 壁面摩擦系数Displacement thickness 排移厚度Blasius equation 布拉修斯方程Coordinate transformation 坐标变换Composite dimensionless variable 组合无量纲变量Shape factor 形状因子Velocity profile 速度剖面流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum 能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationKDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition 数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition近似因子分解法approximate factorization method 人工压缩artificial compression人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method配置方法collocation method能量法energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method涡方法vortex method隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving difference scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme 迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics 简单物质simple material纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differential type积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论incompatibility theory微极理论micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic continuum 内时理论endochronic theory非局部理论nonlocal theory混合物理论theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor声张量acoustic tensor半向同性张量hemitropic tensor各向同性张量isotropic tensor应变张量strain tensor伸缩张量stretch tensor连续旋错continuous dislination连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutive relations共旋导数co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative 非完整分量anholonomic component爬升效应climbing effect协调条件compatibility condition错综度complexity当时构形current configuration能量平衡energy balance变形梯度deformation gradient有限弹性finite elasticity熵增entropy production标架无差异性frame indifference弹性势elastic potential熵不等式entropy inequality极分解polar decomposition低弹性hypoelasticity参考构形reference configuration响应泛函response functional动量平衡momentum balance奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint物理分量physical components本原元primitive element普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient测粘流动viscometric flow当地导数local derivative岩石力学rock mechanics原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力tectonic stress三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test 三轴试验triaxial test岩层静态应力lithostatic stress吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure水力劈裂hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度intrinsic shear strength 循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength 残余抗剪强度residual shear strength 土力学soil mechanics孔隙比void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率porosity围压ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance 渗流力seepage force表观粘聚力apparent cohesion粘聚力cohesion稠度consistency固结consolidation主固结primary consolidation次固结secondary consolidation固结仪consolidometer浮升力uplift扩容dilatancy有效应力effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure被动土压力passive earth pressure 土动力学soil dynamics应力解除stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect贯入阻力penetration resistance沙土液化liquefaction of sand泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow马格努斯效应Magnus effect韦伯数Weber number环状流annular flow泡状流bubble flow层状流stratified flow平衡流equilibrium flow二组份流two-component flow冻结流frozen flow均质流homogeneous flow二相流two-phase flow气-液流gas-liquid flow气-固流gas-solid flow液-气流liquid-gas flow液-固流liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流liquid-vapor flow浓相dense phase稀相dilute phase连续相continuous phase离散相dispersed phase悬浮suspension气力输运pneumatic transport气泡形成bubble formation体密度bulk density壅塞choking微滴droplet挟带entrainment流型flow pattern流[态]化fluidization界面interface跃动速度saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学non-Newtonian fluid mechanics 非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid触变流体thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid流变测量学rheometry震凝性rheopexy体[积]粘性bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应Weissenberg effect流变仪rheometer稀薄气体动力学rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics 空气热化学aerothermochemistry绝对压强absolute pressure绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule活化能activation energy绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度adiabatic flame temperature电弧风洞arc tunnel原子热atomic heat雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition自动氧化auto-oxidation可用能量available energy缓冲作用buffer action松密度bulk density燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity接触面contact surface烧蚀ablation。

流体力学英语词汇

流体力学英语词汇acceleration 加速度average velocity 平均速度Bernoulli 伯努力boundary layer 边界层calculus 微积分coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数compressible(incompressible) (不)可压的conservation of mass(momentum, energy) 质量(动量,能量)守恒continuum 连续介质control-volume 控制体density(mass per unit volume) 密度differential 微分dimension 量刚尺度dynamics 动力学Euler 欧拉eulerian (lagrangian) method of description欧拉(拉格郎日)观点,方法field of flow 流场flow pattern 流型(谱)fluid mechanics 流体力学function 函数inertia 惯性, 惯量integral 积分kinematics 运动学kinetic (potential, internal) energy 动(势,内)能Lagrange 拉格郎日liquid 流体Newtonian fluids 牛顿流体(non)linear (非)线性(non)uniform (非)均匀one-dimensional 一维pathline 迹线perfect-gas law 理想气体定律pressure 压力压强Reynolds 雷诺shear(normal) stress 剪(正)应力solution 解答statics 静力学steady(unsteady) (非)定常strain 应变streamline(tube) 流线(管)thermal conductivity 热传导thermodynamics 热力学variable 变量vector 矢量velocity distribution 速度分布velocity field 速度场velocity gradient 速度梯度viscous(inviscid) (无)粘性的volume rate of flow 体积流量CHAPTER -2absolute (gage,vacuum) pressure 绝对(表,真空)压力area moment of inertia 惯性面积矩atmospheric pressure 大气压力barometer 气压计body force 体力Cartesian [rectangular] coordinates 直角坐标(系)centroid 质心elliptic 椭圆的equilibrium 平衡horizontal 水平的hydrostatic 水静力学,流体静力学hyperbolic 双曲线的mercury 水银moment 矩parabolic 抛物线plane (curved) surface 平(曲)面plate 板pressure center 压力中心pressure distribution(gradient) 压力分布(梯度) reservoir 水库rigid-body 刚体scalar 标量specific weight 比重surface force 表面力vertical 垂直的, 直立的CHAPTER -3Bernoulli equation 伯努力方程Boundaries 边界Conservation of mass 质量Control volume 控制体Energy(hydraulic) grade line 能级线Flux 流率Free body 隔离体Heat transfer 热传到Imaginary 假想Inlet, outlet 进,出口Integrand 被积函数Jet flow 射流Linear(Angular)-momentum relation 线(角)动量关系式Momentum(energy)-flux 动量(能量)流量Net force 合力No slip 无滑移Nozzle 喷嘴Rate of work 功率Reynolds transport theorem 雷诺输运定理Shaft work 轴功Stagnation enthalpy 制止焓Surroundings 外围System 体系Time derivative 时间导数Vector sum 矢量合Venturi tube 文图里管Volume(mass) flow 体积(质量)流量Volume(mass) rate of flow体积(质量)流率CHAPTER -4Soomth 平滑Laminar 层流Transition 转捩Roughness 粗糙度Random fluctuations 随机脉动Reynolds number 雷诺数(Re)Instability 不稳定性Breakdown 崩溃Mean value 平均值Drag 阻力Osborne ReynoldsDye filament 染色丝Internal (external) flow 内(外)流Cartesian 笛卡坐标Infinitesimal 无限小local acceleration 当地加速度dot product 点乘total derivative 全导数convective acceleration 对流加速度substantial(material) derivative 随体(物质)导数operator 算子partial differential equation 偏微分方程Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Navier-Stokes Equations N-S方程Second-order 二阶Similarity 相似Nondimensionalization 无量纲化Flat-plate boundary layer 平板边界层Thermal conductivity 热传导Heat flow 热流量Fourier's law 傅立叶定律Couette Flow 库塔流动Channel 槽道Parallel plates 平行平板Pressure gradient 压力梯度No-slip condition 无滑移条件Poiseuille flow 伯肖叶流动Parabola 抛物线Wall shear stress 壁面剪应力Prandtl 普朗特Karman 卡门Momentum-integral relation 动量积分关系Momentum thickness 动量厚度Skin-friction coefficient 壁面摩擦系数Displacement thickness 排移厚度Blasius equation 布拉修斯方程Coordinate transformation 坐标变换Composite dimensionless variable 组合无量纲变量Shape factor 形状因子Velocity profile 速度剖面流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件 Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure 涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter 几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number 前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件 Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number 冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave 激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity 波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 水击 water hammer空化 cavitation空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow 水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow 堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure 猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity 运动粘性 kinematic viscosity 动力粘性 dynamic viscosity泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation 湍流分离 turbulent separation 分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness本文来自: 恒星英语学习网() 详细出处参考：/word/sxwl/2009-01-26/66896.html动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfer coefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer辐射传热 radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equation KDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modified differential equation 拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity。

商务英语口译王艳含

商务英语口译王艳答案【篇一：商务英语阅读第二版(王艳主编)chapter1-4 课后答案详解】汉chapter1sluggish economy 冷清的经济full employment 充足就业trade deficit 贸易赤字in-depth analysis 深入的剖析industrialized countries 工业化国家free-trade agreement 自由贸易协议international specialization 国际专业化product differentiation产品差异trade surplus 贸易盈余determinative factor 决定性因素chapter2consumer-goods 花费品discount retailers 折扣零售商brand equity 品牌财产价值advertising budget 广告估算real-time sales data 及时销售数据sales promotion 促销profit margin 盈余scanner data 扫描数据chapter3privileged minority 享有特权的少量人gas station 加油站marketing research 市场检查professional competence 专业技能a sales point 卖点product design 产品设计potential consumer 潜伏顾客business disaster 商业灾害chapter4mobility of people 人口流动supplier networks 供给商网络standardized items 标准零配件specialist manufacturing technology 特别制造技术complementary economies 互补经济体anti-japanese sentiment 反日情绪foreign affiliates 外方合伙人，外国隶属公司go public 上市二、汉翻英chapter1经济共赢economic win-win 关税壁垒tariff barrier收入不一样等wage inequality 劳动生产率labor productivity辞退工人lay off works 生产因素factor of production双边协议bilateral deal 回归剖析regression analysis市场准入market access 世界经济复苏world economic recoverychapter2价钱溢价price premium 基线销售base-line sales减价price reductions 广告支出advertising spending营销组合marketing mix 销量溢价quantity premium产品数目（种类）product-line variety 美元分派allocation of dollarschapter3平常生活daily life 广告活动advertising campaigns物理特色physical characteristic 视觉想象visual imagination 国内媒体national media 销售增加sales increase销售渠道distribution system 产品到导向型的广告product- orientated advertisingchapter4公司并购mergersand acquisition 国外扩充overseas expansion全世界化战略globalization strategy 保护主义举措protectionist measures 市场准入access of market 知识产权intellectual property right 贸易伙伴trading partners三、完形填空chapter 1chapter 2chapter 3chapter 4资本投入capital investment【篇二：商务英语口译教课纲领】文摘:商务英语口译王艳答案)程教课纲领一、课程基本信息1.课程名称：商务英语口译课程英文名称：business english interpretation 2 ．讲课专业：外语系3.学时/学分：34 学时/2 学分4.开课学期：第七学期5.面向对象：本科大四学生二、课程性质与任务课程性质：专业选修课程。

chapter 4

第四章刚体的定轴转动
rotation of a rigid body
1
研究对象:刚体(理想模型) 研究对象:刚体(理想模型) rigid body 研究方法: 刚体由质点组成.对其上某一质点, 研究方法: 刚体由质点组成.对其上某一质点,可用质点力学的方法研究它,但是刚体为一整体, 用质点力学的方法研究它,但是刚体为一整体,有其整体的特点—在力矩的作用下转动别外, 在力矩的作用下转动, 其整体的特点在力矩的作用下转动,别外,组成刚体的质点, 随所在位置不同而不同. 刚体的质点,其速度 v 随所在位置不同而不同.因用质点力学的线量表示不方便.但是, 此,用质点力学的线量表示不方便.但是,刚体上所有质点的角度变化是相同的,因此,用角量描述所有质点的角度变化是相同的,因此, 角量描述刚体的运动更方便. 刚体的运动更方便. 研究内容: 刚体的定轴转动, 研究内容: 刚体的定轴转动,研究其做定轴转动时的瞬时效应,空间积累和时间积累效应. 的瞬时效应,空间积累和时间积累效应.
ω
dθ ω= dt
dω d θ α= = 2 dt dt
2
a
an r
et
v at
a t = rα a n = rω
2
a = rα et + rω en
2
10
例1 一飞轮半径为 0.2m, 转速为 , 转速为150rmin-1, 因受制动而均匀减速, 试求: ) 受制动而均匀减速,经 30 s 停止转动 . 试求:(1) 角加速度和在此时间内飞轮所转的圈数;( ;(2) 角加速度和在此时间内飞轮所转的圈数;( )制动开时飞轮的角速度;( ;(3) 始后 t = 6 s 时飞轮的角速度;( )t = 6 s 时飞轮边缘上一点的线速度, 上一点的线速度,切向加速度和法向加速度 .

Chapter 4 (me)

English lexicology chapter 4 13
inflectional affixes in English

1. Third Person Singular: "She plays the piano" 2. Past Tense: "She played the piano" 3. Progressive: "She is playing the piano now" 4. Past participle: "She has/had eaten the cookies" 5. Plural: "She has two pianos" 6. Possessive: "Mary's piano needs to be repaired" 7. Comparative: "Mary runs faster than Jack" 8. Superlative: "Mary is the fastest of all"
English lexicology chapter 4
6
Verbs ending in –d, -de, or –mit, take -sion (as in expansion, decision, omission). Allomorphs also occur among prefixes. Their form then depends on the first letter of the verb to which they will be added. A prefix like im- occurs before p, b, or m (e.g. imperfect, imbalance, immobile); its allomorphs are irbefore r (e.g. irresponsible); il- before l (e.g. illogical); in- before all other consonants and vowels (e.g. inflexible, inexcusable); im-, irand il- are thus allomorphs of the morpheme iner 4

第4章角动量守恒1

4
第4章角动量守恒章
4.1 角动量和角动量守恒一、质点的角动量
r r r r r r r r m1v1 + m2 v2 = m1v10 + m2 v20 , m1 ( v1 − v10 ) = − mr ( v2 − v20 ) 2 r r dv1 m1∆v1 = − m2 ∆v2 α1 m1 r r H 写成微分形式：写成微分形式： m1dv1 = − m2 dv2 m2 r r 两边同乘 oH ： m1 dv1 oH = m2 dv2 oH r1 rα2 r r dv 2 OH = r1 sin α1 = r2 sin α 2 r2
2
第4章角动量守恒章
一、质点的角动量和角动量定理二、质点系的角动量和角动量定理三、角动量守恒定律四、质点在有心力场中的运动
本章习题( 本章习题(共9题)： 4-2，3，4，5, 6(1,2), 9(1)，11，12,14. ，，，，，
3
第4章角动量守恒章
基本要求
1. 理解角动量的定义以及角动量的计算。理解角动量的定义以及角动量的计算。 2. 理解力矩的概念以及力矩的计算。理解力矩的概念以及力矩的计算。 3. 理解角动量定理并掌握其应用。理解角动量定理并掌握其应用。 4. 理解角动量守恒定律并掌握其应用。理解角动量守恒定律并掌握其应用。 5. 掌握质点在有心力场中运动的处理方法。掌握质点在有心力场中运动的处理方法。
t2
∫
t2 t1
t1
v M ⋅ dt =
∫
L2 L1
v v v dL = L2 − L1
v 其中 M ⋅ dt 或
∫
v M ⋅ dt
称为冲量矩。称为冲量矩。冲量矩

大学物理英文版

教学基本要求
1. 理解描述质点运动物理量的定义及其矢量性、相对性和瞬时性； 2. 掌握运动方程的物理意义，会用微积分方法求解运动学两类问题； 3. 掌握平面抛体运动和圆周运动的规律； 4. 理解运动描述的相对性，会用速度合成定理和加速度合成定理解题。
重要历史人物
伽利略Galileo Galilei: 1564~1642意大利物理学家、数学家、天文学家，近代实验科学的创始人。
大学物理（英文版）多媒体课件
Volume 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Kinematics Chapter 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion Chapter 3 Work and Energy
Chapter 4 Momentum Chapter 5 Rotation of a rigid body Chapter 6 The Kinetic Theory of Gases Chapter 7 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Introduction
2001.9.11 Catastrophe（大灾难）
宇宙：约1250亿个星系，每个星系由数千亿个恒星组成。
银河系
太阳系：地球，星星看得见的：你我他它分子
物质
原子
世
原子核
界
基本粒子
相对论天体物理经典物理:力学，热等量子力学核物理量子场论
银河系
量子天体物理学
When we discuss the position and the velocity（速度） of an object ,we must answer the questions:
“position with respect to（相对于） what?” and

chapter-6-momentum

P
7
6-3 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
the relationship between the force that acts on a body during a collision and the change in the momentum of that body During a collision, the force varies with time.
2
Why study collisions?
Collisions between elementary particles provide the principal source of information about their internal structure. The Origin of the Universe particle structure (atomic structure ) Traffic accident reconstruction ……….
12
6
Solution (C)
From Newton's third law, the force exerted on the bat by the ball is equal and opposite to the force exerted on the ball by the bat.
For the bat, this is small change of momentum?
6
3
6-2 LINEAR MOMENTUM
According to Newton’s 2nd Law:
F ma m dt

dv

TAP 222-4 Momentum questions

TAP 222-4: Momentum questionsThese questions change in difficulty and ask you to relate impulse to change of momentum.1. Thrust SSC is a supersonic car powered by 2 jet engines giving a total thrust of180 kN.Calculate the impulse applied to the car when the engines run for 4 seconds.Assume the thrust is the only force acting on the car, which has a mass of 10 000 kg.Calculate the increase in speed of the car after the 4 s.2. One suggestion for powering spacecraft engines of the future is an ion engine. Abeam of ions (charged atoms) is fired backwards, propelling the spacecraft forwards.In one test, xenon ions were used.Consider how using xenon ions would compare with using krypton ions, which arelighter.If equal numbers of each ion were propelled back per second, at the same speed,which type of ion would you expect to give more thrust? Explain your answerThe mass of a xenon ion is 2.2 ⨯ 10–25 kg, and it can be ejected at a speed of3.1 ⨯ 104 m s–1.Calculate the number of ions that would have to be emitted per second to generate a thrust of 0.1 N (a typical value of the thrust from such an engine).3. When holding a hose fire-fighters need to ensure that they are not pushed backwards,especially if the water is ejected at a high speed.Explain why fire-fighters experience a backwards force.20 kg of water is ejected horizontally in 10 s; the speed of the water leaving thenozzle is 30 m s–1.Calculate the force experienced by a fire-fighter holding the hose.4. A spacecraft is approaching the planet Zog and needs to slow down. To do so it firesa jet of gas forwards.Explain how firing gas forwards slows the rocket down.The rocket has a mass of 50 000 kg. The gas can be fired forward at a speed of5 000 m s–1 relative to the rocket.Calculate the mass of gas must the rocket eject to reduce its speed by 5 m s–1.Ignore the change in the rocket’s mass due to the ej ection of gas.5. Air of density 1.3 kg m–3strikes a sail of area 15 m2. The air is initially moving at 5 ms–1, assume it is brought to rest when it hits the sail.Calculate the mass of air is brought to rest in each second?Hence calculate the average force the air exerts on the sail.6. A kestrel is a bird of prey which searches for prey by hovering above grassy areas.Using your ideas about momentum, suggest how a kestrel is able to hover.The kestrel has a mass of 200 g and it pushes down a column of air of area 600 cm2.Estimate the downward speed given to the air by the kestrelg to be 9.8 N kg–1, density of air = 1.3 kg m–3.Estimate the minimum power the kestrel needs to hover?Suggest why there are no large birds which can hover? (Some large birds, such asbuzzards and condors, may appear to hover, but are not really doing so. They useupwards currents of air –‘thermals’ – to stay up.)7. 25 kg s-1 of air at 120 m s-1 is taken in by a jet engine that burns 1 kg fuel eachsecond.The exhaust gasses are ejected at 520 m s-1 relative to the engine.a) Calculate the velocity change of the air.b) Calculate the momentum change per second of the air and also of the fuel.c) What is the thrust of the jet engine?8. The H-3 Sea King Helicopter has a mass of about 5400 kg (including crew). It ishovering over the sea on a rescue mission. The rotors have a radius of about 10 m.Air density is 1.2 kg m-3. Assume g = 10 N kg-1a) What lift force is needed to keep the helicopter hovering?b) What downward velocity is given to the air by the hovering helicopter?9. In June 1999, the ESA space probe Giotto made an Earth fly-by following missions toinvestigate Halley’s Comet in 1986 and Comet Grigg-Skjellerup in 1992. A majorhazard to Giotto was the large number of high-speed solid particles (‘dust’) that make up comets’ tails. At collision speeds likely to occur, a 0.1 g particle can penetrate analuminium plate 8 cm thick. To protect the probe’s instruments, eng ineers designed a dust shield of two protective sheets 23 cm apart. The front shield is a sheet ofaluminium 1 mm thick which retards and vaporises all but the largest particles. Therear shield is a 12 mm thick sheet of Kevlar (as used in bullet-proof vests) which traps any remaining debris and becomes heated as a result.The Giotto probe has a mass of 960 kg. Suppose it is travelling at 2.0 km s-1when itencounters a ‘dust’ particle of mass 0.10 g travelling at 50 km s-1in the oppositedirection to the probe. The particle is trapped in the shield.a) Show that the collision has a negligible effect on Giotto’s velocity.b) If the collision takes 1.0 ms, calculate the average force exerted on the probe.c) Explain whether this is an elastic or an inelastic collision.Practical AdviceThese questions practise the analysis of momentum and impulse applied to jets and rockets. To make a valid attempt at all of them requires a high degree of familiarity with the basic terminology and equations. Apart from the first question they are definitely not for warm-up. The second question is based on a real technology. Question 5 is quite tough. Further information about the limits on the size of birds can be found in Barrow and Tipler, The Cosmological Anthropic Principle (Oxford: Oxford University Press) p. 314. A collision question concerning the Giotto probe is also includedAnswers and Worked Solutions1.s N 720000 4 180000 Thrust =⨯==Ft1–s m 7210000s N 720000=∆∆⨯=-=v v m um v Ft2.Xenon ions would provide more thrust. This is because there would be a greatermomentum change per second since they have a greater mass than krypton ions. Let m = mass of each ion, n = number of ions emitted per second, v = speed of ejection of ions.Then, impulse, F ∆ t = change in momentum = (m n ) (v – 0): so.s 105.1)s m 101.3()kg 102.2(s 1N 1.01191425---⨯=⨯⨯⨯⨯=∆=mv t F n 3.The pump pushes the water forwards, which by Newton’s third law exerts a force of equal size back on the hose and the pump system. The hose, gripped by the fire-fighter, exerts a backward force on the fire-fighter. .N 60s m 30s10kg 201=⨯==∆=-v t mt p F4.To eject the gas, the rocket exerts a forward force on the gas. By Newton’s third law, the gas exerts a force of equal size back on the rocket. This force is responsible for the deceleration of the rocket.kg.50sm 5000s m 5kg 000501-1gasrocket rocket gas gas rocketgas =⨯=∆=∆∆=∆-m v m v m p p5.∆m = mass of air brought to rest per second, v = initial speed of air, A = area of sail, ρ = density of air:.N 109.4s m 5s kg 98s kg 98s m 5m 15m kg 3.12111123⨯=⨯=⨯∆=∆==⨯⨯===∆-----v tm t p F Av tvρt m ρ6.The kestrel pushes down on the air, giving it downward momentum. The air pushes back up on the kestrel’s wing (by Newton’s third law). If this upward push equals theweight of the kestrel, the bird can hover at a constant vertical velocity of 0 m s –1. v = downward speed gained by air, ρ = density of air, A = area of air column pushed down, m b = mass of bird:For the bird to hover, the push of the air must equal m b g , the weight of the bird.?243-?22s m 0.5)m 10600(m kg 1.3kg N 9.8kg 2.0kestrelon f orce upward air on f orce downward sobut air on f orce downward =⨯⨯⨯=ρ==ρ=ρ=ρ=∆∆∆∆=∆∆=-v v Agm v gm Av Av F Av tmtmv t p F b bW 8.9s m 0.5kg N 9.8kg 2.0 power minimum ??=⨯⨯==Fv7. a) Velocity change of the air = (520 -120) = 400 m s -1b) Momentum change per second of the air = 25 x 400 = 10,000 kg m s -2Momentum change per second of the fuel = 1 x 520 = 520 kg m s -2c)Engine thrust tvm F ∆∆= = total momentum change/second = 10,000 + 520 = 10,520 N8. a) Force is needed to keep the helicopter hovering = weight = 5400 x 10 = 54000 Nb)1–23-22s m 12)m )1010(m kg 1.254000helicopterof weight air on force downward so but air on force downward =∏⨯======∆∆∆∆=∆∆=v x x v Agm v gm Av Av F Avtmtmv t p F b b ρρρρ9. a)Initial momentum, p = 960 kg x 2.0 x 103m s -1– (1.0 x 10-4kg x 50 x 103m s -1) = 1.920 x 106kg m s -1– (5.0 kg m s -1so about 1.920 x 106kg m s -1) Final mass, m = 960 kg + 1.0 x 10-4kg so about 960 kgFinal velocity, v = p /m Since p and m are extremely close to Giotto’s initial mass and velocity, Giotto’s final velocity must be extremely close to its initial velocity.b)Dust: ∆v = 50 - (-2) = 52 km s -1tv m F ∆∆== (1.0 x 10-4 x 52 / 1 x 10-3= 5.2 N c)Collision is inelastic.Trapping dust results in heating of the shield, so there must be a loss of kinetic energy from the dust.External ReferencesQuestions 1-6: are taken from Advancing Physics Chapter 11, 180SQuestion 9: This is taken from Salters Horners Advanced Physics, Section TRA, Additional sheets 8 and 9。

第四章动量和角动量

Chapter 4 Momentum and Angular Momentum 8
[例4-1] m=10 千克木箱，在水平拉力作用下由静止开始运动，拉力随时间变化如图。已知木箱与地面摩擦系数为 =0.2，求： (1) t=4 秒时刻木箱速度； (2) t=7 秒时刻木箱速度； (3) t=6 秒时刻木箱速度。解：(1) 根据动量定理： m F(t) 30 0 4 7 t(s)
N
f
Mg
θ mg
y
u

0
( Mg mg N f )dt Mv m(v u ) 0

0
x
x方向：
y方向：
fdt Mv m(v u cos ) — (1) ( N Mg mg)dt musin — (2)
t0 t
t
I y Fy dt m vy m vy 0
t0 t
I z Fz dt m vz m vz 0
t0
Chapter 4 Momentum and Angular Momentum 5
(3) The Average Force
I 1 F t t t0
Mg N 重力忽略 H m g N
对m、M 系统，N 为外力，但斜面方向动量守恒!

N
M gH m 2gh sin ( M m)v
(M+m)g
Chapter 4 Momentum and Angular Momentum 13
m、M、地球系统，机械能守恒：
(2) 由质点动能定理 O
v
x
2
1 2 v A Ff x mgx mv 0 x 2 2g

第1章动量传输的基本概念

0.01( 11 2 2 n n )
α—各混合流体各成分的百分数。
06:31:50
第1章动量传输的基本概念
12
1.3 流体的压缩性和膨胀性
概念
➢压缩性：流体所承受的压力增大时，流体体积缩小的性质称为压缩性。
➢压缩系数：表示温度不变时，单位压力变化所引起的液体体积相对变化量
，即：
✓伪塑性流体如：油漆，纸浆，高分子溶液等
( dv )n
dy
n<1
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第1章动量传输的基本概念
30
1.5 流体模型
思考
横坐标、纵坐标分别流体。
06:31:50
第1章动量传输的基本概念
31
1.5 流体模型
理想流体（ = 0）及黏性流体（ 0）
06:31:50
2
第一篇动量传输
物性传输：由物体本身传输特性构成，取决于物性。
传输
(例如分子扩散取决于扩散系数)
对流传输：由物体的宏观运动所产生，取决于
物性和流体的流动特性
。
动量传输
物性动量传输：由流体分子（微观）运动所产生的粘性作用而产生，取决于流体的粘性。
亦称粘性动量传输。
入恩氏粘度计中，测定它在某一温度下通
过底部直径2.8mm标准小孔口流尽所需的时
间t1 ，再将200ml的蒸馏水加入同一恩氏粘度计中，在20℃温度下，测出其流尽所需
时间t2，时间t1与t2比值就是该液体在该温度
下的恩氏粘度，即 E t1 t2
运动黏度、恩式粘度换算
7.130 E 6.31106 m2/s
比体积 m3/kg
单位质量流体内所具有的体积称为质量体积。 v 1