第二讲 The English Renaissance

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Part Two The English__ Renaissance

Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1: Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyHundred Years’ War (1337-1453)The civil war: The War of Roses (1445-1485)(1)The whole noble class suffered great losses with this self-destruction.(2)The King of England assumed greater power than before.(3)Henry VII (1485-1509), founded the Tudor dynasty (都铎王朝).2. The Reformation(1) Reason:The international regime of the Roman Catholic Church had long been burdensome to the King of England in establishing an absolute monarchy.(2) Henry VIII:①declared the break with Rome②carried out a wholesale suppression of the monasteries③confiscated the property of the church④enriching the new bourgeois nobility3. The English Bible(1) The Latin Bible the English translation of the Bible(2) The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe.(3) William Tyndale worked on another English version as an aid to the cause religious reform.The New Testamentportions of the Old Testament(4) Influences of The Authorized Version (the “King James Bible”)①held fast to pure, old English speech②the standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.③the simple and dignified language of the A.V. has coloured the style of the English prose for the last 300 years and more.③the English Bible has woven its phrases and expressions into thetexture of the English language, literature, and life.1.The Enclosure Movement These labourers were fathers ofmodern English proletarians.5. The Commercial Expansion establishing the first English colonies6. The War with Spain the triumph of the rising young bourgeoisie over the declining old feudalism. The English bourgeoisie came to the fore in the arena of history.7. The Renaissance and Humanism8. William Caxton：（1）the first English printer（2）woodcut illustration9. The beginning of the English Renaissance (“Oxford Reformers”)Chapter 2: Thomas More1. Life:①②③2. Utopia: ①②(1) Book One: ①②(2) Book Two: ①②③④3. Thomas More’s Limitations:①②③④4. Engels on the RenaissanceChapter 3: The Flowering of English Literature1. The Flourishing of Literature: ①②③④2. Sir Philip Sidney and Walter Raleigh:3. Edmund Spenser(1) Major works:①②③④(2) Edmund Spenser’s Position in English Literature:①②③④4. John Lyly: ①②③④5. Francis Bacon(1) Major works:①②③(2) Significance: ①②③Chapter 4: Drama1. Literary terms:(1) The Miracle Play(2) The Morality Play(3) The Interlude(4) The Classical Drama2. The London Theatre3. The Audience4. The PlaywrightsChapter 5 Christopher Marlowe1. Life: 1564-1593 (29 years)(1) read the Greek epics in Latin translation(2) practised poetic in Latin(3) wrote a book against the Bible (not printed)2. Major works:(1) Tamburlaine (1587)(2) The Jew of Malta (1592)(3) The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (1588)3.Social Significance of C. Marlowe’s Plays(1) the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie(2) theme: the praise of individuality(3) heroes: individualists4. C. Marlowe’s Literary Achievement(1) the Greatest of the pioneers of English drama(2) his epical, lyrical verse(3) paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatistChapter 7 Ben Jonson1. Life: 1572-1637(1) a remarkable Greek and Latin scholar(2) “comedies of humours”(3) a poet and critic(4) “literary king” of his time2. Major works:3. Other Representatives:Chapter 6 William Shakespeare1. Life: 1564-1616(1)lived in an age when the old feudal society and economic order was being destroyed and a new capitalist was being born.(2) “a handsome, well-shaped man, very good company, and of a very ready and pleasant smooth wit”, called “gentle Shakespeare” / “gentle will”2. Chronological List of his Plays:(1) the first period: 1590-1594 (early)①Works:②Comments:(2) the second period: 1595-1600 (mature)①Works:②Comments:(3) the third period: 1601-1607 (flourishing)①Works:②Comments:(4) the fourth period: 1608-1612 (late)①Works:②Comments:3. The Great Comedies(1) A M idsummer Night’s Dream(2) The Merchant of Venice(3) As You Like It(4) Twelfth Night4. The Mature Histories(1) Henry IV(2) The Image of Henry V(3) The Image of Sir John Falstaff 5. The Great Tragedies(1) Othello(2) Ling Lear(3) Macbeth(4) Hamlet①Story:②The character of Hamlet③The Melancholy of Hamlet6. The Later Comedies(1) Pericles(2) Cymbeline(3) The Winter’s Tale(4) The Tempest7. The Poems(1) Venus and Adonis(2) The Rape of Lucrece(3) Sonnets8. Features of His Drama(1) the principle of realism(2) the method of adoptation(3) breaking the rules of “Three Unities”Three Unities (三一律)三一律是西方戏剧结构理论之一，是一种关于戏剧结构的规则。

The English Renaissance英国文艺复兴

1105班 1130100080 刘雅琪The English RenaissanceBritain experienced Renaissance in between 16th and early 17th centry. Renaissance in England reached its peak during the reign of Queen Elisabeth.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance which was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Certainly, writers during this period are humanist. They found sufficient evidence from classics to exalt human nature and started to see that human beings could develop themselves in the direction of perfection and that “the world they inhabitated was theirs not to despise but to question, explore and enjoy.” “They hold their chief interest in bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.”(from History and Anthology of English and American Literature)Humanists＇demonstrate their ideas in their works. Especially, they contributed a lot to the prose, poetry and drama. About prose, the pioneer of prose writers is Francis Bacon. Bacon as a humanist “shows the new empirical attitudes towards truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticist.” His works are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness. All in all, except drama and poetry, prose was fully developed during this period.Poetry became widespread in England in the second half of the 16th centry. Famous poets of that time were Philip Sidney, Thomas Campion and Edmund Spenser. It is necessary to referred Faerie Queene when mentioned Spenser. Faerie Queene was written for eloigning Queen Elisabeth. The theme of this poem is about romantic “Fierce wars and faithful loves”. It is Spenser＇s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make him known as “the poet＇s poet”. Except Spenser, Wyatt devoted his enthusiasm in poetry as well. He introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England. In a word, because of the Renaissance, poetry inEngland step into a new filed. The age of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama. The most famous dramatists in this time are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson. The reformation in England, the language perfection and the version of dramatic worhs ought to attribute to Christopher Marlowe. What is more, it is Marlowe who made1105班 1130100080 刘雅琪blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama. Among all the dramatists in England, Shakespeare is the greatest one. Generally, he is regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. His four famous tragedies Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth were highly appreciated all over the world. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness, nature and reality. In short, drama is a shining part of English Renaissance.Above all, the whole England was profoundly stirred by the Renaissance, especially by literature at that time. Humanism plays a leading role in Renaissance period and encourages progressive writers in England to pursue individual emotion and happiness. English Renaissance becomes a milestone of England history.。

英国文学简史Part Two The English Renaissance

Part Two The English Renaissance第二部分英国文艺复兴时期(14th century to 17th century)14世纪到17世纪I Background 背景1.It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain.起源于意大利，结束于英国和西班牙。

2.Meaning意义:(1)The Renaissance, which means “rebirth”or “revival’, is actually an intellectual movement with a thirsting curiosity for classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity.文艺复兴意味着“复活”与“重生”，实际上是对古典文学与人文活动的热情。

(2)It aims to get rid of conservation in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.为了去除封建欧洲的特性，引进资产阶级的思想。

3.Essence of Renaissance文艺复兴的本质It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life.资产阶级的上升在文化领域显示了其影响力，从而掀起了文艺复兴的学术运动。

II Chapter 1 Old England in Transition过渡时期的旧英格兰1.The Renaissance and Humanism文艺复兴和人文主义(1)The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. So the love of classics was but an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.一是对古典文学的渴望和好奇。

The English RenaissancePPT教学课件

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❖ Humanism was an attitude rather than a philosophy, non-dogmatic(非教义).
❖ According to humanists, man should mould(塑造) the world according to his own desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of the human intellect. Humanism was one of the most important factors giving rise to the Renaissance.
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The English Renaissance
❖ The Renaissance was a European phenomenon. It had its origin in north Italy in the fourteenth century, and spread northward to other European countries--to France, to Germany, to the Low Countries, and lastly to England. It revived the study of Roman and Greek classics and marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution. During the period of English Renaissance England enjoyed stability and prosperity. It became the strong power in the world and the mistress(霸主） on the seas. The English Renaissance encouraged the Reformation of the Church. English King, Henry VIII, who started the Reformation, declared the break with Rome and became head of the English Church. Thus Catholicism was got rid of in England. Protestantism was established.

4. The English Renaissance

4. The English Renaissance1. The Origination of RenaissanceThe renaissance makes a transition from the medieval to the modern word. Generally，it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It fist started in Italy，with the flowering of painting，sculpture and literature. The Renaissance，which means re-birth or revival，is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events，such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture，the new discoveries in geography and astrology，the religious reformation and the economic expansion. The Renaissance，therefore，in essence，is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe，to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie，and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.2. Humanism（1）Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.（2）It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors of Greek and Roman Civilization based on the conception that man is measure of all things.（3）Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question explore and enjoy.（4）By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.（5）Humanism began to take hold in England when the Dutch Scholar Desiderius Erasmus came to teach the classical learning, first at Oxford and then at Cambridge.（6）Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists. Thomas More’s Utopia (1478-1535)3. The Renaissance in EnglandThe Renaissance was slow in reaching England not only because of England’s separation from the Continent but also because of its domestic unrest.（1）Till the region of Henry that the Renaissance came to England. With Henry VIII’s encouragement, the Oxford and Cambridge reformers, scholars and humanists introduced classical literature to England. The bible was revitalized, and the literature, already much read in 15 century, became more popular.（2）The main writer of this period are Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Ben Jonson, PhilipSidney, Christophe Marlowe, Francis Bacon and John Donne.（3）Characteristic:The English Renaissance had no sharp break with the past. Attitudes and feelings which had been Characteristic of the 14 and 15 centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation.4. The Religious reformation of Protestantism（1）It was Martin Luther, a German Protestant, who initiated the Reformation, he believed that every true Christian was his Own priest and was entitled to interpret the Bible forhimself.（2）Reformers from northern Europe vitalized the protestant movement, which was seen as a means to recover the purity of the early Church from the Corruption and superstition ofthe Middle Ages.（3）Henry 8 cut ties with Rome, Common English people welcomed and supported Henry’s decision of breaking away from Rome, and declared himself through the Parliament asthe supreme head of the Church of England. One of the major results was the fact thatthe Bible in English was placed in every church and services were held in Englishinstead of Latin, so that people could understand.（4）In the reign of Edward VI, the reform of the church’s doctrine and teaching was carried out.（5）After Mary ascended the throne, there was a violent swing to Catholicism.（6）By the middle of Elizabeth’s region, Protestantism had been firmly established.（7）Essence of it:The religious reformation was actually a reflection of the class struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology.5. The literature in the Renaissance1) The background of history and culture.William Caxton，he was the first person who introduced printing into England. Thus，for the first time in history it was possible for a book or and idea to reach the whole nation in a speedy way. With the introduction of printing, an age of translation came into being. With classical culture and the Italian humanistic ideas coming into England, the English Renaissance began flourishing.2) The effect of Italian literature to EnglandThe first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.Petrarch was regarded as the fountainhead of literature by the English writers. For it was Petrarch and his successors who established the language of love and sharply distinguished the love poetry of the Renaissance from its counterparts in the ancient world.Thomas Wyatt and Earl of Surrey began engraving the forms and graces of Italian poetry upon the native stock. While the former introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England, thelatter brought in bland verse, i.e. the unrhymed iambic pentameter line. Sidney followed with the sestina and terza rima and with various experiments in classic meters. And Marlowe gave new vigor to the blank verse with his “mighty lines.”3) The poetry in Elizabethan period.a. Sonnet: Shakespeare; Edmund Spenserb. Pastoral Convention: Edmund Spenser’s The Shepherd’s Calendarc. Popular lyric：Ben Jonson (To Celia)He is also regarded as a Cavalier poet for his masques were written for court entertainments, as the scripts for music, sometimes interspersed with beautiful little songs like the famous To Celia.. He became the literary king of his time.Cavalier Poet: 保皇派诗人/宫廷诗人Of or relating to a group of 17th-century English poets associated with the court of Charles I. CavalierCavalier Reaction towards Asceticism belonging to Puritanism. Robert Herrick claimed himself as one of the “Sons of Ben Jonson”4) Elizabethan dramThe Elizabethan drama, in its totality, is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe (pioneer), William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson. Robert Green: George Green, the Pinner of WakefieldInterludes and morality plays thriving in the medieval period continued to be popular down to Shakespeare’s time. But the development of the drama into a sophisticated art form required another influence - the Greek and Roman classics. Lively, vivid native English material was put into the regular form of the Latin comedies of Plautus and Terence. Tragedies were in the style of Seneca. The fusion of classical form with English content brought about the possibility of a mature and artistic drama.They wrote plays with such universal qualities of greatness. By imitating the romances of Italy and Spain, embracing the mysteries of German legend, and combining the fictions of poetic fancy with the facts of daily life, they made a vivid depiction of the sharp conflicts between feudalism and the rising bourgeoisie in a transitional period.5) Renaissance Prose/EssayFrancis Bacon（1561-1626）,the first important English essayist, is best known for his essays which greatly influenced the development of this literary form. He was also the founder of modern science in England. His writings paved the way for the use of scientific method. Thus, he is undoubtedly one of the representatives of the English Renaissance.Essays (58)Of StudiesOf Marriage and Single LifeAdvancement of Learning (1605)New Instrument (1620)6) Renaissance NovelsJohn Lyly’s Eupheus, it gave rise to the term euphuism夸饰文体,6. The main writers1) Translation of Italian and French and some other works: Don Quixote by Cervantes(1547-1616), Chapman’s Homer (Iliad, Odyssey)2) Philip Sidney and Walter Raleigha. Philip SidneyApology for Poetry (essay): He defended for poetry and believed that poetry had asuperiority over philosophy and history.Astrophel and Stella (collection of love sonnets)b. Walter Raleigh (1552-1618)Discovery of GuianaHistory of the World3) Edmund Spenser(1552-1599)a. LifeBorn in London. In 1598 a fierce Irish rebellion forced Spenser to abandon Kilcolman Castle. Spenser never recovered from the shock of this frightful experience. He returned to England heartbroken, and in the following year he died in an inn at Westminster.According to Ben Jonson he died”for want of bread.”He was buried beside his master Chaucer in Westminster Abbey.b. WorksThe Faerie Queene, a great poem of its age.According to Spenser’s own explanation, his principal intention is to present through a”historical poem”the example of a perfect gentleman:”to fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline.”The Faerie Queene is written in a special verse form that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine), with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc. This form has since been called the Spenserian Stanza.The Shepherd’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books.c. Main qualities of Spenser’s poetry● a perfect melody● a rare sense of beauty● a splendid imagination● a lofty moral purity and seriousness● a dedicated idealism●strange forms of speech and obsolete words He is known as” the poets’ poet”.4）Christopher Marlowea. LifeHe was the son of a shoemaker. Tamburlaine is written before he left Cambridge，hewas killed in a quarrel.b. Works（1）Tamburlaine （2）Dr. Faustus（3）The Jew of Malta （4）EdwardⅡ（5）Hero and Leander（6）The passionate Shephered to his love（7）Translate Ovid’moresc. ContributionHe adopted blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama. He createdthe renaissance hero for English drama and paved way for the plays of the greatestEnglish dramatist Shakespeare.d.作品选读（1）Tamburlaine is about an ambitious and pitiless conqueror in the 14 century who rose from a shepherd to a overpowering king. It displayed a high-aspiring mind that wasself-created and carried by love and dream. By depicting a great hero with highambition and sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another Marlowevoiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power andauthority.（2）Dr. Faustus: based on German legend of magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil. The dominantmoral is human not religious. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge，power and happiness，revels man’s frustration in realizing the high aspiration in ahostile moral order and the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of man’scondition.(3) The Passionate Shepherd to His Love5 ) Shakespeare(1) He wrote altogether 38 plays, 154 sonnets, and 2 long poems. He married Anne Hathaway,Strafford-on-Avon(2) He acted and wrote for the Lord of Chamberlain’s Men, the King’s Men(3) Venus and Adonis, The Rape of Lucrece, the two long narrative poems.(4) a. The first period5 Historical plays:Henry VI, part I, II, III.Richard IIITitus AndronicusFour comedies:The Comedy of ErrorsThe Two Gentlemen of VeronaThe Taming of the ShrewLover’s Labor’s Lostb. The second period5 Historical playsRichard II, Henry V, King JohnHenry IV, part I, II.6 comediesA Midsummer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of VeniceMuch Ado About NothingAs You Like ItTwelfth NightThe Merry Wives of Windsor2 TragediesRomeo and JulietJulius Caesarc. The third periodGreatest Tragedies and dark comediesHamlet; Othello; King Lear; MacbethAntony and Cleopatra;Troilus and CressidaCoriolanusComedies: All’s Well That Ends WellMeasure for Measured. The last Period (principal romantic tragedies)Pericles; Cymbeline; The Winter’s Tales;The TempestLast history play: Henry VIII, The Two Noble Kinsmen(5) 154 sonnets(6) Historical play: Henry IV (I, II) most read, convey national unity and under a mighty and justsovereign is a necessity.(7) In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth.(8) The Merchant of VeniceAntonio and Bassanio (friends)Portia, heroine, wit and loyaltyShylock, insatiable desire of the Jew(9) The Greatest TragediesHamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbetha. Hamlet faces dilemma between action and mind.b. Othello’s inner w eaknessc. The old king Lear, unwilling to give up his power, suffer from treachery andinfidelity.d. Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.e. Hamlet; Claudius, his uncle(10) Four Great Comedies: The Merchant of Venice; Twelfth Night; A Mid Summer Night’sDream; As You Like It(11) Shall Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day6) Ben Jonson (1572-1637)a. LifeSon of a brick-layer, Jonson received a good education, became a remarkable Greek andLatin scholar, then began to write for the London stage, an rose to be one of the leadingdramatists of the day.b. Works(1) Roman Tragedies: Sejanus; Catiline(2) Comedies: Every Man in His Humour; The Alchemist; Bartholomew Fair; Volpone,or the Fox(3)Songs/ Poems: Song of Celia/ To Celia (Drink to me only with thine eyes)c. Song to Celia本·琼森（1572-1637），英国文艺复兴时期重要的剧作家和诗人。

英国文学简史 Part II The English Renaissance

Works
Tamburlaine(1587), 《帖木儿大帝》 The Jew of Malta (1592) 《马耳他的犹太人》 The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus (1588)《浮士德
博士的悲剧》（P52-53）
“The Passionate Shepherd to His Love” (after-class reading)
2. From the contact with Greek and Latin drama, English playwrights learned all the important rules in _s_tr_u_c_t_u_r_e and _s_t_y_l_e_, the more exact conception of __c_o_m_e_d_y_ and _t_r_a_g_e_d_y_.
Early Plays in Middle Ages
1. The Mystery /Miracle Plays
神秘剧/圣迹剧 2. The Morality Plays 道德剧 3. The Classical Plays 古典剧
Question: What are the significances of 3 kinds of plays?
cruel, inhuman, cold-blooded, heartless
By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.

The English Renaissance

s
English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics; England as an insular country followed a course of social and political his-tory which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe; owing to the great genius of the 14th-century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them; English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic, rather than philosophical ;
THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE 英国文艺复兴
14 生科何敏
What
is
it
◦ 文艺复兴是欧洲历史上古典文学和艺术形式的重新兴起。文艺复兴一词出于法语，意为"重生"。文艺复兴处于中世纪向现代的过渡时期，覆盖了13501650年。文艺复兴时期是取得重大成就和变化的时期。它经历了宗教改革对罗马天主教会的至高权威的挑战，人文主义的兴起，民族大国的兴起，远程探险航行，对个人重要性的重新强调等。

The English Renaissance

一、CHOOSE1.The English Renaissance(文艺复兴) began during the reign ofElizabeth I2.English Renaissance Period was a age of poetry and drama.3.The Four Greatest Tragedies of Shakespeare’s do not includeRomeo and Juliet.4.“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? ”is the beginningline of one is Shakespeare’s sonnets(十四行诗)5.An Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written by AlexanderPope in heroic couplets(英雄双论体)6.English Romanticism is generally said to have begun with thePublication of Lyrical Ballads(抒情歌谣集) in 1798.7.The Romantic Period is first of all an age of poetry.8.Wordsworth(沃兹沃斯) published Lyrical Ballads in 1798 withColeridge(柯尔律治，英国湖畔诗人)9.Don Juan is the masterpiece of Lord Byron’s(拜伦)10.Jane Eyre （简爱BY夏洛蒂勃朗特）is not a novel written byJane Austen(简奥斯汀——傲慢与偏见)11.The critical realists like Charles Dickens in the Victorian periodwrote novels defending the mass representing the 18th century realists criticizing the society(此题为三个短语排序题)12.Wuthering Heights(呼啸山庄) is a masterpiece written byEmily Bronte.(艾米丽布朗特)13.All of the following are novels written by CharlesDickens,including Great Expectations,(远大前程)Hard Times,（艰难时世）Oliver Twist（雾都孤儿）.14.The Victorian Age was largely an age of novel eminentlyrepresented by Dickens and Thackeray(萨克雷——《名利场》) 15.The greatest English critical realists novelist was CharlesDickens,who criticize the bourgeois civilization and showed the misery(痛苦，不幸)of the common people.16.In “Sonnet 18”,Shakespeare has a profound meditation on thedestructive(决定性的毁灭性的) power of time and the eternal beauty brought form by poetry to the one he loves. 17.“If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?”is anepigrammatic line by P.B Shelley(雪莱).18.The earliest English literary work is Beowulf,epic(贝尔伍夫——叙事诗，史诗),the national hero about a Scandinavian warrior fought against a monster.19.Chaucer’s masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales.20.The cradle(发源地) of Renaissance is Italy21.The English Renaissance began during the Elizabethian time22.Humanism is the essence(本质) of the Renaissance.23.Many people today tend to regard the play The Merchant ofVenice as a satire of the hypocrisy of Christians and their false standards of friendship and love,their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews.24.The Renaissance humanist:The thought that human beingswere the measure of all things(人是万物的尺度);They couldn’t see the human values in their works;They thought people were largely subordinated(次要的附属的) to the ruling class without any freedom and independence.25.In his tragedy Romeo and Juliet,Shakespeare eulogizes thefaithfulness of love(对爱的信仰),the spirit of pursuing happiness（对幸福）26.One of the distinct features of the Elizabethian time is theflourishing of the drama;the popularity of the realistic novel .27.Paradise Lost(失乐园)，Paradise Regained(复乐园)，SamsonAgonistes(力士参孙)are Milton’s works.28.John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress is the first allegory in theEnglish language.29.William Wordsworth is the leading figure of Lake poets in theart of poetry.30.The Neoclassicism(新古典主义) was a progressive intellectualmovement which flourished in France and swept Western Europe in the 18th century.31.As the representative of the Enlightenment,Pope was one ofthe first to introduce rationalism(理性主义)to England.32.The author who wrote Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记isDaniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福.33.Jane Austen was living and writing during the Romanticperiod,but was often classified with Victorian writers because of the style and subject matter of her works.34.Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from The Old Testament旧约全书35.What can not describe “Byronic hero”?拜伦式英雄Mysterious.36.The term “metaphysical poetry ”is commonly used to namethe work of the 17th century writes who wrote under the influence of John Donne约翰邓恩.37.Chronologically the Victorian Period refers to 1832-190138.In terms of Pride and Prejudice,it is not true that Pride andPrejudice is a tragic novel(悲剧)二、MATCH THE WRITER1.J.William M. Thackeray2.B.Charles Dickens3.E.Daniel Defoe4.G.Jane Austen5.F.Jonathan Swift6.A.John Bunyan7.C.Thomas Hardy8.D.Charlotte Bronte9.H.John Milton10.I.Percy Shelley11.M.William Wordsworth12.S.Emily Bronte13.R.Samuel Taylor Coleridge14.K.Alexander Pope15.Q.Geoffrey Chaucer16.O.Robert Bums17.P.John Donne18.U.Christopher Marlowe19.T.Edmund Spenser20.N.William Shakespeare21.L.Francis Bacon A.The Pilgrim’s ProgressB.Oliver TwistC.Tess of the D’UrbervillesD.Jane EyreE.Moll FlandersF.Gulliver TravelsG.Pride and PrejudiceH.Paradise LostI.Ode to the West WindJ.Vanity FairK.An Essay on CriticismL.Of StudiesM.I Wonder Lonely as a Cloud N.The Merchant of Venice O.Red ,Red RoseP.The Songs and Sonnets Q.The Canterbury TalesR.Kublai KhanS.Wuthering HeightsT.The Fairy QueenU.Dr. Faustus三、T or F1.The English people were the first residents on the British Isles.(F)2.Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language ,and also theoldest surviving epic in the English language.(F)3.After the Roman Conquest ,the English language developed veryquickly.(F)4.Christianity began to take hold ,especially after St.Augustine convertsKing Aethelbert.(T)5.The cultural influences of the Anglo-Saxons the Normans conquestsprovided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.(T) 6.In Oliver Twist,Dickens makes his readers aware of the inhumanity ofcountry life under capitalism.(F)7.Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner tells a strange story inthe form of ballad.(T)8.The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotionallife of man(T)9.The poets of the second generation described the beautiful scenesand the country people of that area in their writings(F)10.The main literary form in literature of Revolution Period is drama(F)四、AUTHOR AND WORKS1.To be, or not to be,that is a question—William Shakespeare<Hamlet>2.Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st in his shade—WilliamShakespeare<Sonnet 18>3. A rainbow in the sky—William Wordsworth<My Heart Leaps Up>4.“Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,……”—FrancisBacon<Of Studies>5.But thy eternal Summer shall not fade—WilliamShakespeare<Sonnet 18>。

大学英语文艺复兴part two Renaissance

玛丽女王
16th
詹姆斯王圣经 ( or Authorized Version) 钦定版本
②beginning of Renaissance Thomas More 托马斯· 莫尔 Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白女王 (Oxford Reformers)
Elizabethan Age
(1558-1603)
Part Two
The English Renaissance
Historical Background
Full of changes
Literary Sketch
①secular literature: ballad miracle play
15th
Transitional period Death of Chaucer Pre-Elizabethan (1340-1400) Age
中央集权制的君主政权
the first English printer, publisher & a translator himself
bringing classical works within reach of the common English people. Eg: translating the stories of Troy
translation exploitation & travel Poetry (sonnet & blank verse) drama
Sidney, Raleigh, Spenser, Bacon Marlowe, Shakespeare, Ben Johnson
result in an intellectural Renaissance movement

The English Renaissance英国文学PPT教学课件

❖ Ideal of Renaissance: Humanism.
❖ In 1453,the Turks seized Constantinople.
❖ The Englishmen who studied in Italy brought the new learning back with them to the monasteries at Oxford and Cambridge and from there Greek and Roman culture were spread to other places.
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Chapter Five
The English Renaissance (1550-1642)
1
Historical Background
❖ The reign of Queen Elizabeth(1588-1603)— peace and prosperity
❖ English navy defeated Spanish Armada in 1588, and became a mighty naval power.
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3
Humanism
❖ So many brilliant writers worked at the same time.
❖ The literary movement began in the 14th century in Italy and later spread to France, Spain, the Netherlands, and England.
❖ The first modern drama, however, was not performed by professionals, not by guilds, as in the case of the miracle plays—Ralph Royster Doyster.

The English Renaissance

B. Stages and Trends of English Renaissance
1. late 15th c – first half of 16th c. Oxford Reformers Thomas More 2. 1558 – 1603: the Elizabethan Age Poetry: Sidney, Spencer, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Donne Drama: the University Wits (Marlowe), Shakespeare Prose: John Lyly 3. The first quarter of the 17th c Poetry: Ben Jonson, John Donne Drama: Shakespeare, Ben Jonson Prose: Bacon, King James’ Bible
English Drama
• The theater, the actor, the audience, the playwright • ―University Wits‖: John Lyly, George Peele,
English Drama
• Early forms of English drama
• • • • The Miracle Play (13th cent.) 奇迹剧 The Morality play (14th cent.) 道德剧 The Interlude (16th cent.) 插剧 The Classical Drama (16th cent.) 古典剧
Edmund Spenser (1552 – 1599) 斯宾塞
• The poet’s poet, the first important poet after Chaucer’s death in 1400, buried next to Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. • Works: • ―The Shepherd’s Calendar‖ (1579) 《牧人月历》 A pastoral poem in twelve books • ―Amoretti‖(1595)《爱情小诗》a sonnet sequence of 88 sonnets • ― The Faerie Queene‖ (1589, 1596) 《仙后》

The English Renaissance

Lecture 4 The English Renaissance1.The New Monarchy①cause: The War of the Roses between the House of Lancaster and the House of York②result: The King of England now assumed greater power than before.③ending: Henry VII founded the Tudor dynasty, a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie.2.The Reformation①reason: The international regime of the Roman Catholic Church had longbeen burdensome to the King of England in establishing an absolutemonarchy.②cause: In England, it was started by Henry VIII. He declared the break withRome.③essence: The Protestant Reformation was in essence a political movementin a religious guise, a part of the long struggle of the bourgeois class forpower.④process:●the Reformation was followed closely by the Counter-Reformation during thereign of Queen Mary(1553-1558).●the whoe island was convulsed with the Reformation and Counter-Reformationfor half a century.●The bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement ofQueen Elizabeth (1558-1603)3.The English BibleBefore the reformation, the Latin Bible was universally used by the Catholic churches. The English translation of the Bible emerged as a result of the struggle between Protestantism and Catholicism.①translation:●The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe and hisfollowers.●William Tyndale worked on another English version as an aid to the cause ofreligious reform.●Authorized Version was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so wassometimes called the King James Bible.②significance:Apart from its religious influence, the Authorized Version has had a great influence on English langue and literature. The English Bible has woven itsphrases and expressions into the texture of the English language, Englishliterature and English life. It becomes a monument of English language andEnglish literature.4.The Enclosure MovementThe political and religious turmoils of the age were but the reflction of the changes in the national economy of England which developed at a slow but steady pace.●England was a rural country with a lot of wool for export.●But from the 15th century onward England passed definitely from being a mereproducer of wool to being a manufacture of cloth.●The lage-scale manufacture of cloth necessarily put the clothing industry on acapitalist line. It stimulated the greed of the moneyed classes to seize more land out of the hands of peasants in order to turn the land into pasture. So theEnclosure Movement was carried on heartlessly in England.●The helpless, dispossessed peasants, being compelled to work at a low wage,became hired labourers for the merchants. These laborers were the fathers of modern English proletarians.5.The Commercial ExpansionThe progress in industry at home stimulated the commercial expansion abroad.●Queen Elizabeth●Francis Drake, John HawkinsThey were both traders and pirates, ploughed the seas and visited America and other distant countries, bringing back with them great fortunes that enriched and strengthened the Crown. They were those who established the first English colonies.6.The War with SpainIn the commercial expansion, Spain was the rival with England over the sea. The struggle between England and Spain occupied the last third of the 16th century.●At last a war broke out in 1588.●The war ended with the rout of the Spanish fleet.●Except being a victory of England over Spain, it was also the triumph of therising bourgoisie over the declining old feudalism.7.The Renaissance and HumanismThe RenaissanceThe rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as Renaissance. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.①features of the Renaissance:● a thirsty curiosity for the classical literature. There arose a current for the study ofGreek and Latin authors. They caught somenthing in spirit very different from the medieval Catholic dogma.●the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Thinkers, artists and poets arose tothe new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement.HumanismHumanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. According to the humanists,both mand and world are hindered only by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness byremoving all external checks by the exercise of reason.8.The Beginning of the English RenaissanceThe Renaissance was slow in reaching England.●Chaucer, Canterbury Tales●The introduction of printing to England by William Caxton brought classicalworks within reach of the common multitude.●In the days of Henry VIII, there were a group of scholars called OxfordReformers, who introduced the classical literature to England and strove toreform education on a humanistic line.●These English humanists were all churchmen themselves, but they sought topermeate their old faith with new thought. The greates of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia.。

The English Renaissance简介

The English RenaissanceRenaissance1. general infoTime span:As a literary movement the Renaissance took place in a transitional period from 14 through 16th century when across the Europe feudalism was undergoing an inevitable collapse and capitalism was burgeoning to the fore.SpreadingAs a literary movement the Renaissance began to emerge in 14th century in Italy and the Turk's Conquest of Constantinople (now Istanbul: port city of Turkey: then center of Mediterranean civilization for thousand years) in 1453 drove theGreek teachers to Italy from where ancient Greek and Roman cultures spread to other places, further help the spreading of the new thoughts around. Later, it was spread to France, Spain, The Netherlands and England. In 15th and 16th century, scholars of western European countries manifested great interest in the Greek and Latin cultures, so the art and science of the ancient Greece and Rome was resurrected. In French: Renaissance|| Rebirth in English.2. HumanismThe ideal of renaissance was humanism, which emphasized the welfare of human beings:According to Humanism:A. It was against the human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for after-life happiness.B. People should enjoy full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life.C. In religion, reformation of church demanded.D. In art and literature, in praise of men instead of God and churches, and their pursuit of happiness in this life.3. characteristicsCharacteristics of literature of this period:a. In praise of man, not God or churches (yet it was the mainstream in the previous Middle Age.)b. Pursuit of happiness of this life (against any abstinence)c. Education advocated (against ignorance and the practice ofobscurantism)d. Realistic methods accepted (abstract way of writing given up)Renaissance in England1. The oxford reformers(15th c.)Henry Ⅷ(1509-1547)OxfordScholasticismA group of students and later teachers traveled to Italy and studied there, further, introduced classical literature to England and advocated a reformation of education on a humanistic line by emphasizing the study of Greek and Latin and secular science in opposition to the rigid church dogmas of the medieval.They helped spread the light of a new science and new world outlook, combated medieval scholasticism, helped build the new literature in the later decades of the 16th century. They were later called the Oxford Reformers.2. Representative writers1. Thomas More (1478-1535)Thomas More (1478-1535): humanistic leader of early 16th century, Lord Chancellor to Henry Ⅷ, who gave up his life rather than bow to Henry as head of the English Church. Masterpiece: Utopia2. Wyatt and HowardTwo poets of importance before the Elizabethan Age: Wyatt & his disciple Howard.Sir Thomas Wyatt (-1542): He introduced the Italian sonnet into England from Italian poet Petrarch (1304-1374) Petrarchan sonnets influenced the Elizabethan Age greatly.Henry Howard (-1574), Earl of Surrey, friend and disciple of Wyatt.The Elizabethan age (or the age of Shakespeare)1. Literary spanLiterary period doesn't always correspond exactly with historic events. The Elizabethan Age actually extends 10 years or so after the Queen's death in 1603.[ElizabethⅠ:1558-1603]2. Social conditions—reformation in England1. Firm Control of ChurchesIn the dark Middle Ages, a whole network of Church government –the Christendom developed and firmly established throughout thewhole area under the control of churches. Supremacy with churches over even the kings of the countries under control and arbitrary interference into the affairs of all kinds: political and secular affairs. People's mind strictly directed by religious belief, Heretics severely punished.2. Religious reformationReligious Reformation: people ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world after death, which aroused individuals from mental stupor and servility to intellectual freedom and inquiry.In 1531, Henry Ⅷ (1509-1547) declared himself head of the Church of England, and made England a Protestant nation.Protestantism had the basic tenet focusing on man's ability and duty to seek God by and for himself without such intermediaries as priest, saint or sacrament. In essence, it was a bourgeois movement to free itself from church limitations.3. Prosperity under ElizabethProsperity under Elizabeth:A period of rapid growth and development marked the beginning of modern capitalist England.Greatest sea power of the world: defeat of the Spanish invincible Armada; exploration into the New World after the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus's discovery in 1492; Trade routes developed to India; etc“The sun doesn't set on British Empire"3. great names1. Edmund Spenser(1564—1599)—poetryEdmund Spencer (1552-1599)--poetryGreatest non-dramatic poet of the age, first master of English verse, he made the natural music of his voice. follower of Chaucer. masterpiece: Faerie Queene—an allegorySpencerian Stanza:a nine-line stanza;the first 8 lines are iambic pentameter lines and the ninth line has two more syllables;rhyming ababbcbcc.Later, it was followed by Thomson, Keats, Shelley, and Byron.2. Christopher Marlowe (1564—1595)and the university wits—dramaChristopher Marlowe (1564—1595)—drama:Marlowe (1564-1595):Drama is the chief claim of the Age. Morality play Everyman at the end of the 15th century marks the beginning of modern drama.Influence from the classics: At universities, humanist teaching fostered the enthusiastic study, acting, and imitation of Italian and Greek comedies and tragedies. From these classic plays, the English dramatists learned the secret of a well-knit play, a literary polish far beyond the shapelessness of medieval drama. Characterization, unity and the progression of a plot through five acts were taught to the first known dramatists. the dramas were classical in form but English in content. Influence from popular taste: Growing demands for plays. no regular newspaper and few books, theatre became the only source of intellectual pleasure for most of the spectators, therefore, many Londoners of that time were theatergoers.Marlowe (1564-1595):Marlowe: the greatest predecessor of Shakespeare and the greatest pioneer of English drama.His achievements :He made blank verse the principle instrument of English drama He replaced the stilted heroes of previous drama by man of vitality and passion ---- he created the Renaissance hero for the English drama. University WitsThey studied at Universities of Oxford or Cambridge. They set up as professional writers, selling their learning and wits to the London public of playgoers, and to the reading public as well. They wrote for the popular playhouse.3. Ben Jonson (1562—1637)Ben Jonson (1562-1637):Shakespeare's most formidable rival and most well-known successor.English drama declined because of the slackened current of enthusiasm and powerful opposition from the counterforce, esp. the Puritans, bitter opponents of drama since the building of the 1st playhouse in 1576, who even forced the closing of the theatres in1642 under Charles Ⅰ4. Francis Bacon(1561—1626)—prose5. William Shakespeare (1564—1616)。

The English Renaissance英国文学

ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Comparison of Three Writers
Name of writers Edmund Spenser Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Time Works The Shephearde’s Calender, The Faerie Queene, A View of the Present State of Ireland King Richard III, Tamburlaine the Great, The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus Venus and Adonis, The Rape of Lucrece, King Henry VI, Richard III, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Love’s Labour Lost, Midsummer Night’s Dream, Romeo and Juliet, The Merchant of Venice, Henry IV, As You Like It, Julius Caesar, Henry V, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest 1552-1599
Christopher Marlowe’s Works
The Flourishing of Drama
There were no seats and the majority of the audience would stand around the stage. They were the “groundlings”. Around the circular wall there were “galleries” with seats where the wealthy people went. So both poor and rich people could go to the Elizabethan theatres. The first modern drama, however, was not performed by professionals, not by guilds, as in the case of the miracle plays—Ralph Royster Doyster. University Wits: Robert Greene(1558-1592)—James IV, Thomas Kyd(1558-1594)—The Spanish Tragedy, Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593).

English Renaissance-2

to destroy a dragon Glorious Queen of Faerie Her beauty is too dazzling to the ordinary eye, so she concealed it behind a veil. They traveled together and many events took place. his companion
ended in the 17th century
Place : began in Italy
spread in France, Spain, the Netherlands, England
Origin: from a French word Meaning: Rebirth; revival
Ideal: Humanism
6. A few wealthy and influential people could be provided with a seat on the stage.
* not performed by professionals, nor by
The first modern drama
guilds
In the last thirty years of the 16th century there was a flourishing of drama. never seen before
Reasons: 1. Cities and towns grew rapidly in the 16th century. 2. There was no other means of entertainment. The first: “The Theatre”
3. the wool trade

Lecture 2 The English Renaissance

Drake
• The Commercial Expansion The progress in industry at home stimulated the commercial expansion abroad. Numerous English ships under the command of such sea-dogs as Drake and Hawkins ploughed the seas and visited America and other distant countries. They were those who established the first English colonies.
• Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) – Life The ―Poet‘s poet‖ of the period was Edmund Spenser. He was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey.
– The Faerie Queene Spenser‘s fame in English literature is chiefly based upon his The Faerie Queene (published in 1589-96). The Faerie Queene is a long poem planned in twelve books, of which he finished only six. The work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.
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Chapter 1 Old English in Transition

英美文学chapter 2-The English Renaissance共47页文档

imitation of Italian and Greek comedies and tragedies. Characterization, unity, and the progression of a plot through five acts are imitated.

Thomas More (1478-1535)
It was an attitude taking the exploration of human potential for a full and rewarding life.
Literary Genres in the English Renaissance
The first period was one of imitation and assimilation.
His masterpiece was Faerie Queene. The dominating thoughts of the poem are nationalism, humanism, and puritanism, all typical of the poet’s age. It was written in a nine-line stanza.
黑人将军奥赛罗与美丽善良的苔丝狄蒙娜相爱而秘密成婚。奥瑟罗手下有名军官叫伊阿古,因所求之职被奥赛罗给了凯西奥而怀恨并决意报复。他设计使凯西奥触犯军纪被撤职，又劝凯西欧去找苔丝狄蒙娜，请她在奥瑟罗面前为他说情,还用花言巧语使奥瑟罗疑心妻子与凯西欧有私情。致使奥赛罗因怀疑爱妻与凯西奥有染而妒火中烧并亲手将其掐死。奥瑟罗弄清真相后，痛苦万分，凝视爱妻，拔剑自杀，倒在爱妻的尸体上。莎士比亚在剧中揭露了以伊阿古为代表的极端利己主义者的丑恶嘴脸。