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issue政治提纲完整版

政治类1(8). "It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from thepublic."对于政治领导者来说，向人民大众隐瞒信息通常是必要的，甚至有益的。

少数和多数的关系之true lies, the truth is out there.Topic：对于政治领导者来说，向人民大众隐瞒信息是不应该（没有权力）也是不明智的。

1）政治领导者没有权力向民众隐瞒信息。

Eg 中国革命先驱孙中山先生曾说过，“政治就是人民大众的事，政治领导者是人民大众选举产生的，他们的权力是广大人民所赋予的。

”所以在通常情况下，政府是没有权力向人民大众隐瞒信息的。

2）政府向民众隐瞒信息也是不明智的，因为1，只有保持信息的交流才能做出正确的科学决策。

Eg美国的Prof Holland Sabine在《政治学说史》中指出：“政治学说就是人类为有意识地去理解和解决集体生活的难题而做出的种种尝试，这一过程需要小集体（人民大众）和领导者保持密切关系，以确保信息的沟通和难题的解决。

”2，只有保持信息的交流才能得到人民的支持。

能及时，经常地从人民大众那儿进行信息沟通的领导者容易得到大众的理解和支持。

相反，向群众隐瞒容易引起不信任，进而失去威信。

Eg 1981年2月，西班牙发生军事政变，一些军人包围议会大厦，扣押全体内阁成员，全城戒严，全国处于一片混乱中，这是国王卡洛斯及时通过电视讲话，向全国人民通报信息，稳定人心，获得民众支持，进而军警对政变分子进行了反包围，不久政变流产，国王声望大增，民主势力得到加强。

3）诚然，在某些特殊紧急情况下，当这样的隐瞒是为民众利益考虑时是必要的。

保护民众安全的，比如国家军事机密，泄漏会造成不安全，反控行动，避免民众遭到报复------------------------------2(24). "People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint inthe use of that power."当掌握权力的人们试图小心而节制的使用权力时，他们是最有效率的。

Issue重点题目提纲[nanyo]

Issue重点题目提纲作者：发烧2000来源：太傻网*1. We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning. [1]*1. 我们通常从与我们意见一致的人那里学到的东西比从与我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西要多得多；（因为）意见分歧会产生压力并阻碍学习。

[BEGIN:]The speaker asserts that people are always learning much more from those whose ideas are in accord with them, while, the discord always pose detrimental effects towards the learning process. I concede that the unduedisagreement may cause stress and inhibit learning. However, listen to the contradicting view and discussed it with those dissidents will provide the controversialist with more knowledge and a boarder spectrum of perspective.1、1、过分的分歧不好( Admittedly, under some circumstance, thecontradicting views may impede learning. )2、2、不同意见能够拓宽人们的视野，让人们了解不同的文化和思想(Thoughthe contradicting views have certain amount of adverse effects towards the discussions, while the advantages far outweigh them. Firstly, the contradicting views may give us a chance to focus our attention to some alternative perspectives that we have never considered before. )3、3、不同意见能够提高人们的认识并纠正错误(Secondly, a broad spectrumof opinion which is provided by those contradicting views enables us to improve our understanding.)[END:] In sum, every icon has two sides, on the one aspect; one should listen carefully to and tolerate those who hold contradicting views. On the other aspect, one should also have the courage to disagree and defend the right to disagree. Listening to different explanations of issues help us get closer to the truth and more easier come to the best judgment. Thanks to the diversity of this world, we now enjoy a much broader spectrum of opinions than ever before.*4. No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study. [2]*4. 在任何一个学术研究领域，除非有领域之外的人带来他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就不能取得长足的进步。

!加精啦!ISSUE分类高频提纲

Issue 分类题库作者：孙远来源：新东方第一类：政治类：1.政治本身97. "It is unfortunate but true that political decisions and activities affect all aspects of people's lives."195. "The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus."89. "Leaders are created primarily by the demands that are placed upon them."2.政府与人民(领导与被领导的人直接的关系)：45."Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve."a) Government officials have more insights and are capable to fully evaluate a specific problem in the long run. //the purchase of Alaskab) Government officials have the responsibility to form the judgment according to their evaluation of thesituation. It is just such responsibility which endow them power.c) Public will could be instrumental in forming more precise and comprehensive judgment. Different people arerepresentative of their own interest, public as a whole can have a comprehensive representation of the interest of different groupd) The fundamental of democracy require that the public view should be taken into consideration by thegovernment officials.79."Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other government experts, who are more informed and thus have better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public."160."The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to re main consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."202."Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise."a) Public opinion is instrumental for the political leaders to make a better solution.b) For the most effective leader, the public opinion should be evaluated instead of absorbed unconditionally.c) Unconditionally abandoning principle for the sake compromise, will undermine the authority of the politicalleader, thus greatly render them ineffective when carry out governmental actions.d) For the sake of maintaining authority and fulfill their responsibility, the political leader should not bend to thepublic opinion too often. Any public opinion should be thoroughly investigated before absorbed.105."The true strength of a country is best demonstrated by the willingness of its government to tolerate challenges from its own citizens."142."The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority."【Position】:尽管质疑权威有时候会引起社会不安定，适当的质疑有利于社会健康发展。

ISSUE分类提纲

抽象概念类127"Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions."position:partly agreeA. facts are subjective and stubborn no matter what we think about them.B. facts can be influenced by artificial factors such as our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions.//新闻报道很容易被歪曲，可能是记者有自己的倾向性，或者由于自身专业知识不足。

C. people should respect facts, try to avoid distorting the facts.//在历史写作中，人们更应该秉笔直书，而不应该窜改历史。

-----------------1、在科学领域，物理现象：世界的存在、生命的孕育、成长和衰亡都是不可否认的事实。

2、历史领域，过去发生过的事情是无法改变的。

3、可是个人的认识程度不同，相同的事实也会有不同的感受。

//艺术学科等。

//新闻报道也容易受到人们的影响而被歪曲。

4、人们应该提高自己的认识能力，尊重事实。

172"Important truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attacks upon the accepted wisdom of the time." position:basically agreeA. one's knowledge is developed day by day. What seemed right before may turn out to be wrong. thus the conflicts between newly discovered truths and people's original knowledge are inevitable.B. some truths are born at a time, the actual truths would be recognized as heterodoxy and be criticized violently.C. however, as society is much more democratic and people can more freely express their ideas, it is more and more common that some new truths comes peacefully.samples:人们认识世界有一个渐进的过程。

gre作文issue学习提纲完整版

学习类1(1). "We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."通常，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；（因为）意见不统一会带来压力并且阻碍学习。

（与我们）持相同意见者和持不同意见者对学习的作用Topic：虽然从某种程度上来讲，不同意见会给我们带来压力，但这不是理由，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；1）我们很难从观点与我们相同或相似的人那儿获得新知识和受到启发。

2）相反，我们能从与我们观点相悖的人身上获取新视野，从而找到解决问题的方法eg 与此同时，我们能从与我们观点相悖的人身上发现自身的不足eg3）历史告诉我们，无论是对个人还是社会，主要是通过不同意见的争论来获取进步，向前发展的。

4）诚然，不同意见会给我们带来压力，但正是这种压力才更好的促使我们去思考。

.2(4). "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."在任何一个研究领域当中，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。

Outsider: a person does not belong to a particular group闭门造车，旁观者清Topic：同意，知识领域的重大进展依赖于各学科的知识和经验，甚至能创造出一个新的学科。

issue提纲

2.(1)工作还是兴趣4正反分，(circumstances; compelling reason; possible consequence)XX可能会认为/工作确实重要：对个人：Having a job is a prerequisite for high personal accomplishment.对家庭：To nurturing a student, a family mush spend much money and effort. If a youngster of a family have trouble finding a job, the whole family might get into financial trouble.对社会：Normally, a field where a host of jobs are available is where social need is pressing. sunset industryNevertheless, availability of jobs should not be the only criterion for choosing the field of study; personal interests should not be neglected.选择不好找工作的专业不意味着找不到工作，如果自己有兴趣并且努力一样可以出人头地Materials that are unpleasant and not interesting tend to be repressed by people while materials that are interesting tend to be digested more readily and thoroughly. With greater interests, students will be more motivated, more diligent, and more likely to succeed in their fields. Besides, students will be happier if they can work in the fields of interests.难找工作的专业不意味着对社会贡献就低。

issue整理+提纲+分类+例子

当务之急与百年大计227、36、244、11、24、170、101、222、191、173、224、98、44个体和整体（少数和多数、局部和整体)230、234、52、239、42、183、232、147、88、233、198、243、2、3、8、9、25、140、145、182、28、40、41、47、51、57、59、73、136、142、116、159、210、85、93、141、165、120、125、150、151、155、179、161、188、77、103、194、203、209、4、23、149、192、211、5、62、63、204、132、158、33技术进步对人类的影响231、18、130、135、217、240、146、176、99、10、104、38、117、46、49、68、87、131、163、185、195、199、213、94、95、109、115、129、139理性与感性236、71、90、92、162、27、114、106、107、137、164、172、196、13、89、186不同领域的交流228、118、30、134、43、61、74、111、112、138、156、157、177、180、21、200、201、223、54、37、97、184、154、160、19统一与分歧（竞争）225、226、229、241、242、15、17、26、32、39、45、48、58、72、75、22、76、102、121、122、152、123、124、126、133、143、148、174、175、178、181、189、193、205、207、208、214、215、218、219、220、235、237、91、96、65、81、12、35、80现实和理想238、53、166、60、31、66、70、14、79、86、110、128、144、171、190、202、212、216 新与旧6、7、34、50、55、64、67、78、82、83、100、105、108、84、127、153、56、167、168、169、187、197、206、113、119、38、221◆当务之急与百年大计●227、当务之急和百年大计（现在和将来）P1Humanity should take into account both long-term interests and short-term interests when making budgets1、当代问题Naturally, each generation is most concerned about solving problems that immediately confront them such as the development of economy, the problems of losing jobs, crimes, poverty, disease and war because these social problems threaten the process of our lives and safety of our assets. 失业问题As a result, government carries out a policy to ensure every child in poor African countries can be vaccinated with the hygiene conditions are unqualified.2、长远计划造福后人（环境的问题太土了吧；探索外太空）While at the same time, we should invest some money into some long-term researches. As we all know, a lot of problems cannot be settled immediately instead of long-term research, just like the environment problem, which needs a long-term plan as a fundamental solution. Long-term research devotes to resolving or preventing social problems that might occur to our descendants 后代; preserve the environment from deterioration恶化is easier than resolving those already emerged environmental problems which threaten the ecosystem.3、我们受益，还要造福后人（例子）Therefore, as beneficiaries受益人of previous先前的generations, each generation should make its own contribution for the well-being of future generations. Those who only emphasis thetemporary life and ignore the future will make a serious effect on the future generations. Faced with the problem of energy, how can our children operate the planes, automobiles even televisions without the research of energy conservation?●36、P36只不过多了政府：1、To win the favor of the general public, governments throughout the world tend to focus on solving the immediate problems of today.改成政府组织解决问题2、However, a government’s failing to prepare for future challenges will cause disasters to its country in the long run.环境问题3、Furthermore, a government should always take into consideration the possible future effects of the actions it takes today.●244、P2顺序颠倒写1、No one would deny the fact that it is in the young generation that lies the future of our society. 孩子决定未来，投资教育（周恩来：为中华的崛起而读书stage its economic take-off实现经济起飞）2、However, this does not mean that we can ignore the interests of adults, who make up the major work force of our society avoiding no one can take well care of the young generation. 如果忽视了对成人的服务，可能间接会影响到孩子。

ISSUE提纲1

学习类：1、“We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.”
2、分领域性开头
In my point of view, the speaker unfearly generalized…In some areas…However, in other areas particularly…In still other areas, such as…,the altuation varies from case to case.
开头段
1、描述问题+立场申明
2、陈述相互冲突的观点+表明立场
3、问句+典型回答+自己的立场陈述
4、问句+立场
5、题目观点/改写原题+回答
6、申明立场+简要说明理由
7、格言/引言+自ere is a public controversy now is concerning the issue of… Well, some argue that…Others on the other hand believe that… As far, I am concerned…
结尾段
重申自己的立场+总结自己的理由
For the reasons presentated above, I strongly commit to the notion that…not only because…but also because…

高频提纲_Issue

041 –Nonmainstream areas play vital rile"Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits pla y a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."一些非主流的领域，如占星、算命以及通灵和超自然在社会中扮演着至关重要的角色，它们满足了人们的那些主流科学满足不了的需要。

Disagree with concession1、Admittedly,解释主流思想无法解释的问题。

也是人类对未知事物的探索。

占星学的问题。

Prevalent for centu ries.2、心理安慰psychological solace in life。

人类自身命运的问题shift the burden of making difficult choices and decisions to some nebulous authority outside themsilves.3、Despite their merit in relieving some individuals from regret and fear for unknown future, many of the se non-mainstream areas are acutally harmful to the whole society. undue belief in some paranormal energ y may then develop into cult邪教组织:the 1978 Jonestown mass suicide and killings by followers of Ame rican cult leader Jim Jones that claimed 913 lives.4, 它们不是永远保持这样的地位，而是会被科学所否定，或上升为科学Neverhteless, we cannot rule out th e possibility that such non-mainstream areas may be justified one day when convincing evidence is fou nd. For example, some reasonable —yet unjustified—explanations have been brought forward that people r eported with psychic power—if they actually do—may be so because of special receptor in their brain that catches brain wave from others and interpret them as extrasensory perceptions. Another could-be exampl e is t he theory of psycho-analysis originated by the Austrian scholar Sigmund Frued,in which free assoc iation, dream interpretation, and analysis of resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and conflicts, has been doubted by mainstream scientists since the day it was brought up.094 –Courses outside the students’field & truth of education"Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student‟s field of study be cause acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated." 94．大学应该要求学生学习本专业以外的课程，因为让学生们了解不同学科的知识才是教育的真谛所在。

Issue题库分类及写作提纲

Issue题库分类及写作提纲GRE写作Issue问题题库分析与提纲第一类社会2. \detrimental to society.\归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。

Generally speaking, competition contributes to progress in society.Generally speaking, competition contributes to progressin society.In democratic countries, when parties and candidatescompete for power, the public benefits.Admittedly, when competition gets out of the control ofmores and laws, society will suffer. 竞争对于社会的优点和缺点 ------------------------------3. \existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations.\与其花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究，还不如把钱花在迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题上。

Humanity should take into account both long-terminterests and short-term interests when making budgets. Naturally, each generation is most concerned aboutsolving problems that immediately confront them. However, what differentiates human beings from otheranimals is that humans have a sense of future and are morally responsible for the well-being of their descendents.Therefore, as beneficiaries of previous generations, eachgeneration should make its own contribution for the well-being of future generations.当务之急和百年大计的关系 ------------------------------9. \recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use.\近些年来，学科已经细化到了相当的程度以至于学者们的理念只影响小范围的人群。

ISSUE提纲--中英文混

1.In some countries,television and radio programs are carefully censored for offensive language and behavior.In other countries,there is little or no censorship.In your view,to what extent should government or any other group be able to censor television or radio programs?Explain,giving relevant reasons and/or examples to support your position.agree1Television and radio programs with offensive language and behavior can adversely affect individual's mood.2Imitation of the offensive language and behavior including obscenity and violence can do harm to the society as a whole.3Some one may argue that to censor the television and radio programs is a violation of the right of free speech.However,these people misunderstand the essence of freedom including the right of free speech.No one can get any freedom,if everyone can do whatever they want regardless of the impact on others.2.“It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make,independently,the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy.International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect to protect the world’s energy resources for future generations.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above.Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.1To conserve the energy is a world-wide project.No individual country is able to do it independently.2It is unfair to let individual nations to make sacrifices while the others do not.3The best and the most efficient way is the whole wolrd conserve the energy simultaneously and collectively.3.“Corporations and other businesses should try to eliminate the many ranks and salary grades that classify employees according to their experience and expertise.A‘flat’organizational structure is more likely to encourage collegiality and cooperation among employees.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above.Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.disagree1Hierarchical organizational structure can make an organization work more efficient.2Salary grades can inspire the members of an organization or employees of a company try their best to make contribution to the organization or the company.3TO help eliminate the aggressive attitude among members of an organization of employees of a company.A fair and open evalutaion system should be carefull designed.What is more,it is imprudent to say a flat organizational structure can encourage cooperation an collegiality.It is more likely to have conflicts without solution when no one has the authority to make the finaljudgement.4.“Of all the manifestations*of power,restraint in the use of that power impresses people most.”*manifestations:apparent signs or indicatorsExplain what you think this quotation means and discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with it.Develop your position with reasons and/or specific examples drawn from history,current events,or your own experience,observations,or reading.1Admittedly,it is not always good to use the power to the utmost.There is no need for manager to fire an employee who have committed a minus violation of the coompany rule.There is no use for the head of a state to lauch a war when there is only a political disagreement with another country,and so on so forth.2likewise,to restrain the use of power is not always good.3In fact,we are more likely to be impressed by a flexible use of power.5.“All groups and organizations should function as teams in which everyone makes decisions and shares responsibilities and duties.Giving one person central authority and responsibility for a project or task is not an effective way to get work done.”To what extent do you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above?Support your views with reasons and/or specific examples drawn from your own work or school experiences,your observations,or your reading.1For groups and organizations that are stable,it is reasonable to have a flat organizational structure.2For groups and organizations that are always confronted with emergencies,it is always better to give one certain person central authority and responsibility.3It is hard to say that one structure is necessarily better than the other.They all have advantages and disadvantages.And it is a case-by-case discussion.6.“There is only one definition of success—to be able to spend your life in your own way.”To what extent do you agree or disagree with this definition of success?Support your position by using reasons and examples from your reading,your own experience,or your observation of others.1I agree with the author to the extent that success has no universal criteria,every has its own way to success.2However,on one's way to his or her own success,one should not violate the law and the ethics.3To improve the quotation,a better definition of success can be---to be able to enjoy one's life and do some contribution to the society as a whole.7.“The best way to give advice to other people is to find out what they want and then advise them how to attain it.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above.Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.1I agree the first half of author's opinion.There is no use to give advice to people,when you even don't what they want or what their problems are.2However,it is better to help them find their own way to attain what they want.3Admittedly,some times it is impossible to instruct the people step by step cause it is time-consuming to do so.And,in contrast,directly tell them how to attain is much esier.8.“For hundreds of years,the monetary system of most countries has been based on the exchange of metal coins and printed pieces of paper.However,because of recent developments in technology,the international community should consider replacing the entire system of coins and paper with a system of electronic accounts of credits and debits.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above.Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.1Intangible currencies are more convenient than its predecessor.2Tangible currencies are safer than its counterparts.3It is too extreme to let the electronic system replace the tangible system entirely.We can let they two coexist.9.“Employees should keep their private lives and personal activities as separate as possible from the workplace.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above.Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.1Personal activities should not be brought to one's workplace since they can reduce one's efficiency.Thinking about one's private life can distract one from his or her work.2Talking about private life and doing personal activities can disturb other fellow workers.3It is inevitable for a person to think about his or her private life and to do some personal activities at the workplace.But an employee should do his or her best to focus on the work when at workplace.10.“In any enterprise,the process of making or doing something is ultimately more important than the final product.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above.Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.1The ultimate aim for an enterprise is to gain the maximum profit.The final product instead of the process of making or doing something can bring the enterprise profit.2To make the final profit more acceptable to the consumers,special attention should be put on the process of making the product.3I prefer to say that the process of making and doing something is extremely important in any enterprise because it directly affect the quality of the final product.11.“When someone achieves greatness in any field—such as the arts,science,politics,or business—that person’s achievements are more important than any of his or her personal faults.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above.Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience,observations,or reading.1Every one has faults.We can not ignore one's achievement only because he or she has made some faults.Likewise,we can not neglect one's error when he or she achieves greatness in the field.2When it comes to which one is more important,the greatness or the faults,the final judgement should be based on the situation of the certain person.In fact,as far as I am concerned,it makes no sense to make such a judgement.3We should give a person fair and reasonable evalluation.It is imprudent to say that the greatness one achieves in one field is necessarily more important than the faults he or she makes.12“Education has become the main provider of individual opportunity in our society.Just as property and money once were the keys to success,education has now become the element that most ensures success in life.”In your opinion,how accurate is the view expressed above?Explain,using reasons and examples based on your own experience,observations,or reading.“教育已经成为我们的社会里个人机会的主要提供者。

GRE写作提纲Issue完整版

GRE写作提纲Issue完整版GRE写作提纲Issue完整版1、As people rely on 表态+论述观点：中立偏否定1、科技确实对人有巨大帮助，减轻了人的思维负担：a、电子计算器帮助人们完成复杂计算，推动数学及相关领域发展;b、电脑由于其强大的功能可以被应用在几乎所有领域，成为人们思考和解决问题的重要工具;c、科技使得人们的研究领域大为扩展，同时拓展了人类的思维(intellection)和认知(perception)2、不得不说，很多情况下科技确实造成人类独立思维能力的下降：a、依赖计算器完成简单计算，运算能力下降;b、便利的科技造成人们懒于思考，而习惯于通过技术手段求助;c、通讯技术发展造成交流形式快速化，交流能力减退3、尽管如此，采用科技仍然利大于弊(outweigh)：a、科技确实减退了人类某些方面的思维能力，但主要集中在重复性(accurate)和精确性(precise)的领域，而独立思维寻求解决方法的能力并不受影响，反而被提升;b、部分能力下降相对于获得的实际利益和扩展人类的思维空间是值得的;c、科技本身没有错，很多时候是由于我们过度或不当的运用结论：尽管科技对人类思维的不良影响将持续讨论，我仍然认为只要我们正确运用科技，其弊端是可以削弱的，而优点则会极大地使我们受益。

GRE写作提纲Issue完整版2、To understand the most important characteristic表态+论述观点：偏否定1、不可否认，主要城市某些程度上可以代表一个国家及其社会的特性：a、主要城市往往是一个社会最强大繁华的地区，其特性影响了这个社会的特性，比如伦敦设计师偏爱格子型花纹(plaid)，逐渐成为英国特色;b、由于主要城市往往汇聚了来自全国的人士，则各地特色的融合形成了该城市的特色，进而代表了该国社会的特色2、然而，这种代表性(representativeness)正在逐渐消退a、当今全球化程度日趋提高造成代表性下降，各国社会的主要城市逐渐趋同(skyscrapers)，丧失独特个性;b、另一方面，某一社会各个地区发展程度差异很大，尤其在许多developing country造成主要城市反而成为特例，如中国，北京、上海等城市的繁华不能说明中国的发达，许多乡村地区非常落后3、事实上，由于主要城市代表性的下降，我们很难仅仅通过研究他们理解社会特性，而要针对不同社会的实际情况进行选择。

GRE写作—ISSUE高频提纲整理

ISSUE高频话题：传统文化与现代化
传统文化与现代化之间存在着复杂的互动关系。现代化进程必然会对传统文化产生影响，但同时也需要保留和传承传统文化的精髓。如何平衡传统文化与现代化的关系，既能促进社会发展，又能保持文化传承，是当代社会面临的重要课题。
在探讨传统文化与现代化的关系时，需要关注文化的多样性与包容性。现代化并非要完全摒弃传统，而是要在传承中创新，在借鉴中发展。
ISSUE高频话题：环境保护与经济发展
可持续发展
环境保护与经济发展并非相互矛盾，两者可以相互促进。
生态保护
保护自然环境是可持续经济发展的基石，我们要重视生态保护的长期效益。
绿色科技
发展绿色科技，可以有效减少环境污染，促进经济绿色转型。
ISSUE高频话题：平等机会与社会公正
平等机会和社会公正一直是人类社会关注的重要议题。GRE写作中经常出现探讨这两者的关系。本节将探讨平等机会与社会公正的内涵，分析两者之间的关系，并举例说明如何运用相关论证进行写作。
稳定的重要性
社会稳定是改革成功的基础，为改革创造良好的外部环境。
改革与稳定的平衡
在改革过程中，要注重改革的力度和节奏，确保社会稳定，避免剧烈动荡。
总结与展望
GRE写作备考
通过对ISSUE写作高频话题的梳理，希望能帮助考生更有效率地备考，提高写作水平。
持续学习
写作能力的提升是一个持续积累的过程，建议考生定期阅读写作材料，练习写作。
用事实、数据、例子等佐证你的观点。
解释逻辑 3
解释你的论据如何支持你的观点。
每个论点都应该清晰地表达你的观点，并用充足的论据和逻辑解释来支撑。
如何引用例子论证
选择相关例子 1

gre作文issue行为提纲完整版

行为类1(12). "People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."人们的态度更多的是由临时的情况或者环境所决定，而非人们自身的特点。

.心理问题之冲动和可预测------------------------------2(18). "Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea."只有通过排除异议和对照其他的观点来捍卫一个理念，人们才能真正的发现该理念的价值所在。

------------------------------3(21). "Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world."改革几乎从来都不是由那些关心自己声誉和社会地位的人发起的。

那些真正热衷于政府改革、教育改革和其他机构改革的人们一定都是甘于被他人轻视的。

issue 题库提纲

敌方看法类模版陈述敌方看法的句式Advocates of this claim will reject my position. They argue that...Opposition to my argument also comes from...Although I maintain that..., some people may dispute my positionissue 题库提纲1.随着人们越来越依赖技术来解决问题，人类的能力自己思考肯定会恶化。

1.我们独立思考的能力取决于我们在社会中扮演的特定角色（开发解决问题的技术人员，参与技术使用的人）对于没有创造性和批判性思考的人3.教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事某些领域的工作他们不太可能成功的研究学生将更专注于更适合自己的学习领域，更好的享受学校生活。

学校的干预有助于社会层面解决大学生毕业失业问题。

尽管学校无法准确预测，但是学校可以评估学生的潜力4.丑闻是有用的，因为它们让我们的注意力集中在问题上演讲者或改革家都可以虽然丑闻可以吸引公众的注意力，暴露问题，但丑闻不有助于解决社会问题，因为丑闻把公众的注意力集中在错误问题上，很难使公众注意力保持足够长时间。

！1丑闻，公众的注意力不一定集中在正确问题上。

@2当丑闻涉及到强大公司是，会有专业公关团队来解决危机，转移公众的注意力#3尽管丑闻有助于施加压力，推动政府改革，但是我们不应该指望用丑闻来改革一个国家的法律和社会基础设施。

解决现代社会的问题最好的方法是教育人们关于他们的权利，当权利被侵犯时，人们可以大声反对不公正。

5. 实现社会发展进步，需要加强教育，增加人民的权利意识和正义感。

政府必须保证其主要城市获得财政支持他们需要这样才能茁壮成长不同意。

！1.大城市是保护、产生和弘扬文化传统的重要场所（纽约自由女神）@2.大城市有很多其他资金来源，如广告，门票，捐款，政府资金不应该大量投资于此。

GRE写作-ISSUE高频提纲整理

1======================Issue 51======================【题目】”Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.‖【翻译】只有针对每个学生的需要和兴趣，教育才真正的有意义。

【题纲】Position: There is no doubt that education should pay more attention on the needs and interests ofstudents, but it is possible for education to satisfy every student.1、从教育的目的上讨论，兴趣对教育的重要性；对个人，爱因斯坦有句至理名言：―兴趣是最好的老师‖；对社会，教育的目的就是为社会培养各种人才，如果不注重学生兴趣，那么他们到社会不可能尽其所能。

有时候可能埋没人才。

比如一味的强调分数，那么对发明有兴趣的学生可能会失去动力，eg.哥白尼以前学医，爱因斯坦小时候学习并不好（这个例子是以前看到别人用的，我没有想到很好的例子）2、学校必须努力发现并培养学生的兴趣。

因为有些学生没有意识到自己的兴趣，因此学校要在这方面作引导。

例如学校可以通过开设对终选修课，增加各类奖学金等方法来鼓励学生培养自己的兴趣；3、但是，鼓励兴趣的培养不等于学校必须根据每个学生的兴趣来进行教育，这既无意义也不现实；一方面老师是有限的，而学生的兴趣是各种各样的。

另一方面，学生没有足够的判断力来决定自己该学什么，比如数学，有些学生不喜欢学，但是能够去掉吗？过分强调学生兴趣势必会造成教学的紊乱，而且学生的兴趣不同阶段可能发生改变；4、总结2=================Issue 144=================【题目】"It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value."【翻译】是艺术家而不是批评家，给了社会一些永久的价值。

Issue提纲整理

Issue提纲整理130“How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learnt how to raise children who can bring about a better society.”1●How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Common senses: Children are the future of one nation. Any society, be it modernization or tradition, for sustainable development sake, should endeavor to refine the education system to meet the demands of the currents. Otherwise, it may bring the destructive consequence to itself.Culture revolutionJapan grows up after ww2 (depends on science and education)●Unfortunately, we have not yet learn how to raise children who canbring about a better society.①Deficiency of our current educational systemAntisocial behaviorJuvenile delinquency, street crime, adolescent abortion, group sex, guns& alcohol abusive, addiction to drugs and virtual games mainly concerned about violence and sex.②Admittedly,以上是少数但是⼤多数受教育的学⽣处于迷茫状态，如何学习？学习什么？Example:*学校决定课程-student control over curriculum●In order to ameliorate the current situation, what should we do?*学校决定课程-focus of education*思考传统48"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."2●Admittedly, in some degree, those significant events in history havemuch to do with the groups of people.1)When it comes to the greatest architecture in the world, such as the Tai Mahal, the Great Wall, the Pyramid, and so forth, it seems that the mass groups have done the hardest job instead of the famous few, however, just consider if there is no such famous few, be they monarchs or architects, who else want to devote his whole life just for a gratuitous architecture?2)历史上events：Martin Luther King Jr.( campaign for civil rights)Mahatam Gandhi (nonviolence campaign）●However, it is the famous few that inspire and guide us to to the，美国就不能recovery from depression*Abraham Lincoln, exerted himself in the civil war for the freedom of the black.2）In the realm of science& technology*没有Wright Brother的努⼒，⼈类飞天的梦想，就永远不会实现*Newton, detected and found the universal gravitation*Thomas Edison, exerted himself day and night assiduously just for the brightness of human*Herry Ford, invented first car for ordinary people●Place emphasis on individuals is the most efficient way to studyhistory.history overemphasize on individual是因为资料的⽐较容易得到，⽽若要记下common people involved 不现实impossible，famous few的written records, photos, samples are easily collected. 因为当时⼈们会pay more attention on them。