商业英语入门chapter 3

Flexible Intermittent Short production run process Job-order production （间歇式加工）customer-designed
Identify the following processes?
Crude oil is reduced to Gasoline, wax, fuel
Three work flow layouts
process layout product layout fixed-position layout

Process layout
It arranges components ( such as work centers, equipment, or departments) together according to similarity of function.
Inputs
Professors
Books Academic
journals Audiovisual materials Computers Classrooms
Transformation Process
• teachers’ work activities • management activities • the teaching technology and methods
Manufacturing Resources Planning Advance version of MRP All resources involved in the efficient making of a product, more than just material requirements
Process manufacturing— physically or chemically changes materials Assembly process—puts together components to make a product


Analytic process
Continuous mass-production Long production run process (连续性加工） chemical plant


Purchasing materials management Production inventory and quality control maintenance and manufacturing engineering plant management
The Nature of Production Process
material inputs
input
human inputs
other inputs
People Technology Equipment Materials Capital Information
transformation
production activities that take the inputs and combine them in some special way to produce the output
It is used when the product remains at one location because of its size. The product stays in place, and tools, equipment, and human skills are brought to it.
Operations Management
•Planning operations
•Controlling Operations
Planning Operations
Capacity
planning Facilities location planning Process planning Facilities layout planning
Plant Location

Customer location
Source of raw materials
Labor supply
Power and water
Community consideration
Take Tianjin Univ. as an example, please identify what are the inputs, transformation process and outputs?
Work activities Management activities Technology and operations methods
Finished goods & services Financial results Information Human results
output
The final result of the production process
Production & Operation

Manufacturing—one part of production tangible goods by hand or with machinery
Production & Operation

Operations—the functions needed to keep the company producing, literally any function or series of functions enacted to carry out a strategic plant.

availability of needed labor skills (labor costs)
(highly skilled people are needed) energy costs (requiring a great of energy ) community consideration (low taxes, fine educational systems, clean water, etc.)
Product layout
The components are arranged according to the progressive steps by which the product is made. progressive: adj 渐次的, 渐进的
Fixed-position layout
Aggregate
plan Master scheduling Material requirements planning (MRP)
Capacity planning
Facilities Location Planning
Where
you choose to locate will depend on which factors have the greatest impact on total production and distribution costs.
Projected sales
MRP II
Personnel
Plant capacity Distribution limitation
Materials management

ERP—enterprise resource planning

a computer-based production and operations system that links multiple firms into one integrated production unit.
Materials management

MRP—materials requirements plannin system that uses sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right place and the right time


Process planning
Production line producing production line workers
Production Processes

Synthetic process—either converts raw materials into other products or combines raw materials or parts into a finished product
Business English
Production & Quality Management
Learning Objectives



Define production, manufacturing and operations. Describe production processes Explain planning operations Discuss controlling operations Summarize modern production issues and techniques
Comparing 3 Definitions
•Production •Manufacturing
•Operations
Production & Operation

Production—the process of transforming inputs (raw materials) into outputs (goods & services) tangible goods (recognizable physical products) intangible service (hospital, airline etc.)